THE LANGUAGE OF CHEMISTRY () Symbol of an element; valency; formule a chemical equations. + Symbol - dentin: symbols ote omens used on + Valency ~ definition; hy en combine ate Valency = definition; tycrogen combination and numberof valence electrons ofthe metals and m 10, di, tri and tetra valent elements. pease + Radicals — definiton; formulae and valencies * Compounds ~ name and formulae * Ghemial equation = detnton and examples of chemical equations wih one resctant and two oF toa prod, tants and one product, two reactants and two products and two reactants and three or four products; balancing of equations (by hit and tal methog). (ii) Relative Atomic Masses (atomic weights) and Relative Molecular Masses (molecular weights): either — Of radicals and formulae of compounds Balancing of simple standard H atom or 1/12th of carbon 12 atom. * Definitions | + Calculation of Relative Molecular Mass and percentage composition of a compound. | INTRODUCTION Chemistry is a branch of science in which we study about matte, i. what is matter made up of, its nature, structure and the changes that are observed when itis subjected to different conditions. Maay theories were proposed regarding matter | rep in discovering the real essence of mater. The basic units of matter in any state is } considered as molecules. This is because a molecule is the smallest particle of matter which is capable of independent existence. A pure substance is one which is made up of molecules containing the same kind of atoms. It has 4 definite composition and a definite set of properties | such as boiling point, melting point, density, etc. All pure substances are homogeneous i.e. their composition is uniform throughout their bulk, For | example, carbon dioxide gas is a pure substance, | Where in all the molecules are made up of two oxygen ‘atoms and one carbon atom. Elements and compounds are pure substances: A molecule may contain similar atoms or dissimilar atoms. A pure substance in which a molecule is made up of atoms of the same kind is called an element. a ee —e = Anelement isa simple and pure form of matter which cannot be decomposed into simpler | substances. At present, there are 11 8elements known to us. Out of these, only two elements en and belium)}- make up the majority of the known mass of the ‘universe, wittralt other elements making up only 1% of the mass ‘All elements are made of atoms, the smallest particles of an element which represent all the properties of an element. “An atom is the smallest particle of an element which may or may not exist independently but ‘ean take part in a chemical reaction A set of atoms of the same type together forms the molecule of the element. \The number of lecule of anelement;is-called its atoms ina m “atomicity. Elements having_only one atom in their molecules are-monoatomic-molecules like noble gases (Helium, Neon, Argon, Krypton, Xenon and Radon), metals and carbon.ts having two atoms in their molecules tike Hydrogen (Hts). Oxygen (O,), Nitrogen (No, Chlorine (Cl) are diatomic molecules, atoms in their molecules like Ozone (0) are trkatomic molecules, molecules Elements having four atoms in th like Phosphorus (P,) are tetratomic mol Elements having e' The names of e abbreviated by using ce ments and compounds are ain symbols and formulac Before 1600 AD.. alchemists tried 0 represent Sieatbtanees at they Used for er exponen aiffeent Kinds of pictographic symbols shar {7c IA forthe earth, a crescent IG] forse e_ Dalton used some other \ypes of symbaie sree SleDEn, ach oto cts) gg atom, acircle with adot in its centre) for hydrogen, like Sulphur (3 cules, Sp BO A molecule is the smallest particle that has the |, Dalton’s symbols of elements capability to exist independently. Roe © When atoms or molecules of different elements Carbon e combine chemically in a fixed ratio, they form the Oxyze0 ° | molecule’ of a compound. To name a few, sodium Mesehike @ chloride (NaC), water (HO), ammonia (NH) are Sulphur ® molecules of compounds. Compounds cannot be - broken down by any physical means atin ® The properties of compounds are entirely ee ® different from those of its constituent elements, Foy Copper © example, sodium isa highly reactive poisonous neal Silver © id chlorine is a Beenish yellow poisonous gas but ea © the compound formed by the chemical combination of these two elements i.e. sodium chloride is not stone © Poisonous and is/actually used in our food, Mercury 3 A compound is a substance formed by the ‘The universal chemical combination of two or more elements in a fixed proportion. i Two or more kinds of molecules combine to form mixtures. A mixture may include constituents &s elements, an element and a compound or only uniform composition or heterogeneous, which has nov-uniform distribution of the different types of molecules. “For example, salt solution is a homogeneous mixture, whereas muddy water is a heterogencous mixture 4a Mixtures can be defined as impure substances which are formed by mixing two or more pure substances i.e. elements or compounds in any Proportion, such that they do not undergo any chemical change and retain their individual Properties. ersal system of symbols and formulae that is in use today was invented by Jons Jakob Berzelius, a Swedish chemist. He Suggest the ital letter of an element's name writen in capil should represent that particular ‘element, such as 0 for oxygen, H for hydrogen, C for carbon, and sng But in some cases, the suggested symbol did got iaree with the English name of the element. This was because some of the symbols were based on the Latin names or other language names of the elements, as shown in Table 1.1 [This method/Suggested by him laid the basis of th@TUPAC* (Intemational Union of Chemistry)\system of chemical symbols and formulae, where cach element has been given a unique chemical symbol that is to be used by * All development and research in the field of chemistry a a €2>- {names of elements can show me ample, magnesium changes to n acl wesio in Spanish, magnisio in Greek and ye enjin Russian. In Japanese, katakana repro mae and of the English “magnesium. es rherfor, the use of syle enue Wa te sagage of chemisty is understood interna pepe phical boundaries 1.1: Symbols of certai on their Latin n ; elements based Name of element Latin name | 1 Gad poe al (German name)} Example + Carbon, cobalt, calcium, cadmium, chromium and chlorine are elements whose first eter is C, Therefore, only carbon is denoted by the symbol ©. Cobalt is denoted by two levers “Co”. Calcium by °Ca’, Cadmium by "Ca, Chromium by “Cr° and Chlorine by “Cr Symbols of some elements ae taken from their Latin/Germnan names. Some elements are represented by a single letter, while some are represented by two letters taken from their Latin/German names, first ‘written in capita, while the second prominent letet written in small sn Tunes is denoted by Wake from is rman. name Wolfram. Copper is denoted by the {wo letters “Cu” taken from its Latin name, Cuprum. Note : Be careful about capital and small alphabets. For example : Co means.the clement-cobalt however, CO ineans she-compound carbon monoxide. ‘A symbol is not merely an abbreviation for the name of an element but also has significance. Significance of It represents : _tiy- Name of the element (iiy One atom of the element Giiy” A definite mass of the element (equal 10 slomic mass expressed in grams). symbol Table 1.2 : Symbols of some common elements 12 SYMBOLS 4 symbol is the short form that stands jor the stom ofa specific element or the abbreviation used jor the name of an element Each element is denoted by a symbol, which usually the first letter of its name in English or Latin, written in capital. Sulphur, an element, is denoted by Similarly, hydrogen is denoted by Example the symbol * the symbol *H However when the first letter of more than one clement is the same, the elements are denoted by two letters. The symbols of these elements are represeated by the first letter — written in capital followed by some prominent letter — writen in small from their English names. Name in Symbol | [Name in ‘Symbol nash || nih | apa ee ae | kien ON AW cal Voss bale o ‘Chromium Cr | | Fluorine F Manganese | Mn \| Chlorine a peer (os \\ pea | Set | Nt | | tine 1 Siner | AB. | Salohur $ see | Ba || Phospbons |? pene | aS || Boron 3 Pam — | Pt || Siicon si ‘Uranium U Helium He Lithium i Neon Ne Germanium Ge Argon ArFor example, the symbol N stands for The valency of an a : ‘an clement or of a rad @ The Nitrogs ‘umber of hydrogen atoma ‘hatte ; Gi) One atom of Nitrogen Lee solace one atom of tht elerent ee { Gil) 14 gra “nit (This weight being —= ihe sonic weights he coe Modern Deftation a Vateney Es evALey atin 9 MBC OF electrons that an atom cen lose, ing poe aN esse ory ENO SH ig «ccm acon ae combining power with other clementy. " _ 1s the Property of an element that determines ach clean iil kts on eo ; the cquimber of other atoms with which an sian f proton Fag | vent init Hekate charge and each 8 the element can combine Can BMS wit past = FaEHE: Neutron bas no ; : blectrié charg, itis neutral. Every atom Valency is measured in terms of hydrogen atoms = an ‘ormally Mt protons the charges in the atom and make a atom electrically neutral Contains an equal number of electrons any Othydrogen atoms which balance 1 of oxygen atoms that can ‘or oxygen atoms. It is the number or double the number combine with it, I one or more electrons are either remo ha oye SNE apaciy ag ee te eto ater ioc <{6ss than that of hydrogen, its valeney is tae eo less number of electrons or more numberof elec, pene (1) and is considered a standard than normal, and it gts an overall elects chars 2,8)" Examples : The atom then becones an ion. (One atom of chlorine combines with one S)\ 2o'drozen stom to form a molecule of hydrogen (/ Mg? (divalent) 1 2,8:2 28 fo Co Al = 3e- > AI (trivalent) 2,83 28 a Positive ions are known as cations. rs) $<sutermost shell (valence shell) are usual lectrons in | their 0 eae hell are normall a outermost s non. Examples of variable valency {iron ()joxide FeO) {iron (UD) oxide Fe,0, copper {1 Crows (Comper Donde Ca,0 2 Cuprie (Copper {Ip} oxide CuO sions with seven six and five electrons in their (MESHY (3 Merl i ice shell gain one, two and three electrons Sen vApectively in order to complete their octet and tis |! {Pumice ton they form, monovalent, divalent and trivalent negative prune les) oe 2 in 2 Semone in) ie oa eee 4 Stenie (Tin V0 hei a) 2,8,8 [Nitrogen {3 Ammonia ae 4 Dinkroge pele a soit |r {3 Psp ee N+ 3e > NP Gtaleanan se pairhoehores pentostierets Be 2 Myrogensuipide Sulphur {: Sulphur dioxide | ative jons are Known as anions. 6 Sulphur trioxide | Fa Gatcronn, | 112 18 | 4 s|6]7|8 Non-metals like nitrogen, phosphorus and (SL sulphur alo show variable valeney. Nitrogen an [7 titer Tia la alata le | phosphorus exhibit valencies of 3 and 5 while Variable valen Certain elements exhibit more than one valency, ie. they show. variable valeney. For example, iron shows valency of 2 and 3 and forms compounds like FeCl and FeCl. Reasons for variable valency An atom of an element can sometimes lose more electrons than are present in its valence shell, i.e. the is a loss of electrons from the penultimate shell too. Therefore, such an element is said to exhibit variable valency. If an clement exhibits two different positive valencies, then we use the suffi “aus” for the lower valency and the suffix “ic” for the higher valency. Modem chemists use Roman numerals in place of these trivial names. For example, SnCl, ie, stannous chloride is written as Tin (I) chloride and SnCly Le stannic chloride is written as Tin (IV) chloride. This 's known as stock notation®. J noution is a method in chemical nomenclature that Roman numeral to represent valency. sulphur exhibits valencies of 2, 4 and 6. 14 FORMULA ‘Atoms of elements combine to form molecules. So it is possible to represent the molecules in terms of symbols of their constituent atoms. The symbolic representation of a molecule js known as formula or molecular formula. ‘A molecular-formula also known as chemical formula employs symbols to denote the: ‘molecule ofan ‘element or of a compound. 'A molecule of an element may contain one oF more atoms of it. For example, a molecule of elements hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, chlorine, bromine and iodine, contains: two atoms and are written as Hy, Oo, Na, Cl Bra and Ip respectively Incase of a compound, the molecule containing different atoms united in a certain fixed ratio is represented by placing symbols of the elements present in it side by side indicating their numbers vvritten in subscripts, Thus, NIBUCT represents one molecule of ammonium chlonde containing one atom of nitrogen, four atoms of hydrogen and one atom of chlorine.