A Diy Project with Transistor

Lin Phyo Aung, Arkar Min, Lin Wai Yan, Kaung Min Khant, Khant Min Aung, Thae Hsu Nyain,
Aye Myat Kalyar, May Thu Kyaw

Introducing

Electronics is a branch of physics and engineering that focuses on the study and application of
electrical circuits and systems using active electrical components. It plays a crucial role in modern
technology, encompassing a wide range of devices such as computers, smartphones, and various
electronic appliances. The field explores the behavior of electrons and how they can be controlled to
process information, transmit signals, and perform various functions in electronic devices.
Basic electronic components include resistors, capacitors, inductors, diodes, and transistors. Resistors
limit the flow of electric current, capacitors store electrical charge, and inductors resist changes in
current flow. Diodes allow current to flow in one direction, while transistors act as amplifiers or
switches. These components form the building blocks of electronic circuits, enabling the creation of
diverse devices by combining them in different configurations.

Transistor Introduction
A transistor is a miniature semiconductor that regulates or controls current or voltage flow in
addition amplifying and generating these electrical signals and acting as a switch/gate for them.
Typically, transistors consist of three layers, or terminals, of a semiconductor material, each of which
can carry a current.
When working as an amplifier, a transistor transforms a small input current into a bigger output
current. As a switch, it can be in one of two distinct states -- on or off -- to control the flow of
electronic signals through an electrical circuit or electronic device.

Parts of a transistor
A transistor is like a set of two diodes with their cathodes or anodes tied together. It has three
terminals that carry electrical current and help make a connection to external circuits:
• the emitter, also known as the transistor's negative lead,
• the base, which is the terminal that activates the transistor, and
• the collector, which is the transistor's positive lead.
Let's consider an NPN transistor to understand these terminals. In this configuration, the p-type
silicon (base) is sandwiched between two slabs of n-type silicon (the emitter and collector).
The emitter -- indicated by the letter E -- is moderately sized and heavily doped as its primary
function is to supply numerous majority carriers to support the flow of electricity. It's called the
emitter since it emits electrons.
The base -- indicated by the letter B -- is the center terminal between the emitter and the collector. It
is thin and lightly doped. Its main purpose is to pass the carriers from the emitter to the collector.
The collector -- indicated by the letter C -- collects carriers sent by the emitter via the base. It's
moderately doped and larger than both the emitter and base.
The emitter, base and collector have the same functions in a PNP circuit. The only difference in this
type of transistor is that the n-type base is sandwiched between the p-type emitter and collector,
which influences the direction of the arrow on the emitter. This arrow is always part of the emitter-
base junction. The arrow points out for an NPN circuit, and points in for a PNP circuit.

How transistors work

A transistor can act as a switch or gate for electronic signals, opening and closing an electronic gate
many times per second. It ensures the circuit is on if the current is flowing and switched off if it isn't.
Transistors are used in complex switching circuits that comprise all modern telecommunications
systems. Circuits also offer very high switching speeds, such as hundreds of gigahertz or more than
100 billion on-and-off cycles per second.

Transistors also play an important role in amplifying electronic signals. For example, in radio
applications, like FM receivers, where the received electrical signal may be weak due to disturbances,
amplification is required to provide audible output. Transistors provide this amplification by
increasing the signal strength.

We used Double C945 (NPN) Transistor in this

circuit.
We can separate 1st pin is emitter,2nd pin is collector and 3rd pin is Base using
its data sheet.
In this circuit the base of the first transistor is connected to the emitter of the
second transistor.
The first transistor is connected to the negative of the LED.
The base of the second transistor is connected with the receiver coil.
The collector of the second transistor is also connected to positive terminal of
LED and then battery.
Grounded emitter of the first transistor and used 3V battery shown in figure.
Working principle of circuit
We need mili base current to connect Emitter and Collector terminals.
So that to turn on Transistor1 ,near the LED, we need to give not more than150
mA base current.
To get above situation,Transistor 2 takes the action.
We connected receiver coil to base of the transistor 2.This coil received low
energy voltage from the Line wire.In this way the closed circuit is operated and
LED on.

Advantages of transistors

• Low power consumption

• Low cost

• Small size

• Higher efficiency

• Low voltage is needed to operate the transistors

• High physical ruggedness than vacuum tubes

• Produce far less heat than vacuum tubes

• Transistors are lighter than vacuum tubes

Disadvantages of transistors

• Less tolerant of overloads and voltage spikes than vacuum tubes

• Maintenance is very difficult

• It is difficult to replace the transistor

The transistors are mainly classified into two types: Bipolar Junction
Transistor (BJT) and Field Effect Transistor (FET). In Bipolar Junction
Transistor (BJT), both free electrons and holes conduct electric current
whereas in Field Effect Transistor (FET) either free electrons or holes
conduct electric current.

The Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs) are again classified into two
types: they are NPN and PNP transistors.

The Field Effect Transistors (FETs) are classified into two types: JFET
and MOSFET. JFET stands for Junction Field Effect Transistor and
MOSFET stands for Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor.

The Junction Field Effect Transistors (JFETs) in depletion mode are

classified into two types: N-channel and P-channel.

The MOSFET transistors are classified into two types: depletion mode
MOSFET and enhancement mode MOSFET.

The depletion mode MOSFET is classified into two types: N-channel and
P-channel.

The enhancement mode MOSFET is classified into two types: N-channel

and P-channel.