STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS

Learning Module 10: Foundations of

Reciprocating Machines
BSI (1974): Code of Practise for foundations of machinery

Prof J. Mahachi, Pr.Eng, Pr.CPM, FSAICE

University of Johannesburg

School of Civil Engineering & Built Environment

Email: jmahachi@uj.ac.za
Cell: 082 904 9569
 Course Outline
• SDOF Free vibration, with no damping
• SDOF Free vibration with damping
• SDOF Forced vibration
– Harmonic Loading
– Periodic Loading
– Impulse or Pulse Loading (Blast Loading)
– Transient loading (Earthquake loading)
• MDOF
• Vibration of Continuous Structures
• Foundations of Reciprocating Machines
 Heavy Machines
Examples of Heavy Machines:
• Reciprocating Engines
• Large rotating machines with unbalanced masses
• Vibrating screens in mining industries
 Dynamic Properties of Foundation Material
• Elastic properties assumed for vibration analysis
• Dynamic Tests
𝐸 = 2 1 + 𝑣 − 𝜌. 𝛽2
𝑣 = 0.3 − 0.5
𝜌 = 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝛽 = 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
(𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑎𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑠)
 Coefficient for Soil Deformation
𝐶𝑍 is the modulus of subgrade reaction or coefficient of uniform compression
B
𝐸
𝐶𝑍 = ×𝛽 D
1−𝑣 2 𝐴

1Τ
3ൗ −1 2
2 2− 1+𝛼3
1+𝛼 2+𝛼 1+𝛼 2 +1 2 1+𝛼
β = 𝜋 ൞𝛼 𝑙𝑛 + 𝛼𝑙𝑛 − ൡ
1+𝛼 2−𝛼 1+𝛼 2 −1 3 𝛼

𝐵
• 𝛼= ≥ 1.0 ; 𝐴 = 𝐵𝐷 B is the long dimension
𝐷
 Values of 𝛽

𝐵ൗ 1.0 1.5 2.0 3.0 5.0 10 100

𝐷

𝛽 1.06 1.07 1.09 1.13 1.22 1.41 2.71

 Coefficient for Soil Deformation
𝐶𝜙 −Coefficient of non-uniform compression (Relevant to rotational deformation
about any horizontal axis 𝑥 𝑜𝑟 𝑦)
𝐶𝜓 −Coefficient of non-uniform shear relative to yawing rotation about a vertical
axis
𝐶𝑥 −Coefficient of uniform shear in 𝑥 −direction
𝐶𝑦 −Coefficient of uniform shear in 𝑦 −direction
z
y
B

x
 Coefficient for Soil Deformation
• 𝐶𝜙 = 2.0𝐶𝑧
• 𝐶𝜓 = 0.75𝐶𝑧
• 𝐶𝑥 = 0.5𝐶𝑧
• 𝐶𝑦 = 0.5𝐶𝑧
Note:
• Stiff clay and gravel suitable materials for machine foundations
• Rock – better greater stiffness. Stiffness properties of rock not affected by
settlement and do not change with time
• Cracks and fissures in rock affect stiffness ⇒ Rock should be well grouted
 Determination of Mass Moment of Inertia
• Subdivide the foundation into brick-like blocks, and obtain the
centre of gravity of the foundation by taking first moments of
the brick volumes about the origin.
• Let 𝑥𝑏 , 𝑦𝑏 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧𝑏 be the coordinates of the c.g of the
foundation.
σ𝑛
𝑖 𝑎𝑏𝑐 𝑥ҧ
• 𝑥𝑏 = σ𝑛
; where 𝑎, b and c are dimensions of each block,
𝑖=1 𝑎𝑏𝑐
𝑛 = no of blocks, 𝑥ҧ = c.g of each block
Determination of Mass Moment of Inertia
z
• Mass moment of block (𝑎𝑏𝑐) about
𝑦 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑠
𝑎2 +𝐶 2 2
𝑧ҧ • ∆𝜃𝑦 = 𝜌𝑎𝑏𝑐 ቂ + 𝑥𝑏 − 𝑥ҧ +
12
𝑥 𝑧𝑏 − 𝑧ҧ 2 ቃ
• 𝜃𝑦𝑏 = σ𝑛𝑖=1 ∆𝜃𝑦
• 𝑎, 𝑐 are dimensions on face
perpendicular to 𝑦 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
Example: Mass Moment of Inertia
Foundation Block
 Example: Mass Moment of Inertia (cont…)
(i). Determine coordinates of c.g of foundation block

