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1. Why was the perspective followed by Wilhelm Wundt called structuralism?
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A. They focused their efforts on analyzing the elements of the nervous system.
B. Their primary goal was to understand the physiology of the mind.
C. Their primary focus was locating the unconscious. \
D. Their primary focus was on describing the structure of conscious experience.
E. They wanted to identify the major brain structures.\
D 2. Freud stressed the importance of
A. early adulthood
B. middle adulthood
C. old age
D. early childhood
E. adolescence
D3. Which founding contributors to psychology helped develop behaviorism?
_

A. Gestalt and Wundt

B. Freud and Gestalt
C. Pavlov and Wundt
D. Watson and Pavlov
E. Freud and Watson
B 4. The psychodynamic perspective was based on the work of
A. Gestalt
B. Freud
C. Watson
D. Pavlov
E. Wundt

B 5.reporting
The school of psychology called structuralism used a technique called _____, which involved
the contents of consciousness to study a person's experiences.
A. insight inventory
B. introspection
C. intervention
D. psychoanalysis
E. induction
 6. While on a visit to a large city, you observe several billboards in which a series of lights seems
to move. Which perspective in psychology would most likely help you understand this
phenomenon?
A. Behavioral
B. Humanistic
C. Psychodynamic
D. Evolutionary
E. Gestalt
7. Which type of psychologist would be most likely to argue that a criminal engages in unlawful
behavior because he grew up around older boys who engaged in criminal activities?
A. Humanistic psychologist
B. Functionalist
C. Behavioral psychologist
D. Gestalt psychologist
E. Psychodynamic psychologist
8. Which perspective focuses on free will and self-actualization?
A. Evolutionary perspective
B. Cognitive perspective
C. Humanism
D. Psychodynamic
E. Behaviorism
9. When you watch dogs play in the park or watch how your professors conduct their classes,
you are engaging in a form of
A. psychometric study
B. naturalistic observation
C. survey research
D. single-blind study
E. case study research
10. A psychologist evaluated Tameka, an eight-year-old child who has experienced difficulty in
school. The psychologist sent questionnaires to 100 teachers to determine if they had ever seen
similar cases. Based on the teachers' responses, the psychologist hypothesized that a particular
diet might cause the learning problem. Following her tabulation of the responses, she designed a
study that would tell her if diet were the actual cause. Which of the following lists, in order from
first to last, the research methods this psychologist used?
A. Experiment, survey, case study
B. Correlation, case study, experiment
C. Experiment, case study, survey
D. Case study, survey, experiment
E. Naturalistic observation, survey, experiment
11. A weakness of _____ is that subjects participating in the research often report, consciously
、
 and unconsciously, inaccurate information.
A. case study
B. surveys
C. naturalistic observation
D. experiments
E. correlations
12. Which of the following questions could be answered best by using the survey method?
A. Is there a relationship between violent behavior and diet?
B. Do students prefer a grading system with or without pluses and minuses?
C. What is the relationship between number of hours of study per week and grade point
average?
D. Does wall color affect the frequency of violence in prison populations?
E. What is the effect of ingesting alcohol on problem-solving ability?
13. _____ is a system used for reducing bias and error in the measurement of data.
A. Statistics
B. The single-blind method
C. The double-blind method
D. The scientific method
E. Checks and balances
A 14. "If children watch violent cartoons then they will become more aggressive." According to the
scientific method, this statement is most likely a(n)
A. hypothesis
B. conclusion
C. fact
D. result
E. operational definition
15. The purpose of a control group in an experiment is to
A. manipulate the dependent variable
B. help rule out alternative explanations for results
C. represent the general, nonlaboratory population
D. determine the strength of the relationship between variables
E. increase the ability to generalize the findings
16. The administration of Midwest State University wants to know if arrangement of chairs
affects student participation in classrooms. What would be a good operational definition of the
dependent variable in an experiment designed to measure this relationship?
A. Frequency with which students ask questions
B. Number of students enrolled in each class
C. Class size: under 50 or over 50
D. Student scores on the final exam
 E. Chair arrangement: theater style or circular
B 17. In order to increase typing speed, Minisoft has redesigned its keyboard and provided a chime
that is related to typing speed. The company wants to know if its innovations affect typing speed.
Identify the independent and dependent variables in this proposed study.
A. The dependent variable is the number of errors made; the independent variables are the
chime and the speed of typing.
B. The dependent variable is speed of typing; the independent variables are the keyboard
design and the chime.
C. The dependent variable is typing accuracy; the independent variable is the type of
software used.
D. The dependent variable is the chime; the independent variables are the chime and typing
speed.
E. The dependent variable is keyboard design; the independent variables are the speed of
typing and the chime.
D 18. In a laboratory, smokers are asked to "drive" using a computerized driving simulator,
equipped with a stick shift and a gas pedal. The objective is to maximize the distance covered by
driving as fast as possible on a winding road, while avoiding rear-end collisions. Some of the
participants immediately smoke a real cigarette before climbing into the driver's seat. Others
smoke a fake cigarette without nicotine. You are interested in comparing how many collisions
the two groups have. In this study, the independent variable is
A. the length of time between collisions
B. the use of a driving simulator
C. the number of collisions
D. the use of nicotine
E. the driving skills of each driver
E 19. In a laboratory, smokers are asked to "drive" using a computerized driving simulator,
equipped with a stick shift and a gas pedal. The objective is to maximize the distance covered by
driving as fast as possible on a winding road, while avoiding rear-end collisions. Some of the
participants immediately smoke a real cigarette before climbing into the driver's seat. Others
smoke a fake cigarette without nicotine. You are interested in comparing how many collisions
the two groups have. In this study, the dependent variable is
A. the use of a driving simulator
B. the driving skills of each driver
C. the type of cigarette
D. the number of collisions
E. the use of nicotine
A 20. A correlation is a numerical measure of the
A. strength of the relationship between two variables
B. behaviors of participants followed and periodically assessed over time
C. unintended changes in participants' behavior due to cues from the experimenter
D. behaviors of participants of different ages compared at a given time \
E. similarities between subjects \
 21. The greatest disadvantage of correlational research is
A. it does not enable cause-and-effect conclusion
B. its value can be zero
C. its value can be negative
D. it has limited range of values, being only -1 to +1
E. its value can be positive
C 22. If psychologists discovered that intellectual parents have more gifted children compared to
unintelligent parents, this would demonstrate that
A. intelligence is inherited \

