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Two Mark With Answer - 240428 - 222215

The document outlines the syllabus for MA 8452 - Statistics and Numerical Methods at Dr.N.G.P. Institute of Technology, focusing on hypothesis testing, sampling distributions, and the design of experiments. It includes definitions, formulas, and applications related to statistical concepts such as null and alternative hypotheses, significance levels, and various statistical tests like t-tests and ANOVA. Additionally, it provides a question bank with key questions and answers relevant to the course material.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
8 views38 pages

Two Mark With Answer - 240428 - 222215

The document outlines the syllabus for MA 8452 - Statistics and Numerical Methods at Dr.N.G.P. Institute of Technology, focusing on hypothesis testing, sampling distributions, and the design of experiments. It includes definitions, formulas, and applications related to statistical concepts such as null and alternative hypotheses, significance levels, and various statistical tests like t-tests and ANOVA. Additionally, it provides a question bank with key questions and answers relevant to the course material.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Dr.N.G.P.

Institute of Technology Department of Science and Humanities

MA 8452 - STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL METHODS


UNIT- I
TESTING OF HYPOTHESIS
Sampling distributions - Estimation of parameters - Statistical hypothesis - Large sample
tests based on Normal distribution for single mean and difference of means -Tests based on t,
Chi-square and F distributions for mean, variance and proportion - Contingency table (test for
independent) - Goodness of fit.
1. State level of Significance? [NOV/DEC 2013] [NOV/DEC 2017]
Ans: The Probability that the value of the statistic lies in the critical region is called level of
significance. In other words, level of significance is the size of the Type I error. The levels of
significance usually employed in testing of hypothesis are 5% and 1%.
2. What are parameters and statistics in sampling? [NOV/DEC 2010]
Ans: Parameters: The statistical constants of the population, such as mean  ,variance  2 which
are usually referred to as parameters. Parameters are the measures which describe a population.
Statistic: Statistical measure computed from sample observations alone. e.g.
mean (x) ,variance (S2)etc are usually referred to as statistic. Statistic is based on the sample
values & as there are multiple choices of the samples that can be drawn from a population varies
from sample to sample.
3. Define Null hypothesis? [NOV/DEC 2012]
Ans : The test of significance, we first set up of a hypothesis a definite statement about the
population parameter, such a hypothesis is usually a hypothesis of no difference and it is denoted
by H0
4. What are alternative hypothesis? [NOV/DEC 2012]
Ans : Any hypothesis which is complementary to the null hypothesis is called an alternative
hypothesis, usually denoted by H1
5. Mention the various steps involved in testing of hypothesis? [APR/MAY 2010]
Ans : Procedure for Testing of hypothesis
 Set up the null hypothesis.
 Choose the appropriate level of significance (Either 5% or 1% level).This is to be decided
before sample is drawn.
 Compute the test statistic Z, using the data available in the problem.
 Pick out the critical value at  % level say Z  .
 Draw conclusion: If Z  Z ,accept H 0 at  % level. Otherwise reject H 0 at  % level.
6. Define sampling distribution?
Ans : Different samples from the same population will result, in general, in distinct estimates,
will from a statistical distribution called sampling distribution.
7. What do you mean by One tailed and two tailed tests?
Ans : When the hypothesis about the population parameter is rejected only for the value of
sample statistic falling into one of the tails of the sampling distribution is known as one tailed

Question Bank- Two Marks With Answer MA8452 / Statistics and Numerical Methods
Dr.N.G.P. Institute of Technology Department of Science and Humanities

test. Two tailed test is one where the hypothesis about the population parameter is rejected for
the values of the sample statistic falling into the either tails of the sampling distribution.
8. Write down the 1% and 5% critical values for right tailed and two tailed tests?.
Ans :
TESTS 1% 5%
Two tailed test 2.58 1.96
Right tailed test 2.33 1.645
9. Define critical region?.
Ans : A region corresponding to a statistic t in the sample space S which lead to the rejection of
H0 is called critical region or rejection region. Those region which lead to the acceptance of H0
give us a region called Acceptance region.
10. Define standard error?.
Ans : The standard deviation of the sampling distribution of a statistic is known as the standard
error.
11. What do you mean by Degrees of freedom?
Ans : The number of degrees of freedom is the total number of observations minus the number
of independent constraints imposed on the observations.
12. What is Type I and Type II error? [APR/MAY 2011] [MAY/JUNE 2012]
NOV/DEC 2013] [MAY/JUNE 2014] [MAY/JUNE 2016][ NOV/DEC 2018]
Ans : i) Type I error : Reject H0 when it is true.
ii) Type I error : Accept H0 when it is wrong.
13. Write the formula for the Chi-Square test of goodness of fit of a random sample to a
hypothetical distribution?. [NOV/DEC 2014]
Ans :  2   (OEE ) where O-observed frequency, E-Expected frequency
2

14. Define Chi-Square test for goodness of fit?. [APR/MAY 2010][MAY/JUNE 2012]
Ans : Karl Pearson developed a test for testing the significance of discrepancy between
experimental values & the theoretical values obtained under some theory or hypothesis. This test
is known as  2 test of goodness of fit.

2   (O  E ) 2
E
where O-observed frequency, E-Expected frequency.
2
15. State the application test?. [NOV/DEC 2010] [NOV/DEC 2017]
(or) Give the main use of  2 test. [MAY/JUNE 2016] [APR/MAY 2019]
Ans :  2 test:

To test the significance of discrepancy between experimental values and the
theoretical values.
 To test the goodness of fit
 To test the homogeneity of independent estimates of population variances.
16. Write the condition for the application of  2 test?. [MAY/JUNE 2014]
Ans :

Question Bank- Two Marks With Answer MA8452 / Statistics and Numerical Methods
Dr.N.G.P. Institute of Technology Department of Science and Humanities

 The sample observations should be independent.


 N, the total frequency should be at least 50.
 No, theoretical cell frequency should be less 5.
17. Give the formula for the  2 test of independence for attributes? [NOV/DEC2012]
[MAY/JUNE 2016] [APR/MAY 2017]
a b
c d
Ans :
a b a+b

c d c+d

a+c b+d N

The expected frequencies are given by


(a  c)( a  b) (b  d )( a  b) a+b
E(a)= E(b)=
N N

(a  c)( c  d ) (b  d )( c  d ) c+d
E(c)= E(d)=
N N

a+c b+d N

Degree of freedom =(r-1)(s-1) where r-no.of rows s-no of columns


2   (O  E ) 2
E

18. What are the assumption in ‘t’-distribution?


Ans :
 The parent population from which the sample is drawn is normal.
 The sample is random.
 The population S.D  is unknown.
19. What are the important properties of the t-distribution?.
Ans :
 For sufficiently large value of n, the t-distribution tends to the standard normal
distribution.
 The mean of the t-distribution is zero.
 The probability curve of the t-distribution is similar to the standard normal
curve and is symmetric about t=0,bell-shaped.
20. Write the formula for student’s t test for single mean?.
Ans : The test statistic

Question Bank- Two Marks With Answer MA8452 / Statistics and Numerical Methods
Dr.N.G.P. Institute of Technology Department of Science and Humanities

x
t s
n 1

Where x -Sample mean,  -Population mean, s-Standard deviation. n=Sample size


21. Write the formula for student’s t test for difference of means?.
Ans : The test statistic
x1  x 2
where S 2  n1 s1  n2 s2
2 2
t
S 1
n1
 n1 n1  n2  2
2

Degree of freedom=n1+ n2 = 2
22. Write the application of ‘t’ test?. [APR/MAY 2011]
Ans:
 To test the significance of a single mean.
 To test the significance of the difference between two sample means.
23. Define F-Test?.
Ans: To test if the two samples have come from the same population, we use
S12 n1 s12 n 2 s 22
F-Test, F  2 . Where S 1  , S2  & S1  S 2 .
2 2 2 2

S2 n1  1 n2 1
The degree of freedom v1  n1 1, v 2  n2 1

24. Write the application of F-Test?


Ans :
 Two independent samples have been drawn from the normal population with the same
variance  2 .
 Two independent estimate of the population variance are homogeneous are not.
25. A sample of size 13 gave an estimated population variance of 3.0, while another
sample of size 15 gave an estimate of 2.5 could both samples be from populations with the
same variance?.
Ans : Null hypothesis H0 : The two samples have come from populations with the same
variance.
Given n1 = 13, n2 = 15
S1 2 = 3.0 , S1 2 = 2.5
The test statistic is F = S1 2 / S1 2
= 3.0/2.5 =1.2
Calculated value of F is 1.2 and Tabulated value of F for (12,14) d.f is 2.53
Since calculated value of F< tabulated value of F, We accept the Null hypothesis.
26. Write down the formula of test statistic ‘Z’ to test the significance for single
mean(large sample)?
Ans : The test statistic

