Antonio Machado,78-80

08840 Viladecans,
Barcelona-Spain
communications@ziv.es
www.communications.ziv.es Tel.: +34 933 490 700
Fax: +34 933 492 258

UNIVERSAL POWER-LINE CARRIER SYSTEM

TYPE OPU-1

GENERAL DESCRIPTION

Rev 4 - March 2016

Communication solutions for power utilities 1/67

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SAFETY SYMBOLS

WARNING OR CAUTION:

This symbol denotes a hazard. Do not follow the indicated

 procedure, operation or such like, it could mean a total or

partial breakdown of the equipment or even injury to the
personnel handling it.

NOTE:
Information or important aspects to take into account in a
procedure, operation or such like.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

1 INTRODUCTION 5

1.1 TRANSMISSION CAPACITY 5

1.2 MAIN FEATURES 9

1.3 MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 12

1.4 EXAMPLES OF APPLICATION 13

2 MODULE DESCRIPTION 17

2.1 BASIC MODULES FOR TERMINALS OF 20 AND 40 W 20

2.2 ADDITIONAL MODULES FOR 80 W 22

2.3 ADDITIONAL MODULES FOR AN EXTRA FILTERS FOR 20 AND 40 W 23

2.4 OPTIONAL INTERNAL MULTIPLEXER 24

2.4.1 MXPU internal multiplexer 24
2.4.2 DMPU/TMPU internal multiplexer 26

2.5 ANALOG OPTIONAL MODULES 27

2.5.1 Speech module 27
2.5.2 Teleprotection terminals 28
2.5.3 Asynchronous programmable modem type MFPU 30
2.5.4 Modem with programmable modulation scheme type MBPU 31
2.5.5 Others 31

2.6 OPTIONAL ANALOG TELEPROTECTION SYSTEM INTEGRATED IN

THE DIGITAL BAND 32

3 PARTICULARITIES OF THE SYSTEM 34

3.1 USE OF THE ANALOG BASE BAND 34

3.2 USE OF THE PILOT (ANALOG CHANNEL) 34

3.3 MODULATIONS AND DEMODULATIONS 36

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Page

3.4 LINK SYNCHRONIZATION 37

3.5 TIME SYNCHRONIZATION 37

3.5.1 GPS synchronization 38
3.5.2 Ethernet synchronization 38

4 MAIN MANAGEMENT MENUS 39

4.1 SYSTEM MENU 40

4.2 CONFIGURATION MENU 40

4.3 MONITORING MENU 42

4.4 ALIGNMENT HELP MENU 43

5 TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS 45

5.1 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS 45

5.2 HIGH-FREQUENCY CHARACTERISTICS 48

5.3 QAM DIGITAL MODEM CHARACTERISTICS 49

5.4 OFDM DIGITAL MODEM CHARACTERISTICS 51

5.5 USER INTERFACES 51

5.6 OPTIONAL BUILT-IN MULTIPLEXER CHARACTERISTICS 53

5.6.1 MXPU internal multiplexer 53
5.6.2 DMPU/TMPU internal multiplexer 54

5.7 OTHER CHARACTERISTICS 56

5.8 OPERATING CONDITIONS 59

5.9 MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS 60

5.10 MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 61

APPENDIX A
IP ADDRESSING 64

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1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 TRANSMISSION CAPACITY

The OPU-1 Universal Power-Line Carrier (PLC) terminal is outstanding in its high level of
modularity, allowing the transmission of all type of services through a high-voltage line.

It can be configured to transmit analog, digital or both analog and digital channels
simultaneously, including teleprotection.

When working with analog channels, the OPU-1 terminal can transmit one or two 4 kHz
standard channels in each direction. The effective band of each channel, from 300 Hz to
3850 Hz, can be used for the transmission of data at high speed, various VF telegraph
channels, teleprotection signals or for a speech-plus service.

When working with a digital channel, the OPU-1 terminal can support two different digital
modulation schemes (QAM or OFDM/OQAM). In general terms QAM is more suited for
long lines and medium transmission rates, while OFDM/OQAM is more suited for higher
transmission rates over short lines.

With the OFDM/OQAM digital modulation scheme, the OPU-1 terminal can support a
maximum transmission rate of 324 kbit/s in a bandwidth of 32 kHz, in each direction. A
transmission rate of 160 kbit/s in a bandwidth of 16 kHz, of 72 kbit/s in a bandwidth of
8 kHz, and of 32 kbit/s in a bandwidth of 4 kHz, in each direction, is also possible.

When working with a QAM digital channel, the OPU-1 terminal offers a transmission rate of
81 kbit/s, of which 79 kbit/s are available for user information, allowing various speech and
data channels to be multiplexed or, alternately, establish a channel of 64 kbit/s plus other
additional channels, up to a total of 15 kbit/s for signalling, telecontrol, etc. The multiplexing
of the different services, if desired, can be carried out by using an optional TDM internal
multiplexer that consists of up to three additional modules (speech and data ports). The
high-frequency transmission channel occupies a bandwidth of 16 kHz, in each direction.
Thanks to the use of a built-in echo canceller, the transmission and reception bands can be
superimposed, resulting in a total bandwidth of 16 kHz.

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With a QAM digital channel, transmission at 40.5 kbit/s in an 8 kHz bandwidth and at
20.25 kbit/s over a 4 kHz bandwidth is also possible, over a single frequency slot in
superimposed bands or two slots in non-adjacent bands in both cases.

At 40.5 kbit/s, the transmission and reception channels, each of 8 kHz, can be adjacent,
resulting in a total bandwidth of 16 kHz. At 20.25 kbit/s, the transmission and reception
channels, each of 4 kHz, can be adjacent, resulting in a total bandwidth of 8 kHz.

When working with a QAM digital channel, the OPU-1 can integrate teleprotection signals in
the digital operation band.

Examples of transmission possibilities are summarized in FIGURE 1. In case of frequency

congestion, the OPU-1 can be equipped with additional filters to use different frequency
slots for the analog and the digital channels in the same line or, even, as is represented in
FIGURE 2, in independent lines.

The use of additional filters in a twin-channel analog terminal also allows the transmission
and reception bands of each channel to be non-adjacent.

The OPU-1 terminal can work with different line filters, depending on the backplane type.

If desired, as a solution for PLC networks with frequency congestion, the OPU-1 can
function as a High-Frequency teleprotection system. This functionality enables electrical
power utilities to transmit teleprotection commands between protection relays over
high-voltage lines in a single 4 kHz bandwidth, using 2 kHz for transmission and 2 kHz for
reception. This functionality implies a specific hardware architecture of the terminal.

OPU-1 terminals comply with the International Recommendation IEC 495, regarding PLC
equipment.

HF Teleprotection functionality meets the security and dependability requirements specified

in IEC 60834-1 Recommendation for the three types of teleprotection command schemes:
Permissive tripping schemes, Intertripping schemes (Direct or transfer tripping) and
Blocking protection schemes.

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FIGURE 1 OPU-1 general architecture for 20, 40 and 80 W

NOTE: The OPU-1 can work with different line filters, depending on the backplane type.

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FIGURE 2 OPU-1 general architecture for 20 and 40 W with additional filters

NOTE: The OPU-1 can work with different line filters, depending on the backplane type.

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1.2 MAIN FEATURES

Some of the most remarkable features of the OPU-1 terminal are the following:

 Time synchronization.
The OPU-1 terminal chronologically registers all the alarms produced in the terminal, as
well as the events that refer to the link service. In order to establish the date and time the
alarms and/or events are produced, the OPU-1 terminal has a real time clock, which can
be synchronized with the GPS system or by means of the SNTP protocol.

 Two digital modulation schemes

The OPU-1 offers two different modulation schemes to better suit all transmission needs
in terms of the quality of service required by the applications and the transmission line
characteristics. Both QAM and OFDM/OQAM are supported by the OPU-1 and can be
selected from the programming software.
The choice between QAM and OFDM/OQAM depends on the required transmission rate,
required BER and internal latency, on the one hand, and S/N ratio and line attenuation on
the other hand. QAM can work at lower values of S/N and has a lower transmission
latency, whereas OFDM/OQAM increases the transmission rate at the expense of a
higher transmission latency and needs higher values of S/N ratio.

 Automatic fall-back/increase rates.

A remarkable feature of the OPU-1 when working with a digital modem unit is the
automatic fall-back rate when there is unfavourable line noise and/or signal reflection
conditions.

In the example for QAM, see FIGURE 3, the transmission rate is automatically reduced to
half or a third of the maximum value if necessary, that is to say, to 40.5 kbit/s and
27 kbit/s respectively. When the line conditions improve, the transmission rate is
automatically re-established.

In OFDM/OQAM, the channel is constantly evaluated in such a way that the carriers
that are affected by noise or interferences can automatically reduce its base modulation
or even disappear. Also the turbo code rate can change to make communications more
reliable. The two mechanisms combined allow the maximum transmission rate to be
dynamically adjusted, ensuring a correct BER in every condition.

For the QAM, this automatic feature can be disabled from the programming software if
necessary.

The link quality measurement is based on the G.821 standard concepts.

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FIGURE 3 Automatic fall-back/increase rates (QAM)

 Ethernet user interface with built-in bridge functionality.

On the front plate of the terminal it is available an Ethernet user interface which is of utility
when using the OPU-1 for the interconnection of different line segments. In this case, the
built-in Ethernet bridge selects the frames to be transmitted to the remote end, thus
making a more efficient use of the communications channel. Its functionality is supplied
upon request.

The information is multiplexed with the rest of speech and data channels and
transmitted in the QAM signal.

 FEC control.
The FEC control is a built-in optional functionality, supplied upon request, which can be
used to improve the quality of the digital link. The operation of the FEC is the following:

 The binary stream is divided in symbols of m bits.

 A code word consists of n symbols. First k symbols belong to the original message
and n-k symbols are parity symbols.
 At the receiver side the FEC uses these redundant n-k symbols to detect and correct
transmission errors.

