Lecture 11

Electromagnetic plane waves

Jang, Min Seok

EE204 Spring 2025

Intro: Electromagnetic Waves

Jang, Min Seok | EE204 Electromagnetics I 2

Intro: Atmospheric Absorption

Image from NASA

Jang, Min Seok | EE204 Electromagnetics I 3
Intro: Radio Wave Frequencies (RF)

Radar MRI Wireless Charging

(RAdio Detection And Ranging) (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)

Jang, Min Seok | EE204 Electromagnetics I 4

Intro: Microwaves

Microwave Oven Satellite Communication Wireless Communication

Jang, Min Seok | EE204 Electromagnetics I 5

Intro: Infrareds

Thermal Imaging Chemical Sensing Optical Communication

Jang, Min Seok | EE204 Electromagnetics I 6

Intro: Visible Light

Lidar (LIght Detection And Ranging) Bio Imaging

Solar Cells 3D Display

Jang, Min Seok | EE204 Electromagnetics I 7
Intro: Ultraviolet, X-rays, Gamma-rays

Photolithography X-ray Imaging Gamma Knife

Jang, Min Seok | EE204 Electromagnetics I 8
Intro: Optical Devices of Various Scales
m

mm

μm

nm
Image from practicallyscience.com

Jang, Min Seok | EE204 Electromagnetics I 9

Intro: Nanophotonics
Nanophotonics: study of light on a sub-wavelength scale

Intel Chen, Capasso et al., Nat Nanotechol (2018)

Electronic-Photonic Hybrid Chip Ultracompact Lens

SciTechDaily (2012) ICFO

Quantum Communication Platform Chemical/Biosensor

Jang, Min Seok | EE204 Electromagnetics I 10
 Intro: Nanophotonics
Dolling et al., Opt. Express (2006)

Light Trapping for Efficient Photovoltaics Metamaterials with Supernatural Properties

Superlens for Sub-wavelength Focusing Cloak of Invisibility

Jang, Min Seok | EE204 Electromagnetics I 11

Wave?
• From Introduction to Electrodynamics by Griffiths:
“A wave is a disturbance of a continuous medium that
propagates with a fixed shape at constant velocity.”

Image by Chuck Moidel

𝑓 𝑥, 𝑡 = 𝑓 𝑥 − 𝑣𝑡, 0 = 𝑔(𝑥 − 𝑣𝑡)

Jang, Min Seok | EE204 Electromagnetics I 12

Wave Equation
• Wave equation:
𝜕2𝑓 1 𝜕2𝑓
2
= 2 2
𝜕𝑥 𝑣 𝜕𝑡

• General solution:

𝑓 𝑥, 𝑡 = 𝑔 𝑥 − 𝑣𝑡 + ℎ 𝑥 + 𝑣𝑡

𝑔 𝑥 − 𝑣𝑡 is the wave propagating in +𝑥 direction

ℎ(𝑥 + 𝑣𝑡) is the wave propagating in −𝑥 direction

• 3D wave equation for vector fields:

2
2
1 𝜕 𝐅
𝛻 𝐅= 2 2
𝑣 𝜕𝑡
Jang, Min Seok | EE204 Electromagnetics I 13
Sinusoidal Waves: Basic Properties
𝐸 𝑥, 𝑡 = 𝐴 sin(𝜔𝑡 − 𝑘𝑥)

• Amplitude: 𝐴

• Wavelength: 𝜆 = 2𝜋/𝑘 𝑥

• Wavenumber: 𝑘 = 2𝜋/𝜆

• Period: 𝑇 = 2𝜋/𝜔

𝑡
• Angular frequency:
𝜔 = 2𝜋/𝑇
Jang, Min Seok | EE204 Electromagnetics I 14
Sinusoidal Waves: Phase Velocity
𝐸 𝑥, 𝑡 = 𝐴 sin(𝜔𝑡 − 𝑘𝑥)
𝑡=0
• Traveling direction: +𝑥
(for a wave travelling in
𝑘𝑥
− 𝑥 direction, 𝑘 → −𝑘)
𝑡 = 𝑇/4
• Condition for constant
phase: 𝑘𝑥

