In his Name

Physics SY: 2021/2022

Answer Key-Exercises
Al-Mahdi Schools

Ch 10: Generators and Receivers Grade 10

Exercise 1
In order to determine the characteristics of a generator 𝐺(𝐸; 𝑟), we 𝐺
𝑃 𝑁
connect it in series with a resistor of constant resistance 𝑅 = 50𝛺, a
rheostat whose resistance varies between 0 𝛺 and 250 𝛺, and an
𝐾
ammeter as shown in document 1. 𝑅 V
COM
1. When the switch is open, the voltmeter indicates 12V. What
𝑅ℎ
does this value represent?
A
This value represents the electromotive force of the 𝐶 𝐹 𝐷
generator.
Document. 1
2. The Switch K is now closed. For different positions of the
cursor F of the rheostat, the indications on the voltmeter and the
ammeter are tabulated below.

𝑰(𝑨) 0 2 3 4 5

𝑼𝑷𝑵 (𝑽) 12 8 6 4 2
𝑼𝑷𝑵 (𝑽)
2.1. Plot the characteristic (I-UPN) curve of this generator, using the scales:
1𝑐𝑚 ↔ 0.5𝐴 and 1𝑐𝑚 ↔ 2𝑉. 12

2 𝑰(𝑨)

2.2. Determine the value of internal resistance of this generator. 5

The internal resistance of the generator is the absolute value of the slope of 𝑈𝑃𝑁 (𝐼) then
Δ𝑈𝑃𝑁 12−2
𝑟=| | = | 0−5 | = |−2| = 2Ω.
Δ𝐼

2.3. Deduce the relation that verifies Ohm’s law for this generator.
𝑈𝑃𝑁 = −𝑟𝐼 + 𝐸 = −2𝐼 + 12.

2.4. The cursor F of the rheostat can move between C&D to change the value of its resistance, and
thus the value of the current in the circuit. Justify, by calculation that the current in this closed circuit
varies between 40 mA and 240 mA.
𝑈𝑃𝑁 = 𝑈𝑃𝐶 + 𝑈𝐶𝐹 + 𝑈𝐹𝑁 = 𝑈𝑅 + 𝑈𝑅ℎ + 0 then −𝑟𝐼 + 𝐸 = 𝑅𝐼 + 𝑅𝐶𝐹 𝐼
𝐸 12 12
therefore 𝐼 = 𝑟+𝑅+𝑅 = 2+50+𝑅 = 52+𝑅 ;
𝐶𝐹 𝐶𝐹 𝐶𝐹
For 𝑅𝐶𝐹 = 0 Ω → 𝐼 = 0.23 𝐴 = 230 𝑚𝐴 𝑅𝐶𝐹 (Ω) 0 250
For 𝑅𝐶𝐹 = 250 Ω → 𝐼 = 0.0397 𝐴 = 39.7 ≃ 40 𝑚𝐴 I (mA) 230 40

Finally, 40𝑚𝐴 ≤ 𝐼 ≤ 230𝑚𝐴

Exercise 2
To determine the characteristics of a motor the following results are obtained.

𝐼 (mA) 50 100 150 200 250

U(V) 4.75 5 5.25 5.5 5.75

1. Propose an electric circuit including all the necessary element needed to perform the experiment.

𝐺 𝐺
𝑃 𝑁 𝑃 𝑁
A A

𝑅ℎ 𝐶
𝐴 M 𝐵
𝐴 M 𝐵

V V COM
COM

2. Plot on the graph paper the I-U characteristics of the above results using the scale:
1cm ↔ 50 mA
1𝑐𝑚 ↔ 0.25 𝑉
𝑈(𝑉)
6 −●
(100𝑚𝐴; 5.75 𝑉)
5.75 − ●
5.5 − ● (200𝑚𝐴; 5.5 𝑉)
5.25 −
5−
4.75 −
4.5 −
≈
0
50 100 150 200 𝐼(𝑚𝐴)
Graph of variation of 𝑼 across the motor as a function of I.
3. Determine graphically the characteristics of the motor.
Δ𝑈 5.5−5
The internal resistance of the motor is 𝑟 = = (200−100)×10−3 = 5 Ω.
Δ𝐼
The back electromotive force 𝑒 = 𝑦 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 = 4.5 𝑉.

