IGCSE 5 Edition

th

Core and Extended By Agnes Lee

Maths Notes
Chapter 1

Shape and Space

Nets
 Angle facts
• There are 360° in a full turn, 180° in a half turn and 90°
in a quarter turn.
• A quarter turn is called a right angle.
• An acute angle is an angle less than 90°.
• An obtuse angle is an angle between 90° and 180°.
• A reflex angle is an angle between 180° and 360°.
 Angles in parallel lines
• Parallel lines are lines which are always the same distance apart and
never meet. Arrowheads show lines are parallel.
• When a pair of parallel lines is cut with another line known as an
intersecting transversal, it creates pairs of angles with special
properties.
Corresponding angles
• Corresponding angles are equal. The lines make an F shape. Notice
that the F shape can be upside down or back to front.
 Angles in parallel lines
Alternate angles

Alternate angles are equal. The lines make a Z shape which can also be
back to front.
Vertically opposite angles
Vertically opposite angles are equal.
 Triangles
• Sum of the three angles inside any triangle always add up
to 180 degrees.
• A scalene triangle has 3 sides of different lengths and 3
unequal angles.
• An isosceles triangle has 2 sides of equal length. The
dashes on the lines show they are equal in length. The
angles at the base of the equal sides are equal.
• An equilateral triangle has 3 sides of equal length. The
dashes on the lines show they are equal in length. All of
the angles are also equal.
• A right-angled triangle is a triangle that has a right angle.
 Triangles
Interior and exterior angles
• The angles inside a shape are called interior angles.
• If the side of a triangle is extended, the angle formed
outside the triangle is the exterior angle.
 Quadrilaterals
A quadrilateral is a 2D shape with four sides.
The sum of interior angles in a quadrilateral is 360°.

Square
• A square has four sides of equal length.
• It has four right angles (90°).
• The opposite sides are parallel.
• The diagonals bisect each other at right angles.
Rectangle
• A rectangle has two pairs of equal sides.
• It has four right angles (90°).
• The opposite sides are parallel.
• The diagonals bisect each other.
 Quadrilaterals
Parallelogram
• A parallelogram has two pairs of equal sides.
• It has two pairs of equal angles.
• The opposite sides are parallel.
• The diagonals bisect each other.
Rhombus
• A rhombus has four sides of equal lengths.
• It has two pairs of equal angles.
• The opposite sides are parallel.
• The diagonals bisect each other at right angles.
 Quadrilaterals
Trapezium
• A trapezium has one pair of parallel sides.

Kite
• A kite has two pairs of equal sides.
• It has one pair of equal angles.
• The diagonals bisect at right angles.
 Polygons
A polygon is a 2D shape with straight sides. Some polygons
have special names, for example, triangles and quadrilaterals.

Types of polygon
• Polygons can be regular or irregular. If the angles are all
equal and all the sides are equal length it is a regular polygon.

Interior angles of polygons

• To find the sum of interior angles in a polygon divide the
polygon into triangles.
• The sum of interior angles in a triangle is 180°. To find the
sum of interior angles of a polygon, multiply the number of
triangles in the polygon by 180°.
 Polygons
Calculating the interior angles of regular polygons
All the interior angles in a regular polygon are equal. The
formula for calculating the size of an interior angle is:

Exterior angles of polygons

• If the side of a polygon is extended, the angle formed
outside the polygon is the exterior angle.
• The sum of the exterior angles of a polygon is 360°.
 Polygons
Calculating the exterior angles of regular polygons
• Remember the interior and exterior angle add up to 180°.
• The formula for calculating the size of an exterior angle
is:

Exterior angles of polygons

• If the side of a polygon is extended, the angle formed
outside the polygon is the exterior angle.
• The sum of the exterior angles of a polygon is 360°.
 Angle in Circle
Calculating the exterior angles of regular polygons
• Remember the interior and exterior angle add up to 180°.
• The formula for calculating the size of an exterior angle
is:

