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CHARACTERISTICS OF INSTRUMENTS AND
MEASUREMENT SYSTEM

1. Resistance R1 and R2 have respectively, nominal values of 10  and

5  and tolerances of 5% and 10%. The ranged of value for the
parallel combination of R1 and R2 is
(a) 3.077  to 3.636  (b) 2.805  to 3.371 
(c) 3.237  to 3.678  (d) 3.192  to 3.435

2. A variable w is related to three other variables x, y, z as w = xy/z.

The variables are measured with meters of accuracy 0.5% reading
1% of full scale value and 1.5% reading. The actual reading of
the three meters are 80, 20 and 50 with 100 being the full scale
value for all three. The maximum limiting error in the
measurement of w will be
(a)  0.5% rag (b)  5.5% rdg (v)  6.7% rdg (d) 7.0% rdg

3. The measurement system shown in the figure uses three sub system
in cascade whose gains are specified as G1, G2 and 1/G3. They
registers small errors associated with each respective subsystem
G1, G2 and G3 are 1, 2 and 3. The error associated with the output
is
1
Input G1 G1 G1 Output

1 2
(a) 1 - 2 + 3 (b) (c) 1 + 2 - 3 (d) 1 + 2 + 3
3

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4. When Wheatstone bridge shown in the figure is used to find the
value of resistor Rx the galvanometer G indicates zero current when R1=
50 , R2= 65  and R3= 100  of Rx is known with 5% tolerance its
normal value of 100 . What is the range of Rx in Ohms?

R1 R2

R3
Rx

_ V+

(a)[ 123. 50 136. 50] (b) [ 125.89, 13412]

(c) [ 117.00, 143.00] (d) 120.25, 139.15]

5. The following measurement are obtained on a single phase load

V=220 V  1% I= 50 A 1% and W= 555W 2%. If the power
factor calculated using these measurements, the worst case error in
the calculated power factor in percent is_________.
(Give answer up to one decimal place)

6. Consider the following statements in connection with deflection and

null type instruments:

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1. Null type instrument is more accurate than the deflection type one.
2. Null type of instrument can be highly sensitive as compared with
deflection type instrument.
3. Under dynamic conditions null type instrument is not preferred to
deflection type instrument.
4. Response is faster in null type instrument as compared to
deflection type instrument
Which of these statements are correct?

(a) 1,2 and 3 only

(b) 1,2 and 4 only
(c) 2,3 and 4 only
(d) 1,2,3 and 4

7. If two meters X and Y are require 40 mA and 50 mA respectively,

to give full scale deflection, then
(a) X is more sensitive
(b) Y is more sensitive
(c) both X and Y are equal sensitive
(d) it would not be possible to assess the sensitivity on the basis of
the given data

8. when reading is taken at half scale in the instrument, the error is

(a) exactly equal to half of full- scale error
(b) equal to full- scale error
(c) less than full- scale error
(d) more than full- scale error

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9. Undesirable characteristics of a measurement system are
(a) accuracy and repeatability (b) static error
(c) drift and dcad zone (d) both (b) and (c)

10. Torque/ weight ratio of an instrument indicates

(a) selectivity (b) accuracy (c) fidelity (d)sensitivity

11. A first order instrument is characterized by

(a) time constant only
(b) static sensitivity and time constant
(c) static sensitivity and damping coefficient
(d) static sensitivity damping coefficient and natural frequency of
oscillation

12. The errors introduced by an instrument fall in which category?

(a) systematic error (b) Random errors
(c) Gross errors (d) Environmental errors

13. To measure 5 volts, if one sale is a 0-100 V range voltmeter which

is accurate within  1%, then the error in this measurement may
be up to
(a) 1.5% (b) 2.5% (c) 7.5% (d) 20%

14. A 0 to 300 V voltmeter has an error of 2% of fsd. What is the

range of readings if true voltage is 30V?
(a) 24 V- 36 V (b) 20V -40V
(c) 29.4 V- 30.6 V (d) 20 V -30 V

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15. A thermometer is calibrated from 1500 to 2000C. The accuracy
specified is  0.25%. The maximum static error in measurement is

(a) 0.5 0C (b) 0.375 0C (c) 0.125 0C (d)0.0125 0C

16. In an instrument, hysteresis means

(a) the inaccuracy due to change in temperature
(b) the reliability of the instrument
(c) the repeatability of the instrument
(d) the change in same reading when input is first increased
and then decreased

BASICS OF ELECTRICAL INSTRUMENTS

1. Which of the following are integrating instruments?

(a) Ammeters (b) Voltmeter
(c) Watt meters (d) Ampere- hour and watt- hour meters

2. Which of the following properties a damping oil must posses?

(a) Must be good insulator
(b) should be non- evaporating
(c) should not have corrosive action upon the metal of the vane
(d) all of the above

3. The pointer of an indicating instrument should be

(a) very light (b) very heavy
(c) either (a) or (b) (d) neither (a) nor (b)

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4. An ammeter is a
(a) secondary instrument (b) absolute instrument
(c) recording instrument (d) integrating instrument

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GALVANOMETERS, VOLTMETERS AND AMMETERS

1. An unshelled moving iron voltmeter is used to measure the voltage

in an ac circuit. If a stray dc magnetic field having a component
along the axis of the meter coil appears, the
meter reading would be
(a) unaffected
(b) decreased
(c) increased
(d)ether decreased or increased depending on the direction of the dc
field

2. For a given frequency the deflecting torque of an induction ammeter

is directly proportional to
(a) current2 (b) current3 (c) current (d) current

3. Two 100A full scale PMMC meters are employed to construct a

10V and a 100V full scale voltmeter. These meters will have figure
of merits (sensitivities) as
(a) 10k/V and 10 k/V (b) 100 k/V and 10 k/V
(c) 10 k/V and 100 k/V (d) 10 k/V and 1 k/V
4. A rectifier type ac voltmeter consists of a series resistance Rs an
ideal full- wave rectifier bridge and a PMMC instrument as shown
in figure. The internal resistance of the instrument is 100  and a
full scale deflection is produced by a dc current of 1mA. The value
of Rs required of 100V (rms) applied to the input terminals is