𝑘𝑥 − 𝜔𝑡 = constant
𝑡 = 𝑇/2
• Phase velocity:
𝑘𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝜔
𝑣ph = =
𝑑𝑡 𝑘
Jang, Min Seok | EE204 Electromagnetics I 15
Phase Velocity vs Group Velocity
• Two sinusoidal waves with slightly different 𝑘 and 𝜔:
𝐸1 𝑥, 𝑡 = 𝐸0 sin 𝜔1 𝑡 − 𝑘1 𝑥
𝐸2 (𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝐸0 sin(𝜔2 𝑡 − 𝑘2 𝑥)
• Superposition of the two waves:
𝐸1 𝑥, 𝑡 + 𝐸2 𝑥, 𝑡
= 𝐴 sin 𝜔1 𝑡 − 𝑘1 𝑥 + sin 𝜔2 𝑡 − 𝑘2 𝑥
𝜔1 − 𝜔2 𝑘1 − 𝑘2
= 2𝐴 cos 𝑡− 𝑥
2 2
𝜔1 + 𝜔2 𝑘1 + 𝑘2 Δ𝑘 = 𝑘1 − 𝑘2
× sin 𝑡− 𝑥 Δ𝜔 = 𝜔1 − 𝜔2
2 2
𝑘1 + 𝑘2
𝑘ത =
Δ𝜔 Δ𝑘 2
= 2𝐴 cos 𝑡− ഥ − 𝑘ത 𝑥
𝑥 sin 𝜔𝑡 𝜔ഥ=
𝜔1 + 𝜔2
2 2 2
Jang, Min Seok | EE204 Electromagnetics I 16
Phase Velocity vs Group Velocity
Δ𝜔 Δ𝑘
𝐸1 𝑥, 𝑡 + 𝐸2 𝑥, 𝑡 = 2𝐴 cos 𝑡− 𝑥 sin 𝜔𝑡 ത
ഥ − 𝑘𝑥
2 2
Oscillation
Envelope
• Fixed phase point moves with speed 𝑣ph = 𝜔/ ത
ഥ 𝑘.

• Envelope moves with speed 𝑣𝑔 = Δ𝜔/Δ𝑘.

• By taking the limit Δ𝑘 → 0, the phase velocity and the group velocity
at a specific frequency are defined as
𝜔 𝜕𝜔
𝑣ph = , 𝑣𝑔 =
𝑘 𝜕𝑘
• Examples:
𝑣ph = 2𝑣𝑔 ↓ 𝑣ph < 0, 𝑣𝑔 > 0 →

Wikipedia
Jang, Min Seok | EE204 Electromagnetics I 17
Electromagnetic Wave Equations in Free Space
• Maxwell’s equations in free space (𝜌𝑓𝑣 = 0, 𝐉𝑓 = 0, 𝜖𝑟 = 𝜇𝑟 =1) :
𝛻 ⋅ 𝐄 = 0, 𝛻 ⋅ 𝐁 = 0
𝜕𝐁 𝜕𝐄
𝛻×𝐄=− , 𝛻 × 𝐁 = 𝜇0 𝜖0
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡
• From Faradays’ law,
𝛻 × 𝛻 × 𝐄 = 𝛻 𝛻 ⋅ 𝐄 − 𝛻 2 𝐄 = −𝛻 2 𝐄 Gauss’ law
𝜕𝐁 𝜕 𝛻×𝐁 𝜕2𝐄
= −𝛻 × =− = −𝜇0 𝜖0 2 Ampere’s law
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡
• Wave equation for 𝐄 field:
𝜕 2𝐄 1 𝜕 2 𝐄 Speed of light in free space:
𝛻 2 𝐄 = 𝜇0 𝜖0 2 = 2 2 𝑐 = 1 ≈ 3.0 × 108 m/s
𝜕𝑡 𝑐 𝜕𝑡 𝜇0 𝜖0

• Similarly, wave equation for 𝐇 field (𝐁 = 𝜇0 𝐇):