B. unintelligent parents will always have unintelligent children \

C. intelligent parents provide their children with greater educational opportunities than do
unintelligent parents
D. the intelligence of parents and children is negatively correlated\
E. the intelligence of parents and children is positively correlated
A 23. If psychologists find that rich people are less satisfied with their jobs compared to poor
people, this would mean that wealth and job satisfaction are
A. negatively correlated
B. causally related
C. control variables
D. independent variables
E. positively correlated
A 24. Drinking orange juice is negatively correlated with the risk of cancer. Based on this
information, which of the following statements is true?
A. The more orange juice you drink, the lower your risk of cancer.
B. The more orange juice you drink, the higher your risk of cancer.
\

C. There is no relationship between orange juice and cancer.

D. The less orange juice you drink, the lower your risk of cancer..
E. Drinking orange juice causes people to be cancer free.\
25. A correlation coefficient shows that smoking and life expectancy are indeed related. As a
result, a researcher could predict _____ if the direction of the relationship is known.
A. the person's life expectancy will go up or down based on the number of cigarettes the
person smokes daily
B. the difference in life expectancies between men and women who smoke
C. if a person smokes cigarettes, he or she will eventually develop lung cancer
D. if a person smokes a lot of cigarettes, he or she will have less money monthly to buy gas
E. a person's lungs will repair themselves and he or she will live a longer life
26. A correlation coefficient shows that alcohol consumption and driving accidents are indeed
related. As a result, a researcher could predict _____ if the direction of the relationship is known.
A. the number of driving accidents a person has will go up or down based on the number of
alcoholic drinks consumed
 B. the number of tickets for speeding will increase with the number of alcoholic drinks
consumed
C. the number of arrests will increase the fewer drinks an individual consumes
D. the number of arrests a person has will go up or down based on the type of car an
individual drives
E. the number of driving accidents a person has will contribute to the number of days spent in
jail
27. A psychologist uses the correlational method to
A. identify relationships between variables
B. determine what causes a variable to change
C. explain the effects of one variable on another
D. eliminate the impact of confounding variables
E. compare two groups of subjects
28. Julie finds that the number of hours she sleeps each night is related to the scores she receives
on quizzes the next day. As her sleep approaches 8 hours, her quiz scores improve; as her sleep
drops to 5 hours, her quiz scores show a similar decline. Julie realizes that
A. she should sleep about 10 hours a night to ensure 100 percent quiz grades
B. there is a negative correlation between the number of hours she sleeps and her quiz grades
C. the correlation between sleep and quiz scores is 0.00
D. there is a positive correlation between the number of hours she sleeps and her quiz grades
E. her low quiz scores are caused by sleep deprivation the night before a quiz
29. Which of the following would NOT be considered essential for a proposed research design to
meet ethical requirements?
A. Both the subjects and the researchers must know which of the subjects will be part of the
experimental group.
B. Participants must be allowed to withdraw from the project at any time.
C. Research subjects must consent to participate in the project, and a full description of what
their participation consists of must be spelled out before they are asked to give consent.
D. In keeping with protecting the privacy of the confidentiality of the subjects, data should be
obtained as anonymously as possible.
E. If deception is involved, a full debriefing of the subjects must occur soon after the
completion of the project.
30. Experimenters can justify the use of deception because
A. research is more important than people
B. individuals confidentiality is protected
C. it is not that harmful
D. there is informed consent
E. it may be necessary for the experiment to work