(Mg), Ibis known as a compound radieal when it ie made up ofa group of two or more diferent atoms (olyatomie) like sulphate (SO,2) which is made 4p of one sulphur ator and four oxygen atome 2820 represen two molecales of water be : som ogee ph nse conuiing #0 Nate Aa ald rae wh be Moms of hydrogen and ons aon sro stand water sa result of neutralisation This by Tooking at formula, we understand Setar Howes + tn + vg a Se (ase)! (Acidy (Salty form the molecule In the formation of potassium chloride, the Batascium redial hasbeen contbuted by the eng Potassium hydroxide and is therefore called « beat fadleal while the chloride radical has bees renughuted by hydroeblorc acid and is, therefor termed an acid radical Pihen a salt is dissolved in wate, it splits op int ls constituent radicals. The basic rufa 9 Siqiicane of moleeutar formal ‘The molecular formula of a compound has ‘uantiavesenicance. Wt represen beth the molecule and the mokculr mase of the compound Gi) the respective numbers of diferent atoms present in one molecule ofthe compound, Ml) the ratios of the respective masses of the ements present inthe compoura For example, he formula. CO; means hat (© the motecslar formula of carbon dioxide is C0; (i) each molecile consis one carbon atom joined by chemical bonds with two oxygen aoe, Gi) the molecular mass of carbon dioxide ic 44 en that the atomic mass of carbon is 12 and (or acidic) radical, BS cement a List of basic radicals is given in Table 1.4, 15 RADICALS List of acid radicals is given in Table 18 Ze molecule ofa compound is wally made The harge on a radical is usually its valency. ib.oF two parts and these parts are separately Depending on the charges, a radical may tg Known as radicals. For example, a molecule ay ™onovalent which has a valency of ones ecko, ~ Potassium chloride has two parts, potassium ang (alency = 2), trivalent (Walency = 3) or winivalne chloride, so potassium is one radical and chloride t Gee oa ao i ak TR own combining power (aleaey), and itis according to this combining power A radical is an atom or @ group of that they form chemical formulae, ‘the same or of different elements that For example, in the compound ammonium ya single unit with a positive or carbonate (NH,),CO,, ammonium (NH,') is a basic radical with combining power | ae z s itis SAtbonate (CO;2+) is an acidic radical wi A radical is called a simple radical when itis combining powe a 2d an atom only like sodium (Na+) and magnesium Ss _ ————__—+~« Thus, in potassium chloride, potassium is an clestopostive (or basic) radical and chloride ig at electronegative (or acidic) radical. Similar (orenasitm sulphate, magnesium isan electropostive (or basic) radical while sulphate is an electronegative‘ieaavolod leopealire i Divalent dectroposive Tivalent eletropoxtve unonium ‘NH,") 1. Argentie {Silver(t Ag 1. Aluminium: ar Aurous [Gold (1)} Aw 2, Barium Bat 2, Ar male 3, Argeatous [Silver (1)] Ag | 3. Calcium AEE a cet | 3. auc (Go army An 1 Cupeus (Copper (D1 Cut | 4. CoprictCopperamy cut» | a. Biemath Bi sim | steer sb) fe | 5. Chromium ce Lickiom Lit | 6. Magnesium Msi | 6. Ferric {lon (] Feit 7, Sodiuan Ne | 7, Manganese Ma §. Potassium K | 8 Mercurie [Mercury (I) Hg Tetravalent dectropoitive Mercurous [Mercury (D]} Het | 9, Nickel 1. Plumbie (Lead (IV) Poe 10. Plumbous [Lead (I) 2. Platnic [Platinum Vy] P+ Platinous [Plainum (Ih) Pv | 3, Stanic (Tin V)} sat* ‘Stannous (Tin I) Zine 208 Monovalent electronegative | __ Divalent electronegative Trivalent electro 1 Acetae CH,COO | 1. Carbonate co; 1. Arsenate 2, Bicarbonate or 2 Dichwomate C407 2. Nivide Hydrogen carbonate HCO 3, Bislpide o 3. Oxide o 2 Abuminse =A Hydrgen sulphide HS" | 4, Bisulpate or | 4, rerouue °. AoAmeie MO Hydrogen sulphate HSO,- 5. Bsulpite or 5. Sulphate soe |S. Phosphide =P 6, Bromide Br 6. Sulphie | 6. phosphite PO; "ne & fob sme (ences ae & Permanganate Moo; | 8. silicte | Borate 20, | 9, Fluoride F 9. Thiosuphate | al 10, Hyde H 10, Zinewe “etralenteletronerve 11, Hydroxide ont 11, Punbite |i Carbide Sree 12. Todide if 12. Stannate 2. Rermoeyanide Fe(CN)¢ 1 cyl | 13. Mangan | 14, Nitrate 14, Chromate | 1S. Nitrite | 15. Oxalte | | 16. Chore | 17. Hypoctlorite 18. Chlorate 19. Perchlorate Meta aluminateTable 1.6 : Based on the steps; mentioned alo formulae can be written in the WRITING CHEMICAL FORMULAE mgside following way, The following steps should be taken while ng way, Septet wit mua The meta scaled [mest] sou cele Compa | valeces uch | © White the symbols sie by side, basic radical is |stpeaum | vg ew Written ist and then acidic radical ii) Write the valeney of each atom on top of its {ate ce ob | Se RS hee oe ot ep oxide” | psiding by levee (2)orcsymboioftereas, || mame () Divide the valency numbers by their highest | ;uminin i Gommon factor (H.C), if any, t0 get the |p ne} pee op simplest ratio, (¥) Interchange the valencies of the radicals, Sodium Mm AG (vi) Write the interchanged valency numbers to fen 7 the lower right of the radicals. If the radical isa e Soda wt sr0up of atoms and has a valency number more |S es Os, ; than 1, enclose it within parentheses. a Table 7 : IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS AND THEIR FORMULAE [_Geicinane [Spb vith chre] Forman [Chesca ame Tsar = | Poussiam chonde | Kimc1~ Ka Sodium nitrate Nano | Pouassium bomide | KB KBr Sodium hydrogen | Nal+HHCO}- | Potassium iodide | ep KI ‘carbonate | Poussium hydroxide | KOH! Kon Sodium hydrogen supite| Nal“HSOF | | Pani a KiNOF KNo, _ |} Saumhydrogn supe] NeHS0) | Posi nate mo, | ee | Pofeeiar yseiged RCO ‘Sodium sulphate jaeewe Sodium carbonate | Powassumbydrogen | Kiso KHHSO, I) cium sincae ulphite Sodium plumbite tsi bogs xaso, |] Sots ee Ammonium chloride | NKJ*c1!~ Potassium metaluminate | K!*alo!~ KAlo, Ammonium sulphate | NEf*SO}- Potassium permanganate | K!*Mno}~ KMn0, Ammonium hydroxide | NHJOH! Potassium siipite | K!4502- K350, |} Calcium chloride cata Potassium sulphate Kl*sop K,S0, Calcium hydroxide | Car*OH Potassium carbonate | K!*C K,c0, Calcium nitrate CaN} Possum detromate | KCHOF K,¢,0, |] Cale nydogen | caerico}- arbonate Potassium zincate KZn0%- 200, |] carbo oes ee i Calcium Iydrogen suptite| CaPiS0}- Potassium plambite | K!*P503- RO; Ml cu oe Cor ‘Sodium chloride ‘Nal*cy- ‘NaCl ‘Calcium sok caso? Molt NCH | Calum cabonae | cat4co? | NaleNor- NaNO, — || Caleium oxide Caosicium sficate cxSi07 Calcium nitride | caten® oo Chromium suipte | CSO Cx{S0)s upnesium chlrde | Mg?*cy!~ lee Chromium oxide | coor 0, | Ntasresam hydroxide | Mg?OH!= oe Naposium aie’ | Mg?NOF MoH, | Cone tiie cc oc) Magnesium oxide MeO" BOD: || Corr se coho as Magnesium nitride | Mg2*n2= Mal Copper {1 sulphide | Culss> cus ine chtoride Zac Zach, ne ae Zine hydroxide za*out Zon oe im = wc cucl, Zine nate Za?*NOF oe errs mee oon cuorn, Zinc sulphate zn®*S02- bens “opper [IT] nitrate | cuNo}- Co Zine carbonate Z0*CO?- z Copper {it suphate | CuSO} CuSO, Zine oxide Za%t0> me | Some Sa ee Gs | pre le ieee S| eet ee rene Ion [II] chloride Feral ah Lead {11} nydronide | Pb*OH!= PHOH), eee oe = | Lead {1} nitrate Pb2NO,* P(NO,) |) trom (nitrate angie re vent no m0," [iow tinipme (recor | SO, Lead I] oxide Poeto> PbO tro (sulphide Fess! RS ‘Manganese chloride | Mn?#CI!~ MnCl, Iron {I} oxide FeO FeO. Manganese sulphate | Mn?