𝑥𝑏 = 0 (By symmetry)

2.5×5.5×1.5 ×2.75+ 4×5.5×1.5 ×2.75+ 4×1.5×2 ×6.25

𝑦𝑏 = = 3.39𝑚
20.62+33.0+12.0

20.62 × 2.25 + 33.0 × 0.75 + 12.0 × 1.0

𝑧𝑏 = = 1.267𝑚
65.62

Density of concrete 𝜌 = 2400 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3

 Example: Mass Moment of Inertia (cont…)
(ii). Determine mass moment of inertia 𝜽𝒚𝒃, 𝜽𝒛𝒃

Note: 𝜃𝑥𝑏 is not calculated since pitching mode of vibration about this 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
not critical, although required in full design calculations

2. 52 + 1.52 2
𝜃𝑦𝑏 = 2400 ∙ ሼ20.62 + 1.267 − 2.25
12
42 +1.52
+33.0 + 1.267 − 0.75 2
12
42 +22
+12.0 12 + 1.267 − 1.0 2 }
∴ 𝜃𝑦𝑏 = 274.57 × 103 𝑘𝑔𝑚2
 Example: Mass Moment of Inertia (cont…)
𝑆𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑦;
2.52 +5.52 2
𝜃𝑧𝑏 = 2400 ቊ20.62 3.39 − 2.75
12
42 + 5.52
+33.0 + 3.39 − 2.75 2
12
42 + 1.52
+12.0 3.39 − 6. 2
12
∴ 𝜃𝑧𝑏 = 787 × 103 𝑘𝑔𝑚2

Mass of foundation Block, 𝑀𝑏

𝑀𝑏 = 2400 × 65.62 = 157 488𝑘𝑔

 Example: Mass Moment of Inertia (cont…)
(iii). Masses and inertias of engine and alternator are provided by
manufacturer
• 𝑀𝑒 = 45 000𝑘𝑔
• 𝜃𝑦𝑒 = 40 × 103 𝑘𝑔𝑚 2
• 𝜃𝑧𝑒 = 120 × 103 𝑘𝑔𝑚 2
• 𝑀𝑎 = 20 000𝑘𝑔
• 𝜃𝑦𝑎 = 15 × 103 𝑘𝑔𝑚 2
• 𝜃𝑧𝑎 = 10 × 103 𝑘𝑔𝑚 2
 Example: Mass Moment of Inertia (cont…)
(iv). Centre of gravity of complete system
𝑋ത = 0

157 488 × 3.39 + 45000 × 2.2 + 20000 × 6.2

𝑌ത =
157488 + 45000 + 2000
∴ 𝑌ത = 3.40𝑚

157 488 × 1.267 + 45000 × 4.2 + 20000 × 3.6

ҧ
𝑍=
222 488
∴ 𝑍ҧ = 2.07𝑚

∴ (𝑋ഥ ; 𝑌ഥ ; 𝑍ഥ ) = 0; 3.40; 2.07 𝑚

 Example: Mass Moment of Inertia (cont…)
Mass moment of inertia of complete system about a line through c.g. of complete
system and parallel to Y axis is

