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Impact of A Jet - Conservation of Linear Momentum

1) The document describes an experiment to measure the force exerted on a plate by an impinging jet using conservation of linear momentum and compares it to the directly measured force. 2) It derives an expression for the force on the plate due to the jet (Fj) using the linear momentum balance equation and defines the terms. 3) Sources of error in the calculated force Fj are analyzed, showing how errors in measured values of flow rate and velocity propagate into errors in Fj.

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Rufus Cheng
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88 views6 pages

Impact of A Jet - Conservation of Linear Momentum

1) The document describes an experiment to measure the force exerted on a plate by an impinging jet using conservation of linear momentum and compares it to the directly measured force. 2) It derives an expression for the force on the plate due to the jet (Fj) using the linear momentum balance equation and defines the terms. 3) Sources of error in the calculated force Fj are analyzed, showing how errors in measured values of flow rate and velocity propagate into errors in Fj.

Uploaded by

Rufus Cheng
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Impact of a Jet Conservation of Linear Momentum

Measure the force on the


plate F
ex
due to the jet (jet-
vane system) via balance of
moment (weight beam).
Calculate the force on the
plate F
j
using the linear
momentum balance.
Compare measured value F
ex
with theoretically derived
value F
j
. Discuss errors causing
the observed difference
between F
ex
and F
j
S


z
Use conservation of energy to obtain jet velocity
impinging onto the plate:
L
h
g
V P
z
g
V P
z + + + = + +
2 2
2
1 1
1
2
0 0
0

Neglect head loss; P
0
=P
1
=0 atmosphere
pressure; z
1
-z
0
=S
gS V V
g
V
S
g
V
2
2 2

2
0 1
2
1
2
0
=
+ =
Note
V
0
=Q/A can be obtained from the measurement:
Q: total measured volume in weight tank/duration
1. Calculate the force on the plate by the jet using linear momentum
balance:
F
1
in in
V m
A

Positive A V

A

Negative A V

Conservation of linear momentum in z-direction:

=
z
in in
z
out out
z
V m V m F
j in
F F F V m = =
1 1 1
,
F
1
: force exerted by the plate onto
the jet
F
j
: reactive force; force exert by the
jet onto the plate
Positive if flow is out of control surface (C.S.); Negative if flow is into C.S.
1 1
QV V m F
in j
= =
In a given direction:
net force = net momentum fluxes
Momentum flux = mass flux times velocity
A V

-
mass flux =
2. Jet force can be directly measured from the balance of moment of
the weight-beam system:
W
F
sp
a
b
W
F
sp
a
b + x
F
ex
x
b g a = W F
sp
( ) x b g F a
ex m
+ = + W 15 . 0 F
) ( sp
0.15 m
Note: given in class note W=0.6 Kg
F
ex
calculated this way can be
compared with that calculated by
linear momentum balance F
j
.
Error Analysis:
F
j
=QV
1
Error in F
j
can be caused by Q and V
1
F
j
+ F
j
=(Q+Q)(V
1
+V
1
)

F
j
+ F
j
=QV
1
+QV
1
+QV
1
+ QV
1
Normalized by F
j
, we obtain:
1
1
V
V
Q
Q
F
F
j
j
A
+
A
=
A
neglect higher
order
0
15 . 0
W
F
j
gx
=
Error in F
j
can be caused by x and W

( )( )
( ) W W W
15 . 0
15 . 0
W
15 . 0
W W
F F
j j
A A A A
A A
+ + +
=
+ + =
+
x x x
g
g
x
g
x x
0 neglect
( )
x
x
x x
g
A
+
A
=
A + = A
W
W
F
F

W W
15 . 0
F
j
j
j
This relation is linear.
i.e., 2% error in Q and 3% error in V
1
make
total error in estimating F
j
to be 5%.
For a circular plate:
A V
+
A V
+
A V

S
L
h
g
V P
z
g
V P
z + + + = + +
2 2
2
1 1
1
2
0 0
0

gS V V
g
V
S
g
V
2
2 2

2
0 1
2
1
2
0
=
+ =
z
( )
1 1 1
2 F V m V m F
out in
z
= + =


F
1
1. Energy balance:
2. Momentum balance:
Mass conservation suggest:
out in
m m 2 =
j in
F V m F = =
1 1
2
Force for circular plate is two times
larger than that of flat plate !

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