𝜕 2𝐇 1 𝜕 2𝐇
𝛻 2 𝐇 = 𝜇0 𝜖0 2 = 2 2
𝜕𝑡 𝑐 𝜕𝑡
Jang, Min Seok | EE204 Electromagnetics I 18
Complex Notation of Time Harmonic Fields
• Time harmonic fields: fields that vary sinusoidally with time.
• All time harmonic fields can be written in the form:
𝐄 𝐫, 𝑡 = Re 𝐄 𝐫 𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡
𝐄(𝐫, 𝑡) is called instantaneous form.
𝐄 𝐫 is called (time-independent) phasor form.
• Advantage of complex notation: exponentials are much
easier to manipulate than sines and cosines.
• Exercise: Find the instantaneous form of 𝐄(𝐫, 𝑡) if its phasor is
given as 𝐄 𝐫 = 𝐚𝑥 𝐸0 𝑒 −𝑗𝑘𝑧 .
Answer: 𝐄 𝐫, 𝑡 = Re 𝐄 𝐫 𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡 = Re 𝐚𝑥 𝐸0 𝑒 −𝑗𝑘𝑧 𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡
= 𝐚𝑥 𝐸0 cos(𝜔𝑡 − 𝑘𝑧)
Jang, Min Seok | EE204 Electromagnetics I 19
Time Harmonic Maxwell’s Equations
• Time derivative of instantaneous quantity is equivalent to
multiplying its phasor form by 𝑗𝜔
𝜕𝐄 𝐫, 𝑡 𝜕
= Re 𝐄 𝐫 𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡 = Re 𝑗𝜔𝐄 𝐫 𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡
• Maxwell’s equations in phasor form

𝛻 ⋅ 𝐃 𝐫, 𝑡 = 𝜌𝑓 𝐫, 𝑡 𝛻 ⋅ 𝐃 𝐫 = 𝜌𝑓 𝐫

𝛻 ⋅ 𝐁 𝐫, 𝑡 = 0 𝛻⋅𝐁 𝐫 =0
𝜕𝐁 𝐫, 𝑡
𝛻 × 𝐄 𝐫, 𝑡 = − 𝛻 × 𝐄 𝐫 = −𝑗𝜔𝐁 𝐫
𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝐃 𝐫, 𝑡
𝛻 × 𝐇 𝐫, 𝑡 = 𝐉𝑓 𝐫, 𝑡 + 𝛻 × 𝐇 𝐫 = 𝐉𝑓 𝐫 + 𝑗𝜔𝐃 𝐫
𝜕𝑡

Jang, Min Seok | EE204 Electromagnetics I 20

Monochromatic Plane Waves
• Free space EM wave equation in phasor form:
𝐄 𝐫, 𝑡 𝜕 2 𝐄 𝐫, 𝑡 𝐄 𝐫 𝐄 𝐫
𝛻2 = 𝜇 0 𝜖0 2 𝛻2 = −𝜇0 𝜖0 𝜔2
𝐇 𝐫, 𝑡 𝜕𝑡 𝐇 𝐫, 𝑡 𝐇 𝐫 𝐇 𝐫
• Monochromatic plane wave propagating in 𝑧 direction
- Monochromatic: single frequency 𝐄, 𝐇 ∝ 𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡
- Plane wave: constant phase surfaces form infinite plane.
𝜕2 2
𝐄 𝐫 𝑘 = 𝑘0 = 𝜇0 𝜖0 𝜔
+ 𝑘 =0
𝜕𝑧 2 𝐇 𝐫 (free space wavenumber)

