Transition and Inner transition Elements

EXERCISE [PAGES 190 - 191]

Exercise | Q 1.01 | Page 190

Choose the most correct option.

Which one of the following is dimagnetic.
1. Cr2+
2. Fe3+
3. Mn2+
4. Zn2+
Solution: Zn2+

Exercise | Q 1.02 | Page 190

Choose the most correct option.

Most stable oxidation state of titanium is _______.
1. +2
2. +3
3. +4
4. +5
Solution: Most stable oxidation state of titanium is +4.

Exercise | Q 1.03 | Page 190

Choose the most correct option.

Components of Nichrome alloy are _______.
1. Ni, Cr, Fe
2. Ni, Cr, Fe, C
3. Ni, Cr
4. Cu, Fe
Solution: Components of Nichrome alloy are Ni, Cr.

Exercise | Q 1.04 | Page 190

Choose the most correct option.

 Most stable oxidation state of Ruthenium is _______.
1. +2
2. +4
3. +8
4. +6
Solution: Most stable oxidation state of Ruthenium is +8.

Exercise | Q 1.05 | Page 190

Choose the most correct option.

Stable oxidation states for chromiom are ________.
1. +2, +3
2. +3, +4
3. +4, +5
4. +3, +6
Solution: Stable oxidation states for chromiom are +3, +6.

Exercise | Q 1.06 | Page 190

Choose the most correct option.

Electronic configuration of Cu and Cu1+ are _______.
1. 3d10 4s0 ; 3d9 4s0
2. 3d9 4s1; 3d9 4s0
3. 3d10 4s1; 3d10 4s0
4. 3d8 4s1; 3d10 4s0
Solution: Electronic configuration of Cu and Cu1+ are 3d10 4s1; 3d10 4s0.

Exercise | Q 1.07 | Page 190

Choose the most correct option.

Which of the following have d0s0 configuration?
1. Sc3+
2. Ti4+
3. V5+
4. All of the above
Solution: All of the above
 Exercise | Q 1.08 | Page 190

Choose the most correct option.

Magnetic moment of a metal complex is 5.9 B.M. Number of unpaired electrons in the
complex is ______.
1. 2
2. 3
3. 4
4. 5
Solution: Magnetic moment of a metal complex is 5.9 B.M. Number of unpaired
electrons in the complex is 5.

Exercise | Q 1.09 | Page 190

Choose the most correct option.

In which of the following series all the elements are radioactive in nature
1. Lanthanides
2. Actinides
3. d-block elements
4. s-block elements
Solution: Actinides

Exercise | Q 1.1 | Page 190

Choose the most correct option.

Which of the following sets of ions contain only paramagnetic ions?
1. Sm3⊕, Ho3⊕, Lu3⊕
2. La3⊕, Ce3⊕, Sm3⊕
3. La3⊕, Eu3⊕, Gd3⊕
4. Ce3⊕, Eu3⊕, Yb3⊕
Solution: Ce3⊕, Eu3⊕, Yb3⊕

Exercise | Q 1.11 | Page 191

Choose the most correct option.

Which actinoid, other than uranium, occur in a significant amount naturally?
1. Thorium
2. Actinium
3. Protactinium
4. Plutonium
Solution: Thorium

Exercise | Q 1.12 | Page 191

Choose the most correct option.

The flux added during the extraction of iron from haematite is its?
1. Silica
2. Calcium carbonate
3. Sodium carbonate
4. Alumina
Solution: Calcium carbonate
Exercise | Q 2.01 | Page 191
Answer the following
What is the oxidation state of Manganese in

Solution:

Exercise | Q 2.01 | Page 191

Answer the following
What is the oxidation state of manganese in:

?
Solution:
Exercise | Q 2.02 | Page 191
Answer the following
Give uses of KMnO4
Solution:

Uses of KMnO4:

i. Used as an antiseptic.

ii. Used for unsaturation tests in the laboratory.

iii. Used in the volumetric analysis of reducing agents.

iv. Used for detecting halides in qualitative analysis.

v. Used as a powerful oxidizing agent in the laboratory and industry.

