The appendicular skeleton consists of bones that facilitate movement and support the limbs.

It includes 126 bones divided into the pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, and lower
limbs:

●​ Pectoral Girdle (Shoulder Girdle) – 4 Bones

●​ Clavicles (2) – Collarbones
●​ Scapulae (2) – Shoulder blades
●​ Upper Limbs – 60 Bones
●​ Humerus (2) – Upper arm bones
●​ Radius (2) – Forearm bones (thumb side)
●​ Ulna (2) – Forearm bones (pinky side)
●​ Carpals (16) – Wrist bones
●​ Metacarpals (10) – Hand bones
●​ Phalanges (28) – Finger bones
●​ Pelvic Girdle – 2 Bones
●​ Hip bones (Os Coxae) (2) – Each composed of the ilium, ischium, and pubis
●​ Lower Limbs – 60 Bones
●​ Femur (2) – Thigh bones (strongest bone in the body
●​ Patella (2) – Kneecaps
●​ Tibia (2) – Shinbones (larger lower leg bone)
●​ Fibula (2) – Smaller lower leg bone
●​ Tarsals (14) – Ankle bones.
●​ Metatarsals (10) – Foot bones
●​ Phalanges (28) – Toe bones

The appendicular skeleton allows for mobility and interaction with the environment,
complementing the axial skeleton (skull, spine, and ribcage) for structural support.

1. Pectoral Girdle (Shoulder Girdle) – 4 Bones

●​ Clavicle (2) – Collarbone, connects the sternum to the scapula
●​ Scapula (2) – Shoulder blade, provides attachment for arm muscles

2. Upper Limbs – 60 Bones

●​ Humerus (2) – Upper arm bone, connects to the scapula
●​ Radius (2) – Lateral forearm bone (thumb side)
●​ Ulna (2) – Medial forearm bone (pinky side)
●​ Hand Bones (Wrist to Fingers – 54 Bones Total)
○​ Carpals (Wrist – 16 Bones)
■​ Scaphoid (2)
■​ Lunate (2)
■​ Triquetrum (2)
■​ Pisiform (2)
■​ Trapezium (2)
■​ Trapezoid (2)
■​ Capitate (2)
■​ Hamate (2)
 ○​ Metacarpals (Palm – 10 Bones)
■​ Numbered 1 to 5 (starting from the thumb) on each hand
○​ Phalanges (Fingers – 28 Bones)
●​ Proximal (10)
●​ Middle (8) (thumbs lack middle phalanx)
●​ Distal (10)
3. Pelvic Girdle – 2 Bones
●​ Hip Bones (Os Coxae) (2) – Each consists of:

●​ Ilium – Largest, upper part

●​ Ischium – Lower, posterior part
●​ Pubis – Anterior part

4. Lower Limbs – 60 Bones

●​ Femur (2) – Thigh bone, strongest in the body
●​ Patella (2) – Kneecap
●​ Tibia (2) – Shinbone, larger lower leg bone
●​ Fibula (2) – Slender bone beside the tibia

Foot Bones (Ankle to Toes – 54 Bones Total)

●​ Tarsals (Ankle – 14 Bones)
○​ Calcaneus (2) – Heel bone
○​ Talus (2) – Connects to tibia and fibula
○​ Navicular (2)
○​ Cuboid (2)
○​ Medial Cuneiform (2)
○​ Intermediate Cuneiform (2)
○​ Lateral Cuneiform (2)
●​ Metatarsals (Foot – 10 Bones)
○​ Numbered 1 to 5 (starting from the big toe)
●​ Phalanges (Toes – 28 Bones)
○​ Proximal (10)
○​ Middle (8) (big toes lack middle phalanx)
○​ Distal (10)

The appendicular skeleton (126 bones) plays a major role in movement and interaction with
the environment.

Axial Region / Axial Skeleton

The axial skeleton forms the central framework of the body, supporting and protecting vital
organs like the brain, spinal cord, and thoracic organs. It consists of 80 bones, grouped into
three main regions:

●​ Skull (Cranium and Facial Bones) – 22 Bones

●​ Vertebral Column (Spine) – 26 Bones
 ●​ Thoracic Cage (Ribs and Sternum) – 25 Bones

1. Skull – 22 Bones
The skull protects the brain and forms the structure of the face. It is divided into:

A. Cranial Bones (8 Bones) – Protect the Brain

●​ Frontal (1) – Forehead bone
●​ Parietal (2) – Top and sides of the skull
●​ Temporal (2) – Sides of the skull, near the ears
●​ Occipital (1) – Back of the skull
●​ Sphenoid (1) – Butterfly-shaped bone at the base of the skull
●​ Ethmoid (1) – Located between the eyes, part of the nasal cavity

B. Facial Bones (14 Bones) – Form the Face

●​ Maxilla (2) – Upper jaw
●​ Zygomatic (2) – Cheekbones
●​ Mandible (1) – Lower jaw (only movable skull bone)
●​ Nasal (2) – Bridge of the nose
●​ Lacrimal (2) – Small bones in the inner corner of the eyes (tear ducts)
●​ Palatine (2) – Back part of the roof of the mouth
●​ Inferior Nasal Concha (2) – Inside the nasal cavity
●​ Vomer (1) – Forms part of the nasal septum

2. Vertebral Column (Spine) – 26 Bones

The spine supports the body and protects the spinal cord. It is divided into five regions:

●​ Cervical Vertebrae (7 Bones) – Neck region (C1 to C7)

