1) ✅ Difference between Cloud Computing and Network

Computing

Feature Network Computing Cloud Computing

Accessing resources via

Accessing resources on a
Definition Internet from cloud
local/shared server
providers

Access Limited to certain locations or Access from anywhere in the

Location networks world

Owned by Cloud Service

Ownership Owned by an organization
Providers (e.g., AWS, Azure)

Scalability Limited scalability Highly scalable on demand

Payment No specific pay-per-use; often

Pay-as-you-use
Model subscription based

Resource Virtualized & flexible

Fixed resources
Type resources

A company server in office Google Drive, AWS, Microsoft

Example
LAN Azure

📊 Block Diagrams

📡 1) Network Computing

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[User A] [User B] [User C]

| | |

--------------------------------

Local Network

[Server]

|
 [Storage]

 All users are connected to a local server in a company.

 Data is accessed through LAN (Local Area Network).

☁️2) Cloud Computing

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[User A] [User B] [User C]

| | |

-------------------------------------

Internet Connection

[Cloud Service Provider]

(e.g., AWS, Google Cloud, Azure)

[Virtual Servers, Storage, Apps]

 Users access services like storage, software, servers via the Internet.

 Example: You use Google Docs from your laptop or phone anywhere!

💡 Easy Example to Remember:

 Network Computing: Like using the college lab computers that run
software from a local server.

 Cloud Computing: Like using Google Docs from your phone at

home, bus stop, or another country.

✅ 2) Define Virtualization and Mention the Advantages of

Virtualization

🧠 Definition of Virtualization:
Virtualization is the process of creating a virtual version of something —
like a server, storage device, network, or operating system — using software.

In simple words: It allows one physical system (like a computer) to behave

as many virtual systems, so that multiple users or tasks can share the
same hardware without affecting each other.

💡 Example:

Imagine you have one big laptop that multiple students can use. Instead of
buying 5 laptops, you create 5 virtual desktops inside one system. Each
student logs in and uses it as if it’s their own personal computer.

📊 Diagram of Virtualization:

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+-------------------------------+

| Virtualization |

| Software |

+-------------------------------+

| | | |

VM1 VM2 VM3 VM4 <- Virtual Machines (each acts like a full PC)

| | | |

OS OS OS OS

App App App App

All of these VMs share the same physical machine, but work
independently.

✅ Advantages of Virtualization:

🧍 For End Users:

 1. Variety – Run any app (Windows, Linux, etc.) without installing directly
on your PC.

2. Availability – Resources feel unlimited (e.g., more storage if you pay

more).

3. Portability – Access from anywhere (e.g., edit a project from UK that’s

hosted in India).

4. Elasticity – Easily scale up/down usage as needed (e.g., cancel a VM

if not needed).

🏢 For Cloud Service Providers (CSPs):

1. Better Resource Utilization – One resource can be shared by many

users at different times.

2. Effective Revenue Generation – CSPs earn money from users based

on how much they use.

🎯 Summary:

 Virtualization = using one system as many

 It saves cost, time, and space

 Improves efficiency and flexibility

3. Advantages of virtualization to end users and cloud service

providers

✅ For End Users:

1. Variety: Users can run different types of software on virtual machines.

2. Availability: Users feel like they have unlimited resources.

3. Portability: Access your files and apps from anywhere (e.g., Google
Drive).

4. Elasticity: You can scale resources up or down (e.g., stop VM if not

needed).

✅ For Cloud Service Providers (CSP):

 1. Resource Reuse: CSPs can give the same resources to different users
at different times.

2. Revenue: CSPs earn based on how much users consume.

4. What are the different types of virtualization?

1. Hardware Virtualization: Share one processor as if there are many.

Each can run a separate OS.

2. Storage Virtualization: Combines storage from different places into

one virtual storage.

3. Application Virtualization: Apps run on the cloud but appear to run

locally.

4. Desktop Virtualization: Access your desktop hosted in the cloud

from any device.

5. What are the different cloud models? Explain each in detail.

(i) Service Models:

1. SaaS (Software as a Service): Use software without installing it.

📌 Example: Google Docs, MS Office 365

2. PaaS (Platform as a Service): Platform to develop and run apps.

📌 Example: Google App Engine

3. IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service): Rent virtual machines, storage,

etc.
📌 Example: AWS EC2

(ii) Deployment Models:

1. Private Cloud: Used by one organization only.

2. Public Cloud: Available to all via internet (e.g., Gmail, AWS).

3. Community Cloud: Shared by a group with common interest (e.g.,

universities).

4. Hybrid Cloud: Mix of private + public.

6. What is Service Level Agreement (SLA) and how is it important
from customer and CSP point of view?

An SLA is a contract between Cloud Service Provider (CSP) and

customer defining:

 What services are offered

 Service quality

 Penalties for failure

Importance:

 Customer: Compares SLAs from different providers to choose the

best.

 CSP: Protects them from blame in case of unavoidable service

problems.

