DATA MINING

UNIT I: Introduction to Data Mining

1.1 Introduction to Data Mining

• Definition and Scope

• Evolution from Traditional Data Analysis
• Knowledge Discovery in Databases (KDD)

1.2 Kinds of Data

• Structured, Semi-Structured, Unstructured Data

• Data Types: Relational, Transactional, Spatial, Temporal,
Multimedia

1.3 Functionalities of Data Mining

• Classification
• Prediction
• Clustering
• Association Rule Mining
• Outlier Detection

1.4 Interesting Patterns

• Measures of Interestingness
• Objective vs Subjective Measures

1.5 Task Primitives

• Data Mining Task Types

• Specification of a Data Mining Task (Kind of Knowledge,
Technique, Constraints)

1.6 Issues in Data Mining

• Mining Methodology Challenges

• User Interaction
• Performance and Scalability
 • Diverse Data Types and Sources
• Privacy and Security Issues

1.7 Data Preprocessing

• Why Preprocessing is Needed

• Data Cleaning (handling missing, noisy data)
• Data Integration and Transformation
• Data Reduction
• Data Discretization and Normalization

UNIT II: Association Rules

2.1 Mining Frequent Patterns, Associations, and

Correlations

• Market Basket Analysis

• Co-occurrence and Correlation of Items

2.2 Basic Concepts

• Support, Confidence, and Lift

• Apriori Property
• Downward Closure Property

2.3 Frequent Itemset Mining Methods

• Apriori Algorithm
• FP-Growth Algorithm
• ECLAT and Vertical Data Formats

2.4 Mining Various Kinds of Association Rules

• Multilevel Association Rules

• Multidimensional and Quantitative Association Rules
• Constraint-Based Rule Mining
UNIT III: Classification and Prediction

3.1 Issues Regarding Classification and Prediction

• Training vs Testing
• Underfitting and Overfitting
• Evaluation Metrics: Accuracy, Precision, Recall, F-
Measure
• Cross-Validation

3.2 Decision Tree Induction

• ID3, C4.5, CART

• Splitting Criteria: Information Gain, Gini Index
• Pruning Techniques

3.3 Bayesian Classification

• Naïve Bayes Classifier

• Bayesian Belief Networks

3.4 Rule-Based Classification

• IF-THEN Rule Classifiers

• RIPPER Algorithm

3.5 Support Vector Machines (SVM)

• Hyperplane Concept
• Kernel Functions
• Applications and Advantages

UNIT IV: Cluster Analysis

4.1 What is Cluster Analysis?

• Goals and Applications

• Differences from Classification
4.2 Types of Data in Cluster Analysis

• Interval-Scaled Variables
• Binary Variables
• Categorical and Ordinal Data
• Mixed-Type Attributes

4.3 Categorization of Major Clustering Methods

• Partitioning Methods (e.g., k-means, k-medoids)

• Density-Based Methods (e.g., DBSCAN)
• Model-Based Methods (e.g., EM Algorithm)
• Grid-Based Methods

4.4 Hierarchical Methods

• Agglomerative vs Divisive Approaches

• Dendrograms
• Linkage Criteria (Single, Complete, Average)

UNIT V: Applications and Trends in Data Mining

5.1 Applications of Data Mining

• Customer Relationship Management (CRM)

• Fraud Detection
• Market Segmentation
• Healthcare and Bioinformatics
• Web Mining, Text Mining

5.2 Products and Research Prototypes

• Commercial Tools (e.g., RapidMiner, SAS, IBM SPSS)

• Open Source Tools (e.g., Weka, Orange, KNIME)

5.3 Additional Themes in Data Mining

• Mining Complex Data Types

• Data Stream Mining
 • Distributed Data Mining
• Visual Data Mining

5.4 Social Impacts of Data Mining

• Privacy Concerns
• Legal and Ethical Implications
• Data Ownership and Security
• Transparency and Accountability
 UNIX PROGRAMMING
UNIT-I: Introduction to UNIX & Basic Tools

1.1 Introduction to UNIX

• History and Evolution

• Features of UNIX
• UNIX vs Other Operating Systems

1.2 UNIX Commands

• File and Directory Management

• File Viewing and Editing (cat, less, more, vi)
• Text Processing Tools (cut, paste, sort, uniq, tr)
• File Archiving (tar, gzip)
• User & Process Commands (ps, top, kill, who, passwd)

1.3 UNIX File System

• Hierarchical File Structure

• File Types (Regular, Directory, Symbolic Link)
• File Naming Conventions
• Absolute vs Relative Pathnames