Exercise | Q 2.03 | Page 191

Answer the following
Why salts of Sc3⊕, Ti4⊕, V5⊕ are colourless?
Solution:
i. Condensed electronic configurations of Sc3+, Ti4+, V5+ are: Sc3+: [Ar] 3d0 ; Ti4+: [Ar]
3d0 ; V5+: [Ar] 3d0
ii. The ions Sc3+, Ti4+ and V5+ have completely empty d-orbitals i.e., no unpaired
electrons are present. Thus, their salts are colourless, as d-d transitions are not
possible.

Exercise | Q 2.04 | Page 191

Answer the following
Which steps are involved in the manufacture of potassium dichromate from chromite
ore?
Solution:
Preparation of potassium dichromate:
In the industrial production, finely powdered chromite ore (FeOCr2O3) is heated with
anhydrous sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) and flux of lime in the air in a reverberatory
furnace.

Exercise | Q 2.05 | Page 191

Answer the following
Balance the following equation

Solution:

Exercise | Q 2.05 | Page 191

Answer the following
Balance the following equation

Solution:

Exercise | Q 2.06 | Page 191

Answer the following
What are the stable oxidation states of plutonium, cerium, manganese, Europium?
Solution:
The stable oxidation state of plutonium is +4, cerium is +2, +3, +4, manganese is +2 to
+7 and europium is +2, +3.
Exercise | Q 2.07 | Page 191
Answer the following
Write the probable electronic configuration of chromium and copper.
Solution:
i. The probable (expected) electronic configuration of chromium is
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d4 4s2 or [Ar] 3d4 4s2 .
ii The probable (expected) electronic configuration of copper is
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d9 4s2 or [Ar] 3d9 4s2 .

Exercise | Q 2.08 | Page 191

Answer the following
Why nobelium is the only actinoid with a +2 oxidation state?
Solution:
i. The electronic configuration of nobelium (No) is [Rn] 5f14 6d0 7s2.
ii. After losing 2 electrons No forms No2+ ion, which is stable due to completely filled 5f-
orbitals.
iii. Such extra stability due to completely filled orbital is not acquired by any other
actinoid in their +2 oxidation state.
Hence, nobelium is the only actinoid with a +2 oxidation state.

Exercise | Q 2.09 | Page 191

Answer the following
Explain with the help of a balanced chemical equation, why the solution of Ce(IV) is
acidic.
Solution:
i. According to Lewis acid theory, a species that can accept a pair of electrons is an
acid.
ii. The electronic configuration of Ce is [Xe] 4f1 5d1 6s2 and that of Ce(IV) is [Xe].
iii. Ce(IV) can accept lone pairs of electrons from water molecules in its vacant orbitals
to form the complex.
Hence, the solution of Ce(IV) is acidic in nature.
Exercise | Q 2.1 | Page 191
Answer the following
What is meant by ‘shielding of electrons’ in an atom?
Solution:
i. The decrease in the force of attraction exerted by the nucleus on the valence
electrons due to the presence of electrons in the inner shells is called the shielding
effect.
ii. As a result of the shielding effect, the effective nuclear charge experienced by the
valence electron is less than the actual nuclear charge.

Exercise | Q 2.11 | Page 191

Answer the following
The atomic number of an element is 90. Is this element diamagnetic or paramagnetic?
Solution:
The electronic configuration of element with atomic number = 90 is [Rn] 5f0 6d2 7s2 .
There are two unpaired electrons in the 6d orbital of the element. Hence, it is
paramagnetic.
Exercise | Q 3.01 | Page 191
Answer the following
Explain the trends in atomic radii of d block elements.
Solution:
i. Atomic radii of the elements of the transition series decrease gradually from left to
right.
ii. As we move across a transition series from left to right, the nuclear charge increases
by one unit at a time.
iii. The last filled electron enters a penultimate (n - 1)d subshell. However, d orbitals in
an atom are less penetrating or more diffused and, therefore d electrons offer smaller
screening effects.
iv. The result is that effective nuclear charge also increases as the atomic number
increases along with a transition series. Hence, the atomic radii gradually decrease
across a transition series from left to right.
Trends in atomic radii of d block elements

Exercise | Q 3.02 | Page 191

Answer the following
Name different zones in the Blast furnace. Write the reactions taking place in them.
Solution:
Reduction (Smelting): This step is carried out in a blast furnace. The charge
containing ore and limestone is introduced into the furnace through a cup and cone
arrangement. In this arrangement, the cone enables uniform distribution of charge and
the cup prevents the loss of gases. A blast of preheated air is introduced into the
furnace below the bosh. The charge and hot air come in contact with each other and
various reactions take place.
Chemical reactions taking place in different zones of the blast furnace:
a. Zone of combustion: This is 5-10 m from the bottom. The hot air blown through the
tuyers reacts with coke from the charge to form CO.

