DIGESTIVE SYSTEM length.

Basically, it is in charge for the continuous

breaking-down process as it partially receives the
The function of the digestive system is digestion, the chyme from the stomach, it resumes chemical
breakdown of organic compounds into their simple digestion of food and prepares for absorption
forms for use by the cells. Digestion is the chief through the villi. Organic compounds such as
function of the digestive system. It breaks down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are specifically
food mechanically and chemically. Let us take a broken down with the aid of different enzymes.
journey throughout the human digestive system to Carbohydrates are broken down into sugars by
see how it works and how the organs coordinate enzymes like amylase, maltase and lactase.
in order to carry out the processes of digestion. Proteins are broken down into amino acids by
A. INGESTION is the first process that happens in enzymes like trypsin and peptidase. Fats are
digestive system. It is the journey of taking in broken down into fatty acids by the enzyme
food or any substance into the body through the lipase. After about four hours, the stomach pushes
mouth. The journey of food starts when a bit of food into the small intestines. The production and
hamburger enters your mouth. release of enzymes and acids in the digestive
B. DIGESTION is the second process involved in system is called secretion. It aids in the breaking
digestive system. It is the process that involves down of complex food molecules into their
break down of large food molecules into smaller chemical building blocks. The jejunum is the
molecules for easy absorption of the cells. Both second part of the small intestine that is 2.5 cm in
chemical and mechanical digestions begin length. Its wall works for absorption through
immediately in the mouth. While the food is in the enterocytes or columnar cells of small nutrient
mouth, the teeth cut, crush, and break it apart into particles which have been previously digested by
tiny pieces while the tongue helps mix food with the enzymes in the duodenum.
saliva secreted by the salivary glands forming C. Absorption is the third process that
into a moist ball called bolus so it can be easily happens in the digestive system. It occurs
swallowed. This process is known as mastication mostly in the small intestine where
or chewing considered as a mechanical several digestive juices, pancreatic juice,
digestion, which is the initial stage of digestion. and bile aid in the chemical digestion of
The saliva contains salivary amylase, the enzyme food. Absorption is the process of
that breaks down starch into smaller passing the soluble food molecules in the
carbohydrate. Then, the bolus passes from the wall of the small intestine through the villi
mouth to the esophagus - a tube that attaches – the tiny, finger-like projections from the
the mouth to the stomach. A series of wave-like epithelial lining of the intestinal wall. Each
villus contains blood capillaries that
muscle contractions known as peristalsis push
enable it to absorb water, glucose, amino
and transport foods and liquids in small sections
acids, vitamins, minerals, and fatty acids.
to the stomach. The stomach is a J-shaped, bag- It also increases the amount of surface
like muscular organ that can hold approximately area available for the absorption of
one liter of fluid and food. The primary function of nutrients.
the stomach is to store food, which turns to chyme
after being acted on by the stomach acid. Chyme is D. Assimilation is the fourth process that
a semifluid material formed from bolus that is occurs in the digestive system. It is the
acted upon by the gastric juices secreted by the movement of digested food nutrients into the
stomach. The walls of the stomach have special blood vessels of the small intestine through
cells that secrete gastric juices like hydrochloric diffusion and use of nutrients into the body
acid and pepsin that begin the chemical cells through the microvilli – microscopic
cellular membrane projections that serves to
breakdown of proteins. The liver produces bile, a
expand the surface area for diffusion. The
green fluid that turns large fat droplets into
third part of the small intestine is the ileum
smaller ones and stores them in the gall bladder. which is about 3.5 meters in length. Its main
When necessary, bile gets into the small intestine function is the assimilation (absorption) of
and helps in the digestion of fat. The pancreas B12 and the re-assimilation (reabsorption) of
makes three different kinds of enzymes namely conjugated bile salts. The Large intestine
amylase, peptidase, and lipase released is divided into caecum, ascending colon,
through a pancreatic duct that aid in the digestion transverse colon, descending colon, and
of all three organic compounds such as sigmoid colon. This is where reabsorption of
carbohydrates, proteins, and fats respectively. liquid, electrolytes and some vitamins from
The process takes about half of a liter of digestive the undigested food takes place. It secretes
juices each day. The liver is the biggest organ mucus to aid in the formation of feces and
inside the body with a mass of about two maintains alkaline conditions. This is the last
segment of the gastrointestinal tract that
kilograms. Gall bladder - a small pear-shaped sac
completes absorption and compacts waste.
that can hold about 50ml of bile. The pancreas is a
small organ found below the stomach. The small C. Egestion is the last process that occurs
intestine is an organ that breaks down food in the digestive system. It is the release
further into substances, such as glucose, that can of undigested food collected in the
be absorbed by the villi. It has three parts namely rectum called feces and pushed out of the
the duodenum, the jejunum, and ileum. The body through the anus by defecation.
duodenum is the first and shortest part of the thebody.
small intestine that starts at the lower end of the
stomach and extends for about 20 cm to 25 cm in
 PLANT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM

1. Xylem: The tissue in vascular plants

that conducts water and dissolved
nutrients upward from the root and
also helps to form the woody element
in the stem.
2. Phloem: The tissue in vascular
plants that conducts sugars and
other metabolic products
downward from the leaves.
3. Transpiration: The process where
plants absorb water through the roots
and then give off water vapor through
pores in their leaves.
4. Root pressure: The upward push of
sap in the xylem of vascular plants,
resulting from osmotic pressure in the
roots.
5. Capillary action: The ability of a liquid
to flow in narrow spaces without the
assistance of, or even in opposition to,
external forces like gravity.
6. Sieve tube: A series of elongated
cells in phloem, through which food
materials are transported in
vascular plants.
7. Vascular bundle: A strand of
conducting vessels in the stem or leaves
of a plant, typically with phloem on the
outside and xylem on the inside.
8. Translocation: The transport of
soluble food material from one part of a
plant to another.
9. Guard cell: One of two specialized cells
that border a stoma and regulate gas
exchange and water loss.
10. Stoma (plural: stomata): Tiny openings
or pores in plant tissue that allow for
gas exchange.