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Rs

100V PMMC
Milli ammeter
Ac
input

(a) 63.56 (b) 69.93  (c) 89.93 k (d) 141.3 k

5. A moving coil of a meter has 100 turns, and a length and depth of
10mm and 2mm respectively. It is positioned in a uniform flux
density of 200 mT. the coil carries a current of 50 mA. The torque
on the coil is
(a) 200 Nm (b) 100 Nm (c) 2  Nm (d) 1  Nm

6. A PMMC voltmeter is connected across a series combination of a

DC voltage source V1= 2V and AC voltage source V2(t) = 3 sin
(4t)V. The meter reads
(a) 2V (b) 5V (c) 2  3 / 2V (d)  17 / 2V

7. An ammeter has a current range of 0- 5A, and its internal resistance

is 0.2 . In order to change the range to 0-25A, we need to add a
resistance of

(a) 0.8  in series with the meter (b) 1.0  in series with the
meter
(c) 0.04  in parallel with the meter (d) 0.05  in parallel
with the meter

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8. The dc current following a circuit is measured by two ammeters,
one PMMC and another electrodynamometer type, connected in
series. The PMMC meter contains 100 turns in the coil the flux
density in the aip gap is 0.2 Wb/m2, and the area of this coil is 80
mm2. The electrodynamo meter ammeter has a change in mutual
inductor with respect to deflection of 0.5 mH/rad. The spring
constants of both the meters are equal. The value of current, at
which the deflections of the two meters are same is ……….

9. Two ammeters X and Y have resistances of 1.2  and 1.5 

respectively and they give full scale deflection with 150 mA and
250 mA respectively. The ranges have been extended by
connecting shunts so as to give full scale deflection with 15A. The
ammeters along with shunts are connected in parallel and then
placed in a circuit in which the total current following is 15A. The
current in amperes indicated in ammeter X is_____.

10. A capacitive voltage divider is used to measure the bus voltage

Vbus in a high- voltage 50 Hz AC system as shown in the figure.
The measurement capacitor C1 and C2 have tolerances of 10% on
their nominal capacitance value. If the bus voltage Vbus is 100 kV
rms, the maximum rms output voltage Vout (in kv) considering the
capacities tolerance, is__________.

C1 1F10%
Vbus C2
9F10% Vout

11. A moving coil instrument having a resistance of 10 gives a full –

scale deflection when the current is 10 mA. What should be the
value of the series resistance so that it can be used as a voltmeter
for measuring potential difference up to 100V?
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(a) 9990  (b) 990  (c) 9  (d) 99

12. What voltage would a voltmeter with impedance of 20,000  and

range 0-1 V shown in the circuit given below?
1 M METER

100 k
5V

(a) 82 mV (b) 100 mV (c) 118 mV (d) 5V

13. For the voltmeter circuit shown in the given figure the basic D’
Arsonval meter used has full-scale current of 1mA and meter
resistance (Rm) of 100 . The values of series resistance R1 and R2
required for 10 V range and 50 V range will he

R2 R1

Rm

UNKNOWN
VOLTAGE

(a) 9.9 k  and 40k  (b) 10k  and 50 k

(c) 20k  and 30 k (d) 200 k and 250 k

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14. An unshielded moving iron voltmeter is used to measure the voltage
in an ac circuit. If a stray dc magnetic field having a component
along the axis of the meter coil appears, the metereading would be
(a) unaffected (b) decreased (c) increased
(d) either decreased or increased depending on the direction of the
dc field.

15. A waveform shown in the figure, is fed to a dc ammeter. What is the

reading shown by the meter
1

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

(a) zero (b) 50 mA (c) 75 mA (d) 100 mA

16. In a PMMC instrument, if the control spring is replaced by another

one having a higher spring constant, then the natural frequency and
damping ratio will
(a) decreases
(b) increases and decreases respectively
(c) decrease and increases respectively
(d) increases

17. In a PMMC instrument the central spring stiffiness and the strength
of the magnet decreases by 0.04% and 0.02% respectively due to a
rise in temperature by 10C with a rise in temperature of 100C the
instrument reading will
(a) increases by 0.2% (b) decrease by 0.2%
(c) increase by 0.6% (d) decreas by 0.6%

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18. Electrodynamometer type of instruments can be used to measure
(a) ac only (b) dc only (c) both ac and dc
(d) none of the above

19. Which of the following are the characteristic of a thermocouple type

of indicating instrument?
1. Its accuracy is very high, as high as about 1 percent
2. It has a linear scale because a d’ Arsonval movement is used
for measuring the output
3. It is an RF instrument and can be used for frequency up to
about 50 MHz
4. It cannot be damaged by overloads.
Select the correct answer from the codes given below.
(a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 and 3 (c) 3 and 4 (d) 1 and 3

20. A rectifier instrument is used to measure an alternating square wave

of amplitude 100V. What is the meter reading?
(a) 100V (b) 70.7V (c) 111V (d) None of the above

21. The developed toque of an electrostatic voltmeter is given

(a) 1 I 2 dL (b) I 2 dM (c) 1 V 2 dC (d) VI dC
2 d d 2 d d

22. A moving coil ammeter having a resistance of 1 ohm gives full-sale

deflection when a current of 10mA is possed through it. The
instrument can be used for the measurement of voltage up to 10V
by
(a) connecting a resistance of 999 ohm in series with the instrument
(b) connecting a resistance of 999 ohm in series with the instrument
(c) connecting a resistance of 999 ohm parallel to the ammeter
(d) connecting a resistance of 1000 ohm in series with the load

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23. For the voltmeter circuit shown in the given figure the basic D’
Arsonwal meter used has full- scale current of 1mA and meter
resistance (Rm) of 100 . The value of series resistance R1 and R2
required for 10V range and 50V range will be
R2 R1