*SO}- MnSO, Iron {II} (ferric) | ‘Aluminium chloride ALycr AIC, tron {IT chloride eae rec, Aluminium sulphate | APSO; ALgSO,); || Iron (I sulphate Fe*SOP FeSO); Aluminium hydroxide | AP*OH! MOH), Iron {Il} hydroxide | Fe*OH Fe(OH), ‘Aluminium sulphide ARS? ALS; Iron [III] sulphide Fes Fe,S; ‘Aluminium oxide ARO ALO, Tron {1 nitrate FeSNOF Fe(NO,), |g Chromium chloride cere crcl, ‘ron [HIT] oxide FeO Fe,0, |~ 1.7 NAMING CERTAIN COMPOUNDS Different types of compounds can be named as ‘The following steps are to be taken while writing Tole the name of a compound : 1. Compounds with a metal and a non-metal : The ‘metal is written first followed by the non-metal and the suffix ide is added to the non-metal. For example : Calcium + Nitrogen — Calcium nitride [Ca,N3} Compounds of variable valencies : Elements (i) Identify the basic and acidic radicals in the formula. (ii) Write the name of the compound in the same order of radicals as given in the formula. ines Tike gold, iron, copper, mercury, lead and tin CHORae exhibit more than one valencies. According to Basic Radical — Ca (Calcium) the latest IUPAC system of nomenclature, the Acidic Radical — OH (Hydroxide) valency is written in Roman numbers in brackets Name of the compound — Caleium Hydroxide with the basic radical. For example : Gold Na,C,0, @ sulphate is Au,SO, (Aurous sulphate). Gold Basic Radical — Na* (Sodium) (IID) chloride is AuCl; (Aurie chloride)”. Acidic Radical — €,0,?" (Oxalate) [The slfixes ous and ic were usedin old nomenclature sjstern Name of the compound — Sodium oxalate to represent lower and higher valencies respectively, Ee eeeeee”Lmté~<“‘i‘“_“i‘—™S;CC0 Sod oxide 0 ° Nao, Soin peroxide Mno- | KMn0, | Potassium permanganate M0, nO, | Potassium manganate TRCN) | (FEC) | Potassium ferricyanide Ferroeyanide Fo((CN I | RaFeCN1 | Pot 3. Compounds with non-metals having variable : The prefix ti or tetra, penta or et. is dsc cacny ben cod Wr al For example, PCI, is phosphorus trichloride and PCI; is phosphorus pentachloride. Compounds with different number of oxygen © ee ya soo formula ‘The name of the compound depends on the number of oxygen atoms present in the compound. The prefix “hypo is used if the number of oxygen atoms is less than 2., KCIO — Potassium hypochlorite The suffix ‘e"is used ifthe number of oxygen atoms KCI0y ~ Potassium chlorite The suffix ‘ate’ is used if the number of oxygen atoms is 3. KCI; ~ Potassium chlorate The prefix per is used when the number of oxygen atoms is more than 3. KIO, ~ Potassium perchlorate (b) Names of acids containing radicals of polyatomic (i) HClis hydrochloric acid Gi) HF is hydrofluoric acid ‘groups are given on the basis of the second tlement present in the molecule, and the prefix “hydro” is not used. (i) In H,SOq, the second element i sulphur, hence the name sulphure acid, Gi) In HNO,, the second element is nitrogen, henee the name nitric act (iii) In HyPO,, the second element is Phosphorus, hence the name Phosphoric acid. Ifthe number of oxygen atoms is less, then suffix ‘ous’ is used instead of ‘ic’. Thus H,S0, is sulphurous acid, HNO, is nitrous acid, Note : There are certain compounds with names | that do not follow any systematic rule, Such names are called trivial or common names, and they widely accepted. (Refer common names given in Example the beginning of the book). fuanples« () Nitrogen trihydride is called | ‘ammonia [NH]. (Gi) Hydrogen monoxide or di oxide is called water (H,O), - 18 TO CALCULATE THE VALENCY FROM THE FORMULA The valency of elements can be determined based on the knowledge of the valencies of radicals and of the fact that the valency of : Hydrogen [H] = 15 Chlorine [Cl] ‘Procedure to find the valency 2s ‘Oxygen [0] [sea Acidic radical | Compound formed HeIo Gio Nici Hypochlorows acid_| Hypochlorite | Sodium hypochlorite HCO, 10, NaciO, Chlorous acid Chlorite Sodium chlorite HCIO, CI0, NaCio, Chlorc acid | Chlorste | Sodium ehirae HCIO, ‘Nacio, ‘| Sodium Perchlorate 5. Naming of acids (@) Names of binary acids (acids composed of two elements) are given by adding the prefix ‘dro’ and the suffix ‘ic’ to the name of the second element, 1, Write the given formula, 2, Imerchange the subscript and write itas superscript. 3. The valency of oxygen is taken as 2, a therefore, muliply both the superscripts | N20 by2,Eompteve the following statements by selecting the | correct option "The formula of a compound represents ® () a particle (@)-x'molecule 2) a combination The correct formula of aluminium oxide is (a) AIO, (H)AIO, (YAO; (d) ALO “The valeney of Tead in lead oxide (PbO) is hy two (©) three (a) four (a) Ovy (6) Phosphorus Match the following eginning ofthe book) 2 () Neon 65 Sulphur Compound Formula (a Boric acid « Niort) (b) Phosphoric acid i) Si0, (0) Nitrous acid Gi) (@) Nitte acid oo) (6) Stiphurous acid o () Selphuric acid wi) (id (it) @® () Hydrochloric acid (b Silica (sand) (oy Caustic soda (Godium hydroxide) oie eae ioe ‘elect the basic apd acidic radicals in the Fol compounds,» 6S a) MgSO,” (@) (NH);50, ©) ALSOds (@ zco, (© Mas Give the formula and valency of (@ atuninae =f. e (b) chromate Lh (© alunisim El oe (4) cupric Ca. 2. ‘What do the following symbols stand for? wn gaye so7t | Abe ‘Which of tie following tlements has a molecular mass_| [Refer common names in the Howing | a) CaP) () Ka, |e) Metco, |e) Bacio), | 2) exicoonss | Ammenium and Zine | combination of A and 8 TA. Wt te chemical ames of te towing creas () 00, 8) Mo(BO9, @ NagheCNyg? 1) As,$0, “fi SaSi0, Wit beni forme of is of aR FE atnDoty? 4 The aency ofan clement A 3 and al of lamest is 2. Write the formula of she campound formed by the a iat 8) 9. Give the names ofthe following compounds (w KeIO ‘Wet the formula ofits (a) Chloride (b) Oxide (©) () KCIO, (© KCI, "The forma ofthe sulphate ofan element M is MSOs @ KcI0,! Phosphate (8) Acetate ‘Whats a symbol of an element ? What information dees itecouvey? 12 Whyis the symbol for sulphr, bat Na for sodium and St [Name the elements represented by the 1a¢ fay’ Write the fll form of IUPAC. following symbols: Au, Pb, Sm HE. | 46 tf the symbol for Cobalt, C ‘would be wrong with it with an example. , were written as CO, what Explain te terms ‘valency’ and ‘variable valeney How ae the elements with vale valency named ? Explain (a) What is a chemical formula’? | 7 waite senteaweaasomalGoesmes | to illustrate “What do you understand by the following terms ? | “(gy Aci aca (0b) Basic radical | 19, Write the basic radical and acidic radicals of the ae ae saat then wilte the chemical formolae ofthese conus |g Batam sae (cao rome (@) Conim sha (p Sam ote () Magnesium pose () Shans pope (a) Posio manga (b) Bismuth nitrate (@) Ferrous sulphide (0) Calcium silicate (h)_ Sodium zincate () Sodium thiosulphate ()_ Nicket bisulphate (n)_ Potassium ferreyanide | a0. Give te names ofthe cements an mantra ams of Gin pen inte lowing comes (9) Sodium sulphate (©) Baking soda (b) Quick lime (@) Ammonia (@) Ammonium dichromate ty21. The valency of an e (@) oxide (hy nent A is 4 Write the formula ofits irate (©). phosphate 22 Wdentity the cations (electropositive ions) and anions (electronegative ions) in the following compounds (a) CH,COONa () NH,CL | ©) Pac, () Mgo 2S Gian example of divalent shion anda tive cation, Nat the formola ofthe compound formed by to combination, Write the Lain names of sodium, mercury and ion, 26 State the numberof atoms pre nt in each of the folowing @ POO) PO, ©) HS, 80,7 1.9 CHEMICAL EQUATION in which a new substance, carbon dioxide, is formed ‘The reaction can be represented by either a word equation or a chemical equation (using formulae and symbols), as shown below : Word equation : Carbon + Oxygen —** Caipon dioxide Word equation simply represents a change of reactants into products. They do not give a true picture of the chemical reactions that occurs. Hence, writing chemical ‘equations becomes necessary. Chemical equation: c+0, —* 5 co, ‘Steps involved in writing a chemical equation : (@ Write the symbols or the formulae of the reactants on the left hand side, with a (+) sign between them, Gi) White the symbols or the formulae of the products ‘onthe right hand side, with a +) sign between them, Gili) Put the sign of an arrow (+) in between the reactant side and the product side, TWo arrow heads in opposite direcions facing the products as well as the reactants (=) show that the ‘products formed can recombine to form the reactants, (iv) Represent the reactants and the products in their molecular forms [because their atomic forms are usually neither stable nor capable of separate existence]. 7h Depending onthe numberof oxygen stomp thenanes of sn acne omae weg the formula of thee coresponding sain "2°. Wag Acid_—_| Formula Perclore | HCIO, acid Chlove acid | s1c10, CChiorous acid | C104 Hypoehlorous | C10 acid | Sodivm perchlorate Sodium chlorate Potassium chorite Sodium bypochiorite For example Sodium reacts with water to form Sodium hydroxide and hydrogen. INa + 24,0 —> 2NeOH +H AA chemical equation tell us what substances ge involved in a given reaction (REACTANTS) aay What are the substances formed as a result ofthe reaction (PRODUCTS). For example ‘CuSO, + 2NaOH > CulOH), + Nas$0, —) Ss Reactans| Producs In the given equation, copper sulphate and sodium hydroxide (REACTANTS) react to produce | Copper hydroxide and sodium sulphate (PRODUCTS). Chemical reactions may involve : (® one reactant and two or more products i) two reactants and one product ii) two reactants and two products iv) to reactants and three or more products ( one reactant and two or more products Examples : @ CaCO, > C0 + CO, ©) 2PB(NO) > 2POO + AND, +02 (i) 0 reactants and one product Examples : @ NHy+Ha > NH,eL Oy N.+3H) > 2NH, © 2Cu+0; > 2cu0 (iii) fo reactants and two products Examples : (@) AgNO, + NaCl > Agcl + NaNOs (0) NaSO, + BaCl, > BaSO, + 2NcClim nd sce. S). js) two reactants and three or more products cu + 28,80, 3 © 1, + 2H,0 + SO, 4) axstnd, + 16H 2KEI + 2c, +810 + SC se anc tach Saree “tal make the point clear aa represents a chem KNOs + KNO3 + 03 In the above chemical equation, the number of xygen atoms in the feaetant (KNOs), on the left ore not equal 10 the number of oxygen atoms sitye products formed (KNO3 + 0;), om the right side It is an equation in which the total number of ‘awms of each element-in-the-reactants: on the lef ate of the equation, is the same as the number of sams in the products jormed, on the right side of the equation. 1) CaCO, > C20 + CO} In this equation, he number of atoms of Cay C and O on both sides is the same, i-e. the equation i balanced. NO, > KNO; +02 © In this equation, since the number of atovns vr guygen on both sides isnot the sames the Squation isnot balanced. The balanced form of the equation is 2KNO, -> 2KNO3 + O2 Balancing an equation is the method of mating aa aer of alors of different elements on Pom sides of the equation equal Why should an equation be balanced ? ‘An-equation suet bevbalanced, 18 order to | comply with the “Law of Conservation of Mattes”. | which states that master is neither created nor | vvestroved in the course of a,chemical TED An | aera ee dequation would imply that aos have BESS | created or destroyed | ‘Ther ’ (i) Hit and rat method Ai) Paral equation method are two methods of balancing an equation “This method consists of counting the number of ‘atoms of each element on both sides and trying 19 equalize them. Take the following steps (@) Count the number of times (frequenc clement occurs on either sie. ii) The element with the least frequency of ‘occurrence is balanced firs. Giiy When two or more elements hi ave the frequency, the metallic element is balanced firs. Cu-+H,S0, > CvS0, +02 +10 Je 1 ; Balance the following equation cp 1 Count the number of atoms of all the clements on either side of the chemical equat Element Reactant side Product side cu 1 atom H 2 atoms s 1 atom ° 4 atoms atom 2 atoms 7 atoms Copper and hydrogen are equal on both sides soto equalise sulphur atoms, multiply H:SOx by 2. ‘Gu + 21,805 > Cv80, + $02 + H,0 by 2. H,0 This gives the balanced equation. Car 2H,S0, > C1504 + 802 +2H,0 “3 To equalise hydrogen atoms, multiply ‘Example 2: Balance te following skeletal esahO® oe + H,0 > Fe.0s+ H, step 1: Count the number of atoms of all the elements on both sides ofthe chemical equation, lement Reactant side Product side Fe 1 2 H 2 2 ° 1 3 Step 2: To balance Fe atoms, multiply Fe on the reactant side by 2 2Fe +H1,0 > FeOs i —— +H& To halance oxygen be int side ite} etre 130 om the 16 a 2Ke + 3H, > Pe;O) + Hy : ant side and only 2 hydrogen atoms of the ct sid. To balance the hydrogen atoms, write J before hydogen on the product side 2Fe + 3H,O > Fes0y+ Hy tion isa balanced equation The above eq) Ammonia, calcium chloride and cote ing a mixture of ammonium water are obtained by hes Chloride and calcium hydroxide, Write a balanced equation of the reaction, @ NHCL+ CHOH, > CaCl, +. NH, + 1,0 This isthe skeleton equation, (Gi) To equalise Cl atoms, multiply NHjC\ by 2 2NH,Cl + CMOH), — CaCl, + NHL, + H,0 (ii) To equatise nitrogen atoms, multiply Nit, by 2 2NH,Cl + COH), > CaCl, + 2NH, + H,0 Gv) To equalise oxygen atoms, multiply 4,0 by 2 2NH,Cl + Cx(OH, > CaCl, + 2NH, + 2H,0 The above equation is a balanced equation, Example 4 > Balance the following skeleton equation, ASO; + SnCl; + HCI—> SnCl, + As + 1,0 Solution Step 1: Count the number of atoms of all the elements on both sides of the equation, Element Reactant side Product side As z I Sn iF 1 a 3 4 H I 2 oO 3 I je? 2: To equilise As and O, muliply As by 2 and HO by 3, 25:05 + SACh, + HCI Soc, + 24s 4 34,6, Rep % To equalixe H atoms, muliply HCI by 6, A203 + SiC + 6HCI— SoC, + 24s 4 3H,0 Step 4: Multiply SnCly and SnCl, both by3, 20s 3800s + HCI» 38001, + 25 + 150 This isthe balanced chemical equation, Example 5 : Potassium dichromate reg with hydrochloric acid to produce potassign chloride, chromium chloride, water and