4. A battery (6V, 2.5Ω) is connected in series with the motor. Let I be the current in the circuit.
4.1. Write, in terms of I, the voltage between the terminals of the battery.
𝑈𝑃𝑁 = −𝑟𝐼 + 𝐸 → 𝑈𝑃𝑁 = −2.5𝐼 + 6 𝐺 (6𝑉 ,2.5 𝛺 )
4.2. Draw, on the same graph and with the same scale for I and U, the graph of
the obtained function. P N
Taking two values of I and calculating 𝑈𝑃𝑁 :
I(mA) 0 100 𝑀(4.5𝑉 , 5 𝛺 )
U(V) 6 5.75
M
→ Graph in red A B
4.3. Find, graphically, the current I in the circuit and the voltage across the motor.
According to the law of uniqueness of voltages: 𝑈𝑃𝑁 = 𝑈𝐴𝐵
So graphically 𝑈𝑃𝑁 = 𝑈𝐴𝐵 is the point of intersection point of the two curves
The current flowing in the circuit is given by the abscissa of the intersection point:𝐼 = 200 𝑚𝐴 and
and the voltage is 𝑈 = 5.5 𝑉
Exercise 3
In this problem, we intend to apply some physical concepts that are discussed in electricity of grade 10. For
this, we consider the circuit of document 2 that contains: a battery G of characteristics 𝐸 and 𝑟; a lamp that is
considered as a resistor of resistance 𝑅4 = 0.6𝛺, an ammeter that reads 1.5A, an oscilloscope that is
connected between points C and A of the circuit, and three resistors of resistances 𝑅1 = 4𝛺, 𝑅2 = 2 𝛺 &
𝑅3 = 4𝛺.
𝐺
𝐼 COM 𝑃 𝑁 𝑽𝑷𝑵 (𝑽)
A

𝑅4
𝑨 (𝟏. 𝟏𝟔 , 𝟔. 𝟔𝟔𝑽)
𝐴 𝐼1 𝑅1 𝐵 𝑅2 𝐶
𝑩 (𝟐. 𝟐𝟕 , 𝟒. 𝟒𝟒)
𝐼2

𝑅3 𝑰(𝑨)

Document.2 Document. 3

1. Calculate the equivalent resistance 𝑅123 between points A & C. Deduce the equivalent resistance 𝑅𝑒𝑞
between P & N.
𝑅12 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 = 4 + 2 = 6Ω (𝑅1 and 𝑅2 are connected in series);
𝑅 ×𝑅 6×4
𝑅123 = 𝑅12+𝑅3 = 6+4 = 2.4 Ω; (𝑅12 in parallel with 𝑅3 )
12 3
𝑅𝑒𝑞 = 𝑅4 + 𝑅123 = 0.6 + 2.4 = 3Ω (𝑅4 in series with 𝑅123 ).
2. Calculate the voltage 𝑈𝐴𝐶 .
𝑈𝐴𝐶 = 𝑅123 × 𝐼 = 2.4 × 1.5 = 3.6 𝑉.
3. Deduce the currents 𝐼1 & 𝐼2 .
𝑈𝐴𝐶 3.6
𝐼1 = = = 0.6 𝐴 ; & 𝐼2 = 𝐼 − 𝐼2 = 1.5 − 0.6 = 0.9 𝐴.
𝑅12 6
4. Calculate the voltage 𝑉𝑃𝐴 .
𝑈𝑃𝐴 = 𝑅4 × 𝐼 = 0.6 × 1.5 = 0.9 𝑉 (In general, the ammeter is of negligible resistance so the voltage
across its terminals is null).
5. Deduce the voltage 𝑉𝑃𝑁 across the battery.
𝑈𝑃𝑁 = 𝑈𝑃𝐴 + 𝑈𝐴𝐶 + 𝑈𝐶𝑁 = 0.9 + 3.6 + 0 = 4.5 𝑉.
6. Use the graph of document 3 to determine the internal resistance of the battery.
Δ𝑈𝑃𝑁 6.66−4.44
The internal resistance of the battery is 𝑟 = | | = |1.16−2.27| = |−2| = 2 Ω.
Δ𝐼
7. Deduce the electromotive force of the battery.
𝑈𝑃𝑁 = −𝑟𝐼 + 𝐸 then 𝐸 = 𝑈𝑃𝑁 + 𝑟𝐼 = 6.66 + 2 × 1.16 = 8.98 𝑉.
8. The lamp has a filament of length 0.1m and resistivity 1.2 × 10−5 𝛺. 𝑚.
8.1.Calculate the cross-sectional area of the filament.
𝜌ℓ 𝜌ℓ 1.2×10−5 ×0.1
𝑅4 = then 𝑠 = 𝑅 = = 2 × 10−6 𝑚2 .
𝑠 4 0.6
8.2.If the filament of the lamp is replaced by another one of same nature and length but of smaller cross-
sectional area. How the resistance of the filament is affected? Justify.
The resistance of the filament is inversely proportional to its cross-sectional area; so, when this latter is
smaller therefore the resistance is greater.
9. The vertical sensitivity of the oscilloscope is 𝑆v = 0.8 𝑉/𝑑𝑖𝑣.
9.1.Specify if the oscilloscope measures 𝑉𝐴𝐶 or 𝑉𝐶𝐴 .
The oscilloscope measures 𝑉𝐶𝐴 since the ground is connected to A or since the phase in connected to C.
9.2.Does the luminous line move up or down? Calculate the displacement in divisions.
The luminous line moves down since the ground of the oscilloscope is from the side of positive pole
𝑉𝐶𝐴 −3.6
of the battery. 𝑉𝐶𝐴 = 𝑆𝑉 × 𝑦 then 𝑦 = = = −4.5 𝑑𝑖𝑣
𝑆𝑉 0.8
𝐵𝑢𝑡 𝑦 > 𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑠𝑐𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑟.
10. A connecting wire is connected between points 𝑃 & 𝑁. Calculate the current that flows in the connecting
wire.
𝐸 8.98
Since the battery is short circuited then 𝑉𝑃𝑁 = −𝑟𝐼 + 𝐸 = 0; therefore 𝐼 = = = 4.49 𝐴.
𝑟 2