The reaction is highly exothermic; thus, the temperature of this zone is around 2000 K.
Some of the CO formed dissociates to form finely divided carbon.
2CO → 2C + O2
The hot gas rich in CO rises upwards in the blast furnace. The charge coming down
gets heated and reacts with CO. Thus, CO acts as a fuel and also as a reducing agent.

b. Zone of reduction (22-25 m near the top): Here, the temperature is around 900 K.
Fe2O3 is reduced to spongy iron by CO.
c. Zone of slag formation (20 m height from the bottom): The gangue present in the
ore is converted to slag. This slag can be used for making a road foundation. The
temperature of this zone is 1200 K. The gangue contains silica, alumina, and
phosphates. Removal of this gangue is effected by adding lime-stone in the charge,
which acts as a flux. Limestone decomposes to give CaO (quick lime).

d. Zone of fusion (15 m height from the bottom): MnO2 and Ca3(PO4)2 present in the
iron ore are reduced to Mn and P. Some of the silica is also reduced to Si. The spongy
iron coming down in the furnace melt absorbs impurities like C, Si, Mn, P, and S. This
molten iron collects at the bottom in the furnace. The slag is lighter floats on the surface
of molten iron. Molten slag and iron are collected through separate outlets. Molten iron
is poured into moulds. These solid blocks are called pigs. This iron contains about 4%
of carbon. When pig iron is remelted, run into moulds, and cooled, it becomes cast iron.
The waste gases containing N2, CO, and CO2 escape through the outlet at the top.
These hot gases are used for preheating the blast of air.
Exercise | Q 3.03 | Page 191
Answer the following
What are the differences between cast iron, wrought iron, and steel?
Solution:
Cast iron Wrought iron Steel
i. Hard and brittle i. Very soft i. Neither too hard nor too
soft.
ii. Contains 4% carbon. ii. Contains less than 0.2% ii. Contains 0.2 to 2% carbon
carbon
 iii. Used for making pipes, iii. Used for making pipes, iii. Used in buildings
manufacturing automotive bars for stay bolts, engine infrastructure, tools, ships,
parts, pots, pans, utensils, bolts and rivets, etc. automobiles, weapons, etc.
etc.

Exercise | Q 3.04 | Page 191

Answer the following
Iron exhibits +2 and +3 oxidation states. Write their electronic configuration. Which will
be more stable? Why ?
Solution:
i. Electronic configuration of Fe2+ : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d6
ii. Electronic configuration of Fe3+ : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d5
iii. Fe3+ is more stable than Fe2+. This is due to the presence of half filled ‘d’ orbital in
Fe3+ .

Exercise | Q 3.05 | Page 191

Answer the following
Give the similarities and differences in elements of 3d, 4d, and 5d series.
Solution:
i. Similarities in physical properties:
i. All d block elements are lustrous and shining.
ii. They are hard and have a high density.
iii. They have high melting and boiling points.
iv. They are good electrical and thermal conductors.
v. They have high tensile strength and malleability.
vi. They can form alloys with transition and non-transition elements.
vii. Many metals and their compounds are paramagnetic.
viii. Most of the metals are efficient catalysts.
ii. Similarities in chemical properties:
i. All d block elements are electropositive metals.
ii. They exhibit variable valencies and form coloured salts and complexes. iii. They are
good reducing agents.
iv. They form insoluble oxides and hydroxides.
v. Iron, cobalt, copper, molybdenum, and zinc are biologically important metals.
vi. They catalyse biological reactions.
iii. Differences:
Although most properties exhibited by d block elements are similar, the elements of the
first row differ from second and third rows in the stabilization of higher oxidation states
in their compounds.