Question Bank- Two Marks With Answer MA8452 / Statistics and Numerical Methods
Dr.N.G.P. Institute of Technology Department of Science and Humanities

x
Z s
Where x -Sample mean,  -Population mean, s=Standard deviation. n=Sample size
n

27. Write down the formula of test statistic ‘Z’ to test the significance of difference
between the means(large samples)? [NOV/DEC 2016]
Ans :
The test statistic

x1  x 2 Where x1 , x 2 -mean and 12 ,  22 -variance and n1,n2-sample size


Z
12  22
n1
 n2

28. A random sample of 200 tins of coconut oil gave an average weight of 4.95kgs, with a
S.D of 0.21kg.Do we accept the net weight is 5 kgs per tin at 5% level? [MAY/JUNE 2013]
[APR/MAY 2017]
Ans : Given n=200 x =4.95kg
 =0.21kg  =5kg
Null hypothesis H0: Assume that each tins of coconut oil gave an average weight of 5kgs
Alternative hypothesis H1: average weight of tins  5kgs .
x 4.95  5
The test statistic is Z  s
 0.21
 1.3672 .
n 200

Z  1.3672
Tabulated value of z at 5% level of significance is 1.96
Calculated Z < tabulated Z
 The null hypothesis H0 is accepted.
 Each tins of coconut oil gave an average weight of 5kgs.
29. What is random sampling?[NOV/DEC2015]
Ans : A random sampling is one in which each item of a population has an equal chance of being
selected
30. Define paired t test
Ans : The test statistic
d d (d  d ) 2
t= S where d = ,S
n n 1
n
Degrees of freedom = n-1

Question Bank- Two Marks With Answer MA8452 / Statistics and Numerical Methods
Dr.N.G.P. Institute of Technology Department of Science and Humanities

UNIT – II
DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS
One way and two way classifications - Completely randomized design – Randomized block
design – Latin square design - 22 factorial design.

1. State the basic principles of design of experiments?[MAY-2014,MAY-2012,MAY-2013]


[MAY/JUNE 2016] [APR/MAY 2017] [APR/MAY 2018] [NOV/DEC 2018]
Ans : The three basic principles of experimental design are replication, randomization and local
control.

2. What do you understand by “Design of an experiment”?[MAY2018]


Ans : The design of experiment is the logical construction of the experiment in which the degree
of uncertainty with which the inference is drawn may be well defined.

3. What is the aim of the design of experiments?[NOV-2013] [NOV/DEC 2017]


Ans : The aim of an experimental design is to obtain maximum information with the minimum
cost and labour.

4. State the assumptions involved in ANOVA?[MAY-2012]


Ans :
1.The sampled population is normal.
2.The treatment effects are additive.
3.The individuals have been randomly selected from the population.
4.Experimental errors should be homogeneous in their variance and are independent.
5. Define Analysis of variance. (or) What is ANOVA? [NOV/DEC 2016]
Ans : Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is a technique that will enable us to test for the
significance of the difference among more than two sample means.
6. Write the steps to find F-ratio in ANOVA.
Ans : F = between column Variance S12 > S22
Within column Variance (or)
= Variance between samples S22 > S12
Variance within samples
F = S1 2
S2 2
7. What are the basic steps in ANOVA?
Ans :
1. One estimate of the population variance from the variance among the sample means.
2. Determine a second estimate of the population variance from the variance within the Sample.
3. Compare these two estimates if they are approximately equal in value ,accept the null
hyphothesis.
8. State the uses of ANOVA? [APR/MAY 2017]

Question Bank- Two Marks With Answer MA8452 / Statistics and Numerical Methods
Dr.N.G.P. Institute of Technology Department of Science and Humanities

Ans : Analysis of variance is useful for determining (i)which of various training methods
produces the fastest learning record,(ii) whether the effects of some fertilizers on the yields are
significantly different.(iii) Whether the mean qualities of outputs of various machines differ
significantly.
9. Write the various types of Design of experiments?
Ans :
(i) One way classification-CRD
(ii) Two way classification-RBD
(iii) Three way classification-LSD
10. Write down the ANOVA table for one way classification?(or)CRD.[MAY-2013]
Ans :ANOVA table for one way classification:
Sources of Sum of Degrees of Mean Squares Variance
variation Squares(S.S) freedom(d.f) (M.S) ratio(F)
Between SSC C-1 SSC MSC
MSC  F (or )
columns C 1 MSE
MSE
F
SSE N-C SSE MSC
MSE 
Within N C
columns
Total TSS N-1 --- ----

11. State any two advantages of a completely randomized experimental design?


[MAY-2014]
Ans : The advantages of a completely randomized experimental design are as follows.
a) Easy to layout.
b) Allows flexibility
c) Simple statistical analysis.
d) The lots of information due to missing data are smaller than with any other design.
12. Define RBD.[NOV-2012]
Ans : This method is called two way classification method. This design may be defined as one
in which the experimental material is divided into blocks or groups in such a way that the units in
each block are homogeneous. The treatments are assigned at random to the units in each block.
The layout of a RBD using three varieties of wheat in four blocks is given below.
Blocks
I II III IV
W2 W1 W3 W2
W1 W3 W2 W1
W3 W2 W1 W3

Question Bank- Two Marks With Answer MA8452 / Statistics and Numerical Methods
Dr.N.G.P. Institute of Technology Department of Science and Humanities

13. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of Randomized block design?


[APRIL/MAY 2010]
Ans : Advantages:-
1.This design is more efficient or more accurate than CRD. This is because of reduction of
experimental error.
2.It is quite flexible any number of treatments and any number of replications may be used.
Disadvantages:-
1.If the number of treatments is very large, than the size of the blocks will increase and this
may introduce heterogeneity within blocks.
2.If the interactions are large, the experiment may yield misleading results.
14. Compare one way classification model with two way classification model? (or)
Compare CRBD and RBD?.[NOV-2010]
Ans :
One way classification Two way classification
CRBD RBD
i. Easy to layout and allows flexibility, i. This design is more efficient (or) more
analysis is simple. accurate than CRD. This is because of
reduction of experimental error.
ii. This design should be used only when ii. It is quite flexible. Any number of
the number of treatments is small and the treatments and any number of replications
experimental material is mogeneous. may be used.

15. Write any two differences between RBD and CRD?.


Ans :
One way classification Two way classification
CRBD RBD
iii. Easy to layout and allows flexibility,iii. This design is more efficient (or) more
analysis is simple. accurate than CRD. This is because of
iv. This design should be used only when reduction of experimental error.
the number of treatments is small and theiv. It is quite flexible. Any number of
experimental material is homogeneous. treatments and any number of replications
may be used.

16. Explain the situations in which randomized block design is considered an


improvement over a completely randomized design.
Ans :
1. RBD is more efficient/accurate than CRD for most types of experimental work.

Question Bank- Two Marks With Answer MA8452 / Statistics and Numerical Methods
Dr.N.G.P. Institute of Technology Department of Science and Humanities

2. In CRD, grouping of the experimental size so as to allocate the treatments at random to the
experimental units is not done, but in RBD treatments are allocated at random within the units of
each stratum.
3. RBD is more flexible than CRD. Since no restrictions are placed on the number of
treatments or the number of replications.
17. What is meant by Latin square? [NOV/ DEC 2010]
Ans : A Latin square is a square arrangement of m-rows and m-columns such that each symbol
appear once and only once in each row and column. It is very useful in controlling two sources
of variation and at the same time reduces the number of treatment combinations is named as
Latin square.
18. What are the advantages of a Latin square design? [APR/ MAY 2012]
Ans : Advantages of the Latin square design are
1. It removes the variations between rows and columns from that within the rows resulting in
the reduction of experiment error to a large extent. [Due to this reason LSD preferred
over RBD].
2.The RBD can be performed equally on rectangular of square plots but for LSD a more or
less a square field is required.
3.The analysis is simple.
19. Write the differences between RBD and LSD. [NOV/DEC 2011]
Ans :
Randomized block design Latin Square design
i.No such restrictions suitable for upto 24 i.It is suitable for small number of
treatments. treatments, between 5 and 12.
ii.No restriction on the number of replications. ii.The number of rows and columns are
iii.Experimental error is reduced to a large equal and hence, the number of
extent, because variation is controlled in two replication is equal to the number of
directions. treatments.
iv. Experimental area must be square. iii.Variations is controlled in one direction
only
iv.Suitable,if it is a rectangle or square.
20. Why a 2x2 Latin square is not possible? Explain. (or)
Is 2 x 2 Latin square possible? Why? [MAY/JUNE 2016]
Ans : In Latin square, the formula for degrees of freedom for residual (SSE) is d.f = (n-1)(n-2)
Substituting n=2, d.f = 0.
Hence comparisons are not possible.
... 2x2 Latin square is not possible
21. Write down the ANOVA table for two way classification (or) RBD ?
Ans :
Source of Sum of Degrees of Mean sum of squares F
variation squares freedom

