Unit 1 – Atomic structure and the

periodic table
• In this unit, you will classify matter.

• The three classes of matter that will be described include: elements,

compounds and mixtures.

• You will also describe the general structural features of atoms and
explain the characteristics of the sub-atomic particles: electrons,
protons and neutrons.
Classification of matter: Elements,
compounds and mixtures
• We are all completely surrounded by matter.

• To better understand this matter—how it affects you, how you affect

it and how it can be manipulated to our benefit—we need get a basic
understanding of the types and properties of matter.

• If we are to understand matter we must start with a way of organizing

and describing matter.

• you are going to learn about Elements, compounds and mixtures.

Classification of Matter

MATTER
(gas. Liquid,
solid, plasma)

Separated by
PURE
SUBSTANCES MIXTURES
physical means into

Separated by
HOMOGENEOUS HETEROGENEOUS
COMPOUNDS ELEMENTS MIXTURES MIXTURE
chemical
means into

Kotz & Treichel, Chemistry & Chemical Reactivity, 3rd

Edition , 1996, page 31
 Matter

• Describe the difference between pure substances (elements and

compounds) and mixtures
Chemistry is the study of matter
and the interconversion of
matter.
Matter is anything that has mass and
takes up space (volume)

There are different types of Matter:

Pure Substances (elements and
compounds) and Mixtures

The composition (structure) of a

substance determines its Matter type.
Characteristics of
Pure Substances
es t his
What do
• Fixed composition mean?
• Distinct properties
• Cannot be separated into simpler substances by
physical methods
• Can only be changed in identity and properties by
chemical methods
• Properties do not vary one sample to another
sample
 Types of
Pure Substances:

Elements
And
Compounds
elements

• Pure substance that cannot be separated into simpler

substance by physical or chemical means.
• Made up of one type of atom, regardless of whether an element
occurs as single atoms or as atoms bonded together
• An ATOM is the smallest possible unit of matter. The next part of the
unit gives more details about an atom.
• Examples of elements: Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon

Sample of the Sample of the

Element Lead Element
Elements
Elements
• Elements are subdivided into two groups, METALS and
NONMETALS, based on their physical and chemical properties.

• The physical properties of metals are

• shiny when freshly cut
• conduct heat and electricity well,

• malleable
• ductile.
Elements

• The non-metals have the opposite properties to metals

• they are usually powders or gases
• do not conduct well
• if solids, are brittle.
Elements
• Elements as they occur in nature usually consist of two or
more atoms joined together by CHEMICAL BONDS of various
types.

• For example, oxygen consists of two oxygen atoms bonded

together. This unit is called a MOLECULE of oxygen.
Compounds
Pure substance composed of two or more different elements
joined by chemical bonds.

• Made of elements in a specific ratio

that is always the same H 2O
• Has a chemical formula
• Can only be separated by NaCl
chemical means, not physically

CO 2
Compoun
ds
 Compounds
• When elements have combined to form compounds, they
lose their original properties and the compound formed
has its own characteristic properties.
• For example, carbon - a black solid - combines with the
colourless gas oxygen which supports combustion, to
form the compound carbon dioxide which is a colourless
gas that is incapable of supporting combustion.
 Compounds
• Compounds can only be converted back to their component
elements by breaking the chemical bonds which hold the
atoms together in the compound.
• For example, the compound water, which contains two
hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom combined in each
water molecule can be converted to the free elements
oxygen and hydrogen by passing an electric current
through the water, a process called ELECTROLYSIS.
 Compounds
• Whenever chemical bonds are broken or formed, the
process is called a CHEMICAL CHANGE. Processes such
as the cooking of food, the burning of fuels and the
corrosion of metals are all examples of common
chemical changes.
 Think, Pair, Share
What’s the difference between a
molecule and a compound?
A molecule is formed when two or
more atoms join together
chemically. A compound is a
molecule that contains at least two
different elements. All compounds
are molecules but not all molecules
are compounds.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0gsrW0Vb5sw
Mixtures
• A combination of two or more pure substances (elements and/or
compounds ) that are not chemically combined.
• substances held together by physical forces, not chemical
• No chemical change takes place
• Each item retains its properties in the mixture
• They can be separated physically
• Examples of Mixtures: Tea, Perfume, Air, Salad, Beach sand, oil
and vinegar salad dressing, etc.
 Mixtures