Exercise 4
We built the circuit of document 4 containing: A generator
G(E = 120 V; r = 5 Ω), A motor M(e; r ′ = 2 Ω), two resistors R = 15 Ω and R1 = 10 Ω, and an
ammeter (A) that reads the value of the main current I = 5 A.
1. Calculate the values of the voltages UPN , UAC and UCB .
UPN = −𝑟𝐼 + 𝐸 = −5 × 5 + 120 = 95𝑉;
UAC = RI = 15 × 5 = 75 V;
and UCB = 𝑈𝐶𝐴 + 𝑈𝑃𝑁 = −75 + 95 = 20 𝑉.
2. Calculate the currents I1 and I2 that are flowing through the resistor R1 and the motor M respectively.
𝑈𝐶𝐵 20
I1 = = 10 = 2𝐴 ; and I2 = 𝐼 − 𝐼1 = 5 − 2 = 3𝐴.
𝑅1

𝐺
3. Calculate the back e.m.f 𝑒 of (M). 𝑃 𝑁
𝑈𝑀 = 𝑟 ′ 𝐼 + 𝑒 then 𝑒 = 𝑉𝑀 − 𝑟 ′ 𝐼 = 𝑉𝐶𝐵 − 𝑟 ′ 𝐼 = 20 − 2 × 3 = A
14 𝑉.

𝐼1 1 𝑅
4. An oscilloscope is connected at the terminals of the resistor R
𝑅
between A and C. 𝐴 𝐶
𝐵
4.1.Represent on the figure the connections of the oscilloscope, M
knowing that the luminous line is moved 2 divisions 𝐼2
downward. Document. 4
The luminous line moves downward so the ground of the
oscilloscope is connected to the positive side of the battery (figure where the ground is on A and the
phase is on C).

4.2.Calculate the vertical sensitivity of the oscilloscope in this case.

𝑉𝐶𝐴 75
𝑈𝐶𝐴 = 𝑆𝑉 × 𝑦 then 𝑆𝑉 = = − −2 = 37.5 𝑉/𝑑𝑖𝑣.
𝑦
4.3.Calculate the electric power consumed by R.
𝑃 = 𝑅𝐼 2 = 15 × 52 = 375 𝑊.
4.4.Deduce the electrical energy consumed by R during 2 min.
𝑊 = 𝑃 × 𝑡 = 375 × 2 × 60 = 45 000 𝐽.
4.5.In what form is this energy released?
In the form of thermal energy.
Exercise 5
Consider the electric circuit of document 5. This circuit contains:
• A Generator 𝐺(𝐸; 𝑟).
• Two resistors of equal resistance 𝑅 = 10𝛺.
• A motor of back e.m.f. "e" and internal resistance 𝑟’ = 5𝛺.
• An ammeter A
• A voltmeter V connected as shown in the figure.