Rm

UNKNOWN
VOLTAGE

(a) 9.9 k  and 40k  (b) 10k  and 50 k

(c) 20k and 30 k (d) 200 k and 250 k

24. A basic D’ Arsonval movement with a full scale deflection 50A

and internal resistance of 500 is used as voltmeter. The value of
the multiplier resistance needed to employ this meter to measure a
voltage range of (0 10)V is given by
(a) 100k (b) 500 k (c) 199.5 k (d) 2
5
10 k

25. A voltmeter with an internal resistance of 200k when connected

across an unknown resistance reads 250V. The milli ammeter of
internal resistance =0 connected in series with the above
combination reads 10mA. The actual value of the unknown
resistance is
(a) 25 k (b) 200 k (c) 28.56k (d) 20k

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26. A wattmeter has a range of 1000 W with an error of 1% of full
scale deflection. If the true power consumed is 100W, then the
relative error would be
(a) 10% (b) 5% (c) 1% (d) 5%

27. The current and potential coil of a dynamo meter type wattmeter
ware accidentally interchanged while connecting. After energizing
the circuit, it was observed that the wattmeter did not shown the
reading. This could be due to the
(a) Damage to potential coil
(b) damage to current coil
(c) damage to both the potential and current coil
(d) loose contacts

28. Swamping resistance is used to

(a) compensate the error due to temperature variations
(b) compensate the error due to strong magnetic field
(c) both (a) and (b)
(d) none of the above

29. The error, when reading at half- scale in an instrument, is

(a) equal to half of full – scale error
(b) equal to full- scale error
(c) less than full – scale error
(d) greater than full- scale error

30. A capacitor is connected across a portion of resistance of the

multiplier in order to make the pressure coil circuit of the
wattmeter non- inductive. The value of this resistance is r, while
the total resistance and inductance of the pressure circuit are
respectively Rp and L. The value of the capacitance C is
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L 0.4IL L 0.4IL
(a) (b) (c) (d)
R 2P r2 r2 R 2P

31. Consider the following statements in respect of two types of a

dynamometer wattmeter connections shown in figure (a) and figure
(b)

L
O
A
D

Figure (a) Figure (b)

1. Figure (a) is used when applied voltage is high and load

current flowing is low
2. Figure (b) is used when applied voltage is low and load
current flowing is high
3. If the order of connections is Statements 1 and 2 are in
opposite order, gross error will be increased.
4. If the order of connections in Statements 1 and 2 are in
opposite order, gross error will be reduced

Which of the statements given above are correct?

(a)Only 1 and 2 (b) only 1 and 3
(c)1, 2 and 3 (d) 1, 2 and 4

32. A wattmeter has current coil of 0.03 resistance and a pressure coil
of 6000  resistance. Calculate the percentage coil is on the load
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side. The load takes 20A at a voltage of 220 V and 0.6 power
factor
(a) 0.55% (b) 0.45% (c) 0.65% (d) 0.75%

33. A wattmeter has a full scale range of 25000 W. It has an error 1%
of true value. What would be range of reading if true power is
1250 W?
(a) 1225 W- 1275 W (b) 1245 W- 1255W
(c) 1200 W- 1300 W (d) 1237.5 W- 1262.5W

INDICATING INSTRUMENTS

1. An electrostatic voltmeter consists of two attracted plates, one

movable, and the other fixed. It is observed that the application of
10kV between the plates results in a pull of 5 10-3 N on the
movable plate. Diameter of movable plate is 100mm. find the
change in capacitance resulting from change in position of the
movable plate by 1mm
(a) 12.3 F (b) 0.1 pF (c) 100 F (d) 0.05 pF

2. The law of deflection of a moving iron ammeter is given by 1= 40

0 ampere, where  is the deflection in radian and n is a constant.
The self inductance when the meter current is zero is 10mH. The
expression for self inductance as a function of  and n is ----------
( Here K is spring constant)

K
(a) 2  2 n  10  10 3 H
8(1  n )
K
(b) (1 N )  40  10 3 H
16(1  n )
K
(c) (   n )  40  10 3 H
8(1  n )
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K
(d) 2  2 n  10  10 3 H
16(1  n )

3. A 50 volt range spring controlled electrodynamic voltmeter having a

sqauere law scale deflection of 900. The control spring constant is
0.5 A on D.C for full scale deflection of 900. The control spring
constant is 0.5 10-6 N-m/ degree and the initial mutual inductance
of the instrument is 0.25 H. The total change in mutual inductance
is
(a) 56.798 mH (b) 28.3 mH (c) 278.3 mH (d) 306. 79 mH

4. A 10A electrodynamic ammeter is controlled by a spring having a

constant of 0.1 10-6 Nm/degree. The full scale deflection is 1100.
Determine the inductance of the instrument when measuring a
current of 10A. The mutual inductance at 00 deflection is 2 H and
the change in mutual inductance is linear with deflection.

(a) 2.24 H (b) 8.4H (c) 1.788 H (d) 14.1 H

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MEASUREMENT OF RESISTANCE AND POTENTIOMETERS

1. A potentiometer is basically a
(a) deflection type instrument
(b) null type instrument
(c) deflection as well as null type instrument
(d) a digital instrument

2. The figure shows input attenuator of a multimeter. The meter reads

full- scale with 12V at M with the range switch at position B obtain
full – scale deflection with the range switch position at D?
Dc probe
A
M 2 M
6 M
B
1.2M
C
Range
600 k
D
120 k
E

60 k
F
20 k

(a) 1V (B) 150 V (c) 120 V (d) 147 V

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3. A dc potentiometer is designed to measure up to about 2V with a
side wire of 800 mm. A standard cell of emf 1.18 v obtains balance
at 600 mm. A test cell is seen to obtain balance at 680 mm. the emf
of the test cell is
(a) 1.00V (b) 1.34 V (c) 1.50V (d) 1.70 V