𝜃𝑦ത = 274.57 × 103 + 157 488 × 2.07 − 1.267 2

+40 × 103 + 45 000 2.07 − 4.2 2

+15 × 103 + 20 000 2.07 − 3.6 2

∴ 𝜃𝑦ത = 682.1 × 103 𝑘𝑔𝑚2

𝑆𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑦;
𝜃𝑧ҧ = 1139.5 × 103 𝑘𝑔𝑚2
Example: Mass Moment of Inertia (cont…)
Mass moment of inertia about the
centroid of the bearing surface, 𝜃𝑌
• 𝜃𝑌 = 682.1 × 103 + 222 488 ×
2.072
• ∴ 𝜃𝑌 = 1635.4 × 103 𝑘𝑔𝑚2
𝜃𝑌
ഥ 682.1
• 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝛾 = = = 0.417
𝜃𝑌 1635.4
• [A similar calculation, if required
can be done for 𝜃𝑋 ]
 Design of Foundation Block
1. Assumption: 𝑥 and 𝑦 coordinate of centre of gravity (c.g.) of machinery
and foundation block coincide with c.g of base area of foundation.
BSI 1974 (Code of Practise for Foundations of Machinery) stipulates that:
a. Discrepancy in dimension should not exceed 5% (section 3.5.2(2)).
b. If possible c.g. of machine and foundation system should be below top of
foundation block.
2. Design of foundation blocks:
Dimensions should be derived from vibration calculations and take into account the
following
a. Dimensions of foundation by empirical rules.
b. Bearing pressure due to dead +imposed load.
 Design of Foundation Block
c. Natural frequencies of system for:
• Vertical;
• Longitudinal;
• Lateral;
• Rocking;
• Yawing; and
• Pitching motions
d. Relationship between excitation frequency and natural frequency of foundation
system
e. Amplitudes of vibrations in various modes
f. Influence of underlying substrata and effect of ground water
g. Effect of transmission of heat from machines to foundation block
 Vertical Vibration Natural Frequency (𝑓𝑧 )
• Design is based on Barkan’s simple theory (error less than 10%)
• Natural frequency 𝑓𝑧 is calculated from:
1 𝐶𝑧 𝐴
𝑓𝑧 =
2𝜋 𝑚
where;
𝑚 = Total mass of block and machinery
𝐴 = Area of base
 Yawing Vibration 𝑓𝜃𝑧
• This is the case where the dynamic loading of machinery possesses
components about the vertical axis, and natural frequency
calculated from
1 𝐶𝜓 𝐼𝑧
𝑓𝜃𝑧 =
2𝜋 𝜃𝑧
where
𝐼𝑧 = Polar second moment of area of base contact area
∴ 𝐶𝜓 𝐼𝑧 = Rotational stiffness
𝜃𝑧 = Mass moment of inertia about vertical axis.
Rocking and Lateral Mode
 Rocking and Lateral Mode
Rocking about 𝑦 − axis is coupled with horizontal motion in the 𝑥 − direction.

Ignoring damping in the system;

𝑚𝑢ሷ + 𝐶𝑥 𝐴𝑢𝑜 = 𝑃𝑥 𝑡 (1)
𝜃𝑌ത 𝜙ሷ + 𝐶𝜙 𝐼𝑦 𝜙 = 𝐶𝑥 𝐴𝑢𝑜 𝑆 + 𝑚𝑔𝑆𝜙 + 𝑀𝑦 𝑡 (2)

𝑢𝑜 = 𝑢 − 𝑆𝜙
𝐼𝑦 = 2nd moment of area of base contact about y axis.

∴ 𝑚𝑢ሷ + 𝐶𝑥 𝐴𝑢 − 𝐶𝑥 𝐴𝑆𝜙 = 𝑃𝑥 𝑡 (3)

𝜃𝑌ത 𝜙ሷ − 𝐶𝑥 𝐴𝑆𝑢 + 𝐶𝜙 𝐼𝑦 − 𝑚𝑔𝑆 + 𝐶𝑥 𝐴𝑆 2 𝜙 = 𝑀𝑦 𝑡 (4)
 Rocking and Lateral Mode (cont…)
• Equations (3) & (4) are 2 dof without damping.
• Natural frequencies obtained by considering free vibrations
∴ 𝑃𝑥 𝑡 = 𝑀𝑦 𝑡 = 0
• Solve to get two limiting frequencies 𝜔𝑥 and 𝜔𝜙 as
𝐶𝑥 𝐴
𝜔𝑥 = (Rotation prevented) (5)
𝑚
𝐶𝜙𝐼𝑦 −𝑚𝑔𝑆
𝜔𝜙 = (Lateral movt prevented) (6)
𝜃𝑌
𝜃𝑌 = is the mass moment of inertia of block and machinery about y axis
at contact surface
 Rocking and Lateral Mode (cont…)
Let
𝜃𝑌
ഥ
𝛾= where 𝜃𝑌 = 𝜃𝑌ത + 𝑚𝑆 2
𝜃𝑌

and substitute into Equations (3) and (4) with

𝑃𝑥 𝑡 = 𝑀𝑦 𝑡 = 0

This yields the following differential equation:

𝑢ሷ + 𝜔𝑥2 𝑢 − 𝜔𝑥2 𝑆𝜙 = 0 (7)