G UG (V)
P N

17
A V I
COM 16
I 𝑅

𝑅 I1
I (mA)
M
A B C
I2 500 1000

Document. 5 Document. 6

1. The graph of document 6 shows the variation of the voltage 𝑈𝐺 as a function of the current it delivers.
1.1.Determine the equation of this straight line.
U = aI + b (linear function not passing through the origin);
∆U 16−17
a= = (1000−500)×10−3 = −2 V/A;
∆I
U = −2I + b → 16 = −2(1) + b → b = 18 V ;
U = −2I + 18 (equation of 𝑈𝐺 )
1.2.Deduce the characteristics 𝐸 and 𝑟 of the generator 𝐺.
G1 is a generator so 𝑈𝐺 = −𝑟𝐼 + 𝐸 = −2𝐼 + 18 therefore the internal resistance is 𝑟 = 2𝛺 and the
electromotive force is 𝐸 = 18 𝑉
2. The resistor between A and B is traversed by 60𝐶 during 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒 with a constant rate. Determine the
reading of the ammeter.
Q 60
𝐼= = 60 = 1A .
t
3. Calculate:
3.1.the potential difference measured by the voltmeter.
𝑈𝑁𝑃 = 𝑟𝐼 − 𝐸 = 2(1) − 18 = −16 𝑉 (Ohm’s law across a generator).
3.2.the potential difference 𝑈𝐴𝐵 .
𝑈𝐴𝐵 = 𝑅𝐼 = 10 × 1 = 10𝑉 (Ohm’s law across a resistor).
4. Applying the law of addition of voltages, show that the potential difference 𝑈𝐵𝐶 = 6𝑉.
𝑈𝑃𝑁 = 𝑈𝐴𝐵 + 𝑈𝐵𝐶 → 𝑈𝐵𝐶 = 𝑈𝑃𝑁 − 𝑈𝐴𝐵 = 16 − 10 = 6𝑉 .
5. Deduce the current 𝐼1 carried by the resistor between B and C.
𝑈𝐵𝐶 6
𝐼1 = = 10 = 0.6𝐴
𝑅
6. Applying the junction rule on B, calculate the current carried by the motor.
𝐼 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 → 𝐼2 = 𝐼 − 𝐼1 = 1 − 0.6 = 0.4𝐴.
7. Deduce the back e.m.f. "e" of the motor.

𝑈𝐵𝐶 = 𝑈𝑀 = 𝑒 + 𝑟 ′ 𝐼2 = 6𝑉
𝑒 = 6 − 5(0.4) = 4𝑉 .

Exercise 6
The circuit of document 7 is formed of a generator 𝐺(𝐸 = 12𝑉; 𝑟 = 2Ω), a motor
𝑀(𝑒 = 4𝑉; 𝑟 ′ = 2Ω), a switch (K) and three resistors 𝑅 = 5Ω, 𝑅1 = 6Ω and 𝑅2 = 4Ω.
Given: the voltage across the terminals of the resistor 𝑅2 is 𝑈𝐶𝐷 = 2𝑉.

𝐺
𝐾 𝑁(× 1019 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑠)

6.25

5
𝑰 𝑅1 𝑅2
𝐶
𝑅 𝑰𝟏
t(s)
𝐴 𝐵 𝑰𝟐 𝐷 8 10
M

Document. 7 Document. 8

1. Calculate the current 𝐼1 flowing through the branch BCD.

𝑈𝐶𝐷 2
𝐼1 = = = 0.5 𝐴
𝑅2 4

2. Verify that the voltage across BD is 𝑈𝐵𝐷 = 5𝑉.

𝑈𝐵𝐷 = 𝑈𝐵𝐶 + 𝑈𝐶𝐷 = 𝑅1 𝐼 + 𝑈𝐶𝐷 = 6 × 0.5 + 2 = 5𝑉
3. Deduce the current 𝐼2 flowing through the motor and then verify that the main current
is 𝐼 = 1𝐴.
𝑈𝐵𝐷 −𝑒 5−4
𝑈𝐵𝐷 = 𝑈𝑀 = 𝑟 ′ 𝐼 + 𝑒 then 𝐼 = = = 0.5 𝐴;
𝑟′ 2
𝐼 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 = 0.5 + 0.5 = 1𝐴.
4. To verify again the current that flows in 𝐴𝐵, we used an instrument that counts the number N of
electrons passing through the section of this conductor during a time t, we obtain the results shown in
document 8.
𝐼
4.1.Show that 𝑁 = 𝑒 × 𝑡 where I is the constant current flowing through 𝐴𝐵, and 𝑒 is the elementary
charge.
𝑄 𝑁𝑒 𝐼
The current is constant so 𝐼 = | 𝑡 | = then 𝑁 = 𝑒 × 𝑡.
𝑡
4.2.Using the graph, determine the equation 𝑁(𝑡).
Δ𝑁 (6.25−5)×1019
𝑁(𝑡) = 𝑎 × 𝑡 equation of straight line passing through the origin where 𝑎 = = =
Δ𝑡 10−8
0.625 × 1019 therefore 𝑁(𝑡) = 0.625 × 1019 × 𝑡.

4.3.Deduce the current I, knowing that the elementary charge is e = 1.6 × 10−19 C.
𝐼
By comparison 𝑎 = 𝑒 = 0.625 × 1019 then
𝐼 = 0.625 × 1019 × 𝑒 = 0.625 × 1019 × 1.6 × 10−19 = 1 𝐴.