🧠 Computing Paradigm – Quick Refresher​

A computing paradigm just means the style or model of how we use computer
resources. Over time, we moved from:

●​ Mainframe computing → centralized, dumb terminals​

●​ Personal computing → PCs​

●​ Distributed computing → tasks spread across multiple systems​

●​ Grid computing, Cloud, Edge, etc. → more recent ones​

🧠 What is Grid Computing?

Grid computing is like making a supercomputer out of normal computers
connected over a network.​
You take a bunch of loosely connected computers, often in different locations,
and combine their processing power to work on one big problem.
💡 Think of it like Jio users across India combining their phones to mine crypto
together (ok that’s illegal, but you get the vibe).

🧠 Core Idea
●​ "Distributed but coordinated"​

●​ Each system (node) handles a part of the task.​

●​ Ideal for jobs that need huge processing, like scientific simulations, data
analysis, or AI training.​

🧠 How it works:
1.​ A task is broken into smaller chunks.​

2.​ Those chunks are assigned to multiple computers on the grid.​

3.​ Results are gathered, combined, and sent back.​

🧠 Key Features of Grid Computing:

●​ 📍 Geographically distributed systems​

●​ 🧮 Uses idle CPU cycles of computers​

●​ 🧠 Works best for non-time-sensitive tasks (like protein folding or climate

modeling)​

●​ 🔐 Needs strong security & resource management​

🧠 Examples / Real Use-Cases
●​ SETI@home: Used public computers to search for alien signals.​

●​ Large Hadron Collider (CERN): Handles huge physics data with grid
computing.​

●​ COVID-19 Folding@home project: Studying proteins using crowd-sourced

computers.​

🧠 Difference from Cloud?

Grid Computing Cloud Computing

Volunteer/resource-sharing Pay-as-you-go model

model

Computers can be owned by Usually owned by one provider

different orgs

More about CPU power More about services (storage,

software, etc.)
🧠 Cluster Computing
Definition:​
Cluster computing is when multiple computers (usually located in the same
place) are connected and work together as a single system to perform
computing tasks. These computers are known as nodes and are tightly coupled.

Key Features:

●​ All nodes are homogeneous (same hardware/software).​

●​ They are connected via local network (LAN).​

 ●​ Designed for high-performance computing (HPC).​

●​ Managed as a single system.​

●​ Often located in one physical location (like a data center).​

Use Case:​
Scientific simulations, financial modeling, rendering in CGI, weather
prediction.

Example:

●​ A university lab running a Beowulf cluster to simulate physics

experiments.​

●​ Google’s early search engine backend was cluster-based.​

Advantages:

●​ High performance​

●​ Low latency (fast internal communication)​

●​ Cost-effective if using commodity hardware​

Disadvantages:

●​ Not scalable beyond a limit​

●​ High energy usage​

●​ Single point of failure if not fault-tolerant​

🧠 Distributed Computing
Definition:​
Distributed computing is a model where computers are spread out
geographically, and they work together to solve problems. Each machine
performs a part of the job, and together they act like a single powerful system.

Key Features:

●​ Loosely coupled systems​

●​ Computers can be heterogeneous​

●​ Connected via internet or large-scale network​

●​ Fault tolerance is a challenge​

●​ Systems are independent but collaborate​

Use Case:​
Blockchain networks, Google Docs (real-time editing), multiplayer games,
Amazon backend.

Example:

●​ Bitcoin blockchain: thousands of nodes process transactions.​

●​ SETI@home: analyzing radio signals using people’s home computers.​

Advantages:

●​ Highly scalable​

●​ Resources can be used from anywhere​

●​ Can work across different operating systems and devices​

Disadvantages:

●​ Complex to manage​

●​ Network latency can slow things down​

●​ Data consistency and security can be issues​

🧠 Utility Computing
Definition:​
Utility computing is like electricity: you pay for the computing resources you
use, and nothing more. It provides on-demand computing power as a metered
service.

Key Features:

●​ On-demand access to computing​

●​ Pay-as-you-go model​

●​ Highly flexible and scalable​

●​ Similar to cloud, but focuses more on billing and usage model​

Use Case:​
Small companies that don't want to buy servers; renting compute power for
data analysis.

Example:

●​ AWS EC2 (Elastic Compute Cloud)​

●​ Google Cloud Compute Engine​

Advantages:

●​ No upfront investment​

●​ Can increase/decrease usage anytime​

●​ Maintenance and upgrades handled by provider​

Disadvantages:

●​ Total cost may be higher over time​

●​ Dependency on provider's infrastructure​

●​ Privacy and data security concerns​

🧠 Cloud Computing
Definition:​
Cloud computing is the delivery of computing services (like servers, storage,
databases, networking, software) over the internet (the "cloud").

Key Features:

●​ Three models: IaaS (Infra), PaaS (Platform), SaaS (Software)​

●​ Scalable and elastic​

●​ On-demand access​

●​ Resources accessed via internet​

●​ Self-service and automated​

Use Case:​
Running websites, storing data, AI training, web app hosting, SaaS apps like
Google Drive.

Example:

●​ Google Drive (SaaS)​

●​ Microsoft Azure (IaaS/PaaS)​

●​ Heroku (PaaS)​

Advantages:

●​ Scalable and cost-effective​

●​ No need for hardware​

●​ Accessible from anywhere​

Disadvantages:

●​ Internet-dependent​

●​ Security issues if not configured well​

●​ Limited control over infrastructure (in some models)

🧠 Introduction to Cloud Computing
What is Cloud Computing?​
Cloud computing is a technology that lets users access computing resources
(like servers, storage, applications) over the internet instead of owning them
physically.

💭 Think of it like Netflix for IT resources — you don’t buy the DVD, you just
stream what you need.

Key Characteristics:

●​ On-demand self-service: Get what you need instantly.​

●​ Broad network access: Use it from anywhere (laptop, phone, etc.).​

●​ Resource pooling: Shared resources across many users.​

●​ Rapid elasticity: Instantly scale up or down.​

●​ Measured service: You’re billed only for what you use.​

Service Models:
 1.​ IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service): You rent servers, storage (e.g., AWS
EC2)​

2.​ PaaS (Platform as a Service): You get a dev platform (e.g., Google App
Engine)​

3.​ SaaS (Software as a Service): You use ready-made apps (e.g., Gmail,
Google Docs)​

Deployment Models:

●​ Public Cloud – Available to everyone over the internet.​

●​ Private Cloud – Used within a company/org.​

●​ Hybrid Cloud – Mix of public + private.​

●​ Community Cloud – Shared by several organizations with similar goals.​

🧠 Vision of Cloud Computing

The Vision:​
The dream behind cloud computing is to create a utility-like model where
computing resources are available as easily and cheaply as electricity, water,
or gas.