Question Bank- Two Marks With Answer MA8452 / Statistics and Numerical Methods
Dr.N.G.P. Institute of Technology Department of Science and Humanities

Between SSC C-1 SSC MSC


MSC  FC 
columns C 1 MSE
Between rows SSR r-1 SSR d.f=[C-1,(C-1)(r-1)]
MSR 
r 1 FR 
MSR
MSE
Residual(or)Error SSE (C-1)(r-1) SSE
MSE  d.f=[r-1,(C-1)(r-1)]
(C  1)( r  1)
Total TSS Cr-1 - -

22. Write down the ANOVA table for three way classification (or) Latin square?
Ans :
Sources of D.f Sum of Mean sum of squares F
variation squares
Between K-1 SSC MSC
MSC  FC 
columns SSC K 1 MSE

[(K-1),(K-1)(K-2)]
Between rows K-1 SSR MSR
MSR  FR 
SSR K 1 MSE
[(K-1),(K-1)(K-2)]
Between K-1 SSK MSK
MSK  FT 
Treatments SSK K 1 MSE
[(K-1),(K-1)(K-2)]
Error (K-1)(K-2) SSE
MSE 
SSE ( K  1)( K  2) -
Total TSS K2-1 - -
23. Define Local Control?
Ans : The process of reducing the experimental error by dividing the relatively the
heterogeneous experimental area into homogenous blocks is known as local control.
24. Define Randomization?
Ans : It is a technique by which two or more treatments are applied to different group of
the sample, the treatments to be applied to any group being decided by random sampling
technique.
25. Define raw sum of squares and correction factor
G2
 xij is known as raw sum of squares and the expression
2
Ans : The expression
N
is the correction factor.

Question Bank- Two Marks With Answer MA8452 / Statistics and Numerical Methods
Dr.N.G.P. Institute of Technology Department of Science and Humanities

26. What are the subject matters included in the design of experiment?
Ans :
(i) Planning of the experiment
(ii) Obtaining relevant information from it regarding the statistics hypothesis Under study
27. 22 factorial design – define [NOV/DEC 2013] [NOV/DEC 2018]
Ans : A factorial design with two factors, each at two levels is called a 2 2 – factorial design.
28. State the advantages of a factorial experiment over a simple experiment.
APRIL/MAY 2010]
Ans :
1.Factorial designs are widely used in experiments involving several factors where it is
necessary to study the effect of the factors on a response.
2.The factorial designs are more efficient than one factor at a time experiment.
3.Factorial designs form the basis of other designs of considerable practical value.
29. Define Mean sum of squares [NOV/DEC 2011]
Ans : The sum of squares divided by its degrees of freedom gives the corresponding variance or
the mean sum of squares.
30. Explain the word treatment in analysis of variance.
Ans : The word treatment in analysis of variance is used to refer to any factor in the experiment
that is controlled at different levels or values.
31. Define Experimental Error. [NOV/DEC 2016]
Ans :The estimation of the amount of variation due to each of the independent factors separately
and then comparing these estimates due to assignable factors with the estimates due to the
chance factor is known as Experimental Error
32. Define CRD. [NOV/DEC 2017]
Ans : This method is called one way classification method. In this design treatments are
allocated at random to the experimental units over the entire experimental material.
33. What are the Basic designs of Experiment? [APR/MAY 2018]
Ans :
1. Completely Randomized Design
2. Randomized Block Design
3. Latin square Design
4. 22 Factorial design

Question Bank- Two Marks With Answer MA8452 / Statistics and Numerical Methods
Dr.N.G.P. Institute of Technology Department of Science and Humanities

UNIT– III
SOLUTION OF EQUATIONS AND EIGEN VALUE PROBLEMS
Newton Raphson method – Gauss elimination method – pivoting – Gauss Jordan methods
– Iterative methods of Gauss Jacobi and Gauss Seidel – Matrix inversion by Gauss Jordan
method – Eigen values of a matrix by power method.

1. What are the merits of Newton-Raphson method. [ Nov/Dec 2017]


Ans :
 Newton’s method is successfully used to improve the result obtained by other methods.
 It is applicable to the solution of equations involving algebraic functions as well as
transcendental functions.
2. Distinguish between Gauss Elimination AND Gauss-Seidel method. [ Nov/Dec 2017]
Ans :
S.No Gauss Elimination Method Gauss-Seidel Method
It works on the basis of It employs initial values and iterates
1
elimination of variables. to obtain refined estimates.
This method can be used for This method can be used for large
2
small number of co-efficients. number of co-efficients.

3. Distinguish between direct and indirect method. [May/June 2011]


Ans :
S.No Direct Method Indirect Method

1 We get the exact solution. We get Approximate solution.

Direct methods performance is


2 There is no round off error problem.
affected due to round off errors.

These methods work efficiently These methods can be used for large
3 upto 100 coefficients. system of equations.

4. Mention the order and condition for the convergence of Newton-Raphshon method.
[May/June 2014][Nov/Dec 2010] [May/June 2016]
Ans : The order of Newton’s Method is 2.
Condition For the convergence is f ( x) f ( x)  f ( x) .
2

5. What is the criterion for the convergence in Newton-Raphson Method?


[APR/MAY 2018]
Ans :
 should not be equal to zero. If , then initial approximation must be
changed.
 For the better convergence the product should be positive.

Question Bank- Two Marks With Answer MA8452 / Statistics and Numerical Methods
Dr.N.G.P. Institute of Technology Department of Science and Humanities

6. Compare Gauss-elimination and Gauss-Jacobi method. [Nov/Dec 2012]


Ans :
S.No Guass -elimination method Guass-Jacobi method

1 Direct method Indirect method

2 We get exact solution We get approximate solution

3 Simple, take less time Time consuming laborious

7. Find the real positive root of 3x-cosx-1=0 by Newton-Raphson method correct to 6


decimal places. [May/June 2013]
Ans : f(x) = 3x - cosx - 1; f ( x)  3  sin x
f(0)=-2=-ve f(1)=1=+ve
Therefore root lies between 0 & 1.
Let x0=1. The Newton-Raphson formula is
f ( xn )
xn1  xn 
f ( xn )
f ( x0 ) 3x  cos x0  1
x1  x0   1 0  0.668544132
f ( x0 ) 3  sin x0
x2=0.666651337
x3=0.666644131
x4=0.666644104

8. Find a real root of the equation x=e-x using Newton-Raphson method.


[Nov/Dec 2014]

Ans : f(x)=x-e-x; f ( x)  1  e  x
f(0)=-1=-ve f(1)=0.632=+ve
The root lies between 0 & 1.
Let x0=1
f ( xn )
xn1  xn 
f ( xn )
f ( x0 ) x  ex
x1  x0   1  0  x0  0.537882842 .
f ( x0 ) 1 e
X2=0.566986991
X3=0.567143286
X4=0.56714329
Therefore the root is “0.56714329”.

Question Bank- Two Marks With Answer MA8452 / Statistics and Numerical Methods
Dr.N.G.P. Institute of Technology Department of Science and Humanities

9. Using Newton-Raphson method find the iteration formula to compute N


[Apr/May 2010]

Ans : Let x  N x2=N


f(x)=x2-N ; f ( x)  2 x
f ( xn )
xn1  xn 
f ( xn )
x n  N 2 x n2  x n2  N x n2  N 1
2

x n 1  x n     x n  N 
2 xn 2 xn 2 xn 2

x n 1 
1
xn  N 
2

10. Arrive a formula to find the value of 3 N , where N  0 ,using Newton-Raphson


method.[MAY/JUNE 2012]
Ans : If x= N 1/3 , then x3-N = 0 is the equation to be solved.
Let f(x) = x3-N, f (x ) = 3x 2
By Newton-Raphson rule,
f ( xn )
xn1  xn 
f ( xn )
x n  N 3x n3  x n3  N 2 x n3  N 1
3

x n 1  x n     2 x n  N 
3x n2 3x n2 3x n2 3
1
x n 1 2 xn  N 
3
11. Find the positive root of x 4 - x = 10 correct to three decimal places using Newton’s
Raphson method.

Ans : f(x)= x4-x-10 ; f (x ) =4x3-1


f(1)=-10=-ve f(2)=4=+ve
The root lies between 1 and 2. Therefore x0=2
f ( xn )
xn 1  xn 
f ( xn ) Put n=0,
f ( x0 ) x 4  x  10
x1  x0   1  1.8709
f ( x0 ) 4x3  1 .
x2=1.856 x3=1.856
Therefore the root is “1.856”.
12. What is the error term of Newton-Raphson method? [Apr/May 2011]
Ans : The error at any stage is proportional to the square of the error in the previous stage.

13. Derive Newton’s Algorithm for finding the P th root of a number N


Ans : If x= N 1/p ,

Question Bank- Two Marks With Answer MA8452 / Statistics and Numerical Methods
Dr.N.G.P. Institute of Technology Department of Science and Humanities

Then xp-N = 0 is the equation to be solved.