Exterior angles of polygons

• If the side of a polygon is extended, the angle formed
outside the polygon is the exterior angle.
• The sum of the exterior angles of a polygon is 360°.
Angle in Circle
Angle in Circle
The angle at the circumference in a semicircle is a right angle
• This theorem should be self-explanatory form its name/title
• The semicircle arises if you ignore the right-hand side of the
diameter in the diagram above
• Look out for triangles hidden among other lines/shapes within the
circle
Angles at the circumference subtended by the same arc are equal
• Subtended means the equal angles are created by drawing chords
from the ends of the arc PQ
• Theses chords may or may not pass through the centre
• Both pairs of angles are equal
Angle in Circle
Angle subtended by an arc at the centre is twice the angle at the
circumference
• the chords (radii) to the centre and the chords to the circumference
are both drawn from (subtended by) the ends of the arc PQ
• This theorem can also happen when the ‘triangle parts’ overlap:
 Symmetry
Lines of symmetry
• A shape can be folded to see if it has a line of symmetry.
• A shape has a line of symmetry when the folded part sits perfectly on top with all edges matching.

Line symmetry in regular polygons

A square is a regular polygon. It has four lines of symmetry and four sides.

A regular pentagon has 5 sides and 5 lines of symmetry.

 Symmetry
Rotational symmetry
• A shape has rotational symmetry when it can be rotated and it still looks the same.
• The order of rotational symmetry of a shape is the number of times it can be rotated around a full circle and still look the same.

Line symmetry in regular polygons

A square is a regular polygon. It has four lines of symmetry and four sides.

A regular pentagon has 5 sides and 5 lines of symmetry.

 Circle Calculation
Circumference
• The circumference of a circle is its perimeter
• π is the number (3.14159 …) that links a circle’s diameter to its circumference
• Diameter (d) is twice the radius (r) => d = 2 x r
 Circle Calculation
Sector and Arc
• If the angle of the slice is θ (that’s the Greek letter “theta”) then the formulas for the
area of a sector and the length of an arc are just fractions of the area and circumference
of a circle:
Area
 Surface Area
• A face is one of the flat or curved surfaces that make up a 3D shape
• The surface area of a 3D shape is the sum of the areas of all the faces that make up the shape
• Note how we are carrying a 2D idea (area) into 3 dimensions here
Cylinder
• The net of a cylinder consists of two circles and a rectangle.
• The total surface area of a cylinder with base radius r and height h is therefore given by:
Total surface area of a cylinder= 2 πr2 + 2πrh
 Surface Area
Cone
• The net of a cone consists of the circular base along with the curved surface area.
• The length l in that diagram is known as the slant height (while h is the vertical height of the cone)
• To find the surface area of a cone with base radius r and slant height l, we use the formulas:
• Curved surface area of a cone = πrl
• Total surface area of a cone = πr2 +πrl
 Surface Area
Sphere
• Surface area of a sphere=4πr2
 Volume
Cuboid
• Volume of a cuboid = length × width × height
• You will sometimes see the terms 'depth' or 'breadth' instead of 'width'
• Note that a cuboid is in fact a rectangular-based prism
 Volume
Prism
• Volume of a prism = area of cross-section × length
• Note that the cross-section can be any shape, so, as long as you know its area and length, you can calculate the volume of
the prism.
• Or if you know the volume and length of the prism, you can calculate the cross-section area
 Volume
Cylinder
• Volume of a cylinder = πr2h
• Note that a cylinder is in fact a circular-based prism: its cross-section is a circle with area πr2, and its length is h
 Volume
Pyramid
• Volume of a pyramid = 1/3 × area of base × h
• Note that to use this formula the height must be a line from the top of the pyramid that is perpendicular to the base
 Volume
Cone
• Volume of a cone = 1/3 πr2h
• Note that a cone is in fact a circular-based pyramid: as with a pyramid, to use the cone volume formula the height must
be a line from the top of the cone that is perpendicular to the base
 Volume
Sphere
• Volume of a sphere = 4/3 πr3
 Natural Rational Prime
Integers Real Numbers
Numbers Numbers Numbers
Natural numbers are a An integer is a Rational numbers are Real numbers are Prime numbers are
part of the number number with no any numbers that can numbers that include numbers greater than
system, including all decimal or fractional be written as a both rational and 1 and only have two
the positive integers part, from the set of fraction, where both irrational numbers. factors, 1 and the
from 1 to infinity. negative and positive numerator and the Rational numbers number itself.
numbers, including denominator are such as integers
Also called counting zero. integers and the fractions and
numbers denominator is not irrational numbers are
equal to zero. all real numbers.