The main advantage of the FEC is that it can improve the BER at the expense of
reducing the available data rate for the user and introducing some additional delay. The
values of m and n can be chosen from different values.

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 SNMP agent.
The OPU-1 terminals can include an SNMP agent to make GET and SET operations as
well as to send TRAP and INFORM notifications (unsolicited information spontaneously
transmitted) about alarms and events of the terminal to the devices specified by the user,
and this makes it possible to monitor the OPU-1 terminal from an SNMP management
application.

 Cascaded internal service channel.

Upon request, the terminal offers the possibility to connect in cascade the internal service
channel of different OPU-1 links. This is a useful feature, see FIGURE 4, that makes the
remote management of the OPU-1 terminals possible when not all of them have the
possibility of connection to an IP network.

The management data are transmitted through the bit intended for the internal service
channel of the internal frame. When the transmission is carried out at the rate of
81 kbit/s, the service channel information transmit at a speed of 1 kbit/s.

FIGURE 4 Cascaded internal service channel

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 Narrow-Band High-Frequency Teleprotection functionality.
This functionality is the best solution for PLC networks with frequency congestion. It
enables electrical power utilities to transmit teleprotection commands over high-voltage
lines, in only one standard 4 kHz channel, using 2 kHz for Tx and 2 kHz for Rx.
This functionality implies a specific hardware architecture of the terminal.

1.3 MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

The OPU-1 terminals have a built-in web server containing all the pages necessary for the
system programming and monitoring, being unnecessary for any software to be supplied
with the equipment.

The connection between the computer and the terminal can be direct, or should the
necessary networking devices be available, by means of an IP network (LAN). In the last
case, all the computers connected to the IP network can manage any OPU-1 terminal
connected to the said IP network.

The user can access the home web page of the Management System by entering the IP
address of the web server of the OPU-1 terminal, once authorisation is gained by means of
the user password.

By default, the system has two created user profiles, one basic and the other administrator,
whose user identifications and passwords can be seen in TABLE 1. Each one has different
management capacities, whilst the administrator user being able to modify and supervise
any parameter of the terminal, the basic user can only retrieve or supervise the parameters
of the terminal, and is unable to alter its operation at any time.

TABLE 1 Default user passwords of the system

User identification Password

Basic User basic basic

Administrator User admin admin

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1.4 EXAMPLES OF APPLICATION

The modularity of the OPU-1, together with its wide range of interfaces, permit most
configurations found in different applications to be covered. The following examples clearly
show some of the most relevant.

General purpose

Analog channel intended for teleprotection signals, and QAM/OFDM signal for data and
speech channels.

For this application the OPU-1 terminal is equipped with a set of 4-command teleprotection
system and with the necessary optional multiplexer modules.

FIGURE 5 Transmission of data, speech and teleprotection signals

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Two independent PLC terminals in a single equipment

QAM/OFDM signal in one direction and analog 4 kHz channels in the other.

For this application it is necessary the additional filters.

FIGURE 6 Two independent PLC terminals in a single equipment

Frequency congestion solution

Different frequency slots in the same high-voltage line (see FIGURE 7) or, even, in different
lines (see FIGURE 6).

For this application it is necessary the additional filters.

FIGURE 7 Frequency congestion solution

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Teleprotection between 3 sites using only three OPU-1 terminals

This application consists in sending the same teleprotection information to two different
sites using only three OPU-1 terminals equipped each with two sets of 4-command
teleprotection system.

For this application, additional filters are necessary.

FIGURE 8 Teleprotection between 3 sites application

The use of additional filters in a twin-channel analog terminal allows the transmission
and reception bands of each channel to be non-adjacent.

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Teleprotection integrated in the digital band

The digital operation band is used for the QAM signal and teleprotection signals.

For this application the OPU-1 terminal is equipped with a specific set of 4-command
teleprotection system.

The guard signal is sent to the high-voltage line together with the QAM signal. When the
receiver detects the absence of the guard signal, the QAM signal is blocked, for a pre-set
period of time, to allow command signal detection.

FIGURE 9 Teleprotection integrated in the digital band (16 kHz)

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2 MODULE DESCRIPTION

The OPU-1 terminal can have an output power of 20 W, 40 W and 80 W (PEP), measured
at the coaxial-connector output, shared between the analog and digital channels.

The OPU-1 basic terminal consists of one shelf of 3 s.u. in height, which contains the power
stage modules for 20 W and 40 W, and one shelf of 6 s.u. in height, which contains the
power supply, the management, signal processing and control unit, digital modem unit and
the optional modules. The module arrangement for 20 and 40 W is shown in FIGURE 10.

All the shelves are prepared for mounting in a 19" rack.

FIGURE 10 OPU-1 module arrangement for 20 and 40 W

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The 80 W terminal is obtained by adding to the 40 W terminal an additional shelf of 3 s.u. in
height, containing a second 40 W amplifier and a differential transformer to connect the first
in parallel to the second to obtain the 80 W output power. The module arrangement for
80 W is shown in FIGURE 11.

FIGURE 11 OPU-1 module arrangement for 80 W

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When working in hybrid mode, it is possible to provide the 20 W or 40 W terminal with
additional filters to use different frequency slots for the analog and the digital channels in
the same line or, even, in independent lines. The module arrangement for the additional
filters is shown in FIGURE 12.

The use of additional filters in a twin-channel analog terminal also allows the transmission
and reception bands of each channel to be non-adjacent.

FIGURE 12 OPU-1 module arrangement for 20 and 40 W with additional filters

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2.1 BASIC MODULES FOR TERMINALS OF 20 AND 40 W

FAPU POWER SUPPLY

This module contains the DC/DC converter that generates the internal
power-supply voltages from the input voltage, as well as a filter at the input to
suppress disturbance caused by fast transient bursts.

The module also contains the power-supply alarm external signalling relay.

The type of module depends on the nominal input voltage. The following types
are available:
FAPU.02 Input voltage of 48 VDC.
FAPU.10 Input voltage of 110 VDC.
FAPU.10/20 Input voltage from 110 to 220 VDC and VAC.

If power-supply redundance is necessary, the OPU-1 terminal must be

equipped with two power-supply modules.

The power supply is protected against polarity inversion.

MOPU.1X MANAGEMENT & ANALOG SIGNAL PROCESSING UNIT

On the one hand, it contains the central management unit that is made up of:
LAN interface (10/100Base-Tx), loop control, a decoder capable of processing
according to IRIG-B standard, a web server, an SNMP agent and the
associated MIB, and service channel.

On the other hand, for processing the analog signals, it contains a central
processing unit that is made up of: the circuits for the mixing of the signals to be
transmitted, modulation and demodulation circuits, synchronization circuits, digital
signal filtering, signal-to-noise ratio measurement and automatic gain control
(AGC) circuits.

It also contains the whole-band service-telephony circuits, which are operational

only when the IOPU module is not installed in the equipment.

The type of module depends on whether the terminal is working with one or
two analog channels in this way:
MOPU.10 One analog channel (CH1).
MOPU.11 Two analog channels (CH1 and CH2).

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MQPU.1X DIGITAL MODEM UNIT
This module includes two data ports, one for synchronous data, with interface
V.35 or V.11 or G.703, and the other for asynchronous data, with interface
V.24/V.28. It also includes an Ethernet user interface.

It contains the frequency conversion and modulation and demodulation circuits,

synchronization and automatic gain control (AGC) circuits, and the control circuits
of the optional internal multiplexer.

For QAM, it also contains the circuits for link quality measurement according to the
G.821 standard and FEC control, an adaptive equalizer which minimizes the
intersymbol interference, and the echo canceller which allows the transmission in
superimposed bands to be carried out.

For processing the signals proceeding from the interfaces, this module generates
an internal frame and carries out the 128-QAM, 16-QAM or 4-QAM modulation,
and the Trellis coding.

In OFDM/OQAM, the bit stream is dynamically assigned to the 244 carriers

which can be modulated from a 4-QAM to a 4096-QAM depending on the
channel quality and sharing this modulation each group of carriers. The turbo
code rate also is dynamically assigned.

The type of module depends on the digital modulation scheme, in this way:
MQPU.10 QAM.
MQPU.11 OFDM/OQAM

RXPU RECEPTION FILTER

This module comprises the receive-channel filter. This module is located in the
3 s.u. shelf.

HIPU HF HYBRID
This module contains the high-frequency hybrid. This module is located in the
3 s.u. shelf.

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AMPU HIGH-FREQUENCY AMPLIFIER
This module contains the wideband output amplifier of 20 W or 40 W and the
alarm circuits for overload or low transmitted-signal level. This module is
located in the 3 s.u. shelf.

The output impedance of the HF amplifier must be consistent with the

bandwidth of the line filter, in this way:
AMPU.00 For line filter with bandwidth of 8, 16 or 24 kHz.
AMPU.02 For line filter with bandwidth of 8, 16 or 32 kHz.

AFPU LINE FILTER

This module contains the line filter. This module is located in the 3 s.u. shelf.
The bandwidth of the line filter is selected configuring a jumper and two
switches in the 3 s.u. backplane.

WOPU 6 s.u. backplane

It contains three alarm external signalling relays, whose activation condition is
established from the Management System, the main power-supply switch, the
fuses, the power-supply sockets, and the connectors for external connections.

WPPU 3 s.u. backplane

It contains the line transformer, the coaxial connector for making the
connection to the line, the jumpers for selecting the line impedance, the
dummy load, a setting to connect or not the coaxial-cable shield to chassis,
and the jumpers and switches for selecting the bandwidth of the line filter.

The type of backplane depends on the line-filter bandwidth in this way:

WPPU.00 The bandwidth of the line filter may be 8, 16 or 24 kHz.
WPPU.01 The bandwidth of the line filter may be 8, 16 or 32 kHz.