Let f(x) = xp-N, f (x ) = px p-1
f ( xn )
By Newton-Raphson rule, xn1  xn 
f ( xn )
x p  N pxnp  xnp  N
xn1  xn  
pxnp1 pxnp1
( p  1) x np  N
x n 1 
px np 1
14. Solve the equations , A+B+C=6, 3A+3B+4C=20, 2A+B+3C=13 , , using Gauss
elimination method. [May/June 2013]

1 1 1 6 
 
Ans : The augumental matrix [A;B]=  3 3 4 20 
 2 1 3 13 
 
1 1 1 6
 
[A;B] =  0 0 1 2  R2  R2  3R1
 0  1 1 1  R3  R3  2 R1
 
1 1 1 6
 
[A;B] =  0  1 1 1 
 0 0 1 2  R3  R2
 
By using back substitution
C=2,
-B+C=1 [ C=2] -B+2=1
B=1
A+B+C=6 [ C=2,B=1]
A+1+2=6 A=3
 A=3,B=1,C=2.
15. Solve the following system of equations using Gauss-Jordan elimination method
2X+Y=3,X-2Y=-1 [May/June 2012]

2 1 3
Ans : The augumental matrix [A;B]=  
 1  2  1

2 1 3
[A;B]=  
 1  2  1 R2  R2  2 R1
1

2 1 3  R1  R1  52 R3
=  5

5 
0 2 2 

Question Bank- Two Marks With Answer MA8452 / Statistics and Numerical Methods
Dr.N.G.P. Institute of Technology Department of Science and Humanities

2 0 2 
=  5

5 
0 2 2 
5 5
y  y 1
By direct substitution, 2 2
2x  2  x  1

 x=1,y=1

16. Compare Gauss-Jacobi with Gauss-Jordan method. [Nov/Dec 2010]


Ans :
S.No Guass -Jacobi method Guass-Jordan method
1. Indirect method Direct method
2. We get approximate solution We get exact solution.
3. Time consuming laborious Simple, take less time
17. Compare Gauss-elimination and Gauss-Jordan method.

Ans :
S.No Gaussian elimination method Gauss- Jordan method
Coefficient matrix is
Coefficient matrix is transformed into
transformed into diagonal
1 upper triangular matrix
matrix
2 Direct method
Direct method
3 We obtain the solution by back
No need of back substitution
substitution method
method
18. Compare Gauss-Jacobi with Gauss-Seidel method. [MAY 2003]

Ans :
Gauss –jacobi method Gauss-seidel method
1.Convergence rate is slow. The rate of convergence of Gauss-seidel
method is roughly twice that of Gauss-
Jacobi method.
2.Indirect method Indirect method
3.Condition for convergence is the Condition for convergence is the
coefficient matrix is diagonally coefficient matrix is diagonally dominant.
dominanat.

Question Bank- Two Marks With Answer MA8452 / Statistics and Numerical Methods
Dr.N.G.P. Institute of Technology Department of Science and Humanities

19. Write down the iterative formula of Gauss-Seidel method ? [Nov/Dec 2014]

Ans : Given system of equation a1x+b1 y+c 1z = d1; a2 x+b 2 y+c 2z=d 2; a3x+b 3 y+c 3z = d 3
Let the rearranged form of a given set of equations be,
1
x= ( d1  b1 y  c1 z) -------------- (1)
a1
1
y= ( d 2  a2 x  c2 z) ------------- (2)
b2
1
z= ( d 3  a3 x  b3 y) -------------- (3)
c3
We start with the initial values y ( 0) , z ( 0 ) for y & z and get x (1) from (1)
1
i.e, x(1) = ( d1  b1 y (0)  c1 z (0) )
a1
( 0) (1)
while using (2) , we use z for z and x for x(0) & get
1
y(1) = ( d 2  a2 x (1)  c2 z (0) )
b2
now having known x(1) & y(1) , we use x(1) for x & y(1) for y in (3) & get
1
z(1) = ( d 3  a3 x (1)  b3 y (1) )
c3
The process may be continued until convergence is assured to all the solutions.
20. State the principle used in Gauss-Jordan method. (or)
Explain the procedure of Gauss-Jordan method.
[Nov/Dec 2013] [April/May 2005] [May/June 2016]
Ans : The Coefficient matrix is transformed into diagonal matrix.
21. Write the procedure involved in Gauss-Elimination method?[May/June2014]

Ans : In this method the given system is transformed into equivalent system with upper
triangular co-efficient matrix.(i.e) a matrix in which all elements below the diagonal elements are
zero which can be solved by back substitution.
22. Write the sufficient condition for Gauss-Seidel method to converge.
[Nov/Dec 2010] [April 2010] [April/May 2018]

Ans : The coefficient matrix should be diagonally dominant.

23. Give two indirect methods to solve a system of linear equations? (April 2001)

Ans : (i) Gauss –Jordan method


(ii)Gauss -Seidel method

24. When will iteration method succeed?

Question Bank- Two Marks With Answer MA8452 / Statistics and Numerical Methods
Dr.N.G.P. Institute of Technology Department of Science and Humanities

Ans : In orer that the iteration may succeed, equation of the system must contain one large coefficient
(much larger than the others in that equation) and the large coefficient must be attached to a different
unknown in that equation.This requirement will be got when the large coefficient are along the leading
diagonal of the matrix of the coefficient.

25.Explain the power method to determine the eigenvalue of a matrix. [April/May 2010]
Ans :
(i)Assume the initial vector X0 .
(ii)Compute YK 1  AX K K= 0,1,2,3…..
YK 1
(iii) Find X K 1  where the M K 1 is the numerically largest value of YK 1 .
M K 1
(iv)Repeat STEPS (ii) and (iii) until the convergence is achieved.
(v)The convergence of Mi AND Xi will give the dominant eigenvalue  and the
corresponding eigen vector X.
26.Solve by Gauss-Seidal method x-2y =-3, 2x+25y =15 correct to 4 decimal places. [May 2000]
Ans : Write the given equations as x= -3+2y y= 1/25(15-2x)
Let the initial value y=0
First iteration
x (1)  3  0  3
1
y (1)  (15  6)  0.84
25
Second iteration
x ( 2)  3  2 y (1)  3  2(0.84)  1.32
1 1
y ( 2)  (15  2 x ( 2) )  (15  2(1.32)]  0.7056
25 25
Third iteration
x (3)  3  2 y ( 2)  3  2(0.7056)  1.5888
1 1
y (3)  (15  2 x (3) )  (15  2(1.5888)]  0.7271
25 25
Fourth iteration
x ( 4)  3  2 y (3)  3  2(0.7271)  1.5458
1 1
y ( 4)  (15  2 x ( 4) )  (15  2(1.5458)]  0.7237
25 25
Fifth iteration
x (5)  3  2 y ( 4)  3  2(0.7237)  1.5526
1 1
y (5)  (15  2 x (5) )  (15  2(1.5526)]  0.7242
25 25
Sixth iteration
x ( 6)  3  2 y (5)  3  2(0.7242)  1.5516
1 1
y ( 6)  (15  2 x ( 6) )  (15  2(1.5516)]  0.7241
25 25

Question Bank- Two Marks With Answer MA8452 / Statistics and Numerical Methods
Dr.N.G.P. Institute of Technology Department of Science and Humanities

Seventh iteration
x ( 7 )  3  2 y ( 6)  3  2(0.7241)  1.5518
1 1
y (7)  (15  2 x ( 7 ) )  (15  2(1.5518)]  0.7241
25 25
Eighth iteration
x (8)  3  2 y ( 7 )  3  2(0.7241)  1.5518
1 1
y (8)  (15  2 x (8) )  (15  2(1.5518)]  0.7241
25 25
Hence x= -1.5518 , y = 0.7241.
1 2
27.Find the dominant eigenvalue of the matrix   by power method?.(APRIL/MAY 2011)
3 4
1 2 1
Ans : Let A    and X 0   
3 4  0
1 2 1   1   0.33 
AX 0         3 
3 4 0   3   1 
1 2 0.33   2.3   0.47 
AX 1          4.9 
3 4 1   4.9   1 
1 2 0.47   2.47   0.46 
AX 2          5.41 
3 4 1   5.41   1 
1 2 0.46   2.46   0.46 
AX 3          5.38 
3 4 1   5.38   1 
1 2 0.46   2.46   0.46 
AX 4          5.38 
3 4 1   5.38   1 
The dominant eigenvalue is   5 .
1 1
28.Determine the largest Eigen value and the Eigen vector of the matrix   correct to
1 1
two decimal places using power method. [May /June 2010]
1 1  1
Ans : Let A    and X 0   
1 1  1

1 11  2  1
AX 0          2 
1 11  2  1

1 11  2  1
AX 1          2 
1 11  2  1

1
This shows that the largest eigenvalue =2 and the corresponding eigenvector =  
1

Question Bank- Two Marks With Answer MA8452 / Statistics and Numerical Methods
Dr.N.G.P. Institute of Technology Department of Science and Humanities

29.a) If the Eigen values of A are 1,3,4 then the dominant Eigen value of A is_______

b) If the Eigen values of A are -4,3,1 then the dominant Eigen value of A is _______

Ans : Let a be square matrix of order n and let 1 , 2 , 3 ,.......n be thedistinct eigen value of A
so that 1  2  3  ...... n .In such case 1 is called the dominant eigenvalue of A. We use
this result solution of (a) is 4 and solution (b) is -4.