- General solution: Wave travelling Wave travelling

in +𝑧 direction in −𝑧 direction
𝐄 𝐫 𝐄0+ −𝑗𝑘𝑧 𝐄0− 𝑗𝑘𝑧
= 𝑒 + 𝑒
𝐇 𝐫 𝐇0+ 𝐇0−
𝐄 𝐫, 𝑡 𝐄0+ 𝑗 𝜔𝑡−𝑘𝑧
𝐄0− 𝑗 𝜔𝑡+𝑘𝑧
= Re 𝑒 + Re 𝑒
𝐇 𝐫, 𝑡 𝐇0+ 𝐇0−
Jang, Min Seok | EE204 Electromagnetics I 21
Monochromatic Plane Waves
• Monochromatic plane wave propagating in +𝑧 direction
Phasor form Instantaneous form
𝐄 𝐫 𝐄0+ −𝑗𝑘𝑧 𝐄 𝐫, 𝑡 𝐄0+ 𝑗 𝜔𝑡−𝑘𝑧
= 𝑒 = Re 𝑒
𝐇 𝐫 𝐇0+ 𝐇 𝐫, 𝑡 𝐇0+
• 𝐄 and 𝐇 fields are perpendicular to the direction of propagation
𝛻⋅𝐄=0 −𝑗𝑘 𝐄0+ 𝑧 𝑒 −𝑗𝑘𝑧 = 0 𝐄 𝑧=0
→ →
+ −𝑗𝑘𝑧
𝛻⋅𝐇=0 −𝑗𝑘 𝐇0 𝑧 𝑒 =0 𝐇 𝑧=0
• 𝐄 and 𝐇 fields are perpendicular to
each other (Let 𝐄0+ = 𝐸0+ 𝐚𝑥 )
𝛻 × 𝐄 = −𝑗𝜔𝜇0 𝐇
→ −𝑗𝑘𝐸0+ 𝑒 −𝑗𝑘𝑧 𝐚𝑦 = −𝑗𝜔𝜇0 𝐇0+ 𝑒 −𝑗𝑘𝑧
𝑘 + 𝜖0 +
→ 𝐇0+ = 𝐸 𝐚 = 𝐸 𝐚
𝜔𝜇0 0 𝑦 𝜇0 0 𝑦
(Note: 𝛻 × 𝐇 = 𝑗𝜔𝜖0 𝐄 is also satisfied)
Jang, Min Seok | EE204 Electromagnetics I 22
Monochromatic Plane Waves
• For a monochromatic plane wave propagating in the 𝐤 = 𝑘𝐚𝑘
Phasor form Instantaneous form
𝐄 𝐫 𝐄0 −𝑗𝐤⋅𝐫 𝐄 𝐫, 𝑡 𝐄0 𝑗 𝜔𝑡−𝐤⋅𝐫
= 𝑒 = Re 𝑒
𝐇 𝐫 𝐇0 𝐇 𝐫, 𝑡 𝐇0
• 𝐄 and 𝐇 fields are perpendicular to the direction of propagation
𝛻⋅𝐄=0 𝐤⋅𝐄=0 𝐄 𝐄
→ 𝛻⋅ = −𝑗𝐤 ⋅
𝐤⋅𝐇=0 𝐇 𝐇
𝛻⋅𝐇=0
• 𝐄 and 𝐇 fields are perpendicular to each other
𝛻 × 𝐄 = −𝑗𝐤 × 𝐄 = −𝑗𝜔𝜇0 𝐇 𝐄

𝐤×𝐄 𝑘 𝜖0 𝐚𝑘 × 𝐄
→ 𝐇= = 𝐚 ×𝐄= 𝐚 ×𝐄= 𝐤
𝜔𝜇0 𝜔𝜇0 𝑘 𝜇0 𝑘 𝜂0
𝐇

𝜂0 = 𝜇0 /𝜖0 ≈ 120𝜋 Ω = 377Ω (free space impedance)

Jang, Min Seok | EE204 Electromagnetics I 23

Polarization
• For monochromatic plane waves propagating in +𝑧 direction
𝐄 𝐫 = 𝐚𝑥 𝐸0𝑥 𝑒 −𝑗𝑘𝑧+𝑗𝜙𝑥 + 𝐚𝑦 𝐸0𝑦 𝑒 −𝑗𝑘𝑧+𝑗𝜙𝑦
𝐄 𝐫, 𝑡 = 𝐚𝑥 𝐸0𝑥 cos(𝜔𝑡 − 𝑘𝑧 + 𝜙𝑥 ) + 𝐚𝑦 𝐸0𝑦 cos(𝜔𝑡 − 𝑘𝑧 + 𝜙𝑦 )