4. The set- up in the figure is used to measure resistance R. The

ammeter and voltmeter resistance are 0.01 and 2000,
respectively. Their reading are 2A and 180 V respectively giving a
measured resistance of 90. The percentage error in the
measurement is
 
R
A

(a) 2.25% (b) 2.35% (c) 4.5% (d) 4.71%

5. A strain gauge forms one arm of the bridge shown in the figure
below and has a nominal resistance without any load a Rs = 300.
Other bridge resistance are R1 = R2 = R3 = 300. The maximum
permissible current through the strain gaugae is 20mA. During
certain measurement when the bridge is excited by maximum
permissible voltage and the strain gauge resistance is increased by
1% over the nominal value, the output voltage V0in mV is

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R4 R1

V1 _ +
V0
R3 R2

(a)56.02 (b) 40.83 (c) 29.85 (d) 10.02

6. The voltage across an impedance is measured by a voltmeter having

input impedance comparable with the impedance causing an error in
the reading. What is this error called?
(a) random error (b) gross error
(c) systematic error (d) loading effect error

7. A resistance is measured by a voltmeter- ammeter method using DC

excitation and a voltmeter of very high resistance connected directly
across the unknown resistance. If the voltmeter and ammeter are
subjected to maximum error of  2.4% and  1.0% respectively,
then the magnitude of maximum error in the value of resistance
obtained from the measurement is nearly
(a) 1.4% (b) 1.7% (c) 2.4% (d) 3.4%

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POTENTIOMETERS AND INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS

1. Consider the following statements:

LC potentiometer is the best means available for measurement of
dc voltage because
1. The precision in measurement is independent of the type
of detector used.
2. It is based on null- balance technique
3. It is possible to standardize before a measurement is undertaken.
4. It is possible to measure dc voltage ranging in value from milli
volts to hundred of volts.
Of these statement
(a) 2 and 3 are correct (b)1 and 4 are correct
(c)2 and 4 are correct (d) 3 and 4 are correct

2. During the measurement of a low resistance asing a potentiometer,

the following reading were obtained voltage drop across the low
resistance unsder test = 0.4221 V. Voltage drop across a 0.1 
standard resistance = 1.0235 V. Calculate the value of unknown
resistance, current and the power lost in it.
(a) 0.0412408 , 10.235 A, 4.316 W
(b) 0.05 , 0.4 A, 5W
(c) 0.1 , 0.2 A, 10 W
(d) 0.001 , 0.3 A, 15W

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MEASUREMENT OF RESISTANCE

1. If in figure the ratio of Ra to Rb is 1000, R1 is 5 and R1= 0.5 R2.

What is the value of R1

R1
R4

Ra
E Rc

Rb
R3

R2

(a) 0.01  (b) 0.1  (c) 1 (d) none of these

2. A resistance is measured by the ammeter and voltmeter circuit

illustrated in figure. The measured current is 0.5A, and the voltmeter
indication is 500V. The ammeter has a resistance of Ra= 10, and
the voltmeter on a 100V range has a sensitivity of 10 k/V.
Calculate the value of R.

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Ammeter
Voltage drop
EA
I
+ A
I
Resistor
Supply R Voltage
V E+EA E drop

(a) 99 (b) 990 (c)199 (d) none of these

3. High resistance are provided with a guard terminal in order to

(a) protect the resistance against stray electrostatic field
(b) bypass the leakage current
(c) protect the resistance against overheads
(d) protect the resistance against stray electromagnetic field

4. The shunt type ohmmeter is not suitable for high resistance

measurements because
(a) very low resistance of meter would the high unknown resistance
(b) scale is high cramped for high resistance values.
(c) full scale value f the meter may be exceeded
(d) battery cannot supply the necessary current for potiormeter
deflection

5. Which one of the following is not the criterion used to select

potentiometer in a control system?
(a) accuracy (b) noise (c) time response (d) frequency response

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Va
6. ARC potentiometer to measure ac voltage it is desired that should
Vf
be independent of frequency. The value of C should be

R1 10K C1
1F
Vi
R2 1K C Vo

(a) 10  F (b) 11 F (c) 0.1 F (d)0.9 F

7. A Crompton’s potentiometer is provided with a dial resistor having

15 steps of 10  each and a slide wire of 10  resistance. The slide
wire is divided into 100 divisions and one fifth of a division can be
read with certainly. The working current of potentiometer is 10mA.
The range and resolution of the potentiometer are respectively.

(a)1.6V, 0.2mV (b) 1.6V, 0.5 mV

(c) 1.5 V, 0.1 mV (d) 1.6 V, 0.1 mV

8. A potentiometer circuit is shown in Fig. The jockey of the

potentiometer is kept exactly at the mid- point and the ammeter
reads the current I as 0.2 mA. When Vx is reversed the ammeter
reads 3.8 mA. The internal resistance of the ammeter and the
unknown potential Vx are respectively.

Ammeter
+
180

2V
_ ++ _


+
Vx _

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(a) 500, 1.1V (b) 50, 1.1V (c) 500, 0.9 V (d) 50 ,0.9 V

9. A 20,000 /V meter is used to measure the voltage across 100k on

0-1 V scale as in the circuit. The voltage measured is
1M

5V 100K

(a) 5V (b) 0.45V (c)4.45 V (d) 0.082V

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AC BRIDGES

1. A bridge is shown in the figure below. Which one of the sequence

given below is most suitable for balancing bridge?
R1
R3
jX1

R4
R2
jX4

(a) First adjust R4, and then adjust R1

(b) First adjust R2, and then adjust R3
(c) First adjust R2, and then adjust R4
(d) First adjust R4 and then adjust R2

2. The Maxwell’s bridge shown in the figure is at balance. The

parameters of the inductive coil are

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R+ jL R3

R4

R2

-jl(C4)