○​ Atlas (C1) – Supports the skull
○​ Axis (C2) – Allows head rotation
●​ Thoracic Vertebrae (12 Bones) – Upper and mid-back, each connected to a rib (T1
to T12)
●​ Lumbar Vertebrae (5 Bones) – Lower back (L1 to L5)
●​ Sacrum (1 Bone) – Fused vertebrae at the base of the spine
●​ Coccyx (1 Bone) – Tailbone (fused vertebrae)

3. Thoracic Cage (Rib Cage) – 25 Bones

The rib cage protects the heart and lungs. It consists of:

●​ Sternum (1 Bone) – Breastbone, divided into:

○​ Manubrium (upper part)
○​ Body (middle part)
○​ Xiphoid Process (lower part)
●​ Ribs (24 Bones – 12 Pairs)
○​ True Ribs (1-7 Pairs) – Directly attached to the sternum
○​ False Ribs (8-10 Pairs) – Indirectly attached to the sternum
○​ Floating Ribs (11-12 Pairs) – Not attached to the sternum
Total Bones in the Axial Skeleton: 80 Bones
●​ Skull: 22 bones
●​ Vertebral Column: 26 bones
●​ Thoracic Cage: 25 bones
●​ Hyoid Bone: 1 (a small U-shaped bone in the neck that supports the tongue and is
not connected to other bones)

The axial skeleton provides structure, stability, and protection for vital organs, while the
appendicular skeleton (126 bones) allows movement.
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Identify which prefix/suffix corresponds with the following definition:

●​ Algia → Pain
●​ Hypo → Below normal
●​ Brady → Irregularly slow
●​ Tachy → Irregularly fast
●​ Brachy → Short
●​ Hyper → Beyond normal
●​ Itis → Inflammation
●​ Isch → Restriction

Match the prefix/suffix with the best definition:

●​ Myel(o) → Bone marrow or spinal cord

●​ Mast(o) → Breast
●​ Adeno → Glandular
●​ Adipo → Fat or fatty tissue
●​ Bucco → Cheek
●​ Cholecyst(o) → Gall bladder
●​ Gloss(o) → Tongue

Match the prefix/suffix with the best definition:

●​ Inter → Between
●​ Bi → Two
●​ Ipsi → Same, same side
●​ Supra → Above
●​ Tort(i) → Twisted
●​ Endo → In, within
●​ Peri → Around

Match the word with the best definition:

●​ Adenopathy → Swelling or enlargement of glandular tissues (i.e., lymph nodes)

●​ Edema → Abnormal accumulation of serous fluid in connective tissue
 ●​ Dyspnea → Difficulty breathing
●​ Melena → Passage of black bloody stool
●​ Pruritis → Itching
●​ Syncope → Sudden loss of strength, fainting
●​ Nocturia → Excessive urination at night
●​ Hemoptysis → Spitting up or coughing up blood

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SKELETAL SYSTEM:

1. Number of Bones in the Human Body

"Two-oh-six, bones do the tricks!"

●​ There are 206 bones in the adult human body.

2. Skull Bones (Cranial Bones - 8)

"PEST OF 6"
●​ Parietal (2)
●​ Ethmoid (1)
●​ Sphenoid (1)
●​ Temporal (2)
●​ Occipital (1)
●​ Frontal (1)

3. Facial Bones (14)

"Virgil Can Not Make My Pet Zebra Laugh"

●​ Vomer (1)
●​ Conchae (Inferior Nasal) (2)
●​ Nasal (2)
●​ Maxilla (2)
●​ Mandible (1)
●​ Palatine (2)
●​ Zygomatic (2)
●​ Lacrimal (2)

4. Vertebral Column (Spinal Sections)

"Come To Lunch So Chill"

●​ Cervical (7)
●​ Thoracic (12)
●​ Lumbar (5)
●​ Sacrum (5, fused)
●​ Coccyx (4, fused)
OR

"Breakfast at 7, Lunch at 12, Dinner at 5"

●​ Cervical = 7 vertebrae
●​ Thoracic = 12 vertebrae
●​ Lumbar = 5 vertebrae
5. Hand Bones (Carpal Bones - 8)

"Some Lovers Try Positions That They Can't Handle"

●​ Scaphoid
●​ Lunate
●​ Triquetrum
●​ Pisiform
●​ Trapezium
●​ Trapezoid
●​ Capitate
●​ Hamate
(This follows a lateral-to-medial, proximal-to-distal order in the wrist.)

6. Leg Bones (Major Bones of the Lower Limb)

"The Foot Feels Pain"

●​ Tibia
●​ Fibula
●​ Femur
●​ Patella

7. Ribs (True, False, and Floating)

"Some People Fake Feelings"

●​ Seven True Ribs (1-7)
●​ Pairs 8-10 are False Ribs
●​ Floating Ribs (11-12)

8. Tarsal Bones (Foot Bones - 7)

"Tiger Cubs Need MILC"

●​ Talus
●​ Calcaneus
●​ Navicular
●​ Medial cuneiform
●​ Intermediate cuneiform
●​ Lateral cuneiform
●​ Cuboid
1.Cranium
2. Pineal gland
3. Cerebellum
4. Midbrain
5. Spinal cord
6. Medulla Oblongata
7. Reticular Formation
8. Pons
9. Pituitary gland
10. Hypothalamus
11. Cerebral cortex
12. Thalamus
13. Corpus callosum