• Linear polarization: Δ𝜙 = 𝜙𝑦 − 𝜙𝑥 = 𝑛𝜋 (𝑛 is integer) Linear

1
• Circular polarization: 𝐸0𝑥 = 𝐸0𝑦 and Δ𝜙 = 𝑛 + 𝜋
2

Circular

Right circularly polarized Left circularly polarized

𝑛
• Elliptic polarization: 𝐸0𝑥 ≠ 𝐸0𝑦 or Δ𝜙 ≠ 𝜋
2 Elliptic
Jang, Min Seok | EE204 Electromagnetics I 24
Plane Waves in Lossless Media
• Inside lossless (non-conducting 𝜎 = 0) media, but in regions where there
is no free charge or free current (𝜌𝑓 = 0 and 𝐉𝑓 = 0),
𝜖𝛻 ⋅ 𝐄 𝐫 = 0, 𝜇𝛻 ⋅ 𝐇 𝐫 = 0
𝛻 × 𝐄 𝐫 = −𝑗𝜔𝜇𝐇 𝐫 , 𝛻 × 𝐇 𝐫 = 𝑗𝜔𝜖𝐄 𝐫
(Assumption: the medium is linear, isotropic, and homogenous)
• Same as the free space case, but 𝜖0 → 𝜖 and 𝜇0 → 𝜇
- Wave equations:
𝐄 𝐫 Wavenumber: 𝑘 = 𝜇𝜖𝜔 = 𝜇𝑟 𝜖𝑟 𝜇0 𝜖0 𝜔 = 𝑛𝑘0
𝛻2 + 𝑘2 =0
𝐇 𝐫 Index of refraction: 𝑛 = 𝜇𝑟 𝜖𝑟
- Plane wave solution:
𝐄 𝐫 𝐄0 −𝑗𝐤⋅𝐫 𝐚𝑘 × 𝐄 Intrinsic impedance:
= 𝑒 , 𝐇=
𝐇 𝐫 𝐇0 𝜂 𝜂 = 𝜇/𝜖
- Wavelength (𝜆) and phase velocity (𝑣ph )
2𝜋 2𝜋 𝜆0 𝜔 𝜔 𝑐
𝜆= = = , 𝑣ph = = =
𝑘 𝑛𝑘0 𝑛 𝑘 𝑛𝑘0 𝑛
Jang, Min Seok | EE204 Electromagnetics I 25
Plane Waves in Lossy Media
• In conducting (𝜎 ≠ 0) media, oscillating electric field produces current
𝐉𝑓 = 𝜎𝐄 which dissipates energy as heat.
• Maxwell’s equations in lossy (conducting) media:
𝜖𝛻 ⋅ 𝐄 𝐫 = 0, 𝜇𝛻 ⋅ 𝐇 𝐫 = 0
𝛻 × 𝐄 𝐫 = −𝑗𝜔𝜇𝐇 𝐫 , 𝛻 × 𝐇 𝐫 = 𝜎𝐄 𝑟 + 𝑗𝜔𝜖𝐄 𝐫
(Assumption: the medium is linear, isotropic, and homogenous)
• By defining complex permittivity 𝜖𝑐 = 𝜖 − 𝑗(𝜎/𝜔), the wave equations can
be written in same mathematical form
𝐄 𝐫 complex wavenumber:
𝛻 2 + 𝑘𝑐2 =0 𝜎
𝐇 𝐫 𝑘𝑐 = 𝜇𝜖𝑐 𝜔 = 𝜇 𝜖−𝑗 𝜔 = 𝛽 − 𝑗𝛼
𝜔
- Plane wave solution:
𝐄 𝐫 𝐄0 −𝑗𝐤 ⋅𝐫 𝐄0 −𝑗𝑘 𝐚 ⋅𝐫 𝐚𝑘 × 𝐄
= 𝑒 𝑐 = 𝑒 𝑐 𝑘 , 𝐇= 𝜂𝑐 = 𝜇/𝜖𝑐
𝐇 𝐫 𝐇0 𝐇0 𝜂𝑐
𝜂𝑐 is complex → 𝐄 and 𝐇 are not in phase (𝐇 lags behind 𝐄)
Jang, Min Seok | EE204 Electromagnetics I 26
 Plane Waves in Lossy Media
• Plane wave propagating in +𝑧 direction in lossy media 𝑥

- Ohmic energy loss → wave attenuation 𝑒 −𝛼𝑧

𝐄 𝐫 𝐄0 −𝑗𝑘 𝑧 𝐄0 −𝛼𝑧 −𝑗𝛽𝑧 𝑧
= 𝑒 𝑐 = 𝑒 𝑒
𝐇 𝐫 𝐇0 𝐇0 𝑦
𝑘𝑐 = 𝛽 − 𝑗𝛼 attenuation oscillation
𝜆 = 2𝜋/𝛽
• Attenuation constant (𝛼) and phase constant (𝛽)
1/2 1/2
𝜇𝜖 𝜎 2 𝜇𝜖 𝜎 2
𝛼=𝜔 1+ −1 , 𝛽=𝜔 1+ +1
2 𝜔𝜖 2 𝜔𝜖

• Complex impedance (𝜂𝑐 )