2.2 ADDITIONAL MODULES FOR 80 W

DTPU DIFFERENTIAL TRANSFORMER

This module contains the differential transformer to obtain the 80 W output
power. This module is located in the additional 3 s.u. shelf.

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AMPU HIGH-FREQUENCY AMPLIFIER
This module contains the second 40 W wideband output amplifier and the
alarm circuits for overload or low transmitted-signal level. This module is
located in the additional 3 s.u. shelf.

AFPU LINE FILTER

This module contains the transmit-line filter for the second 40 W amplifier. This
module is located in the additional 3 s.u. shelf.

2.3 ADDITIONAL MODULES FOR AN EXTRA FILTERS FOR 20 AND 40 W

RXPU ADDITIONAL RECEPTION FILTER

This module comprises the receive-channel filter. This module is located in the
additional 3 s.u. shelf.

HIPU ADDITIONAL HF HYBRID

This module contains the high-frequency hybrid. This module is located in the
additional 3 s.u. shelf.

AMPU ADDITIONAL HIGH-FREQUENCY AMPLIFIER

This module contains the wideband output amplifier of 20 W or 40 W and the
alarm circuits for overload or low transmitted-signal level. This module is
located in the additional 3 s.u. shelf.

The output impedance of the HF amplifier must be consistent with the

bandwidth of the line filter, in this way:
AMPU.00 For line filter with bandwidth of 8, 16 or 24 kHz.
AMPU.02 For line filter with bandwidth of 8, 16 or 32 kHz.

AFPU ADDITIONAL LINE FILTER

This module contains the line filter. This module is located in the additional
3 s.u. shelf.
The bandwidth of the line filter is selected configuring a jumper and two
switches in the additional 3 s.u. backplane.

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WPPU Additional 3 s.u. backplane
It contains the line transformer, the coaxial connector for making the
connection to the line, the jumpers for selecting the line impedance, the
dummy load, a setting to connect or not the coaxial-cable shield to chassis,
and the jumpers and switches for selecting the bandwidth of the additional
line filter.

The type of backplane depends on the line-filter bandwidth in this way:

WPPU.00 The bandwidth of the line filter may be 8, 16 or 24 kHz.
WPPU.01 The bandwidth of the line filter may be 8, 16 or 32 kHz.

2.4 OPTIONAL INTERNAL MULTIPLEXER

When working with a digital channel, the multiplexing of the different services, if desired,
can be carried out by using an optional internal multiplexer.

There are two models of optional internal multiplexer, the description of each one being in
the following.

2.4.1 MXPU internal multiplexer

This optional internal multiplexer of the OPU-1 terminal consists of up to three

MULTIPLEXER modules (MXPU). Each MXPU module can house up to three ports. The
characteristics of a port depends on the type of submodule installed.

MXPU MULTIPLEXER
This module conforms the internal multiplexer. It can contain up to three
submodules. There are three different types of submodule depending on
whether the port has to be data, voice at 16 kbit/s or voice at 4800 bit/s,
6400 bit/s or 8000 bit/s.

KDMX Data submodule

Supports a communication channel for synchronous,

asynchronous or anisochronous data. It is equipped with an
interface (DB25) that complies with Recommendation V.24/V.28
of the ITU-T (RS-232C).

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KVMX Speech submodule at 16 kbit/s

Submodule for 4-wire or 2-wire telephone termination, with

ADPCM speech encoder at 16 kbit/s.

When 2-wire is configured, two operation modes are obtained:

2-wire exchange-side (it includes ring detection and the
exchange subscriber-loop management) and 2-wire subscriber
side (it includes the subscriber circuits: ring-current generator
and pick up detection).

KAVX Speech submodule at 4800 bit/s, 6400 bit/s or 8000 bit/s

Submodule for 4-wire or 2-wire telephone termination, with

speech encoder at 4800 bit/s, 6400 bit/s or 8000 bit/s based on
MP-MLQ multipulse encoding.

When 2-wire is configured, two operation modes are obtained:

2-wire exchange-side (it includes ring detection and the
exchange subscriber-loop management) and 2-wire subscriber
side (it includes the subscriber circuits: ring-current generator
and pick up detection).

This termination also allows the transmission of Group 3 fax

signals up to 7200 bit/s in accordance with Recommendations
V.21, V.27ter and V.29 of the ITU-T, as well as modem signals
at 2400 bit/s and 1200 bit/s in accordance with Recommendation
V.22bis.

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2.4.2 DMPU/TMPU internal multiplexer

This optional internal multiplexer of the OPU-1 terminal consists of up to three modules type
DMPU and/or TMPU.

The characteristics of the DMPU and TMPU modules are described in the following.

DMPU.## Data module.

Each DMPU module can house up to six data ports.

TABLE 2 indicates the interfaces allowed for each port and connector type.

The module can perform drop-insert functionality which allows a more

efficient use of the system bandwidth. The drop-insert is particularly
suitable for half-duplex communications or polling systems (Central
Unit/Remotes).

The type of module depends on the number of ports, in this way:

DMPU.02 2 data communication channels (port 3/9/15 and port 4/10/16).

DMPU.04 4 data communication channels (port 3/9/15, port 4/10/16, port

5/11/17 and port 6/12/18).

DMPU.06 6 data communication channels (port 3/9/15, port 4/10/16, port

5/11/17, port 6/12/18, port 7/13/19 and port 8/14/20).

TABLE 2 Interfaces supported by the DMPU module ports

Port 3/9/15 (DB15) and Port Port 5/11/17 (DB9), Port 6/12/18 (DB9),
4/10/16 (DB15) Port 7/13/19 (DB9) and Port 8/14/20 (DB9)

V.24/V.28 (RS-232C) V.24 asynchronous

X.21 RS-422

RS-422 RS-485 (HD/FD)

RS-485 (HD/FD)

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TMPU. ## Speech module.
It allows full-duplex transmission and reception with speech encoder at
2100 bit/s, 2450 bit/s or 2800 bit/s based on RALCWI coding algorithm.

The Mean Opinion Score (MOS) of voice quality is about 3.5-3.6.

Supports up to 2 speech communication channels for 4-wire or 2-wire

telephone termination. When 2-wire is configured, two operation modes are
obtained: FXO (2-wire exchange-side) and FXS (2-wire subscriber side).
For FXO, it includes ring detection and the exchange subscriber-loop
management. For FXS, it includes the subscriber circuits: ring-current
generator and pick up detection.

It allows in-band DTMF transmission and reception.

It allows in-band or out-of-band transmission and reception by E&M wires.

It allows in-band factory pre-set tones transmission and reception.

Possibility of incorporating modem protocols for V.21 (300 bit/s FSK), Bell
103 (300 bit/s FSK), V.23 (1200/75 bit/s FSK) and Bell 202 (1200/75 bit/s
FSK) standards.

The TMPU module can contain a data port with an interface (DB15) that
complies with Recommendation V.24/V.28 of the ITU-T (RS-232C).

The type of module depends on the number of ports, in this way:

TMPU.11 1 speech communication channel (Port 4/10/16) plus 1 data

channel (Port 3/9/15).

TMPU.21 2 speech communication channels (Port 4/10/16 and Port

5/11/17) plus 1 data channel (Port 3/9/15).

2.5 ANALOG OPTIONAL MODULES

When working with analog channels, the OPU-1 terminal can contain up to five optional
modules. The following sections detail the large variety of options available.

2.5.1 Speech module

For a speech-plus service (T-type channel), the OPU-1 terminal must have a TDPU speech
module.

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This module comprises the speech-band transmit and receive filters, the upper frequency of
which can be defined from the management terminal, and the dynamic
compressor/expander. The speech-band filters are realized with switched-capacity devices.

The different options for the speech module, incorporated in the basic module as
submodules, are the followings:

KTTL.00 Telephone termination

This is a submodule that can be plugged into the speech module that contains
the connections and resources necessary to obtain a 2 or 4-wire transit and a
4-wire spur line. This submodule also carries out the telephone-converter
tasks for cases of exchange-side or telephone-side 2-wire operation.

The speech module must contain at least the telephone-termination submodule.

KTLT.00 2-wire subscriber-side telephone termination

This is a submodule that can be plugged into the speech module, which is
used together with the KAGT.02 submodule, that contains the telephone
hybrid and the subscriber circuits.

The termination permits the connection of telephone apparatus with decadic

as well as multifrequency dialling without the user first having to carry out
previous programming.

Up to two terminations of this type can be connected, each one supporting up

to four telephones in parallel.

KAGT.02 Power supply and ring-current generator

This submodule, which can be plugged into the speech module and used
together with the KTLT.00 submodule, comprises the ring-current generator
necessary in the subscriber-side termination.

2.5.2 Teleprotection terminals

Three teleprotection terminals exist, based on the use of digital signal processing.

Teleprotection terminal using tones (4 combined commands)

The analog teleprotection terminal using tones is able to transmit and receive up to four
commands in a 4 kHz analog band.

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The terminal can be constituted by either one or two different modules according to user
requirements. For the transmission of one or two commands, the terminal should be
equipped with the ABIT.01 module only. Should it be necessary to transmit from three to
four commands the terminal should be equipped with two modules, the ABIT.01 and the
CDIT.01. Each of the commands is identified by a letter, these being A, B, C and D.

ABIT.01 This module contains the Digital Signal Processor (DSP), which
generates the guard and command tones and implements a bank of
filters for the reception of commands.

It also has the software necessary for decision making in the

transmission and reception of commands, as well as software for
input/output management, link supervision and the carrying out of tests.

The module also contains two command input and output circuits
together with five relays for signalling and/or alarm, configurable by the
user.

CDIT.01 This module contains two command input and output circuits together
with four relays for signalling and/or alarm, configurable by the user.

Teleprotection terminal using FSK channels (4 independent commands)

The analog teleprotection terminal using FSK channels is able to transmit and receive up to
four independent commands simultaneously or in any combination in a 4 kHz analog band.