Mixture of Mixture of Different

Different Elements Compounds
 Mixtures
Mixtures are often referred to
as homogeneous or
heterogeneous.
 Mixtures
• Homogeneous mixtures (Solutions) have
a uniform distribution.
• For example: Tea, Perfume, Air
 Mixtures
• A heterogeneous mixture consists
of visibly different substances or
phases
• Heterogeneous mixtures do not
have a uniform distribution.
• For example: Salad, Beach Sand,
Oil and Vinegar dressing
Distinguishing between Elements,
Compounds, and Mixtures
Mixtures vs. Compounds

http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/ks3bitesize/science/chemistry/elements_com_mix_6.shtml
Match the Picture to the
Description
Compound of 2
Elements

Mixture of Molecules

Element Molecule

Compound of 3
Elements

Element/ Atoms

Mixture of Atoms
Chemical symbols

• Each type of atom (i.e. each element) is conveniently

represented by a symbol which denotes a single
atom of that element. For example,
H O oxygen C carbon
hydrogen
N nitrogen S Sulphur Cl chlorine
He helium Al aluminium Cu copper
 Chemical symbols
• Note that each symbol always starts with an upper-case
letter, and that when a second letter is used, it is always
written in lower case.

• Symbols can be used not just to represent single atoms of

elements, but also in combinations to represent
molecules of elements and also the formulas of
compounds.
Chemical symbols
• In these cases, when there is more than a single atom
of any element present, a subscript is used to show how
many.

• For example, as water consists of molecules each

containing two hydrogen atoms bonded to one oxygen
atom, then the formula for the water molecule is H2O.
Chemical symbols
• Similarly, carbon dioxide molecules each contain one carbon atom
bonded to two oxygen atoms, so the formula for its molecule is CO2.

• Each subscript specifies the number of atoms of the element

immediately preceding that subscript.

• Most elements do not occur naturally as single atoms

(MONATOMIC), but instead as discrete molecules containing 2, 3 or
more atoms (DIATOMIC, TRIATOMIC) or as large numbers of atoms
bonded together.
Chemical symbols
• As an example, the usual form of the element oxygen in
the atmosphere is as diatomic molecules of formula O2
rather than as individual O atoms.

• The few elements do occur in nature as monatomic

species (listed in the eighth group of the periodic table),
viz helium (He), neon (Ne), argon (Ar), krypton (Kr),
xenon (Xe) and radon (Rn).
 Chemical symbols
• This group of elements is known as the NOBLE GASES
because they are almost inert.
• The only elements which occur naturally as diatomic
molecules are hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, plus all the
halogens, fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine. These
seven elements normally exist as the molecular species
H2, N2, O2, F2, Cl2, Br2 and I2 respectively rather than in the
form of single atoms.
Chemical symbols
• All metals and some non-metals usually occur as extremely
large aggregates of atoms bonded together and are not
usually considered to be composed of discrete molecules,
so generally just the formula of the atom is used to
represent these elements.

• For example, the metallic element sodium consists of large

numbers of sodium atoms bonded together and this
element is represented just by its atomic symbol, Na, with
Chemical symbols
• Similarly, the symbol of the single atom is used to represent all
other metals such as iron (Fe), copper (Cu) and aluminium (Al).

