Chapter Six

Sections 6.1 - 6.3

6.1 The probability distribution of a discrete random variable assigns probabilities to points while that
of a continuous random variable assigns probabilities to intervals.

6.3 Since P(a) = 0 and P(b) = 0 for a continuous random variable, P ( a ≤ x ≤ b) = P(a < x < b).

6.5 The standard normal distribution is a special case of the normal distribution. For the standard
normal distribution, the value of the mean is equal to zero and the value of the standard deviation
is 1. The units of the standard normal distribution curve are denoted by z and are called the z
values or z scores. The z values on the right side of the mean (which is zero) are positive and
those on the left side are negative. A specific value of z gives the distance between the mean and
the point represented by z in terms of the standard deviation.

6.7 As its standard deviation decreases, the width of a normal distribution curve decreases and its
height increases.

6.9 For a standard normal distribution, z gives the distance between the mean and the point
represented by z in terms of the standard deviation. The z values on the right side of the mean are
positive and those on the left side are negative.

6.11 Area between μ − 1.5σ and μ + 1.5σ is the area between z = −1.5 and z = 1.5. Then,
P(−1.5 < z < 1.5) = P( z < 1.5) − P( z < −1.5) = .9332 − .0668 = .8664

6.13 Area within 2.5 standard deviations of the mean is:

95
96 Chapter Six

P(−2.5 < z < 2.5) = P( z < 2.5) − P( z < −2.5) = .9938 − .0062 = .9876

6.15 a. P(0 < z < 1.95) = P( z < 1.95) − P( z < 0) = .9744 − .5000 = .4744
b. P(−2.05 < z < 0) = P( z < 0) − P( z < −2.05) = .5000 − .0202 = .4798
c. P(1.15 < z < 2.37) = P( z < 2.37) − P( z < 1.15) = .9911 − .8749 = .1162
d. P(−2.88 ≤ z ≤ −1.53) = P( z ≤ −1.53) − P( z ≤ −2.88) = .0630 − .0020 = .0610
e. P(−1.67 ≤ z ≤ 2.24) = P( z ≤ 2.24) − P( z ≤ −1.67) = .9875 − .0475 = .9400

6.17 a. P(z > 1.36) = 1 − P( z ≤ 1.36) = 1 − .9131 = .0869

b. P(z < −1.97) = .0244
c. P(z > −2.05) = 1 − P( z ≤ −2.05) = 1 − .0202 = .9798
d. P(z < 1.76) = .9608

6.19 a. P(0 < z < 4.28) = P( z < 4.28) − P( z < 0) = 1 − .5 = .5 approximately

b. P(0 ≤ z ≤ −3.75) = P( z ≤ 0) − P( z ≤ −3.75) = .5 − 0 = .5 approximately
c. P(z > 7.43) = 1 − P( z ≤ 7.43) = 1 − 1 = 0 approximately
d. P(z < −4.69) = 0 approximately

6.21 a. P(−1.83 ≤ z ≤ 2.57) = P( z ≤ 2.57) − P( z ≤ −1.83) = .9949 − .0336 = .9613

b. P(0 ≤ z ≤ 2.02) = P( z ≤ 2.02) − P( z ≤ 0) = .9783 − .5000 = .4783
c. P(−1.99 ≤ z ≤ 0) = P( z ≤ 0) − P( z ≤ −1.99) = .5000 − .0233 = .4767
d. P(z ≥ 1.48) = 1 − P( z ≤ 1.48) = 1 − .9306 = .0694

6.23 a. P(z < −2.34) = .0096

b. P(.67 ≤ z ≤ 2.59) = P( z ≤ 2.59) − P( z ≤ .67) = .9952 − .7486 = .2466
c. P(−2.07 ≤ z ≤ −.93) = P( z ≤ −.93) − P( z ≤ −2.07) = .1762 − .0192 = .1570
d. P(z < 1.78) = .9625

6.25 a. P(z > −.98) = 1 − P( z ≤ −.98) = 1 − .1635 = .8365

b. P(−2.47 ≤ z ≤ 1.29) = P( z ≤ 1.29) − P( z ≤ −2.47) = .9015 − .0068 = .8947
c. P(0 ≤ z ≤ 4.25) = P( z ≤ 4.25) − P( z ≤ 0) = 1 − .5 = .5 approximately
d. P(−5.36 ≤ z ≤ 0) = P( z ≤ 0) − P( z ≤ −5.36) = .5 − 0 = .5 approximately
e. P(z > 6.07) = 1 − P( z ≤ 6.07) = 1 − 1 = 0 approximately
f. P(z < −5.27) = 0 approximately
 Introductory Statistics, Mann, Seventh Edition - Student’s Solutions Manual 97