The terminal can be constituted by either one or two different modules according to user
requirements. For the transmission of one or two commands, the terminal should be
equipped with the ABIT.01 module only. Should it be necessary to transmit from three to
four commands the terminal should be equipped with two modules, the ABIT.01 and the
CDIT.01. Each of the commands is identified by a letter, these being A, B, C and D.

ABIT.01 This module contains the Digital Signal Processor (DSP), which
generates the FSK channels in transmission (at the programmed
frequency and shift) and implements for each channel the elements
which differentiate between the guard and command signals in reception.

It also has the software necessary for decision making in the

transmission and reception of commands, as well as software for
input/output management, link supervision and the carrying out of tests.

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The module also contains two command input and output circuits
together with five relays for signalling and/or alarm, configurable by the
user.

CDIT.01 This module contains two command input and output circuits together
with four relays for signalling and/or alarm, configurable by the user.

Teleprotection terminal by dual tone (4 encoded commands)

The analog teleprotection terminal by dual tone is able to transmit and receive up to four
independent commands, and any combination of them, in a 2.5 kHz or 4 kHz analog band.

The terminal can be constituted by either one or two different modules according to user
requirements. For the transmission of one or two commands, the terminal should be
equipped with the ABIT.01 module only. Should it be necessary to transmit from three to
four commands the terminal should be equipped with two modules, the ABIT.01 and the
CDIT.01. Each of the commands is identified by a letter, these being A, B, C and D.

ABIT.01 This module contains the Digital Signal Processor (DSP) that
generates the encoded signals and implements a bank of filters for the
reception of all the frequencies used.

Two frequencies are assigned to each signal (guard or command). Nine

frequencies are needed for the guard and 4 independent commands
and any combination of them.

The module also contains two command input and output circuits
together with five relays for signalling and/or alarm, configurable by the
user.

CDIT.01 This module contains two command input and output circuits together
with four relays for signalling and/or alarm, configurable by the user.

2.5.3 Asynchronous programmable modem type MFPU

The MFPU is an asynchronous narrowband modem with frequency-shift keying (FSK)

modulation for the transmission of data at speeds of 50 to 1200 Bd.

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The technology used in the MFPU modem is based on digital signal processing and allows
the transmission speed and central frequency of each channel to be programmed by the
user. The transmission speed can be 50, 100, 200, 600 or 1200 Bd, whilst the central
frequency of each channel can be selected from between a wide range of values, including
those enumerated in recommendations R.35, R.37, R.38A and R.38B of the ITU-T. The
MFPU modem is also compatible with standard V.23 of the ITU-T.

2.5.4 Modem with programmable modulation scheme type MBPU

The MBPU is a modem with a programmable modulation scheme, capable of operating

with frequency-shift keying (FSK) modulation according to Recommendations V.23 and
V.21 of ITU-T, as well as with multi-level modulations (DPSK, QAM and TCM) according to
Recommendations V.34, V.32bis, V.32, V.22bis and V.22 of ITU-T. It can transmit
synchronous or asynchronous data at a speed of up to 28800 bit/s in line.

It has two types of interface: V.24/V.28 of the ITU-T (with one clock for emission and
another for reception) and V.11 in accordance with standard ISO4903 (a single clock).

2.5.5 Others

IOPU BASEBAND INPUT/OUTPUT CIRCUIT

It contains two 600  balanced inputs and two 600  balanced outputs and
the whole-band service-telephony circuits.

It also receives the external input for power-boosting control, the external input
of the M wire (transmission call) and the signalling of the E wire (reception
call).

The type of module depends on whether the terminal is working with one or
two analog channels in this way:
IOPU.01 One analog channel (CH1).
IOPU.02 Two analog channels (CH1 and CH2).

This module is always installed adjacent to MOPU module.

FTPU VFT-TRANSIT FILTER

Audio-frequency signal filter and amplifier with phase equalizer. It is used to
select a determinate band and to carry out the transit towards other
communication channels.

It includes a transformer-decoupled output with programmable level.

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FDPU DIGITAL TRANSIT FILTER
It is used to select a specific band and to carry out the two-way transit towards
other communication channels.

It includes a transformer-balanced input and output with programmable level.

The cutoff frequency is selected by means of jumpers.

Filters with other cutoff frequencies can be supplied on request.

EYPU INPUT/OUTPUT COMBINER

The EYPU module has four inputs and four outputs that are all decoupled by
transformer, and two inputs and two outputs for signals coming from the
low-frequency buses of each of the analog channels of the OPU-1 terminal. It
is therefore possible, by programming the module, to effect any combination in
the connection of six inputs and four outputs or of four inputs and six outputs.
As it is not possible to connect the AF reception and transmission buses of the
OPU-1 terminal to each other, the combination of six inputs and six outputs is
not permitted.

TPSU 6 s.u. extension card.

2.6 OPTIONAL ANALOG TELEPROTECTION SYSTEM INTEGRATED IN

THE DIGITAL BAND

When only working with a QAM digital channel, the OPU-1 terminal can be equipped with a
specific analog teleprotection terminal using tones that will be able to use the digital
operation band to transmit teleprotection signals.

The guard signal is sent to the high-voltage line together with the QAM signal generated in
the OPU-1 terminal. When a command needs to be transmitted, the guard signal is
replaced by the corresponding command signal and, in order to allow the transmission of
the command tone using all the power available, the transmission of the QAM signal is
interrupted for a pre-set period of time. When the receiver detects the absence of the guard
signal, the QAM signal generated by the OPU-1 terminal is blocked, for a pre-set period of
time, to allow command signal detection.

Teleprotection terminal using tones integrated in the digital band

This specific analog teleprotection terminal using tones is able to transmit and receive up to
four commands.

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The terminal can be constituted by either one or two different modules according to user
requirements. For the transmission of one or two commands, the terminal should be
equipped with the ABIT.01 module only. Should it be necessary to transmit from three to
four commands the terminal should be equipped with two modules, the ABIT.01 and the
CDIT.01. Each of the commands is identified by a letter, these being A, B, C and D.

ABIT.01 This module contains the Digital Signal Processor (DSP), which
generates the guard and command tones and implements a bank of
filters for the reception of commands.

It also has the software necessary for decision making in the

transmission and reception of commands, as well as software for
input/output management, link supervision and the carrying out of tests.

The module also contains two command input and output circuits
together with five relays for signalling and/or alarm, configurable by the
user.

CDIT.01 This module contains two command input and output circuits together
with four relays for signalling and/or alarm, configurable by the user.

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3 PARTICULARITIES OF THE SYSTEM

3.1 USE OF THE ANALOG BASE BAND

The available band, extending from 300 Hz to 3850 Hz, can be used for the transmission of
data at high speed, various VF telegraph channels, teleprotection signals (D-type channel)
or for a speech-plus service (T-type channel).

TABLE 3 indicates the maximum number of standardized channels of 50, 100 and 200 Bd
that can be situated in the D-type channel.

TABLE 3 Maximum number of channels for a D-type channel

ITU-T Recommendation R.35 R.37 R.39 R.38A R.38B

Transmission rate (Bd) 50 100 100 200 200

Separation (Hz) 120 240 170 480 360

Number of channels 29 14 20 7 9

The number of higher-rate FSK channels that can be transmitted in the same band is three
for a transmission rate of 600 Bd (with a separation of 960 Hz) and two for a rate of
1200 Bd.

In the T-type channel, where the available band is shared between speech and data, the
speech band is limited by a frequency lower than 300 Hz and by an upper one that is
programmable between 2000 Hz and 3400 Hz. The superimposed band extends between
1.06 times the cutoff frequency selected for the speech band and 3850 Hz. The maximum
transmission rate that can be obtained in the superimposed band is 1200 Bd when the
speech band is limited to 2000 Hz.

3.2 USE OF THE PILOT (ANALOG CHANNEL)

The pilot is situated below the available band, at the virtual frequency of 150 Hz, which
makes all of the band between 300 Hz and 3850 Hz available for the transmission of
information.

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The following information describes the different functions performed by the pilot channel.

Automatic Gain Control (AGC)

The equipment supervises at all times the level of the pilot signal received in each one of
the channels. The amplitude of this signal, once digitized, is used to carry out the automatic
gain control of each channel. Thanks to the use of digital processing techniques, it is also
possible to compensate for a level variation of the receiver outputs, which is caused by the
presence of noise in the pilot channel.

Link synchronization

It is possible to work plesiochronously, that is to say, each terminal works with its own
master clock or in a synchronized way, that is to say, each terminal uses its internal
oscillator as the master transmission clock and synchronizes its reception with the other
terminal using the pilot received. This synchronization is completely digital.

Telephone signalling

Modulating the pilot signal by frequency shifting at a maximum rate of 50 Bd, corresponding
to 25 impulses a second, permits telephone signalling to be transmitted.

Internal data transmission

The supervision of the system is carried out by transmitting data through the internal
communication channel at a rate of 50 Bd. The transmission is interrupted when telephone
signalling appears and is resumed when it has no transitions.

Furthermore, data transmission is periodically interrupted in order to carry out the link
synchronization.

Noise spectral density

The system estimates the noise spectral density from the measurement of the noise power
in the band of the pilot tone. Assuming that this density is constant in the whole 4 kHz
channel, the signal-to-noise ratio is independently calculated for each of the channels.

The value thus determined is compared with pre-set thresholds in order to block the
previously-programmed audio-frequency outputs and to deliver an excess-noise alarm.

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3.3 MODULATIONS AND DEMODULATIONS

The transposition of a 4 kHz channel to a band of frequencies that extends from 36 to

512 kHz is carried out by means of a modulation process that is completely digital. The type
of modulation used is single side-band with suppressed carrier.

In this way, the analog signal in base band is digitized and delivered to the MOPU where,
by means of digital signal processing, is transposed to the desired channel frequency, with
a resolution of 1 Hz. The resulting digital signal is converted to analog and, before being
transmitted to the high-voltage line, passes through a power stage.