chlorine, Write the skoltal equation of the reaction gy balance it Step 1: The skeletal equation is KiCH0y + HCI + KC1+ CCl + 1.0 + cy ep 2: Balance oxygen, hydrogen, potasium, chromium and chlorine, starting with oxygen besa ‘occurs at the minimum number of places, + Te equalize oxygen, multiply H,0 by 7; K:C0) + HCL KCI + CCl, + 750-4 ¢4 * To equalize hydrogen, mutiply HCl by 14; SiCh0;+ HCI > KCL cictys Aga * To equalize K and Cr, multiply both KCl ang CrCl; by 2; K:Ci01 + 16 HCI + 2K01+ 20 +10 +c * To equalize Cl, multiply Cl; by 3, 3c, K610, + 14C1-> 2K01 +2620, +714,0430, Now the equation is balanced. Nowe : A balanced equation need not represen the real reaction, For example : Ci + H3S0, ~ CuSO,+H, Ny is a balanced reaction, but copper is 1éss active ta hydrogen so it cannot displace hydrogen from the del } Prosuce hydrogen gas. Experiments also show that Soper reacts with cone. HE50, to give SO, and not bydeopen The correct chemical equation is Cu + 2H:80, > CuSO, + $0, 4 2140, ‘The hit and trial method is very useful for balancing simple chemical equations, bu it has some limitations, © Te takes time to balance complicated equations. (4) The mechanism steps of the reaction ‘how the reaction has taken Place) of the reaction is not clear, 2. Balancing by partial equation method Balancing can be done more easily by supposing ‘he complex reaction to have taken place in steps Write the equations for these individual steps then add the equations. This method is know! ing by partial equation method’. *Notin labs and, asNets um The following example will make it clearer supposed to be completed in the ; p the following two steps i), HO, decomposes to give sive water + nascent oxyge 2 > H,0 +0 ey Ni nt oxyger 2 iodide in the presence of water to give loin and potassium hydroxide, a 2KI + H;0 + 0 > 2KOH + 1, Adding th «iy ‘Wo equations () and (ii) we got Ib H,0; > 1,0 +0 » 2KOH + 13 2KI + H,0+0. a 2KI + H,0; > 2KOH + a H,0 and © occur on the product side, in the first reaction, while on the reactant side inthe second ; reaction, 0 they get cancelled. The resultant equation te is a balanced chemical equation. z on conveyed by a balanced Refer to the following equations 1" 1) 2NuOH + HS0, — NaySO, + 2H,0 (a) about the actual result of the chemical change. (b) sbout the reactants involved and the products formed as a result of the reaction. (c) about the number of molecules of each substance taking part and formed in the reaction. Here two rolecules of sodium hydroxide and one molecule of sulphuric acid react to give one molecule of sodium sulphate and two molecules of water. | @abour the chemical composition of the respective molecules; one molecule of sodium hydroxide ( ns one atom of sodium, ne atom of oxygen and one atom of hydrogen. (¢) About molecular mass; that 80 parts by weight of sodium hydroxide reacts with 98 parts by weight of sulphuric acid to produce 142 parts by weight \ of sodium sulphate and 36 parts by weight of water. ‘NaOH + H,S0, > Na,S0, + 2H,0 2QBHI6ET) + 2432464) = (46132468 + 22416) = 80 +98 = 142+36 > 178 = 178 — =ort (I also proves the law of conservation of mass i.e. the total mass of the substances on either Side ofthe equation ithe ae. Accorting to the above equation, 178 gram of reactants ae producing 178 gram of products. Note : On the basis of experiments itis found that | 224 litres of every gas, at 760 mm pressure and | temperature of 0°C (STP), weighs the same a its ‘molar mas ie, molecular mass expressed in grams. For example 224 tres of hydrogen at .1.P. will weigh 2 g DBA hes of ammenin at STP. will weigh 17 @) CaCO, + 2HCI > CaCl, +H,0 + CO, io 73 iB 4g This balanced chemical equation conveys the following information (a) One molecule of calcium carbonate reacts with two molecules of hydrochloric acid to produce one molecule each of calcium chloride, water and carbon dioxide. (b) 100g of calcium carbonate reacts with 73 & of hydrochloric acid to produce 111g of calcium chloride, 18 g of water and 44 g of carbon dioxide. (Note thar the masses of the reactants and the products are taken in grams) (©) 100 ¢ of calcium carbonate, on treatment with 3g of HCI, will produce 22.4 litres of carbon dioxide at STP. 1.9.4 Limitations of a chemical equation the preci ritite, ston teeny donna it For exampte ia 5 wae : reacts, When sain Of ver ipa or liquid, (@) or upwang ct (8 Solid, (1) ets wit lt hydrochlorie acid. «precip, (a) For solution in was ™™ (fo gaa neg - Se res ormed For example 5 HNO (09) + HCI (aa) HNO, ample | Zins sae af) ~» HNOs (a9) + Agel with hydrochloric nei gol Metal, rescty ©) ‘The reaction which are reversible can be shown Produce zinc chlor aaueous ae Y the sign of reversibility (eo), dines " 8QUCOUS state and a gag inn Stamp: Reaction of steam with ea igang Bodce tiene tetraoxide and hydrogeg isa reversible reaction She + 48,0 = FeO, + 4H, (9 Chemicat reactions proceed with evolution of Absorption of heat. This information is provided lute sulphuric by adding the term ‘heat’ 23) + 2HCVa9) 290 ©) Concentration of acids to the reaction, (a9) + Hig) aN also be added For example _ 200) + H,80,4i) 2980 ,(aq) + Hig) ls) + O.0¢) + COe) + Hear Zine reeets with conc, Sulphuric acid to produce 2C(s) + O3(8) ~ 2CO(@) — Heat ine sulphate, sulphur dioxide and water, (&) Information regarding temperature, pressure, Zat0)+2HLSO one) -» 2580 (a)284049 SO,@) alt et. is provided above and ov Keon ne (©) Heating during the reaction canbe shown t's oe ped eae pan Ocal () ates tearm, in the presence of catalyst Fe and promace Mo at 450°C and 200 to 900 atmosphons Pressure, t0 produce ammonia, with evening a. of eat, ee 2KC10, 45 2Kc1 +30, N33 a chew (A) Any reaction in which a precipitate is formed, 2a r00am gad scm $0] - Inds, twee etd | 6) Zactnon-+4Z90,00, Das ROR . ‘State the information conveyed by the following equation, @ F.0, 500 Fe Co, Zaks) +2HCI (aq) + ZnCl, (ag) + HP (©XSPOO 42NH, —3P 3H.04.N, ‘Bs What isthe liitation of the reaction pten in question 2 o Bp ia chemical equations folloving word equations 2) , + Aten gins wnt (Stabs = SOnfen can ipage 4) SHINO, 5 180, eNO, 280 inbben + Ox}fen -» Nirogeh monoxide ) MnO, #4C1 Mine), 24,0 + C1, ©) Calchim yNitroen > Calcium nie ay ® C+1$0, +00, + 1,0 +50, (@) Calcium onde + Carbo oxide“ Catckimearvonae |) Ket 15> KG +KaO +10 iesium + Sulphuric acid (m) NO, +#,0 + HNO, , as bm Mapes sph + Hydrogen (0) PbO, + HCI ~»Poct, + #04 C1, © Sotlunrets vie waeritemiolunbriniicm | pry t iX hydrogen Ala a eho dpe We {(®) NaHCO, ~ Na.Co, +1,0+C0, 4 tho ui ‘Balance the following equations + (@) HNO, +H,8 NO, +1,0+5 (a) Fe+H,0>Fe,0, +H, (9 P+HNO, NO, + H,04 1,0, (b) Cat N, > CaN, (9) Zn+HNO, — Z2n(NO), +H,0 +NO,given in the preli Atoms being extremely small, cannot be . weighed directly. But indi ly lirect methods of of physics eed a ae a Hil