Section 6.4

6.27 µ = 30 and σ = 5
a. z = (x − µ)/σ = (39 − 30)/5 = 1.80
b. z = (x − µ)/σ = (19 − 30)/5 = −2.20
c. z = (x − µ)/σ = (24 − 30)/5 = −1.20
d. z = (x − µ)/σ = (44 − 30)/5 = 2.80

6.29 µ = 20 and σ = 4
a. For x = 20: z = (x − µ)/σ = (20 − 20)/4 = 0
For x = 27: z = (x − µ)/σ = (27 − 20)/4 = 1.75
P(20 < x < 27) = P(0 < z < 1.75) = P( z < 1.75) − P( z < 0) = .9599 − .5000 = .4599
b. For x = 23: z = (x − µ)/σ = (23 − 20)/4 = .75
For x = 26: z = (x − µ)/σ = (26 − 20)/4 = 1.50
P(23 ≤ x ≤ 26) = P(.75 ≤ z ≤ 1.50) = P( z ≤ 1.50) − P( z ≤ .75) = .9332 − .7734 = .1598
c. For x = 9.5: z = (x − µ)/σ = (9.5 − 20)/4 = −2.63
For x = 17: z = (x − µ)/σ = (17 − 20)/4 = −.75
P(9.5 < x < 17) = P(−2.63 < z < −.75) = P( z < −.75) − P( z < −2.63) = .2266 − .0043 = .2223

6.31 µ = 55 and σ = 7
a. For x = 58: z = (x − µ)/σ = (58 − 55)/7 = .43
P(x > 58) = P(z > .43) = 1 − P( z ≤ .43) = 1 − .6664 = .3336
b. For x = 43: z = (x − µ)/σ = (43 − 55)/7 = −1.71
P(x > 43) = P(z > −1.71) = 1 − P( z ≤ −1.71) = 1 − .0436 = .9564
c. For x = 68: z = (x − µ)/σ = (68 − 55)/7 = 1.86
P(x < 68) = P(z < 1.86) = .9686
d. For x = 22: z = (x − µ)/σ = (22 − 55)/7 = −4.71
P(x < 22) = P(z < −4.71) = 0 approximately

6.33 µ = 25 and σ = 6
a. For x = 29: z = (x − µ)/σ = (29 − 25)/6 = .67
For x = 36: z = (x − µ)/σ = (36 − 25)/6 = 1.83
P(29 < x < 36) = P(.67 < z < 1.83) = P( z < 1.83) − P( z < .67) = .9664 − .7486 = .2178
b. For x = 22: z = (x − µ)/σ = (22 − 25)/6 = −.50
98 Chapter Six

For x = 35: z = (x − µ)/σ = (35 − 25)/6 = 1.67

P(22 < x < 35) = P(−.50 < z < 1.67) = P( z < 1.67) − P( z < −.50) = .9525 − .3085 = .6440

6.35 µ = 80 and σ = 12
a. For x = 69: z = (x − µ)/σ = (69 − 80)/12 = −.92
P(x > 69) = P(z > −.92) = 1 − P( z ≤ −.92) = 1 − .1788 = .8212
b. For x = 73: z = (x − µ)/σ = (73 − 80)/12 = −.58
P(x < 73) = P(z < −.58) = .2810
c. For x = 101: z = (x − µ)/σ = (101 − 80)/12 = 1.75
P(x > 101) = P(z > 1.75) = 1 − P( z ≤ 1.75) = 1 − .9599 = .0401
d. For x = 87: z = (x − µ)/σ = (87 − 80)/12 = .58
P(x < 87) = P(z < .58) = .7190

Section 6.5

6.37 µ = 190 minutes and σ = 21 minutes

a. For x = 160: z = (x − µ)/σ = (160 − 190)/21 = −1.43
P(x < 160) = P(z < −1.43) = .0764
b. For x = 215: z = (x − µ)/σ = (215 − 190)/21 = 1.19
For x = 245: z = (x − µ)/σ = (245 − 190)/21 = 2.62
P(215 ≤ x ≤ 245) = P(1.19 ≤ z ≤ 2.62) = P( z ≤ 2.62) − P( z ≤ 1.19) = .9956 − .8830 = .1126