In reception the transposition is carried out in reverse, that is to say, the received analog
signal, after passing through the AGC circuit, is digitized and delivered to the signal
processing unit which carries out the transposition of the signal of each channel in base
band, and extracts the pilot. The digital signal of each channel is then converted to analog.

For the QAM, the data stream proceeding from the digital user interface is encoded and
then modulated at 128-QAM, 16-QAM or 4-QAM according to whether the gross bit rate is
of 81 kbit/s, 40.5 kbit/s or 27 kbit/s, respectively. The data is subjected to the following
processes: scrambling, serial-to-parallel conversion, differential encoding, convolutional
encoding (Trellis encoding), symbol mapping, pulse-shaping filtering and QAM modulation.

The QAM signals obtained in this way are then transposed to the desired frequency band
and, before being transmitted to the high-voltage line, passes through a power stage.

In reception the transposition is carried out in reverse, that is to say, the received analog
signal enters the MQPU module where, once subjected to an AGC process, it is converted
into a digital signal and passes through a band-pass filter which gives the receiver the
selectivity characteristics desired.

In the superimposed-band operation mode, the filtered signal is applied to an

echo-canceller device where the transmit signal that superimposes the received signal is
cancelled, by means of a signal coming from the transmitter and adequately processed.
The obtained signal is demodulated and decoded in order to be sent to the user interface.

In the non-adjacent band operation mode, when an echo canceller is not used, the filtered
signal is directly demodulated and decoded in order to be sent to the user interface.

The input of the OFDM/OQAM modulator is a complex symbol stream for each of the
carriers of the system.

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This symbol stream is first processed by a staggering block, which outputs a complex
symbol stream at twice the input rate.

This stream is then multiplied by a carrier specific exponential weight and processed by an
IFFT block, whose output is filtered by the polyphase components of the prototype pulse
followed by a decimate-and-sum network.

At the receiving side, the inverse operations are carried out.

3.4 LINK SYNCHRONIZATION

With the analog channels (MOPU module), it is possible to work plesiochronously, that is to
say, each terminal works with its own master clock or in a synchronized way, that is to say,
each terminal uses its internal oscillator as the master transmission clock and synchronizes
its reception with the other terminal using the pilot received. This synchronization is
completely digital.

The MQPU module (QAM digital channel) works with only one clock, which is internal. The
programming of the terminal configuration automatically determines a Master-Slave
operating mode for the recovery of synchronisms. The Master terminal generates the
transmit synchronisms from the internal oscillator. The Slave terminal always uses the clock
recovered from the data received from the line to generate the transmit synchronisms. The
receive synchronisms are always generated from the clock recovered from the received
data.

With respect to synchronism, it is recommended that the customer terminals of a link use
the clocks generated in transmission and in reception by the OPU-1 terminals.

3.5 TIME SYNCHRONIZATION

The OPU-1 terminal chronologically registers all the alarms produced in the terminal, as
well as the events that refer to the link service. In order to establish the date and time the
alarms and/or events are produced, the OPU-1 terminal has a real time clock, which can be
synchronized with the GPS system or by means of the SNTP protocol.

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When time synchronization is established in the terminal, via GPS or Ethernet, the
(1)
OPU-1 refers its internal real time clock to the UTC system, estimating in this way the
UTC time by which it can calculate the UTC time (also known as GMT) in other zones of
the world. In this case, the UTC time will always remain as a model of the internal clock
of the terminal, even against any date and time programming carried out by the user.

3.5.1 GPS synchronization

The OPU-1 terminal can synchronize its real time clock with the time reference given by the
GPS system. In order to do so, the time, day, month and year must be programmed in the
OPU-1 terminal and it must then be connected to a GPS receiver that has a timing output,
which must be an IRIG-B output. The IRIG-B standard establishes the format of signals
used to identify specific instants of time.

The standard IRIG-B signals are classified according to the modulation applied to them,
their frequency/resolution and codes applied to the words (set of bits) that contain the
information. According to this classification, a number is applied to each one of the three
parameters mentioned earlier and standards are defined, such as for example, the
IRIG-B 120 or the IRIG-B 123.

The OPU-1 terminal is capable of processing standard IRIG-B 123 signals, in which the
signal is modulated in amplitude at 1 kHz, and standard IRIG-B 003 signals, in which the
signal is modulated by pulses.

3.5.2 Ethernet synchronization

The OPU-1 terminal can also synchronize its real time clock via Ethernet using the SNTP
(Simple Network Time Protocol) protocol, which uses UTC as a time base.

It is possible to configure up to 5 possible addresses of SNTP servers from the OPU-1

Management System.

(1)
UTC is not really an abbreviation but a variant of universal time (UT) and the C of “coordinated”
is added to show that it is another variant of UT.

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4 MAIN MANAGEMENT MENUS

The home web page of the OPU-1 Management System is as shown in FIGURE 13.

As can be seen, four main menus appear. The first menu, System, controls the flow of
information entering and leaving the Management System, allows the pages necessary for
carrying out off-line Web Management to be downloaded as well as the display of the
module software versions, and allows all the parameters relating to the network
management to be programmed. The second menu, Configuration, allows all the operative
parameters of the terminal to be configured and those of its collateral, that is to say, those
of the terminal at the other side of the link. The third menu, Monitoring, allows supervision
of the system to be carried out, whilst the fourth, Alignment help, contains guidelines on
alignment and maintenance.

These menus are described in more detail in the following sections.

FIGURE 13 OPU-1 Management System home web page

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4.1 SYSTEM MENU

This menu contains three options. The first gives access to the reading functions of the disk
or terminal and writing functions to disk or in the terminal. The second allows the pages
necessary for carrying out off-line Web Management to be downloaded as well as the
display of the module software versions. The third gives access to the options which allow
the specification of: the web server user passwords, the basic network management
parameters (IP address, subnetwork mask and gateway), that must be compatible with
those of the management computer.

4.2 CONFIGURATION MENU

This menu allows the programming of the terminals to be defined, that is to say, their
identification and configuration, transmission and reception frequency bands,
audio-frequency input and output levels, signal-level percentages for each service, digital
modulation scheme (QAM or OFDM/OQAM), gross bit rate of the QAM digital modem,
digital ports programming as well as the operative parameters of the optional analog
modules. It also allows alarms to be assigned to the external signalling relays.

 Terminal configuration
In the OPU-1 terminals it is possible to program a numeric identification and a
description of up to 50 characters.

Before programming the operating parameters it is necessary to configure the terminal.

The output power (which can be of 20, 40 or 80 W), the operating mode and the options
incorporated in the equipment are defined by means of this configuration.

For the analog channels, should the reception of the terminals of the link need to be
synchronized, synchronization mode must be configured. For the QAM digital channel,
to establish whether the terminal should operate as master or slave.

 Carrier-channel frequencies and bands.

The carrier frequency of the analog channel is defined by introducing, from the
management terminal, the values of the virtual carrier frequency, for transmission and
reception, and the type of band, which can be erect or inverted.

For the digital channel, the central-frequency values for transmission and reception
must also be introduced, and whether the transmission and reception bands are
superimposed or non-adjacent. It must be taken into account that when programming
superimposed bands for the QAM, the echo canceller is being activated at the same
time. In the case of superimposed bands, the frequency values in transmission and
reception must be the same.

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The only manual adjustment required is that of the line and reception filters. The
Management System contains a help menu in which the operations for the adjustment
of these filters are indicated for each channel.

 Modulation levels and percentages (analog channel).

The system allows the signal-level percentages assigned to each signal as well as their
input and output levels to be defined. This section also defines the power boosting used
to send the teleprotection signal, as well as the signals of the analog channel that must
be excluded when it is sent.

 Signal-level percentages (digital channel).

The system allows the signal-level percentages assigned to the pilot and QAM/OFDM
signals to be defined.

 Blocking.
The audio-frequency outputs can be blocked because of pilot loss or excessive noise.
The user can define the signal-to-noise ratio for each output for which blocking must be
effected as well as the value of excess noise which causes the external alarm to be
activated.

 Alarms.
The terminal has three alarm signalling relays, with a simple contact, to which an alarm
or combination of alarms can be assigned from the Management System.

 Analog optional modules.

From the Management System it is possible to program all the parameters of the
analog optional modules, such as the transmission speed and central frequency of the
modem and speech characteristics, and teleprotection parameters.

 Multiplexer
Allows the operative parameters of the data ports of the MQPU module to be
programmed, as well as those of the data and speech ports of the modules of the
optional internal multiplexer. It also makes it possible to de-activate the service
associated to a port, activating it again when necessary.

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4.3 MONITORING MENU

The monitoring menu allows information to be gained about the state of each terminal of
the link.

The monitoring of the remote terminal is carried out by transmitting data through the
internal communication channel, which can only take place when the channel is not used
for link synchronization and when there are no transitions in the signalling channel. If
signalling appears while data are being transmitted, this transmission process is interrupted
and resumed again once the sending of telephone signalling has finished.

The information provided by the monitoring system relating to each terminal is the following:
Terminal alarms, Chronological list of alarms, Chronological list of events, Receive pilot
level, S/N ratio, Quality of the received signal (established with regard to Recommendation
G.821), and the state of module MQPU ports as well as those of the optional modules of
the built-in multiplexer (MXPU or DMPU/TMPU).

 Alarm display
The alarms of the terminal that can be monitored from the Management System are the
following:

 Main and/or secondary power-supply failure.

 Amplifier overload of 3 s.u. shelf.

 Low output level in amplifier of 3 s.u. shelf.

 Loss of synchronism.

 Pilot loss.

 Low Signal/Noise ratio.

 AF limiter operation in analog channel.

 Temperature alarm.

 Terminal configuration error.

 Hardware failure.

 BER>10 in digital channel.

-3

 BER>10 in digital channel.

-6

 Low RCV level in digital channel.