(a) R – R2 R3/R4, L = C4 R2R3 (b) L = R2R3/R4, R = C4R2R3

(c) R = R4/R2R3, L = 1/(C4R2R3) (d) L = R4/R2R3, R = 1(C4R2R3)

3. The bridge circuit shown in the figure below is used for the
measurement of an unknown element Zx. The bridge circuit is best
suited when Zx is a

C1

R2
R1
+ 
VS
_ D

R4 Zx

(a) low resistance (b) high resistance

(c) low Q inductor (d) lossy capacitor

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4. The reading of the voltmeter (ms) in volts, for the circuit shown in
the figure is _______
R=0.5

1 j 1/ j

100 sin(t) V

1/ j 1 j

5. Three moving iron type voltmeters are connected as shown below.

Voltmeter readings are V, V1 and V2 as indicated. The correct
relation among the voltmeter readings is
-j1  -j2 

V1 V1
V t

V1 V2
(a) V  (b) V = V1 + V2
2 2
(c) V = V1 V2 (d) V = V2 – V1

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INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS

1. A 500A/5A, 50Hz current transformer has a bar primary. The

secondary burden is a pure resistance of 1 and it draws a current of
5A. If the magnetic core requires 250 AT for magnetization, the
percentage ratio error is
(a) 10.56 (b) -10.56 (c) 11.80 (d) -11.80

2. A 50Hz, bar primary CT has a secondary with 500 turns. The

secondary supplies 5A current into a purely resistive burden of
1.The magnetizing ampere-turns is 200. The phase angle between
the primary and secondary current is
(a) 4.60 (b) 85.40 (c) 94.60 (d) 175.40

3. A 200/1 Current transformer (CT) is would with 200 turns on the

secondary on a toroidal core. When it carries a current of 160A on
the primary, the ratio and phase errors of the CT are found to be -
0.5% and 30 minutes respectively. If the number of secondary turns
is reduced by 1 the new ratio error (5) and phase error (min) will be
respectively
(a) 0.0, 30 (b) -0.5, 35 (c) -1.0, 30 (d) -1.0, 25

4. For the bridge shown in the given figure, at balance the values
of Rx, Cx and Qx will be

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C1

R2
R1


Cx
C3
Rx

C1 R 2 RC
(a) Rx  , C x  1 3 , Q x  C1 R 1
C3 R2
CR RC 1
(b) R x  1 2 , Cx  1 3 , Qx 
C3 R2 C1 R 1
CR R C 1
(c) R x  1 2 , Cx  2 3 , Qx 
C3 R1 C1R 1
CR R C
(d) R x  1 2 , C x  2 3 , Q x  C1 R 1
C3 R2

5. Hay’s bridge is suitable for the measurement of which one of the

following?
(a) Inductance with Q < 10
(b) Inductance with Q > 10
(c) Capacitance with high dissipation
(d) Capacitance with low dissipating factors

6. For the bridge circuit in fig, the voltages are

V1 = 2 cos 1000 t V,
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V2 = 2 cos (1000t + 450) and Vd = 0
The value of R = 100, then Zx will be
+
V1 R=100

_
+ V _
 d
+
V2 _ Zx

(a) 100  resistor in series with 100mH inductor

(b) 100  resistor in series with 100 F capacitor
(c) 100  resistor in parallel with 100 F capacitor
(d) 100  resistor in parallel with 100 F capacitor

7. In the ac bridge shown in fig, the detector D reads zero. Then Z is

made of
100nF

500

10K

1 K Z

+ _

(a) 50mH in parallel with 50 (b) 50mH in series with 50
(c) 50nF in series with 10k (d) 50nF in parallel with 5k
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8. A 4 terminal resistor of approximately 50 resistance was

measured by means of a Kelvin’s bridge having the following
component resistance:
Standard resistor = 100.03
Inner ratio arms = 100.31 and 200
Outer ratio arms = 100.24 and 200
Resistance of link connecting the standard and the unknown
resistance = 700. Calculate the unknown resistance to the nearest
0.01 .

(a)49.97  (b) 50.97 (c) 60.97  (d) 70.97 

9. An A.C. bridge consists of the following constants: arm AB, a

resistance of 800 in parallel with a capacitance 0.4 F; BC, an
unknown resistance; CD, a known resistance of 1200 and DA, a
resistance of 500 in series with a capacitance of 1 pF. Find the
resistance required in arm BC to give balance and also the frequency
for which the bridge is balanced.

10. Wein’s bridge is used for measurement of frequency in the

applied voltage waveforms is

(a) sinusoidal (b) square (c) rectangular (d) triangular

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11. Performance of current transformer is primarily dependent on the
core material and the way the core is made up. Ratio and phase
angle errors will be less, if the core is of _______ permeability and
of ______ form.

(a) high, rectangular or ring (b) low, rectangular or ring

(c) high, triangular or ring (d) none

12. The ratio and phase angle errors in a well designed current
transformer (CT) are kept within the specified limits by using.

(a) ferrite core (b) strip wound core (c) some fractional turns
(d) None

13. It can be stated that

(a) C.T operates at almost the same flux density as a P.T

(b) C.T. operated with a higher flux density than a P.T
(c) C.T operates with considerably lower flux density than a PT
(d) No generalization can be made with regard to the fux densities
in CT and PT

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BRIDGE MEASUREMENT OF R, L & C

1. Figure shows the schematic diagram of a Wheatstone bridge with

values of the bridge elements as shown. The battery voltage is 5V
and its internal resistance is negligible. The galvanometer has a
current sensitivity of 10 mm/A and an internal resistance of 100.
The deflection of the galvanometer in mm is _______.

2. A Maxwell’s capacitance bridge shown in figure is used to measure

an unknown inductance in comparison with capacitance. Calculate
the vale of storage (Q) factor of coil if frequency is 1000Hz.
L1
R2=600
R1

D
C4=0.5F

R2=200
R4=200

(a) 3.14 (b) 6.28 (c) 0.63 (d) 0.31

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INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER

1. A 1000/5A, 50Hz current transformer has a secondary burden

comprising a non inductive impedance of 1.6 . The primary
winding has one turn. Calculate the fux in the core and ratio error at
full load. Neglect leakage reactance and assume the iron loss in the
core to be 1.5W at full load. The magnetizing mmF is 100A.