6.39 µ = 9.32 and σ = 1.38

a. For x = 11.1: z = (x − µ)/σ = (11.1 – 9.32)/1.38 = 1.29
P(x > 11.1) = P(z > 1.29) = 1 − P( z ≤ 1.29) = 1 − .9015 = .0985
b. For x = 6.0: z = (x − µ)/σ = (6.0 – 9.32)/1.38 = −2.41
For x = 7.2: z = (x − µ)/σ = (7.2 – 9.32)/1.38 = −1.54
P(6.0 < x < 7.2) = P(−2.41 < z < −1.54) = P( z < −1.54) − P( z < −2.41) = .0618 − .0080
= .0538

6.41 µ = 46 miles per hour and σ = 4 miles per hour

a. For x = 40: z = (x − µ)/σ = (40 − 46)/4 = −1.50
P(x > 40) = P(z > −1.50) = 1 − P( z ≤ −1.50) = 1 − .0668 = .9332 or 93.32%
b. For x = 50: z = (x − µ)/σ = (50 − 46)/4 = 1.00
 Introductory Statistics, Mann, Seventh Edition - Student’s Solutions Manual 99

For x = 57: z = (x − µ)/σ = (57 − 46)/4 = 2.75

P(50 < x < 57) = P(1.00 < z < 2.75) = P( z < 2.75) − P( z < 1.00) = .9970 − .8413 = .1557
or 15.57%

6.43 µ = 190 minutes and σ = 53.4 minutes

a. For x = 300: z = (x − µ)/σ = (300 − 190)/53.4 = 2.06
P(x > 300) = P(z > 2.06) = 1 − P( z ≤ 2.06) = 1 − .9803 = .0197
b. For x = 120: z = (x − µ)/σ = (120 − 190)/53.4 = −1.31
For x = 180: z = (x − µ)/σ = (180 − 190)/53.4 = −.19
P(120 < x < 180) = P(−1.31 < z < −.19) = P( z < −.19) − P( z < −1.31) = .4247 − .0951 = .3296

6.45 µ = 1650 kwh and σ = 320 kwh

a. For x = 1950: z = (x − µ)/σ = (1950 − 1650)/320 = .94
P(x < 1950) = P(z < .94) = .8264
b. For x = 900: z = (x − µ)/σ = (900 − 1650)/320 = −2.34
For x = 1300: z = (x − µ)/σ = (1300 − 1650)/320 = −1.09
P(900 ≤ z ≤ 1300) = P(−2.34 ≤ z ≤ −1.09) = P( z ≤ −1.09) − P( z ≤ −2.34) = .1379 − .0096
= .1283 or 12.83%

6.47 µ = $19,800 and σ = $350

a. For x = 19,445: z = (x − µ)/σ = (19,445 − 19,800)/350 = −1.01
P(x < 19,445) = P(z < −1.01) = .1562 or 15.62%
b. For x = 20,300: z = (x − µ)/σ = (20,300 − 19,800)/350 = 1.43
P(x > 20,300) = P(z > 1.43) = 1 − P( z ≤ 1.43) = 1 − .9236 = .0764 or 7.64%

6.49 µ = 225 minutes and σ = 62 minutes

a. For x = 60: z = (x − µ)/σ = (60 − 225)/62 = −2.66
P(x < 60) = P(z < −2.66) = .0039 or .39%
b. For x = 360: z = (x − µ)/σ = (360 − 225)/62 = 2.18
P(x > 360) = P(z > 2.18) = 1 − P( z ≤ 2.18) = 1 − .9854 = .0146 or 1.46%
c. For x = 120: z = (x − µ)/σ = (120 − 225)/62 = −1.69
For x = 180: z = (x − µ)/σ = (180 − 225)/62 = −.73
P(120 ≤ x ≤ 180) = P(−1.69 ≤ z ≤ −.73) = P( z ≤ −.73) − P( z ≤ −1.69) = .2327 − .0455 = .1872
or 18.72%
100 Chapter Six

d. For x = 240: z = (x − µ)/σ = (240 − 225)/62 = .24

For x = 300: z = (x − µ)/σ = (300 − 225)/62 = 1.21
P(240 ≤ x ≤ 300) = P(.24 ≤ z ≤ 1.21) = P( z ≤ 1.21) − P( z ≤ .24) = .8869 − .5948 = .2921
or 29.21%

6.51 µ = 3.0 inches and σ = .009 inch

For x = 2.98: z = (x − µ)/σ = (2.98 − 3.0)/.009 = −2.22
For x = 3.02: z = (x − µ)/σ = (3.02 − 3.0)/.009 = 2.22
P(x < 2.98) + P(x > 3.02) = 1 − [P(2.98 ≤ x ≤ 3.02)] = 1 − [P(−2.22 ≤ z ≤ 2.22)]
= 1 − [P( z ≤ 2.22) − P( z ≤ −2.22)] = 1 − [.9868 − .0132] = 1 − .9736 = .0264 or 2.64%