Exercise | Q 3.06 | Page 191

Answer the following
Explain trends in ionisation enthalpies of d block elements.
Solution:
i. The ionization enthalpies of transition elements are intermediate between those of s-
block or p-block elements. This suggests that transition elements are less
electropositive than elements of groups 1 and 2.
ii. As the atomic number increases across a transition series, the first ionization energy
increases with some irregularities.
iii. Ionization enthalpies for a given element increases from the first ionization enthalpy,
IE1 to the third ionization enthalpy, IE3.
iv. The atoms of elements of the third transition series possess filled 4f-orbitals. 4f
orbitals show a poor shielding effect on account of their peculiar diffused shape. As a
result, the valence electrons experience a greater nuclear attraction. A greater amount
of energy is required to ionize elements of the third transition series. The ionization
enthalpies of the elements of the third transition series are, therefore much higher than
the first and second series.

Exercise | Q 3.07 | Page 191

Answer the following
What is meant by diamagnetic and paramagnetic? Give one example of diamagnetic
and paramagnetic transition metal and lanthanoid metal.
Solution:
The substances with all electrons paired are weakly repelled by magnetic fields. Such
substances are called diamagnetic substances.
The substances with unpaired electrons are weakly attracted by the magnetic field.
Such substances are called paramagnetic substances.
Examples:
Transition metal Lanthanoid metal
 Diamagnetic Zinc Ytterbium

Paramagnetic Titanium Cerium

Exercise | Q 3.08 | Page 191

Answer the following
Why the ground-state electronic configurations of gadolinium and lutetium are different
than expected?
Solution:
Gadolinium and lutetium show different ground-state electronic configurations because
the 5d and 4f-orbitals are near to the same energy due to which the next electron goes
in 5d-orbital instead of 4forbital. This retains the extra stability achieved when the 4f
orbital is half-filled and completely filled respectively. Thus, 5d orbital contains one
electron in the case of gadolinium and lutetium.
Exercise | Q 3.09 | Page 191
Answer the following
Write the steps involved in the metallurgical process.
Solution:
The various steps involved in the extraction of pure metals from their ores are as
follows:
i. The concentration of ores
ii. Conversion of ores into oxides or other desired compounds
iii. Reduction of ores to form crude metals
iv. Refining of metals

Exercise | Q 3.1 | Page 191

Answer the following
Cerium and Terbium behave as good oxidising agents in the +4 oxidation state. Explain.
Solution:
i. Cerium (Ce) and Terbium (Tb) show +4 oxidation states. Their electronic
configurations are given below:
Ce = [Xe] 4f1 5d1 6s2 ; Ce4+ = [Xe]
Tb = [Xe] 4f9 6s2 ; Tb4+ = [Xe] 4f7
ii. It is clear from the configuration of Ce that Ce4+ is favoured by its noble gas
configuration. But it can be easily converted into stable Ce3+ by a gain of an electron.
Due to this reason, Ce4+ is a good oxidizing agent.
iii. Similarly, Tb4+ ion is stabilized due to a half-filled f-subshell. It can be easily
converted into stable Tb3+ by gain of an electron. Due to this reason, Tb4+ is a good
oxidizing agent.

Exercise | Q 3.11 | Page 191

Answer the following
Europium and ytterbium behave as good reducing agents in the +2 oxidation state
explain.
Solution:
i. Europium (Eu) and Ytterbium (Yb) show +2 oxidation states. Their electronic
configurations are given below:
Eu = [Xe] 4f7 6s2 ; Eu2+ = [Xe] 4f7
Yb = [Xe] 4f14 6s2 ; Yb2+ = [Xe] 4f14
ii. It is clear from the configuration of Eu that Eu2+ is favoured by its half-filled f-subshell.
But it can be easily converted into stable Eu3+ by the loss of an electron. Due to this
reason, Eu2+ is a good reducing agent.
iii. Similarly, Yb2+ ion is stabilized due to completely filled f-subshell. It can be easily
converted into Yb3+ by the loss of an electron. Due to this reason, Yb2+ is a good
reducing agent.