1.4 Security and File Permissions

• File Ownership (User, Group)

• chmod, chown, chgrp Commands
• Read, Write, Execute Permissions
• Umask Values
• Access Control Lists (ACLs)

1.5 Regular Expressions & grep

• Basic Regular Expression Patterns

• Metacharacters
• Using grep with Regex
• grep vs egrep vs fgrep
1.6 Shell Programming

• Shell Types (sh, bash, csh, ksh)

• Writing and Executing Shell Scripts
• Variables, Input & Output
• Conditional Statements (if, case)
• Looping Constructs (for, while, until)
• Command Substitution and Quoting

1.7 awk Programming

• awk Syntax and Structure

• Pattern Matching and Actions
• Built-in Variables ($0, $1, NR, NF, etc.)
• Using awk with Files and Pipes

UNIT-II: UNIX Process Control & Inter-Process

Communication (IPC)

2.1 The UNIX Process Model

• Process States and Lifecycle

• Process IDs and Parent-Child Relationship
• Foreground and Background Processes

2.2 Signals in UNIX

• Signal Types and Uses

• Signal Handling (kill, signal(), sigaction())
• Signal Masks
• Common Signals (SIGINT, SIGKILL, SIGTERM)

2.3 Process Control

• fork(), exec() Family, wait(), exit()

• Zombie and Orphan Processes
• Daemon Processes
2.4 Inter-Process Communication (IPC)

• Overview of IPC Mechanisms

• File and Record Locking (fcntl(), lockf())
• Pipes and FIFOs
o Anonymous Pipes
o Named Pipes (mkfifo)
• Streams and Messages
o Stream Pipes
o Message Passing Concepts

2.5 Advanced IPC

• Namespaces
• Message Queues (msgget, msgsnd, msgrcv)
• Semaphores (semget, semop)
• Shared Memory (shmget, shmat, shmdt, shmctl)

UNIT-III: Network Programming with Sockets

3.1 Socket Programming Basics

• Client-Server Architecture
• Protocols: TCP vs UDP
• Socket Types: Stream, Datagram

3.2 Socket Addressing

• sockaddr Structures
• IP Address, Port Number, Address Families

3.3 Socket System Calls (Elementary)

• socket(), bind(), listen(), accept()

• connect(), send(), recv(), close()

3.4 Advanced Socket Functions

• select(), poll(), epoll()

 • sendto(), recvfrom(), shutdown()
• setsockopt(), getsockopt()

3.5 Additional Topics

• Reserved Ports
• Socket Options
• Asynchronous I/O
• Input/Output Multiplexing
• Out-of-Band Data
• Handling Sockets with Signals
• Internet Super Server (inetd/xinetd)

UNIT-IV: Introduction to PHP Programming

4.1 PHP Overview

• Features of PHP
• Server-Side Scripting Model
• Embedding PHP in HTML

4.2 Syntax and Core Concepts

• PHP Syntax Rules

• Variables and Data Types
• Constants and Operators
• Expressions and Evaluation

4.3 Output and Control Structures

• echo, print
• if, else, elseif
• switch-case
• while, do-while, for, foreach

4.4 Arrays and Functions

• Indexed and Associative Arrays

 • Array Functions
• Defining and Calling Functions
• Scope and Parameters
• Built-in Functions

4.5 Form Handling and Pattern Matching

• GET and POST Methods

• $_GET, $_POST, $_REQUEST
• Validating Form Data
• preg_match and Regular Expressions in PHP

4.6 File Handling and Sessions

• Opening, Reading, Writing Files

• File Uploads
• Cookies (setcookie, $_COOKIE)
• Session Management (session_start, $_SESSION)

UNIT-V: Python Programming

5.1 Python Basics

• Introduction and Features

• Python vs Other Languages
• Writing and Running Python Scripts

5.2 Python Objects and Numbers

• Object-Oriented Nature of Python

• Integer, Float, Complex Types
• Type Conversion

5.3 Sequences

• Strings: Creation, Manipulation, Slicing

• Lists: Indexing, Methods, Mutability
• Tuples: Immutability and Use Cases
5.4 Mapping and Set Types

• Dictionaries: Keys, Values, Methods

• Sets: Uniqueness, Set Operations

5.5 Control Flow

• if, elif, else Statements

• while, for Loops
• break, continue, pass

5.6 File and I/O Handling

• Reading and Writing Files

• File Modes
• Context Managers (with open)

5.7 Error and Exception Handling

• try-except Blocks
• finally, else in Exception Handling
• Raising Exceptions
• Built-in Exception Types