kinds of atoms, The aa mass of a hydrogen atom is found to be 1-66 x 10 g while that patois seers 19006 » 10g Ab hee cant so mall, itis not convenient to use Lisrend Pee vs unit, It has, therefore, be oe anal spore then relate masses of other atoms to it, Th r : 0 it. The resuki thasses of atoms are thus known as Relative Atomic Mass (RAM) or Atomic Weight. In the beginning, the mass of the hydrogen stom MPOSITION Sei EAN dla poessas 23x24 124 16x3 ti : compound = 46 + 12 + 48 = 106 amu Til wf the element n one an mi > Gam mokesar weight of fe compound #100 g of NCO, contains $S%100 ote: Total percentage of all the elements in & ci, oe per erny= = 434 g of Sodium Example 7 Clete peng of hdagen Sita, 105 ¢NU4COs coins io in water ning 12*100 | Given shat the relative atomic masses (in aa) * 100-8. N&{CO, contains “Se ot eae f= 1.016 sree Solution Relative molecular mass of HO Again, 106 g of N&sCO, contains 4 g of 48109 x2416 * 100 0PNexCO, coins IO) ga 8 4800 Since 18 g of water contains 2 g of hydrogen = 06 = 453 g of Oxygen 100 of water conuins x 100 = 1.11 g of AMSWer : In NagCO, : Na = 3.4%, Hydrogen 1 C= 113% and 0 = 45.3% Example 10.: (Nity)sS0ReS0_6Hy0 te he Answer : Hydrogen in water is 11-19% molecular formula of Mohr's sal Example 8 + Calculate the percentage of (2) How many types of atoms are present in it? (©) Find the number of atoms of each element, (6) Calculate the percentage of each element, nitrogen in area NH1CONHs Given RAM. of N = 14, C= Solution : Relative molecular mass of urea ‘NH,CONH, is Element No of atoms Atomic mass Total 2,0 = 16, Given that the relative atomic masses of N 2 4 2B c 1 R @ 5 types of atoms are present —ntrogea, hydrogen, ‘| H 4 1 sulphur, iron and oxygen, o 1 16 (©) Nitrogen-2, Hydrogen-20, Sulphur-2, Iron, i it Oxygen-14. i . RMM.=60 (c) RMM. of Mohr's salt ia We.of nitrogen = 2% 14+ 20%1432%2456x14 14x Percentage of nitrogen = -W40f nitrogen real get ca 10 = 392 amu j 60 * 100 = 46.666 or 46.6795 ‘Mass percentage of N in Mohr’s salt | 28 Answer : Nitrogen in urea is 46.67%, 302 * 100 = 714% i Example 9 ; Calculate the Percentage ‘Mass percent of H= 7 x. 199 = 5.10% composition of various elements in : 302 Sodium carbonate, NajCO, ‘Mass percent of = x 100 = 16.33% ( | O=16,Na=23 md C= 12, SSS ee eeercent of Fe = =© Mass percent of Fe = 355 x 100 = 14.280 Mass poeent of O = Jp5 x 100 = 57.14% (q) Sixmolecules of water are present in Moht's salt oxi8 18 100 27.55% ative molecular mass of NaxCO3, 10H,0 23x24+12416K3+10(2 +16) 106 +180 = 286 amu 285 g of washing soda contains 180 g of water of erysiallisation. 100 g of washing soda contains “8050 286 18000 2.9 g of HO Answer : The % of H,O in Na,CO; - 10H,0 Suppose the sample of wine is of 100 g Amount of alcohol = 30 & Amount of water = 70 g Molecular mass of ethanol CjHs0H =2x 1245x1416 +1 = 46 amu {CHAPTER he short form that stands for the aor vacity of an atom ‘Symbol is 1 YValeney is the combining aps tost/guined or shared while combining with anou lead, show variable valencies: Radical is an atom of 8 £504 and has positive or negative ch Nat (sodium ion) and a radical wit ‘A compound is a substance form: proportion. Molecular formula is a shorthand n0¥ rmambers of aroms of each ofement present iD (amu) is equal 10 one tel 1p of atoms of the ange. A radical wit th negative char Atomic mass unit carbon is taken as 12) ith positive charge is ed by the chemic tation for the molecule of a substance it fh the mass of an atom of carb —C19 — 46 got eho cman 24g of eon 30 of ethanol contains 2 « 30g of carbon #1565 g fC the of Cin C;H40H 5.65% For example, the empirical formula of hydrogen peroxide (H0;) is HO. It indicates the simplest ratio (1: 1) between the hydrogen and oxygen atoms in its molecule whereas its actual formula is H,0>. Similarly, the empirical formula of glucose (CcH,20¢) is CHO. It indicates that the ratio of C. H and O atoms in a molecule of glucose is 1: 2:1 Empirical formula can be same for two ‘or more compounds. For example = Glucose (CeH0¢) and acetic acid (CHyCOOH oF CzH,02) both have same empirical formula CH;O. Th 1 forn ‘Thus, for hydrogen peroxide (H,02), the empirical formula is HO and its empirical formula 17. mass is 1 +16 ’AT A GLANCE m of a sec lament ‘a radical. It is equal radical, Some elements, UKt to the number of electron(s) ther atom oF same or different elements, that beh ge is an anion, eg. Ct (chloride), CO; (carbonate) ‘combination of two or more elements ina fixed ve as a single unit | f etio, eg. NH ammonium ion), | in tems of symbols and | jon-12 (atomic mass of |es Chemical equation is the symbolic ‘ es involved sr the substances “The relative a represenis how many times ene molecule of the substance is heavier than atom of earbon-12, ‘The empirical formula of a compout iumbers of atoms of different elements present in ene molecule of the compound. EXCERCISE 1(C) nas MULTIPLE CHOICE TYPE (Choose the comet answer from the options given below), ( Modern atomie symbols are based on the method propo hy (@) Bohr (©) Dalton for Bere (4) Alchemist (i) The number of carbon atoms in a hydrogen carbonate nical is (@) one ©) wo Sorte @ four (0) The formula of iron (I) sulphate is (a) Fe,S0, () Feso,), SF Fey(S0,), (@) Fes, (is) In water, the hydrogen-to-onygen mass ratio is. (a) 1:8 © 1:16 (1:2 @ 1:65 (©) The formula of sodium carbonate is NajCO, and that of calcium hydrogen carbonate is (a) Caco, (b) CalHco,), (©) Caco, (@) Calico), (WP The coect omic symbols for cabon, calcium, copper ‘and cadmium respectively are (@) CA.C.Cu,Cd (by Ca,€,c0,€4 (©) C.Ca,C. Cd) Ca, C1, Co, Ca (i) Hydrargyrum is the Latin name of: (@) Gola (b) Silver AF Mercury (@) Platinum (il) Io Zn4(PO4), the valency of Zn and Phosphate jeentation of chemical rea the reaction, Since matter is nether ereated nor destroyed in the coune I reaction, every equation needs to be balanced. et oe 5 take part in a chemical reaction (reactant) je weight of an clement is the number of times ome atom of the Semen wir the I ta tn meek ak om re The reave molecular ms (or molar weigh) ofan element oF & compound is ‘he sin thy is the simplest formula, which gives the simplest ratio in whole respectively is (a) 3 and2 (b) 2and 6 Key eames (@) 2and3 jon using symbols and formulge 1 3 times the mass of an (Gx) I. Cay PO) the value of xis: @1 m2 @3 ws (9) In CH, the valeney of carbon is 2° 1 4 @3 (i) Which of the folowing represents the comet chemical formula ofa compound (@) Naso, ) Also, (©) NH,PO, @ ca Gil) A chemical equation is always balanced to sty the ‘conditions of () Law of consant proportions, () Gay Lussae’s law BF Law of conservation of mass (2) Law of mass action, (ili) One "stands for: (@) One atom of any element (&) 1/12m of nysrogen atom (©) An atom of carbon (C-12) Ad) 1/12th the mass of carbon stom (C-12) (xiv) In