Vocabulary for sets of numbers

 Square
Cube Numbers Factors Prime Factors Multiples
Numbers
When you multiply A cube number is the A factor is a number A factor that is a A multiple is a
an integer (a “whole” result when a number that divides another prime number. product that we get
number, positive, has been multiplied number leaving no when one number is
negative or zero) by itself twice. The remainder. multiplied by another
times itself, the symbol for cubed is number.
resulting product is 3.
called a square
number, or a perfect
square or simply “a
square.”

Vocabulary for sets of numbers

Highest Common
Factor (HCF)

The Highest Common Factor (HCF) of two numbers is

the highest possible number which divides both the
numbers completely.
Ways to find Highest Common Factor (HCF)
HCF by listing factors method
• In this method, we list the factors of each number and find the common factors of those numbers. Then, among the
common factors, we determine the highest common factor.
HCF by prime factorization
• Step 1: Find the common prime factors of the given numbers.
• Step 2: Then, multiply these common prime factors to obtain the HCF of those numbers.
HCF by division method
• Step 1: In this method, we divide the larger number by the smaller number and check the remainder.
• Step 2: Then, we make the remainder of the previous step as the new divisor and the divisor of the previous step as
the new dividend and perform the long division again.
• Step 3: We continue the long division process till we get the remainder as 0. It should be noted that the last divisor
will be the HCF of those two numbers.
Lowest Common
Multiples (LCM)

The least common multiple of two numbers is the lowest

possible number that can be divisible by both numbers.
 Ways to find Lowest Common Multiples (LCM)
LCM by listing factors method
• Step 1: List the first few multiples of A and B.
• Step 2: Mark the common multiples from the multiples of both numbers.
• Step 3: Select the smallest common multiple. That lowest common multiple is the LCM
of the two numbers.
LCM by prime factorization
• Step 1: Represent the numbers in the prime factored form.
• Step 2: The LCM of the given two numbers is the product of all the prime factors.
(However, common factors will be included only once)
LCM by division method
• Step 1: Find a prime number which is a factor of at least one of the given numbers. Write
this prime number on the left of the given numbers.
• Step 2: If the prime number in step 1 is a factor of the number, then divide the number by
the prime and write the quotient below. If the prime number in step 1 is not a factor of the
number, then write the number in the row below as it is. Continue the steps until 1 is left
in the last row.
Relationship between LCM and HCF
 Irrational Numbers Square Roots Cube Roots Directed Numbers

Irrational numbers are the A square root of a number is Cube root is the number that Directed Numbers are
real numbers that cannot be a value that can be needs to be multiplied three numbers with both size and
represented as a simple multiplied by itself to give times to get the original direction; one direction is
fraction. the original number. number. positive, and the other is
negative. For example,
temperature.

Vocabulary for sets of numbers

Chapter 2

Accuracy
Rounding
A rounded number has about the same value as the number you start with, but it is less exact.
Here's the general rule for rounding:
• If the number you are rounding is followed by 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9, round the number up. Example: 38 rounded to the nearest
ten is 401
• If the number you are rounding is followed by 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4, round the number down. Example: 33 rounded to the
nearest ten is 30
Decimal Places
Decimal places are positions of the digits to the right of a decimal point.
Rounding numbers to decimal places is shortening a decimal number to a given degree of accuracy. To do this we find the
decimal place we wish to round to and look at the digit to the right of that number.

If the number after the chosen accuracy is a 55 or more than 55, we round up.
If it is less than 55, we round down.
It is important to give the number of digits required after the decimal point, even if the last digit would be a zero.
Significant Figures
Significant figures are the number of digits in a value,
often a measurement, that contribute to the degree of
accuracy of the value. We start counting significant figures
at the first non-zero digit.
Upper and Lower Bound
The lower bound is the smallest value that would
round up to the estimated value.
The upper bound is the smallest value that would
round up to the next estimated value.
Chapter 3

Calculations and Order

Ordering and Inequalities
An ordering can often be considered to be a comparison of the size
of objects, perhaps in some intuitive sense.
Mapping the inequalities on number line can be shown as below :
Chapter 4

Integers, fractions,
decimals and
percentages.
 Fractions
Mixed Number
• A mixed number is a whole number, and a proper fraction represented
together. It generally represents a number between any two whole
numbers.