Section 6.6

6.53 a. z = 2.00 b. z = −2.02 approximately

c. z = −.37 approximately d. z = 1.02 approximately

6.55 a. z = 1.65 approximately b. z = −1.96

c. z = −2.33 approximately d. z = 2.58 approximately

6.57 µ = 200 and σ = 25

a. z = .34, x = µ + zσ = 200 + (.34)(25) = 208.50
b. z = 1.65, x = µ + zσ = 200 + (1.65)(25) = 241.25
c. z = −.86, x = µ + zσ = 200 + (−.86)(25) = 178.50
d. z = −2.17, x = µ + zσ = 200 + (−2.17)(25) = 145.75
e. z = −1.67, x = µ + zσ = 200 + (−1.67)(25) = 158.25
f. z = 2.05, x = µ + zσ = 200 + (2.05)(25) = 251.25

6.59 µ = 15 minutes and σ = 2.4 minutes

Let x denote the time to service a randomly chosen car. We are to find x so that the area in the
right tail of the normal distribution curve is .05. Thus, z = 1.65 and x = µ + zσ = 15 + (1.65)(2.4)
= 18.96 minutes. The maximum guaranteed waiting time should be approximately 19 minutes.

6.61 µ = 1650 kwh and σ = 320 kwh

 Introductory Statistics, Mann, Seventh Edition - Student’s Solutions Manual 101

Let x denote the amount of electric consumption during the winter by a randomly selected
customer. We are to find x such that the area to the left of x in the normal distribution curve is .90.
Thus, z = 1.28 and x = µ + zσ = 1650 + (1.28)(320) = 2059.6 kwh. Bill Johnson’s monthly electric
consumption is approximately 2060 kwh.

6.63 σ = $9.50 and P(x ≥ 90) = .20

The area to the left of x = 90 is 1 – .20 = .80 and z = .84 approximately. Then, from
x = µ + zσ obtain µ = x − zσ = 90 − (.84)(9.50) = $82.02. The mean price of all college textbooks
is approximately $82.

Section 6.7

6.65 The normal distribution may be used as an approximation to a binomial distribution when both
np >5 and nq > 5.

6.67 a. From Table I of Appendix C, for n = 25 and p = .40,

P(8 ≤ x ≤ 13) = P(x = 8) + P(x = 9) + P(x = 10) + P(x = 11) + P(x = 12) + P(x = 13)
= .1200 + .1511 + .1612 + .1465 + .1140 + .0760 = .7688

b. μ = np = 25(.40) = 10 and σ = npq = 25(.40)(.60) = 2.44948974

For x = 7.5: z = (7.5 – 10)/2.44948974 = −1.02

For x = 13.5: z = (13.5 – 10)/2.44948974 = 1.43
P(7.5 ≤ x ≤ 13.5) = P(−1.02 ≤ z ≤ 1.43) = P( z ≤ 1.43) − P( z ≤ −1.02) = .9236 − .1539 = .7697
The difference between this approximation and the exact probability is .7697 – .7688 = .0009

6.69 a. μ = np = 120(.60) = 72 and σ = npq = 120(.60)(.40) = 5.36656315

b. For x = 69.5: z = (69.5 – 72)/5.36656315 = −.47

P(x ≤ 69.5) = P(z ≤ −.47) = .3192
c. For x = 66.5: z = (66.5 – 72)/5.36656315 = −1.02
For x = 73.5: z = (73.5 – 72)/5.36656315 = .28
P(66.5 ≤ x ≤ 73.5) = P(−1.02 ≤ z ≤ .28) = P( z ≤ .28) − P( z ≤ −1.02) = .6103 − .1539 = .4564

6.71 a. μ = np = 70(.30) = 21 and σ = npq = 70(.30)(.70) = 3.83405790

For x = 17.5: z = (17.5 – 21)/3.83405790 = −.91

102 Chapter Six

For x = 18.5: z = (18.5 – 21)/3.83405790 = −.65

P(17.5 ≤ x ≤ 18.5) = P(−.91 ≤ z ≤ −.65) = P( z ≤ −.65) − P( z ≤ −.91) = .2578 − .1814 = .0764

b. μ = np = 200(.70) = 140 and σ = npq = 200(.70)(.30) = 6.48074070

For x = 132.5: z = (132.5 – 140)/6.48074070 = −1.16

For x = 145.5: z = (145.5 – 140)/6.48074070 = .85
P(132.5 ≤ x ≤ 145.5) = P(−1.16 ≤ z ≤ .85) = P( z ≤ .85) − P( z ≤ −1.16) = .8023 − .1230
= .6793