💡 Imagine a future where:

●​ You don’t need a powerful PC to run heavy apps — just an internet
connection.​

●​ Small businesses can run large-scale operations without huge IT

investments.​
 ●​ Developers launch apps in minutes without worrying about servers or
networks.​

Core Goals:

●​ Everything-as-a-Service (XaaS): Not just infra, but security, AI, DBs — all
delivered as a service.​

●​ Global accessibility: Services should work from anywhere in the world.​

●​ Infinite scalability: You should never "run out" of computing power.​

●​ Zero maintenance: End-users shouldn’t have to worry about setup,

updates, or fixes.​

Driving Forces:

●​ Rise of IoT, AI, Big Data, and remote work.​

●​ Need for cost reduction and business agility.​

●​ Demand for eco-friendly and energy-efficient tech.​

📌 Summary:​
Cloud computing is basically turning IT into a utility — easy to access, easy to
scale, and only pay for what you use. The vision is to make computing power as
seamless and essential as plugging into a wall socket.

Aight bruh, here’s the exam-ready but chill explanation of:

●​ What is a Cloud​
 ●​ The Cloud Delivery Models (IaaS, PaaS, SaaS)​

🧠 Defining a Cloud
Cloud refers to a network of remote servers hosted on the Internet that store,
manage, and process data, instead of using local computers or personal
devices.

💭 Think of it like this:​

Instead of saving your files or apps on your laptop’s hard drive, you put them
in Google Drive or run them through Netflix or Gmail — those are
“cloud-based”.

Main Idea:​
The cloud gives you computing as a service — like renting servers, storage,
software, or platforms without owning the hardware.

Key Characteristics of the Cloud:

●​ 📡 On-demand access​
●​ 🌐 Available over the internet​

●​ ⚡ Scalable and flexible​

●​ 💸 Pay-per-use model​

●​ 🧑‍💻 Managed by the provider​

🧠 Cloud Delivery Models​

This is how cloud services are delivered to users. There are 3 main models:
1️⃣ IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service)

🔧 What it is:​
You rent virtual hardware — servers, storage, networking — and build your
system on top.

📌 You manage: OS, apps, runtime​

📌 Cloud provider manages: Hardware, storage, virtualization
💡 Example:
●​ AWS EC2​

●​ Google Compute Engine​

●​ Microsoft Azure VM​

✅ Use case: When you want full control of the environment.

2️⃣ PaaS (Platform as a Service)

🧱 What it is:​
You get a platform to build and deploy apps. You don’t worry about the OS or
servers — just upload your code.

📌 You manage: Applications and data​

📌 Cloud provider manages: Everything else (runtime, OS, infra)
💡 Example:
●​ Google App Engine​

●​ Heroku​
 ●​ Microsoft Azure App Service​

✅ Use case: When you're a developer and just wanna code + deploy without
worrying about setup.

3️⃣ SaaS (Software as a Service)

🖥️ What it is:​
You use ready-made applications over the internet. No setup, no install, just
log in and go.

📌 You manage: Nothing​

📌 Cloud provider manages: Everything
💡 Example:
●​ Gmail​

●​ Google Docs​

●​ Dropbox​

●​ Zoom​

✅ Use case: End-users who want to use software without technical hassle.
Here’s a detailed version for this
🧠 1️⃣ IaaS – Infrastructure as a Service
🔧 Definition:​
IaaS gives you access to virtualized hardware resources over the internet —
like servers, storage, and networks.​
You can install your own OS, apps, and tools, just like setting up a PC — but
online.

🧠 What You Get:

 ●​ Virtual servers (VMs)​

●​ Storage (like hard drives)​

●​ Networking (IP address, load balancer, firewall)​

●​ Sometimes also OS images​

🧱 You manage:
●​ OS (Windows/Linux)​

●​ Software & applications​

●​ Data​
🌩️ Cloud provider manages:​

●​ Physical servers​

●​ Networking hardware​

●​ Virtualization​

●​ Data center infra​

💡 Example services:
●​ AWS EC2​

●​ Microsoft Azure Virtual Machines​

●​ Google Compute Engine​

🔥 Use Case:
 ●​ Hosting websites​

●​ Creating virtual labs​

●​ Running custom software​

●​ Temporary high-power computing​

📌 Why choose IaaS?

●​ Full control​

●​ Pay only for what you use​

●​ Quick scaling​

🧠 2️⃣ PaaS – Platform as a Service

🛠️ Definition:​
PaaS gives you a ready-made platform to develop, test, and deploy
applications without worrying about the underlying infrastructure (servers,
storage, OS).

You just upload your code, and the cloud handles the rest.

🧠 What You Get:

●​ Programming environment (Node.js, Python, Java)​

●​ Runtime​

●​ Database​

●​ Web server​
 ●​ Deployment tools​

🧱 You manage:
●​ Your applications​

●​ Your data​
🌩️ Cloud provider manages:​

●​ OS​

●​ Runtime​

●​ Infrastructure​

●​ Security patches​

💡 Example services:
●​ Google App Engine​

●​ Heroku​

●​ Microsoft Azure App Service​

🔥 Use Case:
●​ Building & hosting web or mobile apps​

●​ Fast deployment without server setup​

●​ Collaborative coding projects​

📌 Why choose PaaS?

 ●​ No server maintenance​

●​ Focus on coding only​

●​ Built-in scaling & version control​

🧠 3️⃣ SaaS – Software as a Service

💻 Definition:​
SaaS is where you use ready-made software apps hosted by a provider and
accessed via browser or app — nothing to install, nothing to manage.

Just login and use.

🧠 What You Get:

●​ Fully functional application​

●​ Auto updates & backups​

●​ Cross-device accessibility​

🧱 You manage:
●​ Just how you use it (your content)​
🌩️ Cloud provider manages:​
●​ Everything (infra, software, data, security)​

💡 Example services:
●​ Gmail​
 ●​ Google Docs​

●​ Zoom​

●​ Salesforce​

●​ Dropbox​

🔥 Use Case:
●​ Sending emails​

●​ Editing documents​

●​ Attending online meetings​

●​ Business tools like CRM or HRMS​

📌 Why choose SaaS?

●​ Zero maintenance​

●​ Use from anywhere​

●​ Pay-per-user or subscription-based

●​ Deployment Models of Cloud Computing​

●​ Key Characteristics of Cloud Computing​

I kept it simple, deep, and to-the-point. Let’s go:

🧠 Cloud Deployment Models​
This tells how and where the cloud infrastructure is deployed and who controls
it.