 RCV level exceeded in digital channel.

 Failure in G.703 interface input in digital channel.

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 Chronological register

The appearance and disappearance of the alarms is stored in a register together with
the indication of the date, with day, month and year, and time, with minute, second and
millisecond, they were produced.

Events related to the link service, such as the activation of teleprotection, the switching
on of the terminal, the modification of the programming and insertion of the telephone
handset in the terminal are also introduced in the same register. The register has a
maximum capacity of 1000 alarms and events; when the limit is reached the events or
alarms introduced at the beginning of the register are eliminated.

4.4 ALIGNMENT HELP MENU

The Alignment help menu is provided to facilitate commissioning operations and system
maintenance. The menu allows the internal clock of the terminal to be set and contains the
procedures for carrying out line-filter adjustments and instructions for making the loops
necessary to check the operation of the link, etc. The menu also contains an option that
shows how to configure a jumper in order to load the IP address by default as well as the
default user passwords in the terminal. On the other hand, the menu has the necessary
options for the commissioning of the optional modules.

Clocks and synchronism

The Alignment help menu has an option that shows the date and time of the internal real
time clock of the terminal and the UTC time allowing, if desired, the date and time values of
the internal clock of the terminal to be modified using the UTC clock as a reference.

The date and time programming of the internal clock of the terminal does not remain
when the terminal has an external timing synchronization programmed via GPS or
Ethernet.

Initializations

This option allows a reset of the equipment to be carried out without having to use the
button on the front, block the Automatic Gain Control (AGC) circuit, and cancel the phase
amplitude equalizer (analog channel).

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Line-filter adjustment

For each transmission channel the Alignment help menu indicates the jumpers to be made
for the programming of the central frequency of the line and receive filters as well as the
adjustment of inductances for the setting of the bandwidth of these filters. This adjustment
is carried out by means of a signal generated by the OPU-1 terminal's own transmitter.

Control of audio-frequency loops (analog channel)

To control the state of a communication system it is necessary to know the response curve
of each link. The Web Management allows the user to obtain this information from one end
of the link by establishing two types of loops at the other end. The first, which has
signal-level regeneration at the said end, enables the response curve of the return circuit to
be made known. This is possible thanks to the measurement of the received signal, for
which it is known that the transmission level is constant. The second loop, which does not
have signal-level regeneration, allows the response curve of the looped circuit to be
obtained and, therefore, allows the response curve of the outward circuit to be calculated.
The response curves are obtained by carrying out a channel sweep by means of an
external generator. The Alignment help menu indicates how to carry out the operations
mentioned.

Port loops

This option allows a data loop to be carried out in the ports associated to the digital
channel.

UNIVERSAL POWER-LINE CARRIER SYSTEM TYPE OPU-1 44/67

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5 TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS

5.1 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS

Operating mode
(2) Simultaneous transmission of analog and
digital channels including teleprotection

Modulation Analog channel: Single side-band (SSB) with

suppressed carrier
Digital modem: QAM with Trellis Coding or
OFDM/OQAM

Transmission and reception bands  Analog channel: Erect or inverted, adjacent

or non-adjacent.
 Digital channel (QAM): Superimposed or
adjacent or non-adjacent
 Digital channel (OFDM/OQAM): Adjacent
or non-adjacent

Basic bandwidth  Analog channel: 4 kHz per channel in each

direction.
 Digital channel (QAM): 16 kHz at 81 kbit/s
(maximum), single for superimposed
bands or in each direction for non-adjacent
bands.

8 kHz at 40.5 kbit/s (maximum), single for

superimposed bands or in each direction
for non-adjacent bands.

16 kHz at 40.5 kbit/s (maximum), for

adjacent 8 kHz bands.

8 kHz at 20.25 kbit/s (maximum), for

adjacent 4 kHz bands.

4 kHz at 20.25 kbit/s (maximum), single for

superimposed bands or in each direction
for non-adjacent bands.

(2)
If desired, the OPU-1 can function as a High-Frequency teleprotection system. This functionality enables electrical power
utilities to transmit teleprotection commands over high-voltage lines, in only one standard 4 kHz channel, using 2 kHz for
Tx and 2 kHz for Rx. This functionality implies a specific hardware architecture of the terminal

UNIVERSAL POWER-LINE CARRIER SYSTEM TYPE OPU-1 45/67

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 Digital channel (OFDM/OQAM): 32 kHz at
324 kbit/s (maximum), in each direction for
adjacent bands.

16 kHz at 160 kbit/s, in each direction for

adjacent bands.

8 kHz at 72 kbit/s, in each direction for

adjacent bands.

4 kHz at 32 kbit/s, in each direction for

adjacent bands.

Transmission capacity See examples in FIGURE 14.

The possibilities can be enlarged with the use
of the additional filters

FIGURE 14 Transmission capacity examples

NOTE: The OPU-1 can work with different line filters, depending on the backplane type.

UNIVERSAL POWER-LINE CARRIER SYSTEM TYPE OPU-1 46/67

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Supervision of data link quality According to the G.821 standard

Optional built-in Reed-Solomon Selectable from the programming software

Forward Error Correction (FEC) between the following options:

 Permanent activation at m/n ratio: 8/7

(87.5 % efficiency).

 Permanent activation at m/n ratio: 4/3

(75 % efficiency).

 Automatic (deactivation or activation at m/n

ratio: 8/7 or activation at m/n ratio: 4/3).

Can be disabled from the programming

software

Pilot tone (analog channel)

Functions  Automatic Gain Control.

 Telephone signalling.
 Signal-to-noise ratio measurement.
 Link synchronization.
 Service channel (data transmission).

Central frequency 150 Hz (virtual frequency)

Modulation By frequency-shift keying of 30 Hz

Maximum rate 50 bit/s

Pilot tone (digital channel)

Functions Automatic Gain Control

Internal clock (Master)

Frequency stability within specified

temperature and voltage ranges 1ppm

Ageing <1ppm/year

Synchronization  Analog channel: Synchronous or

Plesiochronous (non-synchronism).
 Digital channel (QAM): Master-Slave

UNIVERSAL POWER-LINE CARRIER SYSTEM TYPE OPU-1 47/67

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Automatic Gain Control (AGC)

in analog channel

Dynamics 55 dB with 10% pilot modulation

Efficiency 20 dB input level variations cause variations

of less than 0.2 dB at the output

Automatic Gain Control (AGC)

range in digital channel 47 dB

5.2 HIGH-FREQUENCY CHARACTERISTICS

Frequency range From 36 to 512 kHz

Operating frequency Programmable in 1 Hz steps

Nominal impedance Selectable among 50, 75, 125 and 140 

Return loss Better than 10 dB in accordance with IEC 495

Tapping loss In accordance with IEC 495, Fig. A.1 with n=4
(digital channel), figure 5 (analog channel)

Frequency separation for parallel

connection on the same line
(analog channel)

Between transmitter and receiver

of the same equipment 0 kHz

Between transmitters
of adjacent equipment 8 kHz

Between transmitter and receiver

of adjacent equipment 4 kHz

Between receivers
of adjacent equipment 0 kHz

UNIVERSAL POWER-LINE CARRIER SYSTEM TYPE OPU-1 48/67

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Transmitter

Peak envelope power 20, 40 or 80 W, shared between the analog

over resistive load and digital channels

Spurious emission In accordance with IEC 495 cls. 5.2.4 and

(analog channel) figures 7 and A.2

Receiver sensitivity  Analog channel: -30 dBm (measured in

the pilot signal).
 Digital channel: -10 dBm (measured in the
whole QAM/OFDM signal)

Receiver selectivity  Analog channel: higher than 65 dB at

300 Hz, and higher than 75 dB starting
from 4 kHz; in accordance with IEC 495
cls. 5.3.1.5.
 Digital channel: in accordance with
IEC 495 cls. 5.3.1.5

5.3 QAM DIGITAL MODEM CHARACTERISTICS

Crest factor 8 dB

Modulation

128 QAM  16 kHz: 81 kbit/s (79 kbit/s).

 8 kHz: 40.5 kbit/s (39.5 kbit/s).
 4 kHz: 20.25 kbit/s (19.75 kbit/s).

16 QAM  16 kHz: 40.5 kbit/s (39.5 kbit/s).

 8 kHz: 20.25 kbit/s (19.75 kbit/s).

 4 kHz: 10.125 kbit/s (9.87 kbit/s).

4 QAM  16 kHz: 27 kbit/s (26.3 kbit/s).

 8 kHz: 13.5 kbit/s (13.15 kbit/s).

 4 kHz: 6.75 kbit/s (6.55 kbit/s).

Fall back/increase rate(3) Automatic. Can be disabled from the

programming software.

(3)
The terminal permanently measures the S/N ratio in the digital band to decide the speed increase before retraining (1.5 s).

UNIVERSAL POWER-LINE CARRIER SYSTEM TYPE OPU-1 49/67

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The change of speed presents hysteresis,
whose thresholds can be programmed from
the programming software. The factory
configuration is the following:

 Medium-Upper step: 23 dB

 Upper-Medium step: 20.5 dB

 Medium-Lower step: 11.6 dB

 Lower-Medium step: 14.4 dB

16 kHz QAM bandwidth  Upper: 81 kbit/s.

 Medium: 40.5 kbit/s.

 Lower: 27 kbit/s.

8 kHz QAM bandwidth  Upper: 40.5 kbit/s.

 Medium: 20.25 kbit/s.

 Lower: 13.5 kbit/s.

4 kHz QAM bandwidth  Upper: 20.25 kbit/s.

 Medium: 10.125 kbit/s.

 Lower: 6.75 kbit/s.