4 1
30.Find the power method, the largest Eigen value of   correct to two decimal places,
 1 3
take (1,1)T as the initial Eigen vector.
 4 1  1
Ans : Let A    and X 0   
 1 3  1
4 11  5   1 
AX 0         5 
1 31  4   0.8 
4 1 1   4.8   1 
AX 1          4.8 
1 3 0.8   3.4   0.71
4 1 1   4.71  1 
AX 2          4.71 
1 3 0.71  3.13   0.67 
4 1 1   4.67   1 
AX 3          4.67 
1 3 0.67   3.01   0.65 
4 1 1   4.65   1 
AX 4          4.65 
1 3 0.65   2.95   0.63 
4 1 1   4.63   1 
AX 5          4.63 
1 3 0.63   2.89   0.62 
4 1 1   4.62   1 
AX 6          4.62 
1 3 0.62   2.86   0.62 
4 1 1   4.62   1 
AX 7          4.62 
1 3 0.62   2.86   0.62 
 1 
The eigen value = 4.62 and the corresponding eigen vector =  
 0.62 
30.Define Round off error.
Ans : The round-off error is the quantity R which must be added to the finite representation of a
computed number in order to make it the true representation of that number.
31.Give two direct methods to solve a system of linear equations?
Ans : (i) Gauss elimination method
(ii) Gauss Jordan method

Question Bank- Two Marks With Answer MA8452 / Statistics and Numerical Methods
Dr.N.G.P. Institute of Technology Department of Science and Humanities

UNIT IV
INTERPOLATION, NUMERICAL DIFFERENTIATION AND
NUMERICAL INTEGRATION
Lagrange’s and Newton’s divided difference interpolations – Newton’s forward and
backward difference interpolation – Approximation of derivates using interpolation polynomials
– Numerical single and double integrations using Trapezoidal and Simpson’s 1/3 rules.

1. Write down the Lagrange’s interpolating formula for Interpolation. [APRIL/MAY


2010, NOV/DEC 2010, APRIL/MAY2011]
Ans :
( x x1 )( x x2 )...(x x n ) ( x x0 )( x x 2 )...(x x n )
y = f ( x) = y0 + y
( x0 x1 )( x0 x 2 )...(x0 x n ) ( x1 x0 )( x1 x2 )...(x1 x n ) 1
( x x0 )( x x1 )...(x x n 1 )
+ ..........+ y
( x n x0 )( x n x1 )....(x n x n 1 ) n
This is called the Largrange’s formula for Interpolation.
2. State the use of Lagrange’s interpolation form.[NOV 2011,NOV2013]
Ans :Lagrange’s interpolation formula can be used to find a value of x corresponding to a given
y which is not in the table.
3. What is the inverse Interpolation?[MAY 2014]
Ans : Inverse Interpolation is the process of finding the values of x corresponding to a value of
y, not present in the table.
4. What is the need of Newton’s and Lagrange’s interpolation formulae?[NOV 2012]
Ans : The forward and backward interpolation formulae of Newton can be used only when the
values of the Independent variable x are equally spaced can also be used when the
differences of the dependent variable y become smaller ultimately but Lagrange’s
interpolation formula can be used whether the values of x, the independent variable are
equally spaced or not and whether the difference of y become smaller or not.
5. Use Lagrange’s formula to fit a polynomial to the data and find y at x =1.[MAY-2013]
x -1 0 2 3
Y -8 3 1 12
Ans :
x0  1, x1  0, x2  2, x3  3
Given
y 0  8, y1  3, y 2  1, y3  12,& x  1
By Lagrange’s interpolation formulae

Question Bank- Two Marks With Answer MA8452 / Statistics and Numerical Methods
Dr.N.G.P. Institute of Technology Department of Science and Humanities

( x  x1 )( x  x 2 )( x  x3 ) ( x  x0 )( x  x 2 ).x  x3 )
y  f ( x)  y0  y1
( x0  x1 )( x0  x 2 )( x0  x3 ) ( x1  x0 )( x1  x 2 )( x1  x3 )
( x  x0 )( x  x1 )( x  x3 ) ( x  x0 )( x  x1 )( x  x3 )
 y2  y3
( x 2  x0 )( x 2  x1 )( x 2  x3 ) ( x3  x0 )( x3  x1 )( x3  x 2 )
(1  0)(1  2)(1  3) (1  (1))(1  2)(1  3)
 8 3
(1  0)( 1  2)( 1  3) (0  (1))( 0  2)(0  3)
(1  (1))(1  0)(1  3) (1  (1))(1  0)(1  2)
 1 12
(2  (1))( 2  0)( 2  3) (3  (1))(3  0)(3  2)
1(1)( 2) (2)( 1)( 2) (2)(1)( 2) 2(1)( 1)
 8 3 1 12
(1)( 3)( 4) (1)( 2)( 3) 3(2)( 1) (4)(3)(1)
4 2
 2 2
3 3
6
 2
3
6. Form the divided difference table for the following data? [MAY 2012,MAY 2011]
X : 5 15 22
Y : 7 36 160
Ans :
Divided difference table:
X Y 1 f 2 f
5 7
36  7
 2.9
15  5
17.71  2.9
15 36  0.871
22  5
160  36
 17.71
22  15
22 160
7. State any two properties of divided difference? [MAY2014,MAY 2012] [NOV/DEC
2016]
Ans :
(i) The divided differences are symmetrical in all their arguments.
(ii) The operator 1 is linear.
(iii)The n th divided differences of a polynomial of nth degree are constant.
8. Give the inverse of Lagrange’s interpolation formula?

Question Bank- Two Marks With Answer MA8452 / Statistics and Numerical Methods
Dr.N.G.P. Institute of Technology Department of Science and Humanities

Ans :
( y  y1 )( y  y 2 )...( y  y n ) ( y  y 0 )( y  y 2 )...( y  y n )
x x0  x1
( y 0  y1 )( y 0  y 2 )...( y 0  y n ) ( y1  y 0 )( y1  y 2 )...( y1  y n )
( y  y 0 )( y  y1 )...( y  y n 1 )
 ..........  xn
( y n  y 0 )( y n  y1 )....( y n  y n 1 )
10. What do you mean by interpolation? [NOV/DEC2011, APRIL/MAY2011]
[NOV/DEC2017]
Ans :
Interpolation is a process of finding the value of a function at an intermediate point when its
values are known only at certain specified points.
10. What advantage has Lagrange’s formula over Newton?[APRIL/MAY 2011]
Ans : The forward and backward interpolation formulae of Newton can be used only when the
values of the Independent variable x are equally spaced can also be used when the differences of
the dependent variable y become smaller ultimately but Lagrange’s interpolation formula can be
used whether the values of x, the independent variable are equally spaced or not and whether the
difference of y become smaller or not.
11. What is the Lagrange’s formula to find y, if three sets of values x0 , y 0  , x1 , y1  and
x2 , y2  ? [NOV/DEC2010]
Ans :
( x  x1 )( x  x2 ) ( x  x0 )( x  x2 ) ( x  x0 )( x  x1 ).
y  f ( x)  y0  y1  . y2
( x0  x1 )( x0  x2 ) ( x1  x0 )( x1  x2 ) ( x2  x0 )( x2  x1 )
12. Form the divided difference table for the following data? [APR/MAY 2011]
X : 2 5 10
Y : 5 29 109
Ans : Divided difference table:
X Y 1 f 2 f
2 5
29  5
8
52
16  8
5 29 1
10  2
109  29
 16
10  5
10 109
13. Give the Newton’s divided difference interpolation formula? [APRIL/MAY 2010].