1️⃣ Public Cloud

●​ Owned & operated by third-party providers (like AWS, Azure, Google

Cloud).​

●​ Services delivered over the internet.​

●​ Shared between multiple users (multi-tenant).​

💡 Use Case: Startups, small biz, or anyone needing affordable + scalable infra.
✅ Pros:
●​ Low cost (no need to buy hardware)​

●​ Scalable & flexible​

●​ No maintenance​

❌ Cons:
●​ Less control over data​

●​ Security can be a concern in some cases​

2️⃣ Private Cloud

●​ Cloud infrastructure used exclusively by one organization.​

 ●​ Can be hosted on-premises or by a third party.​

💡 Use Case: Banks, government, big enterprises needing high security.

✅ Pros:
●​ Full control and customization​

●​ Better security & privacy​

❌ Cons:
●​ Expensive to build & maintain​

●​ Not as scalable as public cloud​

3️⃣ Hybrid Cloud

●​ Mix of public + private clouds.​

●​ Data and applications can move between the two.​

●​ Best of both worlds.​

💡 Use Case: Company wants to keep sensitive data private but use public
cloud for general tasks.

✅ Pros:
●​ Flexibility & control​

●​ Cost-effective + secure​
❌ Cons:
●​ Complex to manage​

●​ Requires integration between cloud types​

4️⃣ Community Cloud

●​ Shared by multiple organizations with a common goal or industry.​

●​ Managed internally or by a third-party.​

💡 Use Case: Universities or hospitals collaborating on a research project.

✅ Pros:
●​ Shared cost​

●​ Collaboration-friendly​

❌ Cons:
●​ Limited scalability​

●​ Shared responsibility​

🧠 Characteristics of Cloud Computing

These are the core traits that make cloud computing what it is:

1️⃣ On-Demand Self-Service

 ●​ Users can get resources (like VMs or storage) whenever they want,
without human help.​

🧠 Example: Spin up a virtual machine from AWS console instantly.

2️⃣ Broad Network Access

●​ Services are available over the internet and can be accessed from any
device (PC, phone, tablet).​

🧠 Example: Access Gmail from any browser or phone.

3️⃣ Resource Pooling

●​ Cloud providers share computing resources among multiple users using

multi-tenancy.​

🧠 Example: One physical server running VMs for 10 different companies.

4️⃣ Rapid Elasticity

●​ Resources can be scaled up or down instantly based on demand.​

🧠 Example: Auto-scaling a website during heavy traffic (like a sale).

5️⃣ Measured Service
 ●​ Resource usage is monitored, controlled, and billed — like electricity or
water.​

🧠 Example: Paying for only 100 GB of storage or 10 compute hours used.

6️⃣ Fault Tolerance and Resiliency (optional add-on point for bonus)

●​ Cloud systems are designed to keep working even if something fails.​

🧠 Example: If one server crashes, another takes over.

🧠 ✅ Benefits of Cloud Computing

1️⃣ Cost Efficiency

●​ No need to buy expensive servers or hardware.​

●​ Pay-as-you-go model — you only pay for what you use.​

💡 Example: A startup can launch a website without investing in physical

infrastructure.

2️⃣ Scalability

●​ Instantly scale resources up/down based on demand.​

●​ Great for apps with variable traffic (like e-commerce during festive sales).​

💡 Example: Auto-scale during a flash sale, then shrink resources after.

3️⃣ Accessibility

●​ Services and data can be accessed from anywhere, any device with
internet.​

💡 Example: You can edit a document from your PC, phone, or tablet via
Google Docs.

4️⃣ Disaster Recovery & Backup

●​ Cloud providers offer built-in data backup and recovery systems.​

●​ Reduces risk of data loss due to hardware failure or natural disasters.​

💡 Example: Google Cloud auto-replicates data in different regions.

5️⃣ Automatic Updates & Maintenance

●​ The provider handles software updates, bug fixes, and security patches.​

💡 Example: You don’t have to manually update Gmail — Google does it.
6️⃣ Performance Optimization

●​ Uses powerful servers with load balancing and optimized performance.​

●​ Global CDNs ensure fast access from anywhere.​

💡 Example: Netflix uses cloud servers distributed worldwide for seamless
streaming.

7️⃣ Environmentally Friendly

●​ Shared data centers mean fewer individual machines = lower carbon

footprint.​

💡 Example: A cloud-based solution is more energy-efficient than hundreds of

personal servers.

🧠 ⚠️ Challenges Ahead in Cloud Computing

1️⃣ Data Security & Privacy

●​ Storing data offsite raises concerns about hacking, data leaks, or

unauthorized access.​

🔐 Challenge: Ensuring data encryption, secure APIs, and compliance with

privacy laws like GDPR.

2️⃣ Downtime & Reliability

●​ Even big cloud providers like AWS or Azure can go down due to outages
or cyberattacks.​

⚡ Example: When AWS had an outage in 2021, thousands of apps worldwide

went down.
3️⃣ Vendor Lock-In

●​ Moving from one cloud provider to another is hard — different platforms,

APIs, configurations.​

🚫 Challenge: Migration costs, compatibility issues, re-writing code.

4️⃣ Limited Control

●​ You don't get full access to infrastructure like you do with in-house
systems.​

🛠️ Challenge: Some custom configurations might not be possible on the cloud.

5️⃣ Internet Dependency

●​ Without a stable internet connection, accessing cloud services is

impossible.​

🌐 Problem: Rural areas or unstable networks limit usability.

6️⃣ Compliance and Legal Issues

●​ Different countries have different laws about where and how data is
stored.​

⚖️ Challenge: A company may break the law unintentionally if cloud servers

are in a restricted location.
7️⃣ Hidden Costs

●​ If you’re not careful, usage charges can blow up due to bandwidth, API
calls, storage overages.​

💸 Example: Auto-scaling gone wrong can rack up bills in hours.

🔄 Cloud Computing vs. Cluster Computing vs. Grid Computing

Let’s break down all three — what they are, how they work, and how they’re
different.

🧠 Cloud Computing
💭 What it is:​
Using remote servers over the internet to store, manage, and process data,
rather than using local machines. You rent services like storage, software, and
processing power from providers like AWS, Azure, GCP, etc.

🧱 Key Features:
●​ On-demand access to computing resources​

●​ Pay-as-you-go model​

●​ High scalability and flexibility​

●​ Fully managed by service providers​

💡 Example: Hosting a website on AWS, storing files in Google Drive, running

AI models on Azure.
🧠 Cluster Computing
💭 What it is:​
A group of interconnected computers (nodes) working together as a single
system. Used to handle large tasks by dividing them across machines.