Minimum S/N ratio, with white  BER = 10-3: 20 dB at 81 kbit/s. 12 dB at

Gaussian noise (AWGN) at receiver 40.5 kbit/s. 8 dB at 27 kbit/s.
input (16 kHz QAM bandwidth)
 BER = 10-6: 23 dB at 81 kbit/s. 16 dB at
40.5 kbit/s. 12 dB at 27 kbit/s

Minimum S/N ratio, with white  BER = 10-3: 20 dB at 40.5 kbit/s. 12 dB at

Gaussian noise (AWGN) at receiver 20.25 kbit/s. 8 dB at 13.5 kbit/s.
input (8 kHz QAM bandwidth)
 BER = 10-6: 23 dB at 40.5 kbit/s. 16 dB at
20.25 kbit/s. 12 dB at 13.5 kbit/s

Minimum S/N ratio, with white  BER = 10-3: 20 dB at 20.25 kbit/s. 12 dB

Gaussian noise (AWGN) at receiver at 10.125 kbit/s. 8 dB at 6.75 kbit/s.
input (4 kHz QAM bandwidth)
 BER = 10-6: 23 dB at 20.25 kbit/s. 16 dB
at 10.125 kbit/s. 12 dB at 6.75 kbit/s

Internal latency 10 ms.

 With FEC activated: 25 ms

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5.4 OFDM DIGITAL MODEM CHARACTERISTICS

Modulation Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing

(OFDM/OQAM)

Fall back/increase rate Automatic

32 kHz bandwidth 324 kbit/s

16 kHz bandwidth 160 kbit/s

8 kHz bandwidth 72 kbit/s

4 kHz bandwidth 32 kbit/s

Internal latency 200 ms

5.5 USER INTERFACES

Analog channel (IOPU option)

Available band From 300 to 3850 Hz

Interface Two 4-wire inputs and outputs per channel

Nominal impedance 600 , balanced

Return loss Better than 14 dB in accordance with IEC 495

Nominal level Programmable between –20 dBm and +6 dBm

Limiter action in base-band inputs In accordance with IEC 495 cls. 5.3.1.9

Base-band output blocking For pilot loss and/or low S/N ratio with an
independent threshold value for each output

Link amplitude distortion In accordance with IEC 495 figure 9.

Three terminals connected in cascade also
comply with M.1020 figure 1.

Link group-delay distortion In accordance with IEC 495 figure 10.

Three terminals connected in cascade also
comply with M.1020 figure 2.

UNIVERSAL POWER-LINE CARRIER SYSTEM TYPE OPU-1 51/67

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E and M signalling

Transmission By means of optocoupler. Input voltage

between 30 V and 150 V

Reception By means of relay. Contact rating:

1 A/250 VAC

Pulse distortion of
telephone signalling 10%

External teleprotection input Any whole-band input can be used for the
transmission of a teleprotection signal, and
can be programmed with a signal-level
percentage of between 10% and 100% in the
command signal

Boosting control By means of optocoupler. Input voltage

between 30 V and 150 V

Digital channel

Synchronous data port To be chosen between:

 Interface in accordance with Rec. V.35 of
the ITU-T of 1200, 2400, 3600, 4800,
6400, 7200, 8000, 9600, 14400, 16000,
19200, 28800, 32000, 38400, 64000 and
72000 bit/s.
 Interface in accordance with Rec. V.11 of
the ITU-T of 1200, 2400, 3600, 4800,
6400, 7200, 8000, 9600, 14400, 16000,
19200, 28800, 32000, 38400, 64000 and
72000 bit/s.
 Interface G.703, co-directional, of the
ITU-T of 64 kbit/s

Asynchronous data port 200, 600, 1200, 2400, 3600, 4800, 7200,
9600 and 14400 bit/s with interface in
accordance with Rec. V.24/V.28 of the ITU-T
(EIA RS-232C)

Ethernet data port 10/100Base-Tx with built-in bridge

functionality

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5.6 OPTIONAL BUILT-IN MULTIPLEXER CHARACTERISTICS

5.6.1 MXPU internal multiplexer

MXPU built-in multiplexer (optional) Up to nine additional ports, either speech or

data, distributed in three MXPU modules (up
to three ports per module)

Speech ports 16 kbit/s (ADPCM).

4800 bit/s, 6400 bit/s or 8000 bit/s (MP-MLQ);

group 3 fax signals up to 7200 bit/s in
accordance with Recommendations V.21,
V.27ter and V.29 of the ITU-T; modem signals
at 2400 and 1200 bit/s in accordance with
Recommendation V.22bis of the ITU-T

Connection 2-wire and 4-wire with E and M signalling or

DTMF

Data ports (DCE mode)  Synchronous, of 600, 1200, 2400, 3600,

4800, 6400, 7200, 8000, 9600, 14400,
16000, 19200, 28800, 32000 and
38400 bit/s. (Up to 19200 bit/s at the
27 kbit/s gross bit rate).

 Asynchronous, of 200, 600, 1200, 2400,

3600, 4800, 6400, 7200, 8000, 9600,
14400, 19200 and 28800 bit/s. (Up to
19200 bit/s at the 27 kbit/s gross bit rate).

 Anisochronous, of 60, 120, 240, 360, 480,

640, 720, 800, 960 and 1440 bit/s

Interface (DB25) V.24/V.28 of the ITU-T (EIA RS-232C)

Asynchronous data format 1 Start bit.

6 to 8 data bits.
1 or 2 Stop bits

UNIVERSAL POWER-LINE CARRIER SYSTEM TYPE OPU-1 53/67

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5.6.2 DMPU/TMPU internal multiplexer

DMPU/TMPU built-in multiplexer (optional) Up to three modules type DMPU and/or

TMPU, being available the following.
DMPU.02: two data ports
DMPU.04: four data ports
DMPU.06: six data ports
TMPU.11: one speech port plus one data port
TMPU.21: two speech ports plus one data
port

Drop-insert functionality in DMPU module data

ports. The drop-insert is particularly suitable
for half-duplex communications or polling
systems (Central Unit/Remotes

Asynchronous data format 1 Start bit.

6 to 8 data bits.
1 or 2 Stop bits

Data speed  Synchronous, of 600, 1200, 2400, 3600,

4800, 6400, 7200, 8000, 9600, 14400,
16000, 19200, 28800, 32000 and
38400 bit/s. (Up to 19200 bit/s at the
27 kbit/s gross bit rate).

 Asynchronous, of 50, 100, 200, 600, 1200,

2400, 3600, 4800, 6400, 7200, 8000,
9600, 14400, 19200 and 28800 bit/s. (Up
to 19200 bit/s at the 27 kbit/s gross bit
rate).

 Anisochronous, of 60, 120, 240, 360, 480,

640, 720, 800, 960 and 1440 bit/s

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DMPU data ports (DCE mode)

Interface  Port 3/9/15 (DB15 female) & Port 4/10/16

(DB15 female):
 V.24/V.28 of the ITU-T (EIA RS-232C)
 X.21 of the ITU-T
 RS-422 of the ITU-T
 RS-485 (HD/FD)

 Port 5/11/17 (DB9 female), 6/12/18 (DB9

female), 7/13/19 (DB9 female) and
8/14/20 (DB9 female):
 V.24 asynchronous
 RS-422 of the ITU-T
 RS-485 (HD/FD)

Implementation of enhanced V.14 in

asynchronous mode (allows communication
between equipment at speeds of up to 10%
difference)

TMPU data port (DCE mode)

Interface  Port 3/9/15 (DB15 female):

 V.24/V.28 of the ITU-T (EIA RS-232C)

Implementation of enhanced V.14 in

asynchronous mode (allows communication
between equipment at speeds of up to 10%
difference)

TMPU speech ports Full-duplex transmission and reception at

2100 bit/s, 2450 bit/s or 2800 bit/s (RALCWI
coding algorithm).

Connection 2-wire and 4-wire telephone termination.

FXO (exchange side) or FXS (subscriber side)

mode for the 2-wire configuration

Signalling E&M (in-band or out-of-band).

DTMF (in-band).
Factory pre-set tones (in-band)

Voice quality Mean Opinion Score (MOS) about 3.5-3.6

UNIVERSAL POWER-LINE CARRIER SYSTEM TYPE OPU-1 55/67

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Others Up to three analog transits.
Possibility of incorporating modem protocols
for V.21 (300 bit/s FSK), Bell 103 (300 bit/s
FSK), V.23 (1200/75 bit/s FSK) and Bell 202
(1200/75 bit/s FSK) standards.

5.7 OTHER CHARACTERISTICS

Analog built-in optional modules  Speech module.

 Asynchronous programmable modem.

 Synchronous and asynchronous

configurable modem.

 2 or 4-command teleprotection system

using tones.

 2 or 4-command teleprotection system

using FSK channels.

 2 or 4-command teleprotection system by

dual tone.

 2 or 4-command teleprotection system

using tones integrated in the QAM digital
band.

 Digital transit filter.

 Input/output combiner.

Other optional equipment External teleprotection unit type TPU-1 or

that can be added CTP-1

Front-plate indications

Signalling  Terminal powered.

 Terminal status.
 Data port state.
 Local terminal in loop.
 Remote terminal in loop.
 Power-boosting command.
 Call reception.
 Call transmission.

UNIVERSAL POWER-LINE CARRIER SYSTEM TYPE OPU-1 56/67

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Alarms  Power-supply failure.

 Loss of synchronism.

 Pilot loss.

 Low Signal/Noise ratio.

 Excess or low receive level in digital

channel.

 BER alarm in digital channel.

 General alarm.
(4)

 Remote alarm.
(5)

The terminal has three alarm signalling relays

to which an alarm or combination of alarms
can be assigned from the Management
System

Power-supply alarm external signalling

Type By relay. Changeover contact. Contact rating:

1 A/250 VAC, see FIGURE 15 for VDC

Number of relays One per power supply

State in normal operation Energized (N.O. and C contacts

conditions short-circuited)

Alarm external signalling

Type By relay. Changeover contact. Contact rating:

1 A/250 VAC, see FIGURE 15 for VDC

Number of relays 3 relays whose alarm condition can be

programmed by the user.