c. μ = np = 85(.40) = 34 and σ = npq = 85(.40)(.60) = 4.51663592

For x = 29.5: z = (29.5 – 34)/4.51663592 = −1.00

P(x ≥ 29.5) = P(z ≥ −1.00) = 1 − P( z ≤ −1.00) = 1 − .1587 = .8413

d. μ = np = 150(.38) = 57 and σ = npq = 150(.38)(.62) = 5.94474558

For x = 62.5: z = (62.5 – 57)/5.94474558 = .93

P(x ≤ 62.5) = P(z ≤ .93) = .8238

6.73 μ = np = 750(.048) = 36 and σ = npq = 750(.048)(.952) = 5.85422924

For x = 44.5: z = (44.5 – 36)/5.85422924 = 1.45
P(x ≥ 44.5) = P(z ≥ 1.45) = 1 − P( z ≤ 1.45) = 1 − .9265 = .0735

6.75 μ = np = 400(.29) = 116 and σ = npq = 400(.29)(.71) = 9.07524104

a. For x = 109.5: z = (109.5 – 116)/9.07524104 = –.72
For x = 110.5: z = (110.5 – 116) 9.07524104 = –.61
P(109.5 ≤ x ≤ 110.5) = P(−.72 ≤ z ≤ –.61) = P( z ≤ –.61) − P( z ≤ −.72) = .2709 − .2358
= .0351
b. For x = 123.5: z = (123.5 – 116)/9.07524104 = .83
For x = 135.5: z = (135.5 – 116)/9.07524104 = 2.15
P(123.5 ≤ x ≤ 135.5) = P(.83 ≤ z ≤ 2.15) = P( z ≤ 2.15) − P( z ≤ .83) = .9842 − .7967 = .1875
c. For x = 105.5: z = (105.5 – 116)/9.07524104 = –1.16
P(x ≤ 105.5) = P(z ≤ –1.16) = .1230

6.77 μ = np = 100(.80) = 80 and σ = npq = 100(.80)(.20) = 4

a. For x = 74.5: z = (74.5 – 80)/4 = −1.38
For x = 75.5: z = (75.5 – 80)/4 = −1.13
 Introductory Statistics, Mann, Seventh Edition - Student’s Solutions Manual 103

P(74.5 ≤ x ≤ 75.5) = P(−1.38 ≤ z ≤ −1.13) = P( z ≤ −1.13) − P( z ≤ −1.38) = .1292 − .0838

= .0454
b. For x = 73.5: z = (73.5 – 80)/4 = −1.63
P(x ≤ 73.5) = P(z ≤ −1.63) = .0516
c. For x = 73.5: z = (73.5 – 80)/4 = −1.63
For x = 85.5: z = (85.5 – 80)/4 = 1.38
P(73.5 ≤ x ≤ 85.5) = P(−1.63 ≤ z ≤ 1.38) = P( z ≤ 1.38) − P( z ≤ −1.63) = .9162 − .0516
= .8646

6.79 μ = np = 100(.05) = 5 and σ = npq = 100(.05)(.95) = 2.17944947

a. For x = 6.5: z = (6.5 – 5)/2.17944947 = .69
P(shipment is accepted) = P(x ≤ 6.5) = P(z ≤ .69) = .7549
b. P(shipment is not accepted) = 1 – P(shipment is accepted) = 1 – .7549 = .2451

Supplementary Exercises

6.81 µ = $87 and σ = $22

a. For x = 114: z = (114 – 87)/22 = 1.23
P(x > 114) = P(z > 1.23) = 1 − P( z ≤ 1.23) = 1 − .8907 = .1093
b. For x = 40: z = (40 – 87)/22 = −2.14
For x = 60: z = (60 – 87)/22 = −1.23
P(40 < x < 60) = P(−2.14 < z < −1.23) = P( z ≤ −1.23) − P( z ≤ −2.14) = .1093 − .0162 = .0931
or 9.31%
c. For x = 70: z = (70 – 87)/22 = −.77
For x = 105: z = (105 – 87)/22 = .82
P(70 < x < 105) = P(−.77 < z < .82) = P( z ≤ .82) − P( z ≤ −.77) = .7939 − .2206 = .5733
or 57.33%
d. For x = 185: z = (185 – 87)/22 = 4.45
P(x > 185) = P(z > 4.45) = 1 − P( z ≤ 4.45) = 1 − 1 = 0 approximately
Although it is possible for a customer to write a check for more than $185, the probability of
this is very close to zero.