🧱 Key Features:
●​ All nodes are tightly coupled (usually on same LAN)​

●​ Managed as a single unit​

●​ Nodes are dedicated​

●​ High-speed interconnects and centralized management​

💡 Example: Running simulations on a university's internal cluster of Linux

servers.

🧠 Grid Computing
💭 What it is:​
A distributed system where computing resources from multiple locations (even
globally) are combined to work on large-scale tasks. It's like a global cluster.

🧱 Key Features:
●​ Loosely coupled systems (geographically separated)​

●​ Heterogeneous systems (different OS, hardware)​

●​ Shared resources​
 ●​ Decentralized management​

💡 Example: SETI@Home, Folding@Home — users volunteer computing power

to help science projects.

🧠 Migrating into a Cloud: Introduction

💭 What is Cloud Migration?​
Cloud migration means moving your digital assets — like data, apps, services,
or IT resources — from on-premises infrastructure (your own servers) to a
cloud-based environment.

It can also include:

●​ Moving from one cloud provider to another (e.g., AWS → Azure)​

 ●​ Moving from public to private or hybrid cloud​

🎯 Why Migrate to the Cloud?

●​ Cut down on hardware and maintenance costs​

●​ Improve performance & speed​

●​ Get global access to services​

●​ Enable auto-scaling & on-demand usage​

●​ Boost security with managed backup & disaster recovery​

📦 What Can Be Migrated?

●​ Files and databases​

●​ Web servers, application backends​

●​ Development environments​

●​ Email systems​

●​ Virtual machines (VMs)​

🛣️ Typical Migration Paths:

 1.​ Lift and Shift – Just copy & paste your system as-is to the cloud (fast but
not optimized).​

2.​ Refactor – Modify your code to use cloud features like auto-scaling.​

3.​ Rebuild – Completely redesign using cloud-native tools (containers,

microservices).​

4.​ Replace – Drop the app and use a SaaS alternative (e.g., move from
on-prem Excel to Google Sheets).​

⚠️ Key Migration Challenges:

●​ Data loss risk or downtime​

●​ App compatibility issues​

●​ Security & compliance concerns​

●​ Vendor lock-in fear​

●​ Staff training needs

🧠 Broad Approaches to Migrating into the Cloud

These are basically strategies or methods used when moving existing systems,
data, or applications to the cloud. Each has its own pros, cons, and ideal use
case.

There are usually 5 to 7 major approaches, commonly known as the “6 R’s of

Cloud Migration” — Let’s break ‘em all down 🔧:
1️⃣ Rehost ("Lift and Shift")

🛠️ What it means:​
Move the application as-is from on-premises servers to the cloud without
modifying code.

💡 Best For:
●​ Quick migration​

●​ Legacy apps​

●​ Businesses just starting cloud adoption​

✅ Pros: Fast, low risk, minimal changes​

❌ Cons: Doesn’t take full advantage of cloud features
2️⃣ Replatform ("Lift, Tinker, and Shift")

🛠️ What it means:​
Make a few tweaks to optimize the application for cloud (e.g., switch to
managed database) but don’t re-write the whole thing.

💡 Best For:
●​ Apps needing better performance in cloud​

●​ Mid-level modernization​

✅ Pros: Better performance & cost-efficiency​

❌ Cons: Still limited cloud-native benefits
3️⃣ Repurchase ("Drop and Shop")
🛠️ What it means:​
Replace the old system with a cloud-based SaaS product.

💡 Best For:
●​ Apps that aren’t worth maintaining​

●​ Moving to modern tools​

✅ Pros: No need to manage infra, fast switch​

❌ Cons: Vendor lock-in, loss of custom features
📌 Example: Replacing an on-prem HR system with Workday or Salesforce.
4️⃣ Refactor / Rearchitect

🛠️ What it means:​
Re-code or redesign the application to use cloud-native features like
microservices, containers, serverless, etc.

💡 Best For:
●​ Long-term gains​

●​ Apps that need to scale massively or improve performance​

✅ Pros: High scalability, efficiency, future-proof​

❌ Cons: Expensive, time-consuming, needs skilled devs
5️⃣ Retire

🛠️ What it means:​
Shut down unnecessary or outdated parts of your system instead of migrating
them.
💡 Best For:
●​ Unused apps​

●​ Redundant services or data​

✅ Pros: Saves money and time​

❌ Cons: Need to analyze carefully before removing
6️⃣ Retain ("Revisit Later")

🛠️ What it means:​
Keep some apps on-premises because of compliance, technical issues, or
business needs, and consider cloud later.

💡 Best For:
●​ Critical systems not ready for cloud​

●​ Sensitive or regulated data​

✅ Pros: Avoids risky migrations​

❌ Cons: Hybrid complexity

🧠 The Seven-Step Cloud Migration Model

This model outlines the step-by-step process of moving IT assets (apps, data,
services) into the cloud in an organized and strategic way.

1️⃣ Cloud Assessment

🛠️ What Happens:​
Analyze your current IT environment. Identify which apps, data, and services
should move to the cloud and which shouldn't.

📌 Key Activities:
●​ Audit existing infra​

●​ Understand app dependencies​

●​ Identify business goals​

💡 Example: List all servers, apps, and data. Tag what's cloud-ready.
2️⃣ Feasibility Analysis

🛠️ What Happens:​
Check whether migrating specific components is technically possible and
cost-effective.

📌 Key Activities:
●​ Cost-benefit analysis​

●​ Risk assessment​

●​ Check cloud provider capabilities​

💡 Example: Will this legacy app run on AWS? Is it cheaper than on-prem?
3️⃣ Migration Planning
🛠️ What Happens:​
Create a full roadmap for how the migration will happen, which apps go first,
what tools you'll use, and who will manage what.

📌 Key Activities:
●​ Choose migration approach (lift & shift, refactor, etc.)​

●​ Assign roles and responsibilities​

●​ Set timelines and milestones​

💡 Example: Plan to move dev/test environments first, then production.

4️⃣ Migration Design

🛠️ What Happens:​
Architect the cloud setup: networking, security, storage, compute, monitoring
— everything.

📌 Key Activities:
●​ Cloud architecture design​

●​ Network topology​

●​ Security & compliance planning​

💡 Example: Design VPC, subnets, firewall rules, IAM roles.

5️⃣ Migration Execution

🛠️ What Happens:​
Now you actually move the data, applications, and services to the cloud.
📌 Key Activities:
●​ Data migration (DBs, files)​

●​ Deploy cloud services​

●​ Monitor for issues​

💡 Example: Use tools like AWS Migration Hub, Azure Migrate, or scripts to
push data.

6️⃣ Testing and Validation

🛠️ What Happens:​
Ensure everything works as expected after the move.