1−𝛾 1
𝑆𝜙ሷ − 𝜔𝑥2 𝑢+ 2
𝜔𝜙 + 𝜔𝑥2 1 − 𝛾 𝑆𝜙 = 0 (8)
𝛾 𝛾
 Rocking and Lateral Mode (cont…)

Equations (7) and (8) can be solved by assuming

ഥ sin 𝜔𝑡
𝑢=𝑈
ഥ sin 𝜔𝑡
𝜙=Φ

2 2 2 2
4
𝜔𝑥 + 𝜔𝜙 2
𝜔𝑥 𝜔 𝜙
∴𝜔 − 𝜔 + =0
𝛾 𝛾
 Rocking and Lateral Mode (cont…)

• Equation has 2 solutions 𝜔12 and 𝜔22 ; whose frequencies will

be on either side of the two limiting frequencies.
• Ratio of amplitudes is then given by

𝑈 𝜔𝑥2 𝑆
𝑃= = 2
Φ 𝜔𝑥 − 𝜔2
Rocking and Lateral Mode (cont…)
 Foundation Example (Cont…)
Determine the natural frequencies of the engine - generator system
with foundation.
Assume E (soil) = 4000 𝑀𝑁/𝑚2
𝑣 = 0.3
𝐵 = 7.0 𝑚 ; 𝐷 = 4 𝑚 ; 𝐴 = 28 𝑚2
∴ 𝐵ൗ𝐷 = 1.75 ⇒ 𝛽 = 1.08
𝐸 4000
𝐶𝑧 = 1−𝑣 2 𝐴
∙𝛽= 1−0.32 × 28
× 1.08

∴ 𝐶𝑧 = 897 𝑀𝑁/𝑚3
 Foundation Example (Cont…)

𝐶𝑥 = 0.5𝐶𝑧 = 0.5 × 897 = 448 𝑀𝑁/𝑚3

𝐶𝜙 = 2.0𝐶𝑧 = 2.0 × 897 = 1794 𝑀𝑁/𝑚3
𝐶𝜑 = 0.75𝐶𝑧 = 0.75 × 897 = 673 𝑀𝑁/𝑚3
 Foundation Example (Cont…)
1. Vertical natural frequency 𝒇𝒛

1 𝐶𝑧 ∙𝐴 1 897×106 ×28
𝑓𝑧 = = = 53.5 Hz
2𝜋 𝑚 2𝜋 222 488
 Foundation Example (Cont…)
2. Yawing natural frequency 𝒇𝜽𝒛

1 𝐶𝜑 ∙ 𝐼𝑧 1 673 × 106 × 28 ∙ 42 + 72 /12

𝑓𝜃𝑧 = =
2𝜋 𝜃𝑧 2𝜋 1.1395 × 106
∴ 𝑓𝜃𝑧 = 47.6 Hz
6
2
𝐶𝑥 𝐴 448 × 10 × 28
𝜔𝑥 = = = 5.638 × 104
𝑚 222 488
3
6 4
𝐶𝜙 𝐼𝑦 − 𝑚𝑔𝑆 1794 × 10 × 7 × ൗ12 − 222 488 × 9.81 × 2.07
2
𝜔𝜙 = =
𝜃𝑌 1635.4 × 103
2
∴ 𝜔𝜙 = 4.095 × 104
 Foundation Example (Cont…)
Note: 𝑚𝑔𝑆 is small compared to𝐶𝜙 𝐼𝑦 and BSI ignores this component.
2 1794×106×7×43Τ12
∴ 𝜔𝜙 = = 4.095 × 104 ሿ
1635.4×103
𝜃𝑌
ഥ
But γ = = 0.417 (see previous example)
𝜃𝑌
2
𝜔𝑥2+𝜔𝜙 2
𝜔𝑥2𝜔𝜙
∴ 𝜔4 − 𝜔2 + =0
𝛾 𝛾
⇒ 𝜔4 − 23.34 × 104 𝜔2 + 55.36 × 108 = 0
∴ 𝜔12 = 2.68 × 104 < 𝜔𝑥2
2
𝜔22 = 20.66 × 104 > 𝜔𝜙
 Foundation Example (Cont…)

The natural frequencies are therefore

𝑓1 = 26.0 Hz
𝑓2 = 72.3 Hz
 Amplitudes of Forced Vibrations (cont…)
1. Vertical Vibrations
One dof subject to vertical force𝑃𝑧 sin Ω𝑡