7. What are the metrics involved in SLA?

1. Availability: % of uptime for service.

2. Response Time: Time taken to respond to a request.

3. Portability: Ease of switching between service providers.

4. Problem Reporting: How and where to report problems.

5. Penalty: What happens if the SLA terms are not met.

8. Famous cloud implementation softwares – Explain their features

(i) CloudSim (Simulator):

 Java-based

 Add/remove virtual machines

 Create custom policies

 Useful for testing systems before real deployment

(ii) CloudAnalyst:

 Based on CloudSim
  GUI-based simulator

 Graph output and easy configuration

(iii) GreenCloud:

 Extension of NS2 (network simulator)

 Tracks energy usage

 Good for analyzing power-saving mechanisms

9. Features of OpenStack (Open-source cloud)

 Free and open-source

 GUI/CLI-based management

 Horizontal scaling (add/remove instances easily)

 Customizable and supports code sharing

Key Components:

Compone
Function
nt

Nova Compute service

Neutron Networking

Swift Object storage

Glance Image service

Identity
Keystone
management

Horizon Web dashboard

10. Features of commercial cloud (AWS example)

 Launch/manage servers with a web interface

 Control over OS and deployment

 Pay-per-use model
  Connect private and public networks

 Tools for fast development

 Monitoring and automation tools

 Support for machine learning and analytics

11. Sensor as a service (Sensor Cloud) – Explain with case study of

farmer

✅ Concept:

 Like cloud computing, but instead of using your own sensors, you rent
sensors on a pay-per-use model.

 You get data access from various deployed sensors without owning
them.

✅ Actors in Sensor Cloud:

1. End User (e.g., a Farmer): Wants soil moisture data for crops.

2. Sensor Owner: Owns and shares soil moisture sensors.

3. Sensor-Cloud Service Provider (SCSP): Manages everything and

provides data access to farmer.

✅ Farmer Use Case:

 A farmer wants temperature, humidity, and soil moisture data.

 Instead of buying and installing sensors, the farmer uses sensor

cloud.

 Pays for only the data used.

 Helps make farming smart, efficient, and low-cost.

12) How are Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) different from Sensor
Cloud?
 Wireless Sensor Network
Feature Sensor Cloud
(WSN)

A dedicated sensor network A shared sensor network

Definition deployed for a specific where users access data via
task/application the cloud

Owned and used by a single Sensors can be owned by

Ownership
user or organization multiple people

Sensor Users must physically deploy Sensors are virtualized and

Access and manage the sensors rented on demand

Typically used by only one Supports multiple users

Users
user simultaneously

Used for various

Application
For one specific task applications at the same
Scope
time

Farmer accesses soil data

Farmer sets up sensors on his
Example from rented sensors via
farm himself
Sensor Cloud

Diagram Representation:

1. Traditional WSN:

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Farmer → Deploy sensors → Use data for ONE task only

2. Sensor Cloud:

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Farmer → Web Portal → Rent sensors → Use for MULTIPLE tasks

13) Explain in detail about architecture of sensor cloud platform

The Sensor Cloud Architecture has 3 main actors and 2 views.

🔁 Actors:

1. End User:

o Registers on a web portal.

o Chooses services (e.g., soil moisture, temperature data).

o Pays only for the time/data used.

o Doesn’t own any sensor.

2. Sensor Owner:

o Owns and deploys sensors.

o Rents them to the cloud.

o Earns revenue based on usage time.

3. Sensor Cloud Service Provider (SCSP):

o Manages infrastructure, pricing, and data access.

o Coordinates between sensor owners and users.

o Handles billing, data, maintenance, and cloud storage.

Two Architectural Views:

1. User Organizational View:

o User interacts with a simple web interface.

o Doesn't see the backend complexity.

2. Real Architectural View:

o Complex backend that includes:

 Sensor allocation

 Data extraction

 Virtualization

 Infrastructure maintenance

 Data center handling

 Caching
Block diagram (text-based):

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[End User] ← Web Interface → [SCSP] ←→ [Sensor Owners & Deployed

Sensors]

✅ Summary of These Two Questions:

 WSNs are like owning and using your own car.

 Sensor Clouds are like using Uber — you don’t own the car, just use
and pay when needed.

 In Sensor Cloud, there’s a 3-layer actor system: User, Sensor Owner,

SCSP.

1) What is Amazon Machine Image (AMI)?

An Amazon Machine Image (AMI) is a pre-configured virtual machine

template used to launch instances (servers) in Amazon Web Services
(AWS).

🔧 In simple words:

An AMI is like a ready-made computer setup that includes:

 Operating system (e.g., Linux, Windows)

 Software (e.g., web servers, databases)

 Configurations (security settings, permissions)

When you want to create a new virtual server (EC2 instance), you just
select an AMI, and AWS will launch that server with all the things pre-
installed.

📦 Contents of an AMI:

1. Root Volume: OS + pre-installed software

2. Launch Permissions: Who can use this AMI

 3. Block Device Mapping: Info on storage volumes

📌 Example:

If you want a server with Ubuntu + Apache + MySQL, you choose an AMI
that already has these. No need to install from scratch.

✅ 2) Famous DBMS Companies in India

Here are some well-known companies in India that work with Database
Management Systems (DBMS), either as service providers, DBMS
developers, or data-driven companies:

Company Known For

TCS (Tata Consultancy Database solutions for banking, telecom,

Services) healthcare

Enterprise DBMS solutions and Oracle-based

Infosys
services

Wipro Works with MySQL, Oracle, SAP HANA, and more

Tech Mahindra Cloud-based and hybrid DBMS integration

One of the largest DBMS providers (Oracle

Oracle India Pvt. Ltd.
DBMS)

IBM India Pvt. Ltd. Offers IBM Db2 and cloud DBMS services

HCL Technologies Manages and supports DBMS for global clients

Offers support and DBMS solutions using

Capgemini India
multiple tools

Indian company with its own cloud DBMS called

Zoho Corporation
Zoho Creator

SAP Labs India Works with SAP HANA, an in-memory DBMS