2. A current transformer with a bar primary has 300 turns in its

secondary winding. The resistance and reactance of the secondary
circuit are 1.5 and 1.0 respectively including the transformer
winding. With 5A flowing in the secondary winding, the
magnetizing mmf is 100A and the iron loss is 1.2W. Determine the
ratio and phase angle errors.

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MEASUREMENT OF ENERGY AND POWER

1. The minimum number of wattmeter (s) required to measure 3-

phasem 3-wire balanced or unbalanced power is
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4

2. The line to line input voltage to the 3-phase, 50Hz, ac circuit shown
in figure is 100V rms. Assuming that the phase sequence is RYB the
wattmeter would read.
W1

R
5600

5600

W2

(a) W1 = 886 W and W2 = 896 W (b) W1 = 500W and W2 = 500W

(c) W1 = 0W and W2 = 1000W (d) W1 = 250W and W2 = 750W

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3. A single phase load is connected between R and Y terminals of a

415V, symmetrical, 3-phase, 4 wire system with phase sequence
RYB. A wattmeter is connected in the system as shown in figure.
The power factor of the load is 0.8 lagging. The wattmeter will read.
W

100
0.8 pf lag

Y
B
N

(a) -795W (b) 0597W (c) +597W (d) +795W

4. The figure shows a three –phase delta connected load supplied from
a 400V, 50Hz, 3-phase balanced source. The pressure coil (PC) and
current coil (CC) of a wattmeter are connected to the load as shown,
with the coil polarities suitably selected to ensure a positive
deflection. The wattmeter reading will be

a
Z1=(100+j0)
3-phase
Balance Z1=(100+j0)
Supply
CC
400 volts c
50Hz b PC

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(a) 0 (b) 1600 Watt (c) 800 Watt (d) 400 Watt

5. For the circuit in the figure, the voltage and current expressions are:
V(t) = E1 sin(t) + E3 sin (3t)
And i(t) = I1 sin(t -1) + I3 sin(3t - 3) + I5 sin (5t)
The average power measured by the Wattmeter is
Wattmeter

i(t)

+ L
PC O
V(t)
v(t )
A
_
D

1
(a) E1I1 cos 1 (b) 1 E1I1 cos 1  E1I 3 cos 3  E1I 5 
2 2
1 1
(c) E1I1 cos 1  E 3 I 3 cos 3  (d) E1I1 cos 1  E 3 I1 cos 1 
2 2

6. A 3-phase balanced load which has a power factor of 0.707 is

connected to a balanced supply. The power consumed by the two-
wattmeter method. The readings of the two wattmeters are

(a) 3.94 kW and 1.06 kW (b) 2.50 kW and 2.50 kW

(c) 5.00 kW and 0.00kW (d) 2.96 kW and 2.04 kW

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7. The load shown in the figure is supplied by a 400V (line –to-line),
3-phase source (RYB sequence). The load is balanced and inductive,
drawing 346VA. When the switch S is in position N, the three
wattmeters W1, W2 and W3 read 577.35 W each. If the switch is
moved to position T, the readings of the wattmeters in watts will be:

W1
R
400V, 3-phase source

W2
Y

LOAD
W3
B
Y

S N
N

(a) W1 = 1732 and W2 = W3 = 0

(b) W1 = 0, W2 = 1732 and W3 = 0
(c) W1 = 866 and W2 = 0, W3 = 866
(d) W1 = W2 = 0 and W3 = 1732

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MEASUREMENT OF POWER & ENERGY

1. In two-wattmeter method of power measurement, one of the

wattmeter will show negative reading when the load of angle is
strictly
(a) < 300 (b) < 600 (c) > 300 (d) > 600

2. Which of the following statements are correct in case of a power

factor meter?

1. The deflection is proportional to the phase angle between field

coil and crossed coil
2. The restoring torque is provided by a controlling torque
3. It consists of two coils mounted at right angles to each other.
Select the correct answer suing the code given below:

(a)1 and 2 (b) 2 and 3 (c) 1 and 3 (d) 1, 2 and 3

3. If an induction type energy meter runs fast, it can be solved down by

(a) lag adjustment

(b) light load adjustment
(c) adjusting the position of braking magnet and moving it closer to the
centre of the disc
(d) adjusting the position of braking magnet and moving it way from the
centre of the disc

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4. Consider the following statements associated with an energy meter:
1. It is an integrating type instrument
2. I it is an induction type instrument
3. It uses a permanent magnet for rotation of aluminium disc
4. It employs a high control torque
Which of these statements are correct
(a) 1, 2, 3 and 4 (b) 1 and 2only (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 3 and 4 only

5.The brake magnet of an error free electro mechanical induction

type energy meter is shifted from its position and moved a
small distances towards the edge of the disc. Then the meter will

(a) Continue to work correctly without any change in its characteristics

(b) continue to work, but registers a lower k Whr
(c) continue to work, but registers a higher k Whr
(d) Stop working

6. A single –phase energy meter is operating on 230V, 50Hz supply

with a load of 20A for two hours at upf. The meter makes 1380
revolutions in that period. The meter constant is
(a) 695 rev/kWh (b) 150 rev/kWh
(c) 0.15 rev/kWh (d) 1/150 rev/kWh

7. A water boiler at hone is switched on to the a.c, mains supplying

power at 230V/50 Hz. The frequency of instantaneous power
consumed by the boiler is
(a) 8Hz (b) 50Hz (c) 100Hz (d) 150Hz

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8. Two Wattmeters connected to measure the input to a balanced 3
phase circuit indicate 2000W and 500W respectively. Find the
power factor of circuit when both the readings are possible.