Proper fractions
• A proper fraction is a fraction whose numerator is smaller than its
denominator.
Improper fractions
• The numerator is greater than (or equal to) the denominator
Simplest form
• A fraction is in simplest form if the top and bottom have no common
factors other than 1
 Fractions
Addition and Subtraction
• Step 1: Make denominators the same
• Step 2: Add or Subtract the numerators (keeping the denominator the same)
• Step 3: Simplify the fraction
 Fractions
Multiplication
• To multiply two fractions together, multiply the numerators together and multiply the denominators together.

Division
• To divide two fractions, multiply the first fraction by the reciprocal of the second fraction.
• The reciprocal of a fraction can be found by turning a fraction upside down.
 Fractions
Changing Fractions to Decimals
• Step 1: Find a number you can multiply by the bottom of the fraction to make
it 10, or 100, or 1000, or any 1 followed by 0s.
• Step 2: Multiply both top and bottom by that number.
• Step 3. Then write down just the top number, putting the decimal point in the
correct spot (one space from the right hand side for every zero in the bottom
number)

Changing Decimals to Fractions

• Step 1: Write down the decimal divided by 1
• Step 2: Multiply both top and bottom by 10 for every number after the
decimal point. (For example, if there are two numbers after the
decimal point, then use 100, if there are three then use 1000, etc.)
• Step 3: Simplify (or reduce) the fraction
 Recurring Decimals
• A recurring decimal, also known as a repeating decimal, is a number containing an infinitely repeating digit – or series of
digits – occurring after the decimal point. For example 0.3333 recurring, or 1.7454545 recurring.

Changing Recurring Decimals to Fractions

• Step 1: Write out the equation
• Step 2: Cancel out the recurring digits
• Step 3: Solve for 𝒳
• Step 4: Simplify the fraction
For example, if x = 0.23232323, then the number of recurring digits are two, so multiply with 10 to power 2 = 100. 100x =
23.23232323 , subtracting the two equations we get 99x = 23 or x = 23/99.
 Percentages
Percentage is a fraction or a ratio in which the value of whole is always 100
Chapter 5

Further Percentage
 Percentages
Percentage is a fraction or a ratio in which the value of whole is always 100
Calculating Percentage of a quantity
• Percentage= (Value/Total Value)×100

Express one quantity as a percentage of another

• To express one quantity as a percentage of another, make sure that both quantities are expressed in the same units.
Write the given quantity as a fraction of the total and multiply it by 100%. Then simplify.
Percentage Change
• Subtract the old from the new, then divide by the old value. Show that as a Percentage.
Percentages
Reverse Percentage
• Reverse percentages (or inverse percentages) means working backwards to find an original amount, given a
percentage of that amount.
How to find?
• Write down the percentage and put it equal to the amount you have been given.
• Divide both sides by the percentage.
• (e.g. if you have 80%, divide both by 80). This will give you 1%.
• Multiply both sides by 100.
• This will give you 100%
Chapter 6

Ratio and Proportion

Direct and Inverse Proportion
Direct proportion is the relation between two quantities where the ratio of the
two is equal to a constant value. It is represented by the proportional symbol,
∝.
Increase ands Decrease by a Given Ratio
If the ratio of a new quantity to an old quantity can be expressed as an improper fraction, then the new quantity is
greater than the old quantity. Applying this ratio to the old quantity is known as increasing the old quantity in a given
ratio.
If the ratio of a new quantity to an old quantity can be expressed as a proper fraction, then the new quantity is less than
the old quantity. Applying this ratio to the old quantity is known as decreasing the old quantity in a given ratio.
Chapter 7

Indices
Law of Indices
Multiplying indices Exponential Equations

Dividing indices

Brackets with indices

Standard form
Power of 0
Standard form, or standard index form, is a system of writing numbers which can be
particularly useful for working with very large or very small numbers. It is based on using
powers of 10 to express how big or small a number is.
Negative and fractional indices
Chapter 8

Money and Finance

Interest
Simple Interest

Compound Interest
Chapter 9

Money and Finance

Speed
Speed
Speed is a measure of how quickly something moves, so it is calculated by dividing distance by time.
Chapter 10