📌 Key Activities:
●​ Run app functionality tests​

●​ Check performance, latency, and security​

●​ Validate user access and integration​

💡 Example: Does the app load correctly? Is data secure and accessible?
7️⃣ Optimization and Monitoring

🛠️ What Happens:​
Now that everything's in the cloud, fine-tune performance, cost, and
monitoring.

📌 Key Activities:
 ●​ Auto-scaling, right-sizing resources​

●​ Set up dashboards/alerts​

●​ Cost tracking and performance tuning​

💡 Example: Reduce unused instances, automate scaling, track billing.

🧠 Virtualization: Introduction
💭 What is Virtualization?
Virtualization is the process of creating a virtual version of something — like a
server, storage device, network, or OS — using software, instead of having a
physical version of it.

In simple words:​
You use one physical machine to act like multiple virtual machines (VMs), each
with its own OS and applications.

🎯 Why Use Virtualization?

●​ To run multiple systems on one machine (e.g., Linux + Windows)​

●​ To save costs by reducing the number of physical servers​

●​ To make systems more scalable, flexible, and efficient​

 ●​ For testing, backup, isolation, or sandboxing apps​

💡 Real Life Example:

Imagine your PC runs Windows, but you want to test an app on Linux too.​
Instead of buying another PC, you just install VirtualBox or VMware and run
Linux inside a virtual machine. That’s virtualization in action.

🧱 How It Works:
A special software called a hypervisor creates and manages the virtual
machines.

There are two types:

1.​ Type 1 (Bare Metal) – Installed directly on hardware (e.g., VMware ESXi)​

2.​ Type 2 (Hosted) – Runs on top of an OS (e.g., VirtualBox)​

🛠️ Virtualization Can Be Applied To:

●​ Server Virtualization: Multiple VMs on one server​

●​ Storage Virtualization: Combine multiple storage devices into one​

●​ Network Virtualization: Create virtual networks independent of hardware​

●​ Desktop Virtualization: Access your desktop remotely via the cloud

🧠 Characteristics of a Virtualized Environment

A virtualized environment is all about efficiency, flexibility, and control. Let’s
get into what makes it tick:

1️⃣ Isolation

🧱 Each virtual machine (VM) is completely isolated from others, even though
they run on the same physical hardware.

💡 Example: If one VM crashes or gets hacked, the others stay safe.

2️⃣ Encapsulation

📦 All the components of a VM (OS, apps, data) are stored in a single file or
package, which makes them easy to manage, move, and back up.

💡 Think of it like a zip file for an entire computer.

3️⃣ Hardware Independence

💻 VMs are not tied to any specific hardware. You can run the same VM on
different machines without worrying about compatibility.

💡 Run a VM created on a Dell laptop on an HP server — no problem.

4️⃣ Resource Sharing

🧠 The host machine shares its CPU, RAM, disk, and network resources with all
the virtual machines running on it.

💡 One powerful server can host multiple VMs for different teams.
5️⃣ Portability
🚀 Since VMs are just files, they can be copied, moved, or cloned easily across
systems or even cloud environments.

💡 You can move a VM from your PC to a cloud like AWS or GCP.

6️⃣ Snapshot and Rollback

📸 You can take a snapshot (exact copy) of a VM’s current state and revert
back to it anytime if something goes wrong.

💡 Very useful during testing or software updates.

7️⃣ Centralized Management

🖥️ Using tools like vCenter or Hyper-V Manager, admins can monitor, update,
and manage all VMs from a single dashboard.

💡 You don’t need to physically touch the servers — it's all remote.
8️⃣ Improved Utilization

⚙️ Physical hardware is used more efficiently, since multiple VMs can run on
the same machine rather than letting hardware sit idle.

💡 No more underused servers just chilling in the rack.

9️⃣ High Availability and Fault Tolerance

💥 If one host server fails, VMs can be moved automatically to another host (if
set up), keeping systems up and running.

💡 Critical in cloud and enterprise data centers.

1️⃣0️⃣ Security and Policy Enforcement

🔐 You can apply firewalls, access control, and policies per VM, adding layers
of security.

💡 One VM can be locked down while another can be fully open for testing.
📌 In short:​
A virtualized environment is flexible, secure, scalable, and cost-effective,
making it perfect for modern IT and cloud systems.

🧠 Taxonomy of Virtualization Techniques

“Taxonomy” just means how different types of virtualization are classified or
grouped based on what part of the system they virtualize. Let’s break this
down category-wise 👇
🔹 1️⃣ Based on What’s Being Virtualized
🧠 a. Hardware Virtualization
🔧 What it does: Virtualizes the entire hardware (CPU, memory, devices) so
multiple OSes can run on a single physical machine.

💻 Used In: Creating Virtual Machines (VMs)

🧱 Example: VMware ESXi, KVM, Hyper-V
🧠 b. Operating System Virtualization
🔧 What it does: Multiple OS environments (containers) share the same OS
kernel but run in isolated spaces.

💻 Used In: Containers & lightweight isolation

🧱 Example: Docker, LXC (Linux Containers)
🧠 c. Server Virtualization
🔧 What it does: Splits a physical server into multiple virtual servers, each
running its own OS and applications.

💻 Used In: Datacenters, cloud hosting

🧱 Example: VMware vSphere, Citrix XenServer
🧠 d. Storage Virtualization
🔧 What it does: Combines multiple storage devices into a single virtual
storage pool for better utilization and management.

💻 Used In: Data centers, SANs

🧱 Example: IBM SAN Volume Controller, NetApp ONTAP
🧠 e. Network Virtualization
🔧 What it does: Creates virtual networks, subnets, switches, and routers
independent of physical hardware.

💻 Used In: Cloud networking, SDN (Software Defined Networking)

🧱 Example: VMware NSX, Cisco ACI
🧠 f. Desktop Virtualization
🔧 What it does: User desktops are virtual and hosted on a remote server,
accessible from anywhere.

💻 Used In: Remote work, education labs

🧱 Example: Citrix Virtual Apps, VMware Horizon
🧠 g. Application Virtualization
🔧 What it does: Runs applications in isolated containers without installing
them on the local system.