Question Bank- Two Marks With Answer MA8452 / Statistics and Numerical Methods
Dr.N.G.P. Institute of Technology Department of Science and Humanities

Ans :
f ( x)  f ( x0 )  ( x  xo ) f ( x0 , x1 )  ( x  xo ) ( x  x1 ) f ( x0 , x1 , x 2 ) 
( x  xo ) ( x  x1 ) ( x  x 2 ) f ( x0 , x1 , x2 , x3 )  ....................... 
( x  xo ) ( x  x1 )......................( x  x n 1 ) f ( x0 , x1 , x2 ,...., x n )
14. Find the divided difference of f(x) =x3+x+2 for the arguments 1,3,6,11?
[NOV2010/MAY 2011]
Ans : Divided difference table:
X Y 1 f 2 f 2 f
1 45
32  4
 14
3 1
64  14
3 32  10
6 1
224  32 20  10
 64 1
63 11  1
224  64
6 224  20
11  3
1334  224
 224
11  6
11 1334

15. State the formula to find the second order derivative using the forward differences?
Ans : (when x = x0)
d2y 1 11 4
2
= 2 [ 2 y0 - 3 y0 +  y0+………]
dx h 12
(When x  x0)
d2y 1 6 p 2  18 p  11 4
= [  y0 + (p-1)  y0 +
2 3
 y0+………]
dx 2 h 2 12
16. State Gregory- Newton forward difference interpolation formula? [MAY2013 ,
NOV2013, MAY 2011] [MAY/JUNE 2016]
p ( p  1) 2 p ( p  1)( p  2) 3
Ans : y(x)= y0 + p  y0 +  y0 +  y0+………………..
2! 3!
x  x0
where p =
h
17.State Newton Backward difference interpolation formula? [NOV2009/MAY2010]
[MAY/JUNE 2016]

Question Bank- Two Marks With Answer MA8452 / Statistics and Numerical Methods
Dr.N.G.P. Institute of Technology Department of Science and Humanities

p ( p  1) 2 p ( p  1)( p  2) 3
Ans : y(x)= yn + p  yn +  yn +  yn +………………..
2! 3!
x  xn
where p =
h
18. When Newton’s backward interpolation formula is used?
Ans : The formula is used mainly to interpolate the values of y near the end of a set of tabular
values and also for extrapolating the values of y a short distance ahead(to the right) of yn.
19. When will use the Newton’s forward interpolation formula ?
Ans : The formula is used mainly to interpolate the values of y near the beginning of the table
value and also for extrapolating the values of y a short distance ahead(to the left) of y0.
20. What is the error in Newton’s forward interpolation formula ? [APR/ MAY 2010] .
r (r  1)( r  2).......(r  n) n 1
Ans : f ( x)   n ( x)   f ( z)
(n  1)!
21. State Newton’s formula to find f ( x)andf ( x) using the forward differences?
[NOV/DEC2009,NOV/DEC 2011,APRIL/MAY 2011,AUT APRIL/MAY 2010].
Ans : (when x = x0)
dy 1 2 y 0 3 y 0 4 y 0
= (  y0 - + - +……..)
dx h 2 3 4
d2y 1 11 4
2
= 2 [ 2 y0 - 3 y0+  y0+………]
dx h 12
(When x  x0)
dy 1 2 p 1 2 3p2  6 p  2 3 2 p 3  9 p 2  11 p  3 4
= [  y0 +  y0 +  y0 +  y0+....]
dx h 2 6 24
d2y 1 6 p 2  18 p  11 4
= [ 2
y0 + (p-1) 3
y0 +  y0+………]
dx 2 h 2 12
22. Using Newton’s backward difference formula, write the formulae for the first and
second order derivatives at the end values x = xn upto fourth order? [NOV/DEC2010,
NOV/DEC 2011, APRIL/MAY 2004,AUT MAY2010]
Ans : When (x = xn)
dy 1  2 y n  3 yn  4 y n
= (  yn + + + +……..)
dx h 2 3 4
d2y 1 11
2
= 2 [  2 yn +  3 yn +  4 yn +………]
dx h 12
23. Create a forward difference table for the following data and also state the degree of
the polynomial for the same? [NOV/DEC 2010]

Question Bank- Two Marks With Answer MA8452 / Statistics and Numerical Methods
Dr.N.G.P. Institute of Technology Department of Science and Humanities

x 0 1 2 3
y 0 -1 3 8
Ans :
Forward difference table:
x y y 2 y 3 y
0 0
-1
1 -1
5
4 -4
2 3
1
5
3 8

The degree of the polynomial is 3.(since we get 3 y in the table)


b
24. Write the trapezoidal rule to evaluate  f ( x)dx ?
a

ba
b
h
Ans :  ydx  2[( y
a
0  y n )  2( y1  y 2  ......  y n1 )] , where h =
n
b
25. Write down the Simpson’s 1/3 rule to evaluate  f ( x)dx ? [APRIL/MAY2010]
a

b
h
Ans :  ydx  3[( y
a
0  y n )  4( y1  y3  y5  .....  y n1 )  2( y 2  y 4  y6 .  .....  y n2 )]

ba
where h =
n
1
dx
26. Evaluate 
0 .5
x
by Trapezoidal rule, dividing the range into 4 equal parts?.

[APR/MAY 2012]
Ans : We divide (0.5,1) into 4 equal parts h = 0.5/4 = 0.125 and y =1/x

x 0.5 0.625 0.750 0.875 1


y 2 1.6 1.33 1.143 1

Question Bank- Two Marks With Answer MA8452 / Statistics and Numerical Methods
Dr.N.G.P. Institute of Technology Department of Science and Humanities

( y0 ) ( y1 ) ( y2 ) ( y3 ) ( y4 )
By Trapezoidal rule
1
dx h

0 .5
x
= [( y 0  y n )  2( y1  y 2  ......  y n 1 )]
2
0.125
= [( y 0  y 4 )  2( y1  y 2  y 3 )]
2
= 0.0625 [ (2+1) +2 (1.6+1.33+1.143)]
= (0.0625) ( 3+ 2(4.073))
= (0.0625)(11.146)
1
dx

0 .5
x
= 0.6967

27. Compare Simpson’s 1/3 rule with Trapezoidal rule?[NOV/DEC 2010] [NOV/DEC
2015]
Ans :
Simpson’s 1/3 rule Trapezoidal rule
1.Must accurate Least accurate
4
2.Order h Order h2
3.Degree of y(x) is one Degree of y(x) is two
4.Interval of integration must be divided Can be divided into any number of sub
into even number of sub intervals intervals.
2
dx
28. Evaluate 1 x
1
2
using Trapezoidal rule taking h = 0.5 ?.[NOV/DEC 2013]

1
Ans : Given y =
1 x2
x 1 1.5 2
y 0.5 0.3067 0.2
( y0 ) ( y1 ) ( y2 )

2
dx h
By Trapezoidal rule 1 x
1
2
= [( y 0  y n )  2( y1  y 2  ......  y n 1 )]
2
0.5
= [( y 0  y 2 )  2( y1 )]
2
0.5
= [(0.5  0.2)  2(0.3076)]
2

Question Bank- Two Marks With Answer MA8452 / Statistics and Numerical Methods
Dr.N.G.P. Institute of Technology Department of Science and Humanities

2
dx
1 x
1
2
= 0.3288

1
dx
29. Using Trapezoidal rule, evaluate 1 x
0
2
with h =0.2. Hence obtain an approximate

value of π.
1
Ans : Given h = 0.2.The value of the function y = for each point of sub divisions are
1 x2
given below.
x 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
y 1 0.9615 0.8621 0.7353 0.6098 0.5
( y0 ) ( y1 ) ( y2 ) ( y3 ) ( y4 ) ( y5 )
1
dx h
1 x
0
2
=
2
[( y 0  y n )  2( y1  y 2  ......  y n 1 )]

0.2
= [( y 0  y 5 )  2( y1  y 2  y 3  y 4 )]
2
0.2
= [(1  0.5)  2(0.9615  0.8621  0.7353  0.6098)]
2
= (0.1)[(1.5)  2(3.1687)]]
= (0.1) (7.8374)
= 0.78374
π value:
 
= tan 1 ( x) 0 = tan 1 (1)  tan 1 (0) =
1
dx
1 x
1
2
0 
0
4 4

= 0.7854
4
π = 4 x 0.7854 = 3.1416 .
1
dx
30. Evaluate I   correct to three decimal places using Trapezoidal rule with
0
1  x
h = 0.5 ?
1
Ans : Given h = 0.2.The value of the function y = for each point of sub divisions are
1 x2
given below.
x 0 0.25 0.50 0.75 1
y 1 0.8 0.67 0.57 0.5
( y0 ) ( y1 ) ( y2 ) ( y3 ) ( y4 )

Question Bank- Two Marks With Answer MA8452 / Statistics and Numerical Methods
Dr.N.G.P. Institute of Technology Department of Science and Humanities

