Field and Wave Electromagnetic

Chapter8

Plane Electromagnetic Waves

Introduction (1)
™ Homogeneous vector wave equation
∂2 E
∇ 2 E − με =0
∂t 2
1
In free space μ = μ0 = 4π ×10−7 , ε = ε 0 = ×10−9
36π
1
Let c = ≅ 3 ×108 m/s ⇒ velocity of wave propagation in free space
μ 0ε 0

™ Time harmonic, unbounded homogeneous medium

· Parameter : intrinsic impedance, attenuation constant, phase constant
· Skin depth : the depth of wave penetration into a good conductor
· Poynting vector : power flux density
· plane wave incident normally on a plane boundary
· reflection and refraction on a plane boundary
· no reflection and total reflection

Electromagnetic Theory 2 2
 Introduction (2)
™ Uniform plane wave
: Assuming the same direction, magnitude, phase of fields in infinite
⊥ planes the direction of propagation

Electromagnetic Theory 2 3

Plane Wave in Lossless Media (1)

™ Homogeneous vector Helmholtz’s equation
(assuming time harmonic e jωt )
ω
∇ 2 E + k02 E = 0, where k0 = ω0 μ0ε 0 = [rad/m]
c
¾ In cartesian coordinates
⎛ ∂2 ∂2 ∂2 ⎞
∇ 2 E + k02 E = 0 ⇒ ⎜ 2 + 2 + 2 + k02 ⎟ Ex = 0
⎝ ∂x ∂y ∂z ⎠
¾ Uniform plane wave→uniform Ex over plane surface ⊥ z
∂ 2 Ex ∂ 2 Ex
i.e) = 0, =0
∂x 2 ∂y 2
∂ 2 Ex
∴ + ko2 Ex = 0 : ordinary differential equation
∂z 2
∴ Ex ( z ) = Ex+ ( z ) + Ex− ( z ) = E0+ e − jk0 z + E0− e + jk