💻 Used In: Simplifying software deployment

🧱 Example: Microsoft App-V, Turbo.net
🔹 2️⃣ Based on the Technology Used
⚙️ a. Full Virtualization
✅ Emulates complete hardware → Guest OS doesn't know it's running in a VM.​
💡 Needs a hypervisor like VMware, KVM, etc.
⚙️ b. Para-Virtualization
✅ Guest OS is aware it's running virtually → Requires modification of the guest
OS.​
💡 More efficient than full virtualization.
⚙️ c. OS-Level Virtualization
✅ No full VM created, just containers with isolated user spaces.​
💡 Fast and lightweight.​
💡 E.g., Docker, Kubernetes
🔹 3️⃣ Based on Hypervisor Type
⚙️ a. Type 1 Hypervisor (Bare Metal)
●​ Installed directly on physical hardware​

●​ High performance​

●​ Used in data centers​

💡 Examples: VMware ESXi, Microsoft Hyper-V, Xen

⚙️ b. Type 2 Hypervisor (Hosted)
●​ Runs on top of a host OS​

●​ Easier for development/testing​

💡 Examples: VirtualBox, VMware Workstation

🧠 Virtualization and Cloud Computing
🔗 Relationship Between Them:
Virtualization is like the engine, and cloud computing is the car built using it.

Without virtualization, cloud computing wouldn't even exist the way it

does today.

🧱 What is Virtualization?
Virtualization is the technology that allows multiple virtual environments (VMs
or containers) to run on a single physical machine by abstracting the hardware.

💡 Think of one PC running multiple OSes at the same time.

☁️ What is Cloud Computing?
Cloud computing is a service-based model that delivers IT resources (like
storage, servers, apps) over the internet — often powered by virtualization
behind the scenes.

💡 You don’t care how it works — you just get the service.
🤝 How They Work Together:
●​ Cloud providers (like AWS, Azure) use virtualization to divide their
physical servers into many VMs.​

●​ Those VMs are then rented out to users via cloud services like EC2 (AWS)
or GCE (Google Cloud).​

●​ Virtualization allows dynamic scaling, multi-tenancy, and better resource

utilization, which are core to cloud computing.

🧠 Key Takeaways:
 ●​ Virtualization is the backbone tech that cloud providers use to create
scalable, flexible, and isolated environments.​

●​ Cloud computing turns those virtual environments into services (like VMs,
storage, apps) that anyone can access over the internet.​

📌 Simple Analogy:
●​ Virtualization = Kitchen​

●​ Cloud computing = Food delivery from that kitchen​

You don't care how the chef (virtualization) cooked it, you just want that biryani
(cloud service) delivered hot 😤
Layman lang explanation:

🧠 Imagine This:
You got one big, powerful gaming PC (let's call it the “real” or physical
machine). Now your homies want to use it at the same time for different stuff
— one wants to play Valorant, one wants to edit videos, one wants to code.

Normally, that ain't possible with just one system, right?

But with virtualization, boom 💥

— you split that one PC into 3 mini virtual PCs
(aka Virtual Machines or VMs) using a tool like VirtualBox or VMware.​
Now each homie gets their own virtual PC to use, all running on the same
physical one.

💭 Now… What’s Cloud?

Cloud takes hundreds or thousands of those powerful PCs (servers) with
virtualization already set up and says:

“Hey bruh, you wanna rent a virtual PC or storage or database? Just

click a button and it’s yours — no need to set it up, no need to buy
hardware.”

That's cloud computing.

🧠 So how they work together:

Role What it does

Virtualizat Creates multiple fake computers (VMs)

ion on one real one

Cloud Gives you access to those VMs as a

service via internet

Pros and Cons of Virtualization — exam-ready and easy to remember.

🧠 ✅ Pros of Virtualization
1️⃣ Better Resource Utilization

●​ Multiple virtual machines (VMs) run on one physical server.​

●​ No wastage of CPU, RAM, or disk.​

💡 Example: One powerful server can host 10 VMs doing different jobs.
2️⃣ Cost Saving

●​ Fewer physical machines = Less hardware cost + power + cooling.​

●​ Great for both IT labs and data centers.​

💡 Save money on buying, maintaining, and powering servers.

3️⃣ Easy Backups & Snapshots

●​ You can take a snapshot of a VM and roll back if something goes wrong.​

●​ Backup and restore becomes super fast.​

💡 Try risky stuff? Just roll back if it fails.

4️⃣ Flexibility and Portability

●​ Move VMs between machines or even cloud with ease.​

●​ Run different OSes (Linux, Windows) on the same machine.​

💡 Your Linux app can run on a Windows laptop using a VM.

5️⃣ Isolation and Security

●​ Each VM is isolated, so one crash or virus won’t mess up others.​

●​ Perfect for testing sketchy apps.​

💡 Wanna run a cracked game safely? Use a VM 🫢

6️⃣ Faster Deployment

●​ New systems can be spun up in minutes — no need to install everything

from scratch.​

💡 Dev, test, or staging environments made in seconds.

🧠 ❌ Cons of Virtualization
1️⃣ Performance Overhead

●​ VMs don’t run as fast as real (bare metal) systems.​

●​ You lose a bit of performance due to the virtualization layer.​

💡 Heavy apps like games or simulations may lag in VMs.

2️⃣ Resource Contention

●​ Too many VMs on one host = they fight for CPU/RAM.​

●​ Can lead to slowdowns.​

💡 Like 5 people trying to game on 1 PC... lag city.

3️⃣ Complex Management
 ●​ You need to handle hypervisors, networking, storage, monitoring, etc.​

●​ Needs skilled IT admins.​

💡 Misconfig one setting? Boom, all VMs go down.

4️⃣ Security Risks

●​ If a hacker gets control of the hypervisor, they can access all VMs.​

●​ One bad config = multiple VMs vulnerable.​

💡 It’s secure… unless YOU mess up the security setup.

5️⃣ Software Licensing Issues

●​ Some software (like Windows Server) still needs separate licenses for
each VM.​

●​ Can get expensive.​

💡 Microsoft ain't gonna let you clone 5 free servers, bruh 💸

🧠 What’s a Hypervisor Again?​
A hypervisor (also called Virtual Machine Monitor) is the software that lets you
create and run virtual machines (VMs) by managing how they share the
physical hardware.

There are 2 types:

●​ Type 1: Bare-metal (runs directly on hardware)​

●​ Type 2: Hosted (runs inside an OS like normal software)​

🧠 1️⃣ Xen Hypervisor

🔧 Type: Type 1 (bare-metal)​
🔍 Used by: AWS (Amazon EC2), Citrix, and open-source systems​
🧠 Key Features:
●​ Open-source​
 ●​ Supports Para-virtualization (OS knows it’s virtual) and Full Virtualization​

●​ Lightweight and fast​

●​ Strong community support​

●​ Good for both server and cloud virtualization​

💡 Fun fact: AWS EC2 originally ran on Xen!