1
dx h
1 x
0
= [( y 0  y n )  2( y1  y 2  ......  y n 1 )]
2
0.25
= [( y 0  y 4 )  2( y1  y 2  y 3 )]
2
0.25
= [(1  0.5)  2(0.8  0.67  0.57)]
2
0.25
= [(1.5)  2(4.08)]
2
= (0.125) (5.58)
1
dx
1 x
0
= 0.698

b
31. Write down the Simpson’s 3/8 rule to evaluate  f ( x)dx ?
a
[NOV/DEC2009,

NOV2010,MAY 2010,NOV 2011]


xn
3h
Ans : ∫f ( x) dx = [( y0 + y n ) + 3 ( y1 + y 2 + y 4 + y5 + .........+ y n 1 ) + 2 ( y3 + y6 + .......+ y n 3 )]
x0 8

x n  x0
where h =
n
32. When does Simpson’s rule give exact result? [MAY 2006/MAY 2011]
Ans : Simpson’s rule will give exact result ,if the entire curve y = f(x) is itself a parabola.
33. What is the order of error in Trapezoidal formula? [MAY 2010,NOV 2010, MAY
2011] [NOV/DEC 2017]
Ans : Error in the Trapezoidal formula is of the order h2.
34. What is the order of error in Simpson’s formula? [MAY 2010, MAY 2011,MAY
2012). (NOV/DEC 2017]
Ans : Error in the Simpson’s formula is of the order h4.
35. When do we apply Simpson’s 1/3 rule, and what is the order of error in Simpson’s
1/3 rule? [APR/MAY 2011]
Ans : The interval of integration must be divided into an even number of sub intervals
of width h. The order of error in Simpson’s 1/3 rule is h4.
b d
36. State Trapezoidal rule for evaluating   f ( x, y)dxdy ? [APR/MAY 2011]
a c

hk
Ans : I = [(sum of the values of ‘f’ at the four corners)+2(sum of the values ‘f’ at the
4
remaining nodes on the boundary except the corners) + 4( sum of the values of f at

Question Bank- Two Marks With Answer MA8452 / Statistics and Numerical Methods
Dr.N.G.P. Institute of Technology Department of Science and Humanities

the interior nodes)]


bd
37. State Simpson’s rule for evaluating ∫
∫f ( x, y )dxdy ?
ac

hk
Ans : I= [(sum of the values of ‘f’ at the four corners)+ 2(sum of the values ‘f’ at the odd
9
positions on the boundary except the corners)+ 4( sum of the values ‘f’ at the even positions on
the boundary)+ { 4(sum of the values ‘f’ at odd positions)+8(sum of the values ‘f’ at even
positions) on the odd row of the matrix except boundary rows)}+{ 8( sum of the values ‘f’ at the
odd positions)+16(sum of the values ‘f at the even positions) on the even rows of the matrix)}]

Question Bank- Two Marks With Answer MA8452 / Statistics and Numerical Methods
Dr.N.G.P. Institute of Technology Department of Science and Humanities

UNIT V
NUMERICAL SOLUTION OF ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Taylor’s series method – Euler’s method – Modified Euler’s method – Fourth order Runge-
Kutta method for solving first order equations – Milne’s predictor corrector methods for solving
first order equations – Finite difference methods for solving second order equations.

1. Bring out the merits of Taylor series method?[NOV/DEC 2012]


Ans : The method gives a straight forward adaptation of classic calculus to develop the solution
as an infinite series. It is a powerful single step method if we are able to find the successive
derivatives easily.
2. What is the major drawback of Taylor series method?[NOV/DEC 2012]
Ans :If f(x, y) involves some complicated algebraic structures then the calculation of higher
derivatives becomes tedious and the method fails. This is the major drawback of this method.
3. State Taylor series algorithm for the first order differential equation?
h h2 h3 h 4 iv
Ans : y n 1  y n  y n  y n  y n  y n  ....
1! 2! 3! 4!
To find the numerical solution of with the condition y(x0) = y0.
Put n=0
h h2 h3 h 4 iv
y1  y 0  y 0  y 0  y 0  y 0  ....
1! 2! 3! 4!

4. Which is better Taylor’s method or R. K. Method?(or) State the special advantage of


Runge-Kutta method over Taylor series method[MAY/JUNE 2014][MAY/JUNE 2012]
Ans : R.K Methods do not require prior calculation of higher derivatives of y(x) ,as the Taylor’s
method does. Since the differential equations using in applications are often complicated, the
calculation of derivatives may be difficult. Also the R.K formulas involve the computation of f
(x, y) at various positions, instead of derivatives and this function occurs in the given equation.
dy
5. Using Taylor’s series find y(0.1) for =1-y,y(0)=0.[NOV/DEC 2010]
dx
Ans : Given y  =1-y, x0=0, x1=0.1,y0=0  h=0.1[ h=x1-x0]
h h2 h3 h 4 iv
y n 1  y n  y n  y n  y n  y n  ....
1! 2! 3! 4!
Put n=0
h h2 h3 h 4 iv
y1 = y 0 + y′+ y ′+ y ′
′+ y + ....
1! 0 2! 0 3! 0 4! 0

Question Bank- Two Marks With Answer MA8452 / Statistics and Numerical Methods
Dr.N.G.P. Institute of Technology Department of Science and Humanities

y  1  y y0  1  y 0  1
y   0  y  y0  0  y0  1

y    y  y0   y0  1

y iv   y  y0
iv
  y0  1

0.1 (0.1) 2 (0.1) 3 (0.1) 4


y1  0  (1)  (1)  (1)  (1)  ....
1! 2! 3! 4!
y1  0.05017
X 0 0.1
Y 0 0.05017
dy 2
6. Using Taylor’s series, find y(0.1)&y(0.2) for =x -y,y(0)=1.Correect to 4 decimal
dx
places.[MAY/JUNE 2013] [NOV/DEC 2016]
Ans : Given y  =x2-y, x0=0, x1=0.1, x2=0.2, y0=1  h=0.1[ h=x1-x0]
h h2 h3 h 4 iv
y n 1  y n  y n  y n  y n  y n  ....
1! 2! 3! 4!
Put n=0
h h2 h3 h 4 iv
y1  y 0  y 0  y 0  y 0  y 0  ....
1! 2! 3! 4!
y   x 2  y y0  x0 2  y0  0  1  1 y1  x1  y1  (0.1) 2  0.950170  0.94017
2

y   2 x  y  y0  2 x 0  y0  1 y1  2x1  y1  2(0.1)  0.94017  0.75017

y   2  y  y 0  2  y 0  2  1  1 y1  2  y1  2  0.75017  2.75017

y iv   y  y0
iv
  y0  1 y1
iv
  y1  2.75017

- 0.1 (0.1) 2 (0.1) 3 (0.1) 4 0.1 (0.1) 2 (0.1)3


y1  1  (1)  (1)  (1)  (1y)2....
0.95017
1!
(0.94017) 
2!
(0.75017) 
3!
(2.75017) 
1! 2! 3! 4!
y1  0.95017 (0.1) 4
 (2.75017)  ....
4!
y2  0.85285

Question Bank- Two Marks With Answer MA8452 / Statistics and Numerical Methods
Dr.N.G.P. Institute of Technology Department of Science and Humanities

X 0 0.1 0.2
Y 1 0.95017 0.85285
7. Write down Euler method to the differential equation f (x, y)
Ans :
dy
8. Find y(0.2) by Euler’s method, if =x+y, y(0)=1.
dx
Ans : Given f(x,y)= x+y, x0=0, y0=1, x1=0.2  h=0.2[ h=x1-x0]
y n1  y n  hf ( xn , y n )
Put n=0,
y1  y 0  hf ( x0 , y 0 )  1  0.1[ x0  y 0 ]
[ f(x,y)= x+y]
y1  1  0.2(1)  1.2

X 0 0.2
Y 1 1.2
dy 2 2
9. Find y(0.1) by Euler’s method, if =x +y ,y(0)=1.[NOV/DEC 2012] [MAY/JUNE 2016]
dx
Ans : Given f(x,y)= x2+y2, x0=0, y0=1, x1=0.1  h=0.1[ h=x1-x0]
y n1  y n  hf ( xn , y n )
Put n=0,
y1  y 0  hf ( x0 , y 0 )  1  0.1[ x02  y 02 ]
[ f(x,y)= x2+y2]
y1  1  0.1(1)  1.1

X 0 0.1
Y 1 1.1
dy
10. Find y(0.01) by Euler’s method, if =-y,y(0)=1.[APR/MAY 2011][APR/MAY 2010]
dx
Ans : Given f(x,y)= -y, x0=0, y0=1, x1=0.01  h=0.01[ h=x1-x0]
y n1  y n  hf ( xn , y n )
Put n=0,
y1 = y 0 + hf ( x0 , y 0 ) = 1 + 0.01[ 1]
[ f(x,y)= -y]
y1 = 1 0.01 = 0.99

Question Bank- Two Marks With Answer MA8452 / Statistics and Numerical Methods
Dr.N.G.P. Institute of Technology Department of Science and Humanities

X 0 0.01
Y 1 0.99
dy
11. State modified Euler method to solve = f(x,y), y(x0)=y0 at x = x0 + h.
dx
[NOV/DEC2017] [APR/MAY2017]
Ans :

y1  y0  hf ( x0  h2 , y0  h2 f ( x0 , y0 ))
dy
12. Compute y at x=0.25 by modified Euler method of =2xy,y(0)=1[MAY/JUNE 2013]
dx
Ans : Given, f(x,y)=2xy, x0=0, y0=1, x1=0.25  h=0.25[ h=x1-x0]