𝜇 𝑗𝜔𝜇 𝜇/𝜖 𝜎
𝜂𝑐 = = = 𝜂𝑐 𝑒 𝑗𝜃𝜂 , 𝜂𝑐 = , tan(2𝜃𝜂 ) =
𝜖𝑐 𝜎 + 𝑗𝜔𝜖 𝜎 2 1/4 𝜔𝜖
1 + 𝜔𝜖
• Wavelength (𝜆) and phase velocity (𝑣ph )
2𝜋 2𝜋 𝜔 𝜔
𝜆= = , 𝑣ph = =
Re{𝑘𝑐 } 𝛽 Re{𝑘𝑐 } 𝛽
Jang, Min Seok | EE204 Electromagnetics I 27
Plane Waves in Lossy Media
Im 𝜖𝑐 𝜎 Highly conducting medium
• Loss tangent: 𝜏 = tan 𝜃 = − =
Re 𝜖𝑐 𝜔𝜖 has large loss tangent

• Low loss dielectrics (𝜎 ≪ 𝜔𝜖 ↔ 𝜏 ≪ 1):

𝑗 1 2 Taylor
𝑘𝑐 = 𝛽 − 𝑗𝛼 = 𝜇𝜖 1 − 𝑗𝜏 𝜔 = 𝜇𝜖𝜔 1 − 𝜏 + 𝜏 + ⋯ expansion
2 8
𝜔𝜏 𝜖𝜇 𝜎 𝜇
- Attenuation constant: 𝛼 ≈ =
2 2 𝜖
1
- Phase constant: 𝛽 ≈ 𝜔 𝜖𝜇 1 + 𝜏 2
8
𝜇 −1/2
𝜇 𝜏
- Impedance: 𝜂𝑐 = 𝜇/𝜖𝑐 =
𝜖
1 − 𝑗𝜏 ≈
𝜖
1+𝑗
2
- Wavelength (𝜆) and phase velocity (𝑣ph ):
2𝜋 2𝜋 1 2 𝜔 1 1 2
𝜆= ≈ 1− 𝜏 , 𝑣ph = ≈ 1− 𝜏
𝛽 𝜔 𝜖𝜇 8 𝛽 𝜖𝜇 8
Jang, Min Seok | EE204 Electromagnetics I 28
Plane Waves in Lossy Media
• Good conductors (𝜎 ≫ 𝜔𝜖 ↔ 𝜏 ≫ 1):
𝜇𝜎𝜔
𝑘𝑐 = 𝛽 − 𝑗𝛼 = 𝜇𝜖 1 − 𝑗𝜏 𝜔 ≈ −𝑗𝜇𝜖𝜏𝜔 = 1−𝑗
2
𝜇𝜎𝜔
- Attenuation and phase constant: 𝛼 ≈ 𝛽 ≈
2
𝜇 𝜇𝜔 𝜇𝜔 𝑗𝜋/4
- Impedance: 𝜂𝑐 = 𝜇/𝜖𝑐 ≈ ≈ 1+𝑗 = 𝑒
−𝑗𝜖𝜏 2𝜎 𝜎
𝐇 = (𝐚𝑘 × 𝐄)/𝜂𝑐 → 𝐄 leads 𝐇 by 𝜋/4
- Wavelength (𝜆) and phase velocity (𝑣ph ):

2𝜋 2 2𝜋 𝜔 2𝜔 𝐸𝑜 /𝑒
𝜆= ≈ , 𝑣ph = ≈
𝛽 𝜇𝜎𝜔 𝛽 𝜇𝜎
- Skin depth (𝛿):
1 2 𝜆 Depth to which EM wave can
𝛿= = = penetrate conducting medium
𝛼 𝜇𝜎𝜔 2𝜋 skin depth

Jang, Min Seok | EE204 Electromagnetics I 29

Permittivity vs Conductivity
• (Real) Permittivity: • Conductivity:
Response of bound charges Response of free charges
to the applied electric field to the applied electric field
𝐄

electron
flow
𝐄

Displacement current: Free current:

𝜕𝐄 𝐉𝑓 = 𝜎𝐄
𝐉𝑑 = 𝜖 = 𝑗𝜔𝜖𝐄
𝜕𝑡

𝐉𝑓 + 𝐉𝑑 = 𝜎 + 𝑗𝜔𝜖 𝐄 = 𝜎𝑐 𝐄 = 𝑗𝜔𝜖𝑐 𝐄

Jang, Min Seok | EE204 Electromagnetics I 30

Complex Permittivity Spectrum

Wikipedia

Jang, Min Seok | EE204 Electromagnetics I 31

Electromagnetic Power Flow
• Time derivative of electromagnetic energy density 𝑤
𝜕𝑤 1 𝜕 𝜕𝐃 𝜕𝐁 𝐃 = 𝜖𝐄
= 𝐄⋅𝐃+𝐇⋅𝐁 =𝐄⋅ +𝐇⋅ 𝐁 = 𝜇𝐇
𝜕𝑡 2 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡
= 𝐄 ⋅ (𝛻 × 𝐇 − 𝜎𝐄) + 𝐇 ⋅ (−𝛻 × 𝐄) Ampere’s law and Faraday’s law

= −𝜎𝐸 2 + 𝐄 ⋅ 𝛻 × 𝐇 − 𝐇 ⋅ (𝛻 × 𝐄)
= −𝜎𝐸 2 − 𝛻 ⋅ (𝐄 × 𝐇)
Poynting vector:
= −𝜎𝐸 2 − 𝛻 ⋅ 𝓢 𝓢=𝐄×𝐇
• Poynting’s theorem:
𝜕𝑤 Divergence
− = 𝜎𝐸 2 + 𝛻 ⋅ 𝓢
𝜕𝑡 theorem

𝜕
− න 𝑤 𝑑𝑣 = න 𝜎𝐸 2 𝑑𝑣 + ර 𝓢 ⋅ 𝑑𝐒
𝜕𝑡 𝑣 𝑣 𝑆
Rate of decrease Ohmic power Net outward
in stored energy dissipated power flux

Jang, Min Seok | EE204 Electromagnetics I 32

Electromagnetic Power Flow
• Time-average Poynting vector:
1 𝑇 1 2𝜋
𝓢 = න 𝓢𝑑𝑡 = Re 𝐄 𝐫 × 𝐇 ∗ 𝐫 𝑇=
𝑇 0 2 𝜔

𝓢 𝐫, 𝑡 = 𝐄 𝐫, 𝑡 × 𝐇 𝐫, 𝑡 = Re{𝐄 𝐫 𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡 } × Re{𝐇 𝐫 𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡 }

1 𝑗𝜔𝑡 ∗ −𝑗𝜔𝑡
1
= 𝐄 𝐫 𝑒 +𝐄 𝐫 𝑒 × 𝐇 𝐫 𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡 + 𝐇 ∗ 𝐫 𝑒 −𝑗𝜔𝑡
2 2
1
= 𝐄 𝐫 × 𝐇 ∗ 𝐫 + 𝐄 ∗ 𝐫 × 𝐇 𝐫 + 𝐄 𝐫 × 𝐇 𝐫 𝑒 2𝑗𝜔𝑡 + 𝐄 ∗ 𝐫 × 𝐇 ∗ 𝐫 𝑒 −2𝑗𝜔𝑡
4
1 1
= Re 𝐄 𝐫 × 𝐇 ∗ 𝐫 + Re 𝐄 𝐫 × 𝐇 𝐫 𝑒 2𝑗𝜔𝑡
2 2
1 𝑇1 ∗
1 2𝑗𝜔𝑡
1
𝓢 = න Re 𝐄 𝐫 × 𝐇 𝐫 + Re 𝐄 𝐫 × 𝐇 𝐫 𝑒 𝑑𝑡 = Re 𝐄 𝐫 × 𝐇 ∗ 𝐫
𝑇 0 2 2 2
• Total time-average power crossing a surface 𝑆:

𝓢 : time averaged Poynting vector

𝑃 = න 𝓢 ⋅ 𝑑𝐒
𝑆 𝑑𝐒: difference surface element

Jang, Min Seok | EE204 Electromagnetics I 33

Electromagnetic Power Flow
• Laser pointer: 1-5 mW • DVD burner: 250 mW

• CO2 surgical lasers: 30-100W • Laser weapon: 10kW-1MW

Laser cutting: 100-3000W

Jang, Min Seok | EE204 Electromagnetics I 34

 Radiation Pressure
• The radiation pressure exerted by an electromagnetic wave on the
surface of a target is given by