6.83 µ = 50 inches and σ = .06

104 Chapter Six

For x = 49.85: z = (49.85 – 50)/.06 = −2.50

For x = 50.15: z = (50.15 – 50)/.06 = 2.50
P(x < 49.85) + P(x > 50.15) = 1 − [P(49.85 ≤ x ≤ 50.15)] = 1 − [P(−2.50 ≤ z ≤ 2.50)]
= 1 − [P( z ≤ 2.50) − P( z ≤ −2.50)] = 1 − [.9938 − .0062] = 1 − .9876 = .0124 or 1.24%

6.85 µ = 750 hours and σ = 50 hours

a. The area in the right tail of the normal distribution curve is given to be .025, which gives
z =1.96. Then,
x = µ + zσ = 750 + (1.96)(50) = 848 hours
b. Area to the left of x is .80, which gives z = .84 approximately. Then,
x = µ + zσ = 750 + (.84)(50) = 792 hours

6.87 μ = np = 100(.80) = 80 and σ = npq = 100(.80)(.20) = 4

a. For x = 84.5: z = (84.5 – 80)/4 = 1.13
For x = 85.5: z = (85.5 – 80)/4 = 1.38
P(84.5 ≤ x ≤ 85.5) = P(1.13 ≤ z ≤ 1.38) = P( z ≤ 1.38) − P( z ≤ 1.13) = .9162 − .8708 = .0454
b. For x = 74.5: z = (74.5 – 80)/4 = −1.38
P(x ≤ 74.5) = P(z ≤ −1.38) = .0838
c. For x = 74.5: z = (74.5 – 80)/4 = −1.38
For x = 87.5: z = (87.5 – 80)/4 = 1.88
P(74.5 ≤ x ≤ 87.5) = P(−1.38 ≤ z ≤ 1.88) = P( z ≤ 1.88) − P( z ≤ −1.38) = .9699 − .0838
= .8861
d. For x = 71.5: z = (71.5 – 80)/4 = −2.13
For x = 77.5: z = (77.5 – 80) / 4 = −.63
P(71.5 ≤ x ≤ 77.5) = P(−2.13 ≤ z ≤ −.63) = P( z ≤ −.63) − P( z ≤ −2.13) = .2643 − .0166
= .2477

6.89 σ = $350 and P(x > 2500) = .15

The area to the left of x = 2500 is 1 – .15 = .85 and z = 1.04 approximately. Then, µ = x − zσ
= 2500 − (1.04)(350) = $2136. Thus, the mean monthly mortgage is approximately $2136.

$12
6.91 a. If $3500 = $1000 + ⋅ x , where x is depth in feet, then x =208.33. Hence, Company B
ft
charges more for depths of more than 208.33 ft.
 Introductory Statistics, Mann, Seventh Edition - Student’s Solutions Manual 105

µ = 250 and σ = 40
For x = 208.33: z = (208.33 – 250)/40 = –1.04
P(x > 208.33) = P(z > –1.04) = 1 − P( z ≤ –1.04) = 1 − .1492 = .8508
The probability that Company B charges more than Company A to drill a well is .8508.
$12
b. µ = 250, so the mean amount charged by Company B is $1000 + ⋅ 250 ft = $4000.
ft

6.93 µ = 45,000 and σ = 2000

First, we find the probability that one tire lasts at least 46,000 miles.
For x = 46,000: z = (46,000 – 45,000)/2000 = .50
P(x ≥ 46,000) = P(z ≥ .50) = 1 − P(z ≤ .50) = 1 − .6915 = .3085
So, the probability of one tire lasting at least 46,000 miles is .3085. Then,
P(all four tires last more than 46,000 miles) = (.3085)4 = .0091.

6.95 µ = 0 and σ = 2 mph

a. Let x be the error of these estimates in mph.
For x = 5: z = (5 – 0)/2 = 2.50
P(x ≥ 5) = P(z ≥ 2.50) = 1 − P( z ≤ 2.50) = 1 − .9938 = .0062
b. We are given that the area to the left of x is .99, which gives z = 2.33 approximately. Then,
x = µ + zσ = 0 + (2.33)(2) = 4.66 mph ≈ 5 mph. So, the minimum estimate of speed at which a
car should be cited for speeding is 60 + 5 = 65 mph.

6.97 σ = .07 ounce and P(x ≥ 8) = .99

The area to the left of x = 8 is 1 – .99 = .01 and z = −2.33 approximately. Then, µ = x − zσ
= 8 − (−2.33)(.07) = 8.16 ounces. Thus, the mean should be set at approximately 8.16 ounces.