5.8 Functions and Functional Programming

• Defining and Calling Functions

• Lambda Functions
• Map, Filter, Reduce
• List Comprehensions

5.9 Modules and OOP in Python

• Importing and Using Modules

• Creating Modules
• Classes and Objects
• Inheritance and Polymorphism
• Magic Methods (init, str)
 SOFTWARE QUALITY
UNIT I: Introduction to Software Quality

1.1 Ethical Basis for Software Quality

• Ethics in Software Development

• Professional Responsibility in Ensuring Quality

1.2 Total Quality Management (TQM) Principles

• Principles of TQM in Software

• Continuous Improvement (Kaizen)
• Customer Focus and Involvement
• Benchmarking and Best Practices

1.3 Software Processes and Methodologies

• Waterfall, V-Model, Agile, Spiral

• Process Maturity Models (CMM, CMMI)
• SDLC vs Quality Lifecycle

1.4 Quality Standards, Practices & Conventions

• ISO 9001, ISO/IEC 25010, IEEE Standards

• Coding Standards and Naming Conventions
• Documentation Practices

1.5 Improving Quality with Methodologies

• Structured Methodologies (e.g., SSADM)

• Information Engineering Techniques
• CASE Tools

1.6 Measuring Customer Satisfaction

• Surveys, Feedback, Net Promoter Score (NPS)

• Metrics for User Experience and Product Quality

1.7 Software Quality Engineering

 • Role of Software Quality Engineer
• Quality Planning and Quality Assurance

1.8 Defining Quality

• Quality Definitions: Fitness for Purpose, Conformance

• McCall’s and Boehm’s Quality Models

UNIT II: Software Quality Metrics and Reliability

2.1 Writing Software Requirements and Design

Specifications

• Importance of Clear Requirements

• SRS Templates and Components
• Design Specification Standards

2.2 Analyzing Software Documents

• Document Review Techniques

• Formal Technical Reviews (FTR)
• Inspections and Walkthroughs

2.3 Software Metrics

• Types of Software Metrics

o Process Metrics
o Product Metrics
o Project Metrics

Key Metrics:

• Lines of Code (LOC)

• Cyclomatic Complexity (McCabe’s)
• Function Points (FP)
• Feature Points

2.4 Software Cost Estimation

 • Estimation Techniques (COCOMO, Expert Judgment)
• Parametric Estimation Models
• Estimating Maintenance and Rework Costs

UNIT III: Test Case Design

3.1 Testing as an Engineering Activity

• Role of Testing in SDLC

• Verification vs Validation
• Testing Goals and Objectives

3.2 Testing Fundamentals

• Test Case Design Process

• Bug Lifecycle
• Defect vs Failure vs Error

3.3 Defects

• Types of Defects (Syntax, Logic, Integration)

• Root Cause Analysis
• Defect Density and Severity

3.4 Black Box Test Case Design

• Equivalence Partitioning
• Boundary Value Analysis
• Decision Table Testing
• Cause-Effect Graphing

3.5 White Box Test Case Design

• Statement Coverage
• Branch/Decision Coverage
• Condition Coverage
• Path Testing

3.6 Test Adequacy Criteria

 • Coverage Criteria
• Fault Detection Capability
• Requirements Coverage

3.7 Evaluating Test Adequacy

• Mutation Testing
• Coverage Metrics and Graphs

3.8 Levels and Types of Testing

• Unit Testing
• Integration Testing
• System Testing
• Acceptance Testing
• Regression, Smoke, Sanity, Performance, and Usability
Testing