Any alarm situation that occurs in the terminal,

as well as in the collateral, is shown on the
front plate of the terminal by means of the
GENERAL ALARM LED and REMOTE
ALARM LED, respectively

(4)
It lights up when one of the following alarms is produced: Power-supply failure, Amplifier overload, Low output level in
amplifier, Loss of synchronism, Pilot loss, Low Signal/Noise ratio, AF limiter operation, Temperature alarm, Terminal
configuration error, Hardware failure, BER alarm, Excess or low receive level and Failure in G.703 interface input.

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State in normal operation Energized (N.O. and C contacts
conditions short-circuited)

Timing for relay activation Programmable between 0 and 60 s

FIGURE 15 DC voltage/DC current

NOTE: 2A is the maximum current

Test elements  Analog channel:

 Possibility of carrying out HF and
audio-frequency test loops.
 Digital channel:
 Data loop in local and remote terminals.
 High-frequency loop (isolated terminal).
 Displaying of the XMT and RCV signal
space constellation by means of
oscilloscope (QAM).

Capacity of chronological register 1000 alarms and events with 1 ms resolution

Time synchronization of the Via GPS (IRIG-B) or via Ethernet (SNTP

chronological register protocol)

GPS time connector Type: BNC

Standard: IRIG-B 123 and IRIG-B 003

UNIVERSAL POWER-LINE CARRIER SYSTEM TYPE OPU-1 58/67

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5.8 OPERATING CONDITIONS

Temperature and humidity From –5 C to +55 C and relative humidity

not greater than 95%, in accordance with
IEC 721-3-3 class 3K5 (climatogram 3K5)

Maximum temperature +55 C for a period no longer than 24 hours

(IEC 495 cls 3.1)

Power supply 48 VDC 20%.

110 VDC 20%.
110 to 220 VDC and VAC 20%.

Consumption (mixed terminal with 1.87 A for 48 VDC (90 W)

QAM/OFDM & analog pilots at 10%)

Protection against overvoltages By means of fuse of 7 A/250 V for 20 and

in DC voltage 40 W terminals

Insulation, voltage withstand and In accordance with IEC 495 tables 2 and 3:
electromagnetic compatibility  IEC 255-4 class II and class III.

 IEC 255-5.

 IEC 255-22-1 class II and class III.

 IEC 801-2 class III.

 IEC 801-3.

 IEC 801-4 level 3.

Storage conditions In accordance with IEC 721-3-1, class 1K5

UNIVERSAL POWER-LINE CARRIER SYSTEM TYPE OPU-1 59/67

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5.9 MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS

Dimensions

Basic terminal 483 x 398 x 355 mm (one 19"/6 s.u. shelf and
one 19"/3 s.u. shelf)

80 W or additional filters 483 x 548 x 355 mm (one 19"/6 s.u. shelf and
for 20 and 40 W two 19"/3 s.u. shelves)

Weight 20 kg (20/40 W terminal)

23 kg (20/40 W terminal with options)
30 kg (80 W terminal)
33 kg (80 W terminal with options)

Module arrangement See FIGURE 16

FIGURE 16 Module arrangement

UNIVERSAL POWER-LINE CARRIER SYSTEM TYPE OPU-1 60/67

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Connections By means of connectors at the back of the
terminal and built-in terminal blocks. If
desired, the necessary cables can also be
supplied upon request.
Cabinet-mounting terminal blocks can be
supplied upon request

Power-supply terminals Terminals that do not have disconnect

devices and that are suitable for flexible
2
conductors of up to 4 mm of section or rigid
2
conductors of up to 6 mm of section

Alarm-relay terminals Terminals that do not have disconnect

devices and that are suitable for flexible
2
conductors of up to 2.5 mm of section or rigid
2
conductors of up to 2.5 mm of section

The rest of the terminals Terminals that do not have disconnect

devices and that are suitable for conductors of
2
up to 1.31 mm of section

In disturbed environments it is recommended to use screened cables for the

connections. For safety reasons the screen of the connection cables must be grounded,
the connection to earth being made at just one end to avoid interference.

5.10 MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

Terminal management interface

10/100Base-TX LAN interface

Type of interface IEEE 802.3 (CSMA/CD)

Connector 8-pin RJ-45 female
Type of cable UTP-5
Transmission rate 10 or 100 Mbit/s

OPU-1 Management System Programming and monitoring of the system

from a PC running a standard Web browser,
without the need for additional software.

UNIVERSAL POWER-LINE CARRIER SYSTEM TYPE OPU-1 61/67

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 Programming: network parameters,
terminal identification and configuration,
transmission and reception frequency
bands, audio-frequency input and output
levels, signal-level percentages for each
service in normal operation or boosting
condition, digital modulation scheme (QAM
or OFDM/OQAM), gross bit rate of the
QAM digital modem, digital ports, fall back/
increase rate and FEC functions (QAM),
optional analog modules, external
signalling relays, clock and synchronisms
and loops.

 Monitoring: Chronological list of alarms and

events, terminal alarms, receive pilot level,
S/N ratio, Quality of the link (established
with regard to Recommendation G.821),
and state of the digital ports.

SNMP agent

SNMP protocol v1, v2c and v3

Functions  Transmission of both unconfirmed and

confirmed notifications (traps and informs) of
alarms and events of the terminal. INFORM
available in v2c and v3 only.

 Supervision of certain monitorable

parameters of the terminal by means of a
GET operation, these being:
 Network parameters (IP, subnet mask
and gateway).
 State of command transmission and
reception counters and input and output
activation counters (ABIT-CDIT
teleprotection option).
 State of alarm signals (basic equipment
and ABIT-CDIT teleprotection option).
 Alarm monitoring.

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 Event notification.
 Signal/Noise ratio (basic equipment and
ABIT-CDIT teleprotection option).
 Receive level.

 Initialization by means of a SET operation

of command transmission and reception
counters and input and output activation
counters (ABIT-CDIT teleprotection option).

 Modification of the network parameters (IP,

subnet mask and gateway) by means of a
SET operation.

Supervision by means of SNMP agent Possible from an SNMP application.

The most of the variables of the OPU-1 that can
be monitored are to be found in the MIB of the
terminal, which can be integrated into the
management platform.

Management computer

Type Compatible personal computer (PC)

Model Pentium III 350 MHz processor or higher

RAM memory 512 MBytes

Graphic adapter 1 Mbyte SVGA

Communication LAN module with 10/100Base-Tx

Operating system Microsoft Windows 2000 or Microsoft

Windows XP

Web browser Microsoft Internet Explorer v 5.5 or higher

JAVA virtual machine Version 1.6 and higher

(Sun Microsystems)

UNIVERSAL POWER-LINE CARRIER SYSTEM TYPE OPU-1 63/67

GENERAL DESCRIPTION - Rev 4 (March 2016)
OPU-1

APPENDIX A

IP ADDRESSING

UNIVERSAL POWER-LINE CARRIER SYSTEM TYPE OPU-1 64/67

GENERAL DESCRIPTION - Rev 4 (March 2016)
OPU-1
The Management System of the OPU-1 terminals is based on web technology. This
technology is based on a Client/Server model in which the Server (OPU-1 terminal) replies
to requests made by the Client (web browser of the management computer) with data that it
has stored.

The configuration of the OPU-1 Management System requires the configuration of the
Server and the configuration of the Client, so it is necessary to enter an IP address in each
one that is compatible with the one of the other.

An IP address has a length of 32 bits and is made up of two main parts, a network number
and a host number. The 32 bits of an IP address are grouped into 4 sets of 8 bits
represented in a decimal form and separated by dots (dotted-decimal), as seen in
FIGURE 17.

FIGURE 17 Format of an IP address

The network number of an IP address identifies the network to which a device is attached,
whilst the host number identifies the specific device on that network. Because IP addresses
consist of four octets separated by dots, one, two, or three of these octets may be used to
identify the network number or the host number, depending on the class of IP address.

There are three classes of IP addresses, class A addresses, class B addresses and
class C addresses. These classes are distinguished by the number of bits devoted to the
network number and the host number, as shown in FIGURE 18.

UNIVERSAL POWER-LINE CARRIER SYSTEM TYPE OPU-1 65/67

GENERAL DESCRIPTION - Rev 4 (March 2016)
OPU-1
FIGURE 18 Classes of IP addresses

In IP addresses, it is possible to use the bits devoted to the host number to create
subnetworks, justifying the existence of subnet masks, which are used to identify the
network number and the host number of an IP address and have the same format (32 bits).

Given an IP address and a subnet mask, by performing an AND logical operation between
them both, the part of the IP address that corresponds to the network is determined, and
also the part that corresponds to the host, as shown in FIGURE 19.

FIGURE 19 IP address and subnet mask

UNIVERSAL POWER-LINE CARRIER SYSTEM TYPE OPU-1 66/67

GENERAL DESCRIPTION - Rev 4 (March 2016)
OPU-1
The devices (hosts) of a single local area network are only able to connect directly with
devices that have the same network number in their IP address. If they have a different
network number they are unable to communicate unless there is another device that allows
a connection to be made between the two networks. The IP address of these devices
capable of connecting different networks is the one that in the hosts is identified as the
default gateway.

In this way, to configure the IP address, the subnet mask and the default gateway of the
web server of the OPU-1 terminal and the management computer, it must be considered
whether or not they belong to the same network.

If the OPU-1 terminal and the computer are connected directly or through a LAN (they
belong to the same network), the IP address of each of them must have the same network
number and a different host number, so the subnet mask must be the same for both. The
default gateway does not need to be configured.

If the OPU-1 terminal and the management computer belong to different LANs and the
connection between them is via WAN, their IP addresses may have a different network
number, but both must be connected to some device (default gateway) capable of
interconnecting LANs.

UNIVERSAL POWER-LINE CARRIER SYSTEM TYPE OPU-1 67/67

GENERAL DESCRIPTION - Rev 4 (March 2016)