🧠 2️⃣ VMware (vSphere / ESXi)
🔧 Type: Type 1 (vSphere/ESXi) and Type 2 (VMware Workstation, Fusion)​
🔍 Used by: Enterprises, Data centers, Devs, IT Labs​
🧠 Key Features:
●​ Super stable & high performance​

●​ Advanced features: vMotion, HA (High Availability), DRS​

●​ GUI-based management via vCenter​

●​ Commercial product (paid) but offers trial versions​

💡 VMware = OG king of enterprise virtualization.

🧠 3️⃣ Microsoft Hyper-V
🔧 Type: Type 1 (runs as a role inside Windows Server)​
🔍 Used by: Businesses using Windows-based environments​
🧠 Key Features:
 ●​ Built into Windows Server and Windows 10/11 Pro/Enterprise​

●​ Supports live migration, replica, dynamic memory​

●​ Works seamlessly with Microsoft Azure (cloud)​

●​ GUI management via Hyper-V Manager or System Center​

💡 If you're already using Windows Server, Hyper-V is low-key a no-brainer.

📊 Quick Comparison Table:
Feature Xen VMware ESXi Microsoft Hyper-V

🧱 Type Type 1 Both Type 1 & 2 Type 1

(bare-metal) (Windows-integrate
d)

💸 Cost Free / Paid (some free Free with Windows

Open-source tools) Pro/Server

📦 Use Case Cloud, servers Enterprise Windows-centric

datacenters infra

🧠 Special Para-virtualizati vMotion, HA, Live Migration,

Feature on vSphere Azure-ready

💡 Popular AWS, Citrix, IT Pros, Big Windows admins,

With Linux devs companies SMBs

🧠 Capacity Planning: Elasticity vs Scalability

First off — Capacity Planning means estimating how much computing power
(CPU, RAM, storage, bandwidth) you'll need to handle current and future
workloads efficiently.

Two major terms you’ll see in cloud environments under this are:

🔁 Elasticity
“Automatic stretch and shrink.”

🧩 What it means:​
Elasticity is the ability of a system to automatically increase or decrease
resources based on demand — like a rubber band stretching or snapping back.

💡 If traffic spikes suddenly, it adds more servers. When traffic drops, it

removes the extra ones.

✅ Dynamic​
✅ Works in real-time​
✅ Used in cloud environments like AWS Auto Scaling, Azure VM Scale Sets
💥 Example:
Your shopping website on AWS gets 10x traffic during a flash sale. Elasticity
adds more virtual servers instantly.​
Once the sale ends, it removes the extras to save cost.

📈 Scalability
“Ability to grow big or small, but not necessarily automatic.”

🧩 What it means:​
Scalability is the system’s capability to handle increased load by adding
resources, but this can be manual or planned in advance.
✅ Can be vertical (more power to one machine)​
✅ Or horizontal (adding more machines)​
✅ Not always instant — often requires planning or human action
💥 Example:
You upgrade your database server from 16 GB RAM to 64 GB RAM (vertical
scaling) to handle more users — that’s scalability.

📊 Quick Comparison Table:

Feature Elasticity Scalability

🔄 Auto expands/shrinks based Grows/shrinks with manual

Behavior on load changes/plans

⚙️ Automatic & real-time Pre-planned or manual

Action

📦 Type Cloud-specific feature Applies to all systems

🧠 Optimize cost and Handle long-term growth

Purpose performance dynamically

📍 Auto-scaling group on AWS Upgrading to a bigger EC2

Example instance

💡 Easy Analogy:
●​ Scalability = Buying a bigger backpack​

●​ Elasticity = Backpack that automatically expands or shrinks based on

what you put in it🔥

🧠 Introduction to Baseline and Metrics

📍 Why We Need This:
When you're managing IT systems (especially in cloud or virtual environments),
you gotta measure how well they perform. That’s where metrics and baselines
come in.

⚙️ What are Metrics?

Metrics are the quantifiable values you track to see how your system is doing.

📊 Examples:
●​ CPU usage​

●​ RAM usage​

●​ Network bandwidth​

●​ Disk I/O​

●​ Number of active users​

These help you monitor, compare, and plan for capacity or scaling.

🔰 What is a Baseline?
A baseline is the starting point — a record of the system’s normal or expected
performance under regular conditions.

It’s like taking a health report of your system when everything’s fine.

💡 Once you have a baseline, you can:

●​ Detect issues (if something suddenly spikes or drops)​
 ●​ Plan future resource needs​

●​ Improve performance​

●​ Compare after upgrades or changes​

🧪 Baseline Measurement – What’s Involved?

Baseline measurement is the process of collecting performance data over a
period of time to define what "normal" looks like.

🛠️ Steps to Measure a Baseline:

1.​ Select the Right Metrics​
Decide what you're measuring — CPU load, memory, network, etc.​

2.​ Choose the Time Frame​

Monitor during peak, average, and idle times to get a full picture.​

3.​ Use Monitoring Tools​

Tools like:​

○​ Windows Performance Monitor​

○​ AWS CloudWatch​

○​ Nagios​

○​ Grafana​

○​ Zabbix​
 4.​ Collect & Record Data​
Store the data in logs or dashboards over days/weeks.​

5.​ Analyze and Define Normal​

Set thresholds — like “CPU under 70% is normal” or “Disk usage under
80%.”​

📌 Example Scenario:
You run a website.​
Baseline shows:

●​ Average CPU = 50%​

●​ Peak network = 10 Mbps​

●​ Active users = 200 max​

➡️ Suddenly one day:​

CPU = 95%, Users = 800​
This spike tells you something changed — maybe an attack, a big sale, or viral
traffic.

🧠 TL;DR
Term Meaning

Metric Measurable performance data (CPU, RAM,

traffic)

Baseline Normal performance snapshot under

stable conditions
Baseline The act of collecting and analyzing data to
Measurement define that normal

🧠 System Metrics
📍 What are System Metrics?
System metrics are the key performance indicators (KPIs) that tell you how
your system or application is doing under the hood.

They help you monitor:

●​ System health​

●​ Performance bottlenecks​

●​ Resource usage
🧪 Load Testing
📍 What is Load Testing?
Load testing is a type of performance testing where you simulate real-world
traffic or user load to see how well your system handles it.

💥 You're basically stress-testing your app to make sure it won’t crash when
people start hitting it hard.

🎯 Goals of Load Testing:

●​ Find system limits​
 ●​ Identify performance bottlenecks​

●​ Check response time under load​

●​ Ensure scalability and reliability​

🔧 Steps in Load Testing:

1.​ Set Performance Goals​
E.g., “App must support 1000 users with response time < 2s”​

2.​ Create Load Scenarios​

Simulate real usage — logins, browsing, form submissions, etc.​

3.​ Use Tools to Apply Load​

Popular tools:​

○​ Apache JMeter​

○​ Locust​

○​ Gatling​

○​ BlazeMeter​

○​ Loader.io​

4.​ Monitor System Metrics​

Track CPU, RAM, response time, etc. during the test.​

5.​ Analyze Results​

○​ Did the system slow down?​

 ○​ Any errors or crashes?​

○​ What’s the max load it can take?​

💡 Example:
You built a web app and expect 500 users during a product launch.​
Load test simulates 600 users logging in at once.​
CPU hits 100%, response time jumps to 8 seconds = ​ 💀
Time to optimize or scale your setup.