6.99 Company A: µ = 8 mm and σ = .15 mm

For x = 7.8: z = (7.8 – 8)/.15 = –1.33
For x = 8.2: z = (8.2 – 8)/.15 = 1.33
P(7.8 ≤ x ≤ 8.2) = P(−1.33 ≤ z ≤ 1.33) = P( z ≤ 1.33) − P( z ≤ −1.33) = .9082 − .0918 = .8164
Price per usable rod = 400/(.8164 × 10,000) ≈ $0.048996
Company B: µ = 8 mm and σ = .12 mm
For x = 7.8: z = (7.8 – 8) / .12 = –1.67
For x = 8.2: z = (8.2 – 8) / .12 = 1.67
106 Chapter Six

P(7.8 ≤ x ≤ 8.2) = P(–1.67 ≤ z ≤ 1.67) = P( z ≤ 1.67) − P( z ≤ –1.67) = .9525 − .0475 = .9050

Price per usable rod = 460/(.9050 x 10,000) ≈ $0.050829
Hence, the Alpha Corporation should choose Company A as a supplier.

6.101 a. Let x = number of ticket holders who show up.

Then, x is a binomial random variable with n = 65 and p = 1 − .10 = .90

μ = np = 65(.90) = 58.5 and σ = npq = 65(.90)(.10) = 2.41867732

Using a normal approximation with correction for continuity:
For x = 60.5: z = (60.5 – 58.5)/2.41867732 = .83
P(x ≤ 60.5) = P(z ≤ .83) = .7967
b. Let n = number of tickets sold
Since μ and σ both depend on n, it is not easy to solve for n directly. Instead, we will use trial
and error.
In part a, n = 65 was too large, since P(x ≤ 60.5) = P(z ≤ .83) = .7967 < .95.

Try n = 62: μ = np = 62(.90) = 55.8 and σ = npq = 62(.90)(.10) = 2.36220236

For x = 60.5: z = (60.5 – 55.8)/2.36220236 = 1.99

P(x ≤ 60.5) = P(z ≤ 1.99) = .9767 > .95.
Thus, n = 62 satisfies the requirement.
To see if n may be increased, try n = 63.

μ = np = 63(.90) = 56.7 and σ = npq = 63(.90)(.10) = 2.38117618

For x = 60.5: z = (60.5 – 56.7)/2.38117618 = 1.60
P(x ≤ 60.5) = P(z ≤ 1.60) = .9452 < .95
Thus, n = 63 is too large.
Therefore, the largest number of tickets the company can sell and be at least 95% sure that the
bus can hold all ticket holders who show up is 62.

6.103 μ = np = 15(.02) = .30 and σ = npq = 15(.02)(.98) = .54221767

Since np < 5, the normal approximation to the binomial is not appropriate. The Empirical Rule
requires a bell-shaped distribution, and this distribution is skewed right. By the Empirical Rule,
approximately 68% of the observations fall in the interval μ ± σ , approximately 95% fall in the

interval μ ± 2σ , and about 99.7% fall in the interval μ ± 3σ . These intervals are −.24 to .84,
 Introductory Statistics, Mann, Seventh Edition - Student’s Solutions Manual 107

−.78 to 1.38, and −1.33 to 1.93, respectively. Using the normal approximation with continuity
correction,
For x = −.74: z = (−.74 – .3)/.54221767 = –1.92
For x = 1.34: z = (1.34 – .3)/.54221767 = 1.92
P(−.74 ≤ x ≤ 1.34) = P(–1.92 ≤ z ≤ 1.92) = P( z ≤ 1.92) − P( z ≤ –1.92) = .9726 − .0274
= .9452 > .68
For x = −1.28: z = (−1.28 – .3)/.54221767 = –2.91
For x = 1.88 z = (1.88 – .3)/.54221767 = 2.91
P(−1.28 ≤ x ≤ 1.88) = P(–2.91 ≤ z ≤ 2.91) = P( z ≤ 2.91) − P( z ≤ –2.91) = .9982 − .0018 =
.9964 > .95
For x = −1.83: z = (−1.83 – .3)/.54221767 = –3.93
For x = 2.43: z = (2.43 – .3)/.54221767 = 3.93
P(−1.83 ≤ x ≤ 2.43) = P(–3.93 ≤ z ≤ 3.93) = P( z ≤ 3.93) − P( z ≤ –3.93) = 1 − 0 ≈ 1 > .997

6.105 μ = 8 and P(x > 8.2) = .03. Then, z = 1.88 approximately. Now x = μ + zσ , so
σ = (x − μ)/z = (8.2 − 8)/(1.88) = .106.