(a) 0.802 (b) 0.696 (c) 0.969 (d) 0.169

9. A wattmeter having a range 1000Whas an error of 1% of full scale

deflection. If the true power is 100W, what would be the range of
readings? Suppose the error is specified as percentage of true value,
what would be the range of the readings?

10. A wattmeter is rated at 10A and 25V. The current coil has a
resistance of 0.06  and a reactance of 0.02. The potential coil
circuit may be assumed to be purely resistive having a resistance of
6250. Fin the error due to the two different connections shown in
Fig. The load is 10A at a power factor of 0.174 lagging. The voltage
across the load is 25V.

C.C C.C
M I1 L M I1 L I1
 
I I
I3
P.C
V L L
V O V V C O
RSC
A A
D RSC D

 
Figure (A) Figure (B)

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11. A 230V, 5A dc energy meter is tested at its marked ratings. The
resistance of the pressure circuit is 9000 and that of current coil is
0.2. Calculate the power consumed when testing the meter with
phantom loading with current circuit excited by a 6V battery
(a) 5.8W (b) 20.8 (c) 35.8W (d) 1150W

12. Which methods can be used for the measurement of three phase
power for an unbalanced load?
1. Three Voltmeters
2. Two voltmeters and one ammeter
3. Two wattmeters
4. One wattmeter
Select the correct answer using the codes given below
(a)1 only (b) 3 only (c) 1 and 3 (d) Any one of 1, 2, 3 or 4

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CRO AND ELECTRONIC MEASUREMENTS

1. Two in phase 50Hz sinusoidal wave forms of unit amplitude are fed
into channel-1 and channel -2 respectively of an oscilloscope.
Assuming that the voltage scale, time scale and other settings are
exactly the same for both the channels, What would be observed if
the oscilloscope is operated in x-y mode?
(a) A circle of unit radius
(b) An ellipse
(c) A parabola
(d) A straight line inclined at 450 with respect to the x-axis

2. The simplified block diagram of a 10-bit A/D converter of dual

slope integrator type is shown in figure. The 10-bit counter at the
output is clocked by a 1 MHz clock. Assuming negligible timing
overhead for the control logic, the maximum frequency of the
analog signal that can be converted using this A/D converter is
approximately

Integrator, 10-bit
comparator and counter Digital
control logic clock output

1 MHz

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(a) 2 kHz (b) 1 kHz (c) 500Hz (d) 250Hz

3. List-I represents the figures obtained on a CRO screen when the

voltage signals Vx = Vxm sin t and Vy = Vym sin(t + ) are given
to its X and Y plats respectively and  is changed. Choose the
correct value of  from List –I to match with the corresponding
figure of List-II.

A.  = 0 1.

2.

B.  = /2 3.

C.  <  < 3/2 4.

5.

D. =3/2

6.

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Codes:
A B C D
(a) 1 3 6 5
(b) 2 6 4 5
(c) 2 3 5 4
(d) 1 5 6 4

4. A CRO probe has an impedance of 500 k in parallel with a

capacitance of 10pF. The probe is used to measure the voltage
between P and Q as shown in figure. The measured voltage will be
100 k P

To CRO
10 Vms ~ 100 k through
100 kHz probe

(a) 3.53V (b) 4.37V (c)4.54V (d) 5.00V

5. The simultaneous application of signals x(t) and y(t) to the

horizontal and vertical plates, respectively, of an oscilloscope,
produces a vertical figure of-B display. If P and Q are constants, and
x(t) = P sin(4t + 30), then y(t) is equal to
(a) Q sin(4t -30) (b) Q cos(2t + 30)
(c) Q sin(8t +60) (d) Q sin(4t +30)

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6. Two sinusoidal signal (1, t) = A sin 1 t and q (2, t) are applied
to X and T inputs of a dual channel CRO. The Lissajous figure
displayed on the screen is shown below:

The signal q(2, t) will be represented as

y

(a) q(2, t) = A sin 2t, 2 = 21 (b) q(2, t) = A sin 2t, 2 = 1/2
(c) q(2, t) = A cos 2t, 2 = 21 (d) q(2, t) = A cos 2t, 2 =1/2

7. A dual trace oscilloscope is set to operate in the Alternate mode.

The control input of the multiplexer use in the y-circuit is fed with a
signal havings frequency equal to
(a) the highest frequency that the multiplexer can operate property
(b) twice the frequency of the time base (sweep) oscillator
(c) the frequency of the time base (sweep) oscillator
(d) half the frequency of the time base (sweep) oscillator

8. 4 ½ digit DMM has the error specification as 0.2% of reading +10

counts. If a dc voltage of 100V is read on its 200V full scale, the
maximum error that can be expected in the reading is
(a) 0.1% (b) 0.2% (c) 0.3% (d) 0.4%

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CATHODE RAY OSCILLOSCOPE

1. When the horizontal deflection plates of a CRO are kept at the

ground potential and a 30 volt dc is applied to the vertical deflecting
plates, the bright spot moves 1 cm away from the centre. If with the
same setting, a 30 volt ac is applied to the vertical deflecting plates,
then the picture observed on the screen would be
(a) a spot approximately 3 cm away from the centre
(b) a vertical line 2 cm long
(c) a vertical line approximately 3 cm long
(d) two spots 2 cm vertically above each other

2. An Oscilloscope screen displays a line inclined at 450. It’s Y-input is

a sine wave of frequency f. Then the X-input should be
(a) Sine wave of frequency f and 00 phase shift with the Y-input
(b) Sine wave of frequency f and 450 phase shift with the Y-input
(c) Sine wave of frequency f and 900 phase shift with the Y input
(d) Sawtooth wave of frequency f

3. A circle is found on the screen of a CRO when 2 time varying

signals of same frequency and same magnitude are applied to X and
Y plates of the CRO. What is the relative phase difference?
(a) 00 (b) 900 (c) 1800 (d) 450