𝒮
𝑃rad = cos 2 𝜃 (𝜃: angle of incidence)
𝑐

• Application: Light sail

Breakthrough foundation
Related video: https://youtu.be/xRFXV4Z6x8s Related video: https://youtu.be/UAmdoOX3870
Jang, Min Seok | EE204 Electromagnetics I 35
Exercise: Electromagnetic Plane Wave
• Exercise: The electric field of a plane wave propagating in a nonmagnetic
material is given by
𝐄 = 𝐸𝑖 𝐚𝑧 sin 𝜔𝑡 − 𝑘𝑥 𝑥 − 𝑘𝑦 𝑦
where 𝐸𝑖 = 4𝜋 V/m, 𝜔 = 5𝜋 × 1010 s-1, 𝑘𝑥 = 300𝜋 m-1, 𝑘𝑦 = 400𝜋 m-1.
Find (a) direction of propagation(𝐚𝑘 ), wavelength(𝜆), relative permittivity(𝜖𝑟 ),
intrinsic impedance(𝜂), and the expression for the magnetic field 𝐇
(b) time-average power carried by the wave, and the total power crossing 100
cm2 of plane 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 0.
• Answer: (a)
3 4
𝐚𝑘 : 𝐤 = 𝑘𝑥 𝐚𝑥 + 𝑘𝑦 𝐚𝑦 = 𝑘𝑥2 + 𝑘𝑦2 𝐚𝑘 → 𝐚𝑘 = 𝐚𝑥 + 𝐚𝑦
5 5
𝜆: 𝜆 = 2𝜋/𝑘 = 2𝜋/ 𝑘𝑥2 + 𝑘𝑦2 = 4 mm
𝜖𝑟 : 𝑣ph = 𝜔/𝑘 = 108 m/s → 𝜖𝑟 𝜇𝑟 = 𝜖𝑟 = 𝑐/𝑣ph = 3 → 𝜖𝑟 = 9
𝜂: 𝜂= 𝜇/𝜖 = 𝜇0 /𝜖0 𝜖𝑟 ≈ 120𝜋/3 = 40𝜋 𝐚𝐻 = 𝐚𝑘 × 𝐚𝐸
4 3
𝐇: 𝐇 = 𝐚𝑘 × 𝐄/𝜂 = 0.1𝐚𝐻 sin 𝜔𝑡 − 𝑘𝑥 𝑥 − 𝑘𝑦 𝑦 A/m = − 𝐚𝑥 + 𝐚𝑦
5 5

Jang, Min Seok | EE204 Electromagnetics I 36

Exercise: Electromagnetic Plane Wave
• Exercise: The electric field of a plane wave propagating in a nonmagnetic
material is given by
𝐄 = 𝐸𝑖 𝐚𝑧 sin 𝜔𝑡 − 𝑘𝑥 𝑥 − 𝑘𝑦 𝑦
where 𝐸𝑖 = 4𝜋 V/m, 𝜔 = 5𝜋 × 1010 s-1, 𝑘𝑥 = 300𝜋 m-1, 𝑘𝑦 = 400𝜋 m-1.
Find (a) direction of propagation(𝐚𝑘 ), wavelength(𝜆), relative permittivity(𝜖𝑟 ),
intrinsic impedance(𝜂), and the expression for the magnetic field 𝐇
(b) time-average power carried by the wave, and the total power crossing 100
cm2 of plane 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 0.
• Answer: (b)
𝐸𝑖2
Poynting vector: 𝓢 = 𝐄 × 𝐇 = 𝐚𝑘 = 0.4𝜋 sin2 𝜔𝑡 − 𝑘𝑥 𝑥 − 𝑘𝑦 𝑦 𝐚𝑘 W/m2
𝜂
1 𝑇
Time average Poynting vector: 𝓢 = න 𝑆𝑝 𝑑𝑡 = 0.2𝜋𝐚𝑘 W/m2
𝑇 0
Total power: 𝑃 = න 𝓢 ⋅ 𝑑𝐒 = 𝓢 ⋅ 𝐚𝑛 𝑆 = 0.2𝜋 W/m2 × 100 cm2 𝐚𝑘 ⋅ 𝐚𝑛

3 4 1 1 2𝜋
= 2𝜋 𝐚𝑥 + 𝐚𝑦 ⋅ − 𝐚𝑥 + 𝐚𝑦 = mW
5 5 2 2 5
Jang, Min Seok | EE204 Electromagnetics I 37