Self-Review Test

1. a 2. a 3. d 4. b 5. a 6. c 7. b 8. b

9. a. P(.85 ≤ z ≤ 2.33) = P( z ≤ 2.33) − P( z ≤ .85) = .9901 − .8023 = .1878

b. P(−2.97 ≤ z ≤ 1.49) = P( z ≤ 1.49) − P( z ≤ −2.97) = .9319 − .0015 = .9304
c. P(z ≤ −1.29) = .0985
d. P(z > −.74) = 1 − P( z ≤ −.74) = 1 − .2296 = .7704

10. a. z = −1.28 approximately b. z = .61

c. z = 1.65 approximately d. z = −1.07 approximately

11. µ = 45,000 miles and σ = 2360 miles

a. For x = 42,000: z = (42,000 – 45,000)/2360 = −1.27
For x = 46,000: z = (46,000 – 45,000)/2360 = .42
P(42,000 < x < 45,000) = P(−1.27 < z < .42) = P( z < .42) − P( z < −1.27) = .6628 − .1020
= .5608
108 Chapter Six

b. For x = 38,000 z = (38,000 – 45,000)/2360 = −2.97

P(x < 38,000) = P(z < −2.97) = .0015
c. For x = 50,000: z = (50,000 – 45,000)/2360 = 2.12
P(x > 50,000) = P(z > 2.12) = 1 − P( z ≤ 2.12) = 1 − .9830 = .0170
d. For x = 46,500: z = (46,500 – 45,000)/2360 = .64
For x = 47,500: z = (47,500 – 45,000)/2360 = 1.06
P(46,500 < x < 47,500) = P(.64 < z < 1.06) = P( z < 1.06) − P( z < .64) = .8554 − .7389
= .1165

12. µ = 45,000 miles and σ = 2360 miles

a. For .06 area in the right tail of the normal distribution curve, z ≈ 1.55. Then,
x = µ + zσ = 45,000 + (1.55)(2360) = 48,658 miles
b. For .02 area in the left tail of the normal distribution curve, z ≈ −2.05. Then,
x = µ + zσ = 45,000 + (−2.05)(2360) = 40,162 miles

13. μ = np = 800(.15) = 120 and σ = npq = 800(.15)(.85) = 10.09950494

a. i. For x = 114.5: z = (114.5 – 120)/10.09950494 = −.54
For x = 115.5: z = (115.5 – 120)/10.09950494 = −.45
P(114.5 ≤ x ≤ 115.5) = P(−.54 ≤ z ≤ −.45) = P( z ≤ −.45) − P( z ≤ −.54) = .3264 − .2946
= .0318
ii. For x = 102.5: z = (102.5 – 120)/10.09950494 = −1.73
For x = 142.5: z = (142.5 – 120)/10.09950494 = 2.23
P(102.5 ≤ x ≤ 142.5) = P(−1.73 ≤ z ≤ 2.23) = P( z ≤ 2.23) − P( z ≤ −1.73) = .9871 − .0418
= .9453
iii. For x = 106.5: z = (106.5 – 120)/10.09950494 = −1.34
P(x ≥ 106.5) = P(z ≥ −1.34) = 1 − P( z ≤ −1.34) = 1 − .0901 = .9099
iv. For x = 100.5: z = (100.5 – 120)/10.09950494 = −1.93
P(x ≤ 100.5) = P(z ≤ −1.93) = .0268
v. For x = 110.5: z = (110.5 – 120)/10.09950494 = −.94
For x = 123.5: z = (123.5 – 120)/10.09950494 = .35
P(110.5 ≤ x ≤ 123.5) = P(−.94 ≤ z ≤ .35) = P( z ≤ .35) − P( z ≤ −.94) = .6368 − .1736
= .4632
b. P(at least 675 do not have wheat intolerance) = P(at most 125 have wheat intolerance)
= P(x ≤ 125)
 Introductory Statistics, Mann, Seventh Edition - Student’s Solutions Manual 109

For x = 125.5: z = (125.5 – 120)/10.09950494 = .54

P(x ≤ 125.5) = P(z ≤ .54) = .7054
c. P(between 682 and 697 do not have wheat intolerance) =
P(between 103 and 118 have wheat intolerance) = P(102.5 ≤ x ≤ 118.5)
For x = 102.5: z = (102.5 – 120)/10.09950494 = −1.73
For x = 118.5: z = (118.5 – 120)/10.09950494 = −.15
P(102.5 ≤ x ≤ 118.5) = P(−1.73 ≤ z ≤ −.15) = P( z ≤ −.15) − P( z ≤ −1.73) = .4404 − .0418
= .3986
110 Chapter Six