4. In the CRO plate connections shown in the given figure, the supply
frequency is 500Hz and the capacitance ‘C’ is 0.2 F. The value of

resistance ‘R’ required to obtain a circle on the CRO screen (X and
Y plates have equal sensitivities) is

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R Y
X X
~
C

(a) 2 k (b) 5 k (c) 7 k (d) 10 k

5. Two sine waves of the same frequency are impressed on the X and
Y plate of a CRO and the Lissajous figure screen is shown in the
diagram. The phase difference between the signals is

1 y1
=0.5

(a) 300 or 3300 or 1500 or 2100 (b) 300 or 3300 or 1500

(c) 300 or 3300 (d) 300

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DIGITAL VOLTMETERS

1. A 3 ½ digit multimeter has an accuracy specification of 0.5% of

reading plus 5 counts. The value of an unknown resistance is read as
50.0 on the 200 scale of the meter, the value of the resistance is

(a) 50.0  0.25 (b) 50.0  0.5

(c) 50.0  0.75 (d) 50.0  100

2. Which one of the following digital voltmeter is most suitable to

eliminate the effect of noise?
(a) Ramp type digital voltmeter
(b) Integrating type digital voltmeter
(c) Successive approximation type digital voltmeter
(d) Servo type digital voltmeter

3. Which of the following are data representation elements in a

generalized measurement system?
1. Analog indicator
2. Amplifier
3. A/D converter
4. Digital display
Select the correct answer suing the codes given below
(a) 1 and 2 (b) 1 and 4 (c) 2 and 4 (d) 3 and 4

4. Consider the following statements:

The A to D converter used in a digital instrument could be
1. Successive approximation converter type
2. Flash converter type
3. Dual slope converter type

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The correct sequence in the increasing order of the conversion time
taken by these type is
(a) 1, 2 and 3 (b) 2, 1 and 3 (c) 1,3 and 2 (d) 2, 3
and 1

5. An ac voltmeter using full-wave rectification and having a

sinusoidal input has an ac sensitivity equal to
(a) 1.414 times dc sensitivity
(b) dc sensitivity
(c) 0.90 times dc sensitivity
(d) 0.707 times dc sensitivity

6. The PMMC meter is connected in the circuit shown in the figure.

The op.amp is ideal. The voltage V1 (t) = 1.0 sin 314tV. Assuming
the source impedance of V1(t) to be zero, the ammeter will indicate
a current of

10K
_
+
Vt(t) ~

(a) 100A (b) 70.7 A (c) 63..7 A (d) 31.8 A

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Q – METER

1. If Qs is the effective Q of the coil, C is the resonance capacitance

and Cd is the distributed capacitance, then the true Q in a Q-meter
will be
(a) Qe[(C + Cd)/C] (b) Qe[C/((C +Cd)]
(c) Qe[Cd/(C +Cd)] (d) Qe[(C +Cd)/Cd]

2. In the given circuit, CD is the distributed capacitance of the coil and

C is the tuning capacitor. If C = C1 for the fundamental frequency
and C = C1 for the second harmonic, then the value of C0 can be
expressed as
a

C
C (Turing
capacitor
R

C1  2C 2 C1  4C 2
(a) C0  (b) C0 
3 3
C  C2
(c) C0  1 (d) C0 = C1 – 2C2
3

3. In a dual slope integrating type digital voltmeter, analog input signal

is integrated over 1000 cycles of clock. To reject the 100Hz noise
present in the input signal, what should be minimum integration
time period of input and what should be maximum clock frequency?
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(a) 100ms, 100kHz (b) 10ms, 100 kHz

(c) 100ms, 10 kHz (d) 10ms, 10 kHz

ANALOG ELECTRONIC VOLTMETER

1. a Full wave Bridge rectifier AC voltmeter is used to measure Half

wave rectified sinusoidal signal having a peak voltage of 10V. Then,
the reading of voltmeter is
(a) 3.53V (b) 5.35V (c) 5V (d) 31.8V

2. An Electronic average responding voltmeter whose scale is

calibrated to read r.m.s value of sinusoidal waveform uses a Half
wave Rectifier. When used to measure symmetrical square wave
A.C. voltage with zero mean, it indicates 24V. The actual r.m.s of
input is
24 2 48 24 48 2
(a) V (b) V (c) V (d) V
 2 2 

3. A 3 ½ digit voltmeter having a resolution of 100mV can be used to

measure maximum voltage of
(a) 100V (b) 200V (c) 1000V (d) 5000V

4. What is the reading of 0.5245V on 1V range in four and a half digit

voltmeter displayed as?
(a) 0.5245 (b) 00.524 (c) 000.52 (d) 0000.5

5. The X-and Y – inputs of a CRO are respectively V sint, and –V

sint. The resulting Lissajous pattern will be
(a) a straight line (b) a circle
(c) an ellipse (d) a figure of eight
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6. The X and Y inputs to a CRO are respectively 10 cos(100t + ) and

10 sin (100t + ). The resulting Lissajous pattern is

(a) A straight line inclined at an angle 

(b) A horizontal line
(c) An ellipse with axis making an angle 
(d) A circle

7. Two sinusoidal signals having equal amplitudes and equal

frequencies are applied to both vertical and horizontal inputs of an
oscilloscope. An ellipse having major axis in 1st and 3rd quadrants
and rotating in anti clockwise direction is displayed on the screen.
The peak X deflection is at 2 div and it’s interception with X axis is
at 5 div. What is the phase difference between both input signals?

(a) 23.570 (b) 156.430 (c) 336.420 (d) 270.40

8. In an oscilloscope, when the unknown signal applied to the vertical

plates is being synchronized with the sweep signal applied to
horizontal plates, the pattern seen on the CRO screen moves towards
the right . It means that,

(a) the frequency of the signal is lower than that of the sweep signal
(b) the frequency of the signal is greater than that of the sweep
signal
(c) the frequency of the signal is equal to the frequency of sweep
signal
(d) none of the above

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