UNIT IV: Test Management

4.1 Testing and Debugging Goals and Policies

• Setting Testing Objectives

• Policy Guidelines for QA and Testing

4.2 Test Planning

• Steps in Creating a Test Plan

• Roles and Responsibilities

4.3 Test Plan Components

• Scope, Objectives, Schedule

• Resources, Environments
• Risk Management

4.4 Test Plan Attachments

• Supporting Documents
 • Traceability Matrices
• Data Sheets and Logs

4.5 Locating Test Items

• Test Item Identification and Tracking

• Configuration Items

4.6 Reporting Test Results

• Test Logs and Summary Reports

• Defect Reports

4.7 Role of Different Groups in Testing

• Development Team
• QA Team
• Project Management

4.8 Engineering and Process Involvement

• Process Adherence
• Engineering Change Requests

UNIT V: Controlling and Monitoring

5.1 Measurements and Milestones

• Metrics for Monitoring Progress

• Key Performance Indicators (KPIs)
• Milestone Reviews

5.2 Status Meetings

• Review Types and Agendas

• Action Points Tracking

5.3 Reports and Control Issues

 • Weekly Status Reports
• Test Metrics Dashboards

5.4 Criteria for Test Completion

• Exit Criteria
• Minimum Pass Requirements
• Coverage Thresholds

5.5 Software Configuration Management (SCM)

• Version Control Systems

• Baselines and Change Management
• Branching and Merging

5.6 Types of Reviews

• Code Reviews
• Formal Reviews
• Informal Peer Reviews

5.7 Developing a Review Program

• Planning Review Activities

• Scheduling and Checklists

5.8 Review Plans and Results

• Review Templates
• Review Logs
• Action Tracking
 ASP.NET SYLLABUS
UNIT-I: ASP.Net Overview

1.1 Introduction to ASP.Net

• What is ASP.Net
• Evolution from Classic ASP
• Features of ASP.Net
• ASP.Net Architecture

1.2 Web Applications and Web Servers

• Definition of Web Application

• Web Application Lifecycle
• Hosting a Web Application
• Role of Web Servers
o IIS (Internet Information Services)
o Apache
o Comparison between IIS and Apache

1.3 Web Browsers

• Common Browsers (Chrome, Edge, Firefox)

• Rendering HTML/CSS/JS
• Browser Developer Tools

1.4 Web Support Languages

• HTML
• CSS
• JavaScript
• Server-Side Languages (C#, VB.Net)

1.5 Understanding HTTP and TCP/IP

• HTTP Protocol
o Request & Response Model
o GET vs POST
• TCP/IP Basics
o IP Addressing
o Port Numbers
o Connection Establishment

1.6 ASP.Net Role in Web Development

 • ASP.Net Framework
o CLR
o CTS
o CLS
• Namespaces in ASP.Net
o System.Web
o System.Net
• ASP.Net with IDEs
o Visual Studio Overview
o Project Structure
o Debugging & Compilation

UNIT-II: ASP.Net Web Forms

2.1 Introduction to Web Forms

• Role in ASP.Net
• Structure of a Web Form
• Page Lifecycle

2.2 Page Directives

• @Page
• @Import
• @Master
• @Register

2.3 Separation of Code and Design

• Inline Code
• Code-Behind File
• Benefits of Separation

2.4 Code-Behind Techniques

• Using Partial Classes

• Event Handlers
• Auto-Wiring Controls

2.5 Server Controls

• Types of Server Controls

o HTML Server Controls
o Web Server Controls
o Custom Controls
 • Common Controls
o Button, TextBox, Label, DropDownList
• Applying Styles
o Inline Styles
o External CSS
• Themes and Skins
o Creating Themes
o Skin Files
o Applying Theme at Page/Application Level

UNIT-III: Validation & ADO.Net

3.1 Web Form Validation Controls

• RequiredFieldValidator
• CompareValidator
• RangeValidator
• RegularExpressionValidator
• CustomValidator
• ValidationSummary
• Group Validation
• Accounting (Business Logic) Validation

3.2 ADO.Net Database Services

• Introduction to ADO.Net
• Connected vs Disconnected Architecture
• SQLConnection
• SQLCommand
• SQLDataReader

3.3 Datasets & DataAdapters

• DataSet Object Model

• DataTable, DataRow, DataColumn
• Filling Dataset with DataAdapter
• Updating Data Back to Database

3.4 XML Integration

• XML Basics
• Transforming XML to HTML using XSLT
• XML with ADO.Net
• Reading & Writing XML in .Net
• XMLDocument vs XDocument
UNIT-IV: Presenting Data & User Controls

4.1 Data Bound Controls

• DataSource Controls
o SqlDataSource
o ObjectDataSource
o XmlDataSource
• Repeater
o Template-based Display
o ItemTemplate, HeaderTemplate
• DataList Control
o RepeatDirection
o RepeatLayout
• DataGrid/GridView
o Paging
o Sorting
o Editing
• FormView
• DetailsView
• ListView

4.2 User Controls

• Creating User Controls (.ascx)

• Adding Members (Properties & Events)
• Registering Controls on Pages
• Using @Register Directive
• Loading Controls Dynamically

4.3 Master Pages

• Creating Master Page

• ContentPlaceHolder
• Applying Layout Across Pages
• Nested Master Pages
UNIT-V: Error Handling, Configuration & State Management

5.1 ASP.Net Error Handling

• Structured Exception Handling

• try-catch-finally Blocks
• Catching Specific Exceptions
• Custom Exceptions
• Throwing Exceptions
• Page-Level Error Handling
• Application-Level Error Handling (Global.asax)