The Equation of motion is given by

𝑚𝑤ሷ + 𝐶𝑧 𝐴𝑊 = 𝑃𝑧 sin Ω𝑡

Solution is 𝑤 = 𝑤𝑝 sin Ω𝑡

(𝑃𝑧 /𝑚)
⇒ 𝑤𝑝 = 2
𝜔𝑧 − Ω2
 Amplitudes of Forced Vibrations (cont…)
2. Rocking and Lateral Mode

Consider a transverse periodic force 𝑃𝑥 sin Ω𝑡 through the c.g. of the system and
𝑀𝑦 𝑡 = 0

∴ 𝑚𝑢ሷ + 𝐶𝑥 𝐴𝑢 − 𝐶𝑥 𝐴𝑆𝜙 = 𝑃𝑥 sin Ω𝑡

(1)
𝜃𝑌ത 𝜙ሷ − 𝐶𝑥 𝐴𝑆𝑢 + 𝐶𝜙 𝐼𝑦 − 𝑚𝑔𝑆 + 𝐶𝑥 𝐴𝑆 2 𝜙 = 0

Solution of the above equations, assume

𝑢 = 𝑢𝑝 sin Ω𝑡
(2)
𝜙 = 𝜙𝑝 sin Ω𝑡
 Amplitudes of Forced Vibrations (cont…)
Equations (2) into (1) gives

𝐶𝑥 𝐴 − Ω2 𝑚 𝑢𝑝 − 𝐶𝑥 𝐴𝑆𝜙𝑝 = 𝑃𝑥
−𝐶𝑥 𝐴𝑆𝑢𝑝 + 𝐶𝜙 𝐼𝑦 − 𝑚𝑔𝑆 + 𝐶𝑥 𝐴𝑆 2 − Ω2 𝜃𝑌ത 𝜙𝑝 = 0 (3)

Solve for 𝑢𝑝 ;
𝐶𝜙 𝐼𝑦 − 𝑚𝑔𝑆 + 𝐶𝑥 𝐴𝑆 2 − Ω2 𝜃𝑌ത 𝑃𝑥
𝑢𝑝 =
∆ Ω2
 Amplitudes of Forced Vibrations (cont…)
where;

∆ Ω2 = 𝐶𝜙 𝐼𝑦 − 𝑚𝑔𝑆 + 𝐶𝑥 𝐴𝑆 2 − Ω2 𝜃𝑌ത 𝐶𝑥 𝐴 − Ω2 𝑚 − 𝐶𝑥2 𝐴2 𝑆 2

2
𝜔𝑥2+𝜔𝜙 2
𝜔𝑥2𝜔𝜙
= 𝑚𝜃𝑌ത Ω4 − Ω2 +
𝛾 𝛾

∴ ∆(Ω2 ) = 𝑚𝜃𝑌ത 𝜔12 − Ω2 𝜔22 − Ω2 (5)

 Amplitudes of Forced Vibrations (cont…)

From Equation (3); solve for 𝜙𝑝

𝐶𝑥 𝐴𝑆𝑃𝑥
𝜙𝑝 =
∆ Ω2
 Amplitudes of Forced Vibrations (cont…)
Similarly for an oscillating moment 𝑀𝑦 sin Ω𝑡; the amplitudes
are:
𝐶𝑥 𝐴𝑆𝑀𝑦
𝑢𝑚 =
∆ Ω2
(𝐶𝑥 𝐴−Ω2 𝑚)𝑀𝑦
𝜙𝑚 =
∆ Ω2
 Amplitudes of Forced Vibrations (cont…)
Amplitudes at top and base of block are therefore determined
as:
𝑢𝑡 = 𝑢 + ℎ − 𝑆 𝜙
𝑢𝑏 = 𝑢 + ℎ𝑆

where ℎ = Overall height of block

 Foundation Example (Cont…)
It is now required to calculate vibration amplitudes if the foundation
system is subject to the following loads
• Operating speed of engine = 480 𝑟𝑝𝑚
480
• ∴ Ω = 2𝜋 × = 50.3 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠
60
• Primary vertical force at engine speed 𝑃𝑧 = 25 𝑘𝑁 @ 50.3 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠
• Primary lateral force at engine speed 𝑃𝑥 = 32 𝑘𝑁 @ 50.3 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠
• Torque 𝑀𝑦 = 185 𝑘𝑁𝑚 @ 125.7 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠
• Remaining engine forces are adequately balanced.
 Foundation Example (Cont…)
1. Vertical Amplitude 𝒘𝒑