• While those non-metallic elements listed above such as chlorine

(Cl2), oxygen (O2) and hydrogen (H2) which occur as diatomic
molecules are shown as such in their formulas, some other non-
metals occur as large aggregates of atoms like the metals
(although bonded differently) and are represented by their
atomic formulas alone.
Chemical symbols
• A common example is the element carbon which occurs
in nature as diamond, charcoal and graphite. Each of
these forms of carbon contain large numbers of bonded
carbon atoms but not discrete molecules, so carbon is
represented by the atomic symbol C.
Allotropes
• A given element may occur with more than one arrangement of its
constituent atoms.

• For example, carbon occurs naturally as the black amorphous powder

called charcoal, as graphite which is used as the "lead" in pencils, and
also as diamond.

• All three forms of carbon contain only carbon atoms, but the
arrangement of those atoms in each form is different resulting in the
very different physical properties of charcoal, graphite and diamond.
Allotropes
• The various forms in which an element may occur are called
ALLOTROPIC MODIFICATIONS or simply ALLOTROPES of that element.
• As another example, oxygen usually occurs in the atmosphere as a
diatomic molecule.
• However, particularly in the upper atmosphere, a small amount of
oxygen occurs as another, triatomic allotrope called ozone. What
would the formulas be for these two allotropes?
Industrial application
• The study of metal alloys, which are mixture of different
metals, is a significant part of materials science and material
engineering.
• For example, alloys of iron (steel, stainless steel, cast iron,
tool steel, alloy steels),
• Other significant metallic alloys are those of aluminium,
titanium, copper and magnesium.
Industrial application
• The alloys of aluminium, titanium and magnesium are also
known and valued for their high strength-to-weight ratios
and, in the case of magnesium, their ability to provide
electromagnetic shielding.
• These materials are ideal for situations in which high
strength-to-weight ratios are more important than bulk
cost, such as in the aerospace industry and certain
Industrial application
• Other than metals, polymers and ceramics are also an
important part of materials science. Polymers are the raw
materials (the resins) used to make what we commonly call
plastics.
• Plastics are really the final product, created after one or
more polymers or additives have been added to a resin
during processing, which is then shaped into a final form.
Industrial application
• Another industry application is the making of
composite materials. Composite materials are
structured materials composed of two or more
macroscopic phases.
 Industrial application
• Applications range from structural elements such as steel-
reinforced concrete, to the thermally insulative tiles.
• One example is reinforced carbon-carbon (RCC). RCC is a
laminated composite material made from graphite rayon cloth
and impregnated with a phenolic resin.
• Other examples can be seen in the "plastic" casings of
television sets, cell phones and other modern devices. These
plastic casings are usually a composite material.
Element, Compound, or Mixture?
Rocks
Element, Compound, or Mixture?
Rocks
Element, Compound, or Mixture?
Copper
Element, Compound, or Mixture?
Copper
Cu
Element, Compound, or Mixture?
Jelly Beans
Element, Compound, or Mixture?
Jelly Beans
Element, Compound, or Mixture?
Table Sugar
Element, Compound, or Mixture?
Table Sugar
H O 1 1
C 12 22
Element, Compound, or Mixture?
Diamond
Element, Compound, or Mixture?
Diamond
C
Element, Compound, or Mixture?
Tea
Element, Compound, or Mixture?
Tea
Element, Compound, or Mixture?
Salt
Element, Compound, or Mixture?
N a C l Salt
Element, Compound, or Mixture?
Neon Gas
Element, Compound, or Mixture?
Ne Neon Gas
Element, Compound, or Mixture?
Salad
Element, Compound, or Mixture?
Salad
Element, Compound, or Mixture?
Pure Water
Element, Compound, or Mixture?
Pure Water
H 2O
Element, Compound, or Mixture?
Aluminum
Element, Compound, or Mixture?
Aluminum
Al
Element, Compound, or Mixture?
Lemonade
Element, Compound, or Mixture?
Lemonade
Element, Compound, or Mixture?
Silver
Element, Compound, or Mixture?
Silver
Ag
Element, Compound, or Mixture?
Sand
Element, Compound, or Mixture?
Sand