📌 Key Difference vs Stress Testing:

Test What It Checks
Type

Load System under expected

Test workload

Stress System under

Test extreme/unexpected load

🧠 Resource Ceilings
📍 What is a Resource Ceiling?
A resource ceiling is the maximum limit or cap set on how much of a system
resource (like CPU, memory, disk, bandwidth) a process, app, or VM can use.

Think of it as a speed limit 🚫 — the process can’t go beyond it, even if more
resources are available.
🧠 Why Set Resource Ceilings?
●​ 🔐 Prevent resource hogging​
One app eating 100% CPU = other apps suffer​

●​ 📊 Ensure fair sharing​

All VMs or users get a piece of the pie​

●​ 💥 Avoid system crashes​

Limiting memory stops a bad process from killing the whole server​

●​ 💸 Control costs​
In cloud, more usage = more money. Ceilings = budget safety​

💡 Example Scenarios:
1.​ VMware / Hyper-V / KVM:​
You assign max 2 CPUs and 4 GB RAM to a VM. That’s the resource
ceiling.​
Even if the host has 16 GB RAM — that VM won’t touch it.​

2.​ Docker Container:​

You set a container to use no more than 500MB RAM and 1 CPU core.​
Helps avoid it draining the system.​

3.​ Cloud Platforms (like AWS, GCP):​

You put a limit on how much a function or instance can scale or cost per
hour.
🧠 Server and Instance Types

🖥️ What’s a Server?
A server is a physical or virtual computer that provides services (like hosting a
website, storing data, running applications) to other devices (called clients).

Servers can be:

●​ 🧱 Physical (bare-metal machine)​

●​ 📦 Virtual (VMs created using virtualization)​

●​ ☁️ Cloud-based (provided by AWS, Azure, GCP, etc.)​

🧠 What’s an Instance?
In cloud computing, an instance = a virtual server.

You don’t buy physical servers anymore — you launch an instance from the
cloud and it behaves just like a full-blown computer.

💡 Example: AWS EC2 instance, Azure VM, Google Compute Engine instance.

📦 Types of Servers / Instances (based on usage)

🔹 1️⃣ General Purpose Servers / Instances
📌 Balance of compute, memory, and networking.​
💡 Used for web servers, small apps, dev/test environments.

🔹 2️⃣ Compute Optimized Servers / Instances

📌 High CPU power for compute-heavy tasks.​
💡 Used for video encoding, gaming servers, CPU-bound workloads.
🧠 TL;DR:
●​ Server = machine (physical or virtual) that offers services.​

●​ Instance = virtual machine (mostly in the cloud).​

●​ You choose types based on your need: more CPU, more RAM, more
storage, or GPUs.

Layman explanation:-
I gotchu — let’s simplify this crazy simple so it clicks.

🧠 What’s a Server?
A server is just a computer, usually more powerful than your laptop, that's
always on and serves stuff — like:

●​ Websites​

●​ Apps​

●​ Files​
 ●​ Databases​

Think of it like a vending machine for digital stuff 🍫

🧠 What’s an Instance?
An instance is just a virtual server.​
It's like a fake computer running inside another computer (cloud or
datacenter).

💡 When you use cloud (like AWS, Azure, GCP), you don’t get a real PC — you
get an instance.

So…

🖥️ Real Machine = Server​

📦 Virtual Machine in cloud = Instance

🧠 Different Types of Instances = Different Purposes

Just like bikes, cars, and trucks serve different uses —​
Cloud gives you different types of instances for different jobs.

📦 1. General Purpose Instance

Balanced CPU + RAM​
✅ Good for websites, small apps​
💡 Think: a bike 🚲 — cheap, simple
⚙️ 2. Compute Optimized Instance
🧠 More CPU power​
✅ Used for games, AI, coding tools​
💡 Think: a race car 🏎️ — fast but focused
💾 3. Memory Optimized Instance
📚 More RAM​
✅ Good for big databases​
💡 Think: a delivery van 🚚 — carries big stuff
🧱 4. Storage Optimized Instance
📦 Better hard drives​
✅ Used for storing/reading LOTS of files​
💡 Think: a warehouse truck 🛻 — all storage
🎮 5. GPU Instance
🎮 Has graphics cards​
✅ For gaming, machine learning, 3D rendering​
💡 Think: a gaming PC on steroids 💪

💥 Real-Life Example:
Imagine you're making a multiplayer game:
TL;DR — You:

“I need a computer to do X.”​

Cloud:​
“Cool. You can rent this kind of instance/server for that.”

🧠 Network Capacity
📍 What it means:
Network capacity is the maximum amount of data that can be transferred
across a network per second.

💡 It’s like your internet speed — higher capacity = more data can flow through
without lag.

🔧 Measured in:
●​ Mbps (Megabits per second)​

●​ Gbps (Gigabits per second)​

📊 Example:
●​ If a server has a 1 Gbps network capacity, it can handle up to 1 billion bits
per second.​

●​ If too many users try to use it at once = slowdowns, packet loss, lag.​

📦 What affects Network Capacity?

Factor Effect

Bandwidth Total transfer limit (more = better)

Network Routers, switches, NICs must

Hardware support high speeds

Protocol TCP/UDP performance, overhead

Efficiency

Latency & Jitter Delay + variation — high = bad user

experience

Concurrent More users = more load = more

Connections strain

🧠 Scaling (in Networking + Systems)

📍 What’s Scaling?
Scaling means upgrading your system/network so it can handle more traffic,
users, or load.

There are 2 types 🔥

🔁 1. Vertical Scaling (Scale Up)
●​ Add more power to your existing machine​

●​ More CPU, RAM, or better NIC (network card)​

💡 Like upgrading your PC to handle more games

🔀 2. Horizontal Scaling (Scale Out)
●​ Add more machines/servers/nodes to distribute the load​

●​ Load balancers help share the traffic​

💡 Like adding more PCs to a gaming café when more friends show up

🧠TL;DR: means basically super short version

Term Meaning

Network Max data a network can handle

Capacity per second

Scaling Boosting your system to handle

more traffic

Vertical Upgrade same machine (CPU,

Scaling RAM, NIC)
Horizontal Add more machines/servers to
Scaling spread the load