the compound magnesium stride (M,N): P—Mgiis trivalent, Nis divalent Q— Mg is divalent, N is trivalent R—Mg is divalent, Nis divalent. ‘Which ofthe statements given above isla true ? Lar Only P (b) OnlyQ (©) Only R (@) Both P and Q (89) Copper shows variable valeney and forms wo different ‘compounds with oxygen —Cu,0 and CuO. P—-Ais cuprous oxide, B is cupric oxide. Q-Ais cupric oxide, B is cuprous oxide. R— Ais copper (D oxide, B is copper (If) oxide, (a) Only P (b) OnlyQ (©) Only R (@) Both P and R| soa) The figure given Below shows ; tne molecule of an element, aes (0) Assertion (A) + In a chemical reaction, the total mass 1 ‘where ‘a° denotes the atom with | ‘of the products remains the same as that ofthe reactants some mass 32 | Reayon (R) ; A chemical reaction involves a simple exchange of parners and no new species ae formed. Element is tetratomic with (9. Bement isoctatomi with molecular ass 256, | MPOds R- Elements crown-shapet with molccularmass 26, | Re one () Only Phosphate are thee and two respectively. (©) Only R (@) Both Pana R } vy sein (A) +A chemical eqaton i rinen to i repent lee. (iy Assertion (A) + Chemical combination always takes | place between two clement. ot Aad Ra So ee | Soin ny e true and R is the correct explanation isformedinachemical planation of A. ‘is true but R is False y) As false but R is tue |) VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE @ ‘The atomic mass of sodium is 23 amu, | 1+ Fillin theblanks foroxygenand An atom of sodium is 23 times heavier | _(@) Daltonused symbol fan atom of carbon wah mass 12 am, for hydrogen. @ An atoms the smallest pat of matter (b) Symbol represents stom of an ‘stich can take part in a chemical reaction. | eae ‘atoms of every element can exist | (¢ Symtolic expression for # moterule 1s called independently i) Atbequaions need tobe lanes |) soiumehlrie as words Sum An unbalanced equation would imply that | Seki while chloe is 8 radial atoms have been created or desuoy=! |G) Yaletey of phosphors in PCL is andin PCl; &) ): PCI, js knownas phosphorus trichioride —_ wile LG cre and 9% Su Foi FCs oe RR) : Phosphorus shows variable valency ‘Aluminium does not show variable valency {g) Formula of iron (I) carbonate is ‘Complete the following table. eel Se “Nitrate Acid Radicals paral3. [Name the folowing compounds and sate how many atoms ‘ofeach int are presentin one molecule ofthese compound (@ HS0, — ) HOI, 6) K,C0, () KMn0, (6) Ky[FE(CN)) (0) Na,CrO, (@) Mnj(BO,), (4) HNO, «Bae i) 8) Oke 09084 (9 Acai GR) anes eM © Be SHORT ANSWER TYPE 1. What isthe valency of (2) fhuorine in CaF, | (©) phosphorus in PHA, (©) Manganese in MnO, (@) Magnesium in Mg,N, () nitrogen inthe following compounds (©) sulphurin SF, 6 (©) cabon in cH, 4 © Copperin cu,0 ON, Gi) N,0, (ii) No, (iy NO 2 Why should an equation be balanced ? Explain withthe help ofa simple equation, 3. Define (@) Atomic mass unit (6). Basic racic, 4. Balance the following equations. (@) AL0, + 1,80, Alx60,), + 1,0 (©) NH, + Cl > NH,CI+N, (©) CH, (pentane) +0, + CO, + 1,0 () C,Hjp (ouane) + 0, + C0, + 1,0 (6) FeSO, +H,80,+ Cl, ~ FeyS0,), + HL (© NiCl+ MnO, +1,50, > NaHiS0, + Nas0, +H,0+c1, @ NixC0, +HCL-> NaCl + Oc, +140 +c, ) KM, +H$0¢+ HS K,S0, + Mn50, +1045 & Atomic mas of calcium is 404, What dost signty 9 (@) Hon sulphate ac > fers suptte ¢ by oge, (©) Chlorine + sulphur dioxide + water suipharn acid + hydrogen chloride {© Siler nitrate -> silver ntogen dotde + oxygen (© Copper + niuic acid + copper nit ‘oxide + water (@) Ammonia + oxygen — nitric oxide + water (0) Barium chloride + sulphuric acid —> barium suphae + hydrochloric acid (0) Zine sutphide + oxygen —> zine oxide +sulphurdionite ©) Aluminium carbide + water —> alunisim hydroxige + methane (© ton pytites(Fs,) + oxygen — eric oxide + sulphur dioxide ) Potassium permanganate + hydrochioric acid — Potassium chloride + manganese chloride + chlorine + water (©) Aluminium sulphate + sodium hydroxide > sodiom sulphate + sodium meta aluminate-+ watce (2) Aluminium + sodium hydroxide + water sodium ‘meta aluminate + hydrogen (©) Potassium dichromate + sulphuric acid > potassium Sulphate + chromium sulphate + water + oxygen (P) Potassium dichromate + hydrochloric acid —» Potassiom chloride + chromium chloride + water ¢ (@) Sulphur + nitric acid dioxide + water © Sodium chloride + manganese dioxide + sulphuric acid > sodium hydrogen sulphate + manganese Sulphate + water + chlorine DESCRIPTIVE TYPE : Sodium chloride reacts with silver nitrate to produce ser chloride and sodium nitrate (8) Write the equation, (©) Check whether itis balanced, if not halance it (©) Find the weights of reactants and products, (@) ‘State the law that this equation satisfies Shut information doe the following chemical equations convey ? ®) Z0+11$0, 2080, +H, ©) Me 2HC1 vec, +H, *@) What are polyatomic ons? Give two examples. (©) Name and state th fundamental aw that every equation ust fulfil, ‘Give the infomation conveyed bythe chemical ona sulphuric acid + nitrogen ) oF a compound,vv radicals ? Explain with examples, Give four examples of compounds with Elements X, Y and Z have 3, 7 and 6 ‘ompound formed between Go) Xa Y 2, The « chemical compound. [at wt of C= 12, H=1) (A) Multiple Choice Type = LW ©, GA, GIO, OM Goi) 6) 2.) @), GO, GHD (F) Numericals + 1. (a) 322 (b)96 (@) 60 (4) 100 4. (a) 26596 (0) 20% 5 kg 9.44% 10+ write the significance of a moleeoae formula, shat do you understand by radicals: What are basic and aUCTURED/APPLICATION/SKILL TYPE ‘valence shells respectively. Write the formula of the (b) X andZ following figure represents the structural formula of (wy db), (vi (©) HDC) WH () NUMERICALS 1. Cafoulate the molecular mass ofthe following : Na,SO,10H,0 (0) (NH);COs 1) enlty,co @) MeN; 0=16,C=12, variable valeney. Given atomic mass of Na = 23, H= 1 N= 14, Mg=24,8=32 Calculate the relative molecular masses of electrons i their @) cH, (6) (WHY, CHO, (6) Cu80,-5H,0 _(@) (NH),S0 (©) CH, COONa () Potasium chlorate, KCIO, (g) Ammonium chloroplatinate, (NH), ACI, x O raiate losacies Nai we ae Ce Nee Ke. F= Cae — ereEeer NG eae a ald te erceotge mass of water in Epsom sa a so rH oan alas ESS be percntage of photon Ae en a me EOD ae cea eoee, POD: ’ eee pecenag compton of each leet 4 Potassiam chlorate, KCIO, noes he quston given DW: sco aie ny Caron and Hydrogen atoms ae set : te a eae pest | (GaGa tans tsanil=D : 1 atc preg fins Fri oi FP ay ate motcsar and empiial formulae ofthe : oa gee 4 Catelte amount of Nivogenin one ba (50 ks) of Us & Cae erate of sinam in (Hs MCL co Casa he pcan coortin <* she | Caen rene net wile an eet 10. Calcualte percentage ‘composition of the ‘elements in cia tet CaPOe tx) (8) ©) (D9 OH HD. (@, 6 (il) ©) Gv) @, (1) O), DO) 444 3.512286 1195 (0) 252 (2) 2495 @) 132 8 (125 ®) 39.18% 6.20% 7 2.@) see xiv) (0), 0) 0)