Put n=0,
y1 = y0 + hf ( x0 + h2 , y0 + h2 f ( x0 , y0 ))

y1  1  0.25 f (0  0.225 ,1  0.225 (2 x0 y0 )) [ f(x,y)=2xy]


y1 = 1 + 0.25 f (0.125,1 + 0.125(0))
y1 = 1 + 0.25 f (0.125,1)[ f ( x, y) = 2 xy]
y1 = 1.0625

X 0 0.25
Y 1 1.0625
dy
13. Compute y at x = 0.02 by Euler’s Modified method of = x2 + y, y(0) = 1
dx
[NOV/DEC 2014]
Ans : Given, f(x,y)= x2+ y, x0=0,y0=1,x1=0.02  h=0.02[ h=x1-x0]

Put n=0,
y1 = y 0 + hf ( x0 + h2 , y 0 + h
2 f ( x0 , y 0 ))
y1  1  0.02 f (0  0.02
2 ,1  0.02
2 ( x02  y 0 )) [ f(x,y)= x2+ y]
y1  1  0.02 f (0.01,1  0.01(1))
y1  1  0.02 f (0.01,1.01)[ f ( x, y )  x 2  y ]
y1  1.020202
X 0 0.02
Y 1 1.020202

Question Bank- Two Marks With Answer MA8452 / Statistics and Numerical Methods
Dr.N.G.P. Institute of Technology Department of Science and Humanities

dy
14. Write down the Runge-Kutta formula of fourth order to solve = f(x,y)
dx
with y(x0) = y0.
Ans : To solve the differential equation y′ = f (x, y) by the third order R.K method, we use
the following algorithm.
y n 1  y n  y
y  16 (k1  2k 2  2k 3  k 4 )
k1  hf ( x0 , y 0 )
k 2  hf ( x0  h2 , y 0  k21 )
k 3  hf ( x0  h2 , y 0  k22 )
k 4  hf ( x0  h, y 0  k 3 )
15. Use the R. K. fourth order method to find the value of y when x=1 given that y=1 when
dy y  x
x=0 and that  .[NOV/DEC 2014]
dx y  x
yx
Ans : Given f(x,y)= , x0=0, y0=1, x1=1  h=1[ h=x1-x0]
yx
y1  y 0  y  1  y  1
y  16 (k1  2k 2  2k 3  k 4 )  2 
yx
k1  hf ( x0 , y 0 )  1 f (0,1)  1[ f ( x, y )  ]
yx
k 2  hf ( x0  h2 , y 0  k21 )  1 f (0.5,1.5)  0.5
k 3  hf ( x0  h2 , y 0  k22 )  1 f (0.5,1.25)  0.4286
k 4  hf ( x0  h, y 0  k 3 )  0.1765
Substitute above values in (2)
y  16 (k1  2k 2  2k 3  k 4 )  16 (1  2(0.5)  2(0.4286)  0.1765)  0.5056
Sub  y in (1)
y1  y0  y  1  y =1+0.5056=1.5056

X 0 1
Y 1 1.5056
16. Write Milne’s predictor and corrector formula? [APR/MAY 2011][APR/MAY 2010]
Ans : Milne’s predictor formula is
).
Milne’s corrector formula is
.

Question Bank- Two Marks With Answer MA8452 / Statistics and Numerical Methods
Dr.N.G.P. Institute of Technology Department of Science and Humanities

17. What is the error term in Milne’s corrector formula?


14h 4
Ans : The error term in Milne’s Predictor formula=  y 0
45
18. What is the error term in Milne’s predictor formula?
h 4
Ans : The error term in Milne’s Predictor formula=  y 0
90
19. What is a Predictor-Corrector method of solving a differential equation?
Ans : Predictor-collector methods are methods which require the values of y at xn,xn-1, xn-2,…….
For computing the value of y at xn+1. We first use a formula to find the value of y at xn+1 and
this is known as a predictor formula. The value of y so got is improved or corrected by another
formula known as corrector formula.
20. Compare Runge-Kutta methods and predictor – corrector methods for solution of
initial value problem.
Ans :
Runge-Kutta methods
1.Runge-methods are self starting. Since they do not use information from previously
calculated points.
2.As mesne are self starting, an easy change in the step size can be made at any stage.
3.Since these methods require several evaluations of the function f (x, y), they are time
consuming.
4.In these methods, it is not possible to get any information about truncation error.
Predictor Corrector methods:
1.These methods require information about prior points and so they are not self starting.
2.In these methods it is not possible to get easily a good estimate of the truncation error.
21. What do we mean by saying that a method is self-starting ?Not self-Starting?
Ans : Iteration method is self starting since we can take value which lies in the given interval
[a, b] in which the root lies. But Milne’s method is not self starting. Since we should know any
4 values prior to the value which we need.
22. Define Single step method (or) Pointwise methods.
Ans : A series for y in terms of powers of x, from which the value of y can be obtained by direct
substitution. The methods of Taylor belong to this type. In these methods y is approximated by a
truncated series and each term of the series is a function of x. the information about the curve at
one point is used and the solution is not iterated. Hence these methods are called single step
methods (or) Pointwise methods.
23. Define Multi step methods(or)step by step methods.
Ans : In a set of tabulated of x and y, we obtain y by iterative process. The methods of Euler,
Runge-Kutta, Milne’s methods etc.. belong to this type. Here the values of y are computed by

Question Bank- Two Marks With Answer MA8452 / Statistics and Numerical Methods
Dr.N.G.P. Institute of Technology Department of Science and Humanities

short steps for equal intervals h of the independent variable. These values are iterated till we get
the desired accuracy. Hence these methods are called step by step methods.
24. Solve y x  2  4 y x  0 [NOV/DEC 2010]
Ans : The auxillary equation is m2-4=0
m2=4
m=  2
The root is=A(2)x+B(-2)x
25. What is meant by BVP?
Ans : When the differential equation is to be solved satisfying the conditions specified at the end
points of an interval, the problem is called BVP(Boundary value Problem)
dy d 2 y
26. Write the central difference approximations for , .[MAY/JUNE 2012]
dx dx 2
Ans :
dy y  y i 1
 y   i 1
dx 2h
2
d y y  y i 1  2 y i
2
 y   i 1
dx h2
d2y
27. Obtain the finite difference scheme for different equation 2  y5
dx 2
[NOV/DEC 2013]
Ans : W.K.T.
d2y y  y  2 yi
2
 y  i 1 i21
dx h
d2y
2  y  5  2 y   y i  5
dx 2
 y  y i 1  2 y i 
 2 i 1   yi  5
 h2 
 2 y i 1  2 y i 1  4 y i  h 2 y i  5h 2
 2 y i 1  2 y i 1  (h 2  4) y i  5h 2
d2y
28. Obtain the finite difference scheme for different equation yx
dx 2
Ans :
d2y y  y  2 yi
2
 y  i 1 i21
dx h

Question Bank- Two Marks With Answer MA8452 / Statistics and Numerical Methods
Dr.N.G.P. Institute of Technology Department of Science and Humanities

d2y
 y  x  y   y i  xi
dx 2
 y  y i 1  2 y i 
  i 1   y i  xi
 h2 
 y i 1  y i 1  2 y i  h 2 y i  h 2 xi
 y i 1  y i 1  (h 2  2) y i  h 2 xi

29. Convert the difference equation y ( x)  y ( x)  y  0 into finite difference equivalent
form.[MAY/JUNE 2014]
Ans : W.K.T
dy y  y i 1
 y   i 1  (1)
dx 2h
d2y y  y i 1  2 y i
2
 y   i 1  (2)
dx h2
Given y ( x)  y ( x)  y  0  (3)
Sub (1) and (2) in (3)
y i +1 + y i 1 2 yi y i +1 yi 1
2 + + yi = 0
h 2h
2hyi +1 + 2hyi 1 4hyi + h 2 y i +1 h 2 y i 1 + 2h 3 y i = 0
y i +1 (2h + h 2 ) + (2h h 2 ) y i 1 + (2h 3 4h ) y i = 0

30. Solve y”-xy=0 given y(0)=-1,y(1)=2 by finite difference method taking n=2.
Ans :

If n=2, then h=1/2 since range is (0,1). The nodal points are x0=0,x1=0.5,x2=1

The differential equation reduces to,


y i +1 + y i 1 2 yi
2 xi y i = 0 ⇒ y i +1 (2 + h 2 xi ) y i + y i 1 =0
h
1 17
Where i=1,h=1/2, x1=0.5,y0=-1,y2=2  Y2-(2+ )y1+y0=0  2- y1-1=0
8 8
8
 y1=  0.4706
17

x 0 0.5

y -1 0.4706

Question Bank- Two Marks With Answer MA8452 / Statistics and Numerical Methods

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