5.2 Debugging

• Breakpoints in Visual Studio

• Watch Window
• Immediate Window
• Tracing

5.3 Configuring ASP.Net

• Web.config File
o AppSettings
o Connection Strings
o Custom Error Pages
• Machine.config
• Global Assembly Cache (GAC)
• Assembly Info File (Assembly Metadata)

5.4 Managing Application State

• ViewState
• Session State
• Application State
• Cookies
• Query Strings

5.5 HTTP Handlers & Events

• Custom HTTP Handlers

• Application Events (Global.asax)
o Application_Start
o Session_Start
o Application_Error
• Server Events
 OBJECT ORIENTED SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT
UNIT-I: UML and Structural Modeling

1.1 UML Introduction

• Why We Model
• What is UML?
• Benefits of Modeling with UML
• “Hello World” in UML – A Simple Example

1.2 Basic Structural Modeling

• Classes and Their Attributes/Operations

• Relationships
o Association
o Aggregation
o Composition
o Generalization
• Common Mechanisms
o Specifications
o Adornments
o Common Divisions
o Extensibility Mechanisms
• UML Diagrams Overview
• Class Diagrams
o Syntax and Semantics
o Visibility and Scope

1.3 Advanced Structural Modeling

• Advanced Classes
o Abstract Classes
o Nested Classes
o Active Classes
• Advanced Relationships
o Dependency
o Realization
• Interfaces, Types, and Roles
 o Interface Definitions
o Role-Based Modeling
• Packages
o Package Diagrams
o Access Control between Packages
• Instances and Object Diagrams
• Components
o Component Diagrams
o Interface Realization and Dependencies

UNIT-II: Behavioral Modeling

2.1 Basic Behavioral Modeling

• Interactions in Object-Oriented Systems

• Use Cases
o Actors
o Use Case Scenarios
o Use Case Documentation
• Use Case Diagrams
o Include and Extend Relationships
o Use Case Relationships
• Interaction Diagrams
o Sequence Diagrams
o Collaboration Diagrams
• Activity Diagrams
o Swimlanes
o Decisions and Merges
o Forks and Joins

2.2 Advanced Behavioral Modeling

• Events and Signals

• State Machines
o State Transitions
o Entry/Exit Actions
• Concurrency: Processes and Threads
 • Time and Space Modeling
• State Chart Diagrams
o Composite States
o Substates and History States

UNIT-III: Architectural Modeling

3.1 Modeling the Architecture of Software Systems

• What is Architectural Modeling?

• Significance of Software Architecture

3.2 Artifacts and Collaborations

• Source Code Files

• Executables
• Configuration Files
• Modeling Collaborations with UML

3.3 Patterns and Frameworks

• Common Design Patterns

o MVC, Singleton, Observer, etc.
• Reuse through Frameworks

3.4 Artifact Diagrams

• Structure of Artifact Diagrams

• Mapping Artifacts to Physical Files

3.5 Deployment Diagrams

• Nodes and Devices

• Connections and Communications
• Software Deployment Strategy

3.6 Systems and Models

• Subsystems
 • Modeling Physical and Logical Architecture
• Packages and Subsystems in Deployment

UNIT-IV: Unified Software Development Process (USDP)

4.1 Overview of the Unified Process

• What is the Unified Process?

• Key Objectives and Characteristics
• Iterative Development

4.2 The Four Ps

• People
• Project
• Product
• Process

4.3 Use-Case-Driven Development

• Role of Use Cases in the Process

• Linking Use Cases to Design and Testing

4.4 Architecture-Centric Process

• Importance of Architectural Baseline

• Architectural Views (Logical, Deployment, Process, etc.)

4.5 Iterative and Incremental Process

• Iterations and Milestones

• Phases of USDP
o Inception
o Elaboration
o Construction
o Transition
UNIT-V: Core Workflows in Unified Process

5.1 Requirements Capture

• Gathering Stakeholder Requirements

• Techniques: Interviews, Surveys, etc.
• Creating Requirements Documents

5.2 Use Case-Based Requirement Modeling

• Structuring Requirements as Use Cases

• Creating Use Case Models

5.3 Analysis

• Object Analysis
• Identifying Classes and Objects
• Modeling Responsibilities and Collaborations

5.4 Design

• High-Level Design vs Low-Level Design

• Class and Component Design
• Design Patterns in Practice

5.5 Implementation

• Translating Design to Code

• Coding Standards
• Source Code Management

5.6 Testing

• Unit Testing
• Integration Testing
• System Testing
• Testing with UML Diagrams (Sequence & Activity)