Set Notation and Venn

Diagram
Sets
• Set notation is used in mathematics to essentially list numbers, objects or outcomes.
• Set notation uses curly brackets { } which are sometimes referred to as braces.
• Objects placed within the brackets are called the elements of a set, and do not have to be in any specific order.
• Sets are named using capital letters with some sets having a predefined name.
Venn Diagram
Increase ands Decrease by a Given Ratio
If the ratio of a new quantity to an old quantity can be expressed as an improper fraction, then the new quantity is
greater than the old quantity. Applying this ratio to the old quantity is known as increasing the old quantity in a given
ratio.
If the ratio of a new quantity to an old quantity can be expressed as a proper fraction, then the new quantity is less than
the old quantity. Applying this ratio to the old quantity is known as decreasing the old quantity in a given ratio.
 Square
Cube Numbers Factors Prime Factors Multiples
Numbers
When you multiply A cube number is the A factor is a number A factor that is a A multiple is a
an integer (a “whole” result when a number that divides another prime number. product that we get
number, positive, has been multiplied number leaving no when one number is
negative or zero) by itself twice. The remainder. multiplied by another
times itself, the symbol for cubed is number.
resulting product is 3.
called a square
number, or a perfect
square or simply “a
square.”

Vocabulary for sets of numbers

Ordering and Inequalities
An ordering can often be considered to be a comparison of the size
of objects, perhaps in some intuitive sense.
Mapping the inequalities on number line can be shown as below :
Vocabulary for sets of numbers
 Square
Cube Numbers Factors Prime Factors Multiples
Numbers
When you multiply A cube number is the A factor is a number A factor that is a A multiple is a
an integer (a “whole” result when a number that divides another prime number. product that we get
number, positive, has been multiplied number leaving no when one number is
negative or zero) by itself twice. The remainder. multiplied by another
times itself, the symbol for cubed is number.
resulting product is 3.
called a square
number, or a perfect
square or simply “a
square.”

Vocabulary for sets of numbers

Highest Common
Factor (HCF)

The Highest Common Factor (HCF) of two numbers is

the highest possible number which divides both the
numbers completely.
Ways to find Highest Common Factor (HCF)
HCF by listing factors method
• In this method, we list the factors of each number and find the common factors of those numbers. Then, among the
common factors, we determine the highest common factor.
HCF by prime factorization
• Step 1: Find the common prime factors of the given numbers.
• Step 2: Then, multiply these common prime factors to obtain the HCF of those numbers.
HCF by division method
• Step 1: In this method, we divide the larger number by the smaller number and check the remainder.
• Step 2: Then, we make the remainder of the previous step as the new divisor and the divisor of the previous step as
the new dividend and perform the long division again.
• Step 3: We continue the long division process till we get the remainder as 0. It should be noted that the last divisor
will be the HCF of those two numbers.
Lowest Common
Multiples (LCM)

The least common multiple of two numbers is the lowest

possible number that can be divisible by both numbers.
 Ways to find Lowest Common Multiples (LCM)
LCM by listing factors method
• Step 1: List the first few multiples of A and B.
• Step 2: Mark the common multiples from the multiples of both numbers.
• Step 3: Select the smallest common multiple. That lowest common multiple is the LCM
of the two numbers.
LCM by prime factorization
• Step 1: Represent the numbers in the prime factored form.
• Step 2: The LCM of the given two numbers is the product of all the prime factors.
(However, common factors will be included only once)
LCM by division method
• Step 1: Find a prime number which is a factor of at least one of the given numbers. Write
this prime number on the left of the given numbers.
• Step 2: If the prime number in step 1 is a factor of the number, then divide the number by
the prime and write the quotient below. If the prime number in step 1 is not a factor of the
number, then write the number in the row below as it is. Continue the steps until 1 is left
in the last row.
Relationship between LCM and HCF
 Irrational Numbers Square Roots Cube Roots Directed Numbers

Irrational numbers are the A square root of a number is Cube root is the number that Directed Numbers are
real numbers that cannot be a value that can be needs to be multiplied three numbers with both size and
represented as a simple multiplied by itself to give times to get the original direction; one direction is
fraction. the original number. number. positive, and the other is
negative. For example,
temperature.

Vocabulary for sets of numbers

Content Chapter 1
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