(𝑃𝑧 /𝑚) 25 000/222 488 −6 𝑚

𝑤𝑝 = 2 = = 1.02 × 10
𝜔𝑧 − Ω2 2𝜋 × 53.5 2 − 50.32
 Foundation Example (Cont…)
2. Rocking and lateral Mode

a). Amplitudes from lateral force 𝑷𝒙

∆ Ω2 = 𝑚𝜃𝑌ത 𝜔12 − Ω2 𝜔22 − Ω2 = 222 488 × 622.1 × 103 26800 − 50.32 206 600 − 50.32

∴ ∆ Ω2 = 6.855 × 1020

𝐶𝜙𝐼𝑦−𝑚𝑔𝑆+𝐶𝑥𝐴𝑆 2−Ω2𝜃𝑌
ഥ 𝑃𝑥 66.98×109−0.04×109+53.75×109−50.32×622.1×103 ×32×103
𝑢𝑝 = =
∆ Ω2 6.855×1020

∴ 𝑢𝑝 = 5.56 × 10−6 𝑚
 Foundation Example (Cont…)

𝐶𝑥 𝐴𝑆𝑃𝑥 448×106 ×28×2.07×32×103

𝜙𝑝 = =
∆ Ω2 685.5×1018
∴ 𝜙𝑝 = 0.15 × 10−6 rad
 Foundation Example (Cont…)
(b). Amplitudes from harmonic torque 𝑴𝒚

∆ Ω2 = 222 488 × 622.1 × 103 26 800 − 125.72 206 600 − 125.72

= 290.5 × 1018

𝐶𝑥 𝐴𝑆𝑀𝑦 448 × 106 × 28 × 2.07 × 185 × 103 −6 𝑚

𝑢𝑚 = = = 16.54 × 10
∆ Ω2 290.5 × 1018
𝐶𝑥 𝐴 − Ω2 𝑚 448 × 106 × 28 − 125.72 × 222 488 × 185 × 103
𝜙𝑚 = 2 𝑀𝑦 =
∆ Ω 290.5 × 1018
∴ 𝜙𝑚 = 5.75 × 10−6 𝑟𝑎𝑑
 Foundation Example (Cont…)
Maximum displacements
𝑢 = 𝑢𝑝 + 𝑢𝑚 = 22.1 × 10−6 𝑚
𝜙 = 𝜙𝑝 + 𝜙𝑚 = 5.9 × 106 𝑟𝑎𝑑

Maximum horizontal displacements at top and bottom

𝑢𝑡 = 22.1 + 3 − 2.07 × 5.9 × 10−6 = 27.6 × 10−6 𝑚
𝑢𝑏 = 22.1 + 2.07 × 5.9 × 10−6 = 34.3 × 10−6 𝑚
 Design Criteria
1. Resonant frequencies
If operating frequencies → 𝜔1 or 𝜔2 , ∆ Ω2 → 0
⟹ Resonance ∴ infinite amplitude (although reduced by
damping)
BSI Recommendation is that:
Ω Ω
< 0.5 𝑜𝑟 > 2.0
𝜔 𝜔

Preferable (Stiff foundation)

 Design
Criteria Graph

ADD’: Avoiding damage to buildings;

ACC’ Avoiding serious discomfort to persons;
ABB’ Ensuring reasonable comfort to persons.
 Design Criteria (cont…)
Foundation Design Example Check:
• 𝑓𝑧 = 53.5𝐻𝑧 ⟹ 𝜔𝑧 = 2𝜋 × 53.5 = 336.1 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠
• Ω = 50.3 rad/s
Ω 50.3
• = = 0.15 < 0.5 ∴ O.K
𝜔𝑧 336.1
• Checks for other vibrations can be made in a similar way.
 Design Criteria (cont…)
2. Amplitude limitations
Curves are defined in BS to provide limitations for:
• Avoiding damage to buildings;
• Avoiding serious discomfort to persons; and
• Ensuring reasonable comfort to persons.
𝑢𝑡 : Comfort for personnel working /attending to machinery
𝑢𝑏 : Horizontal vibration at base which will lead to damage to
enclosing building (Limit is 0.2 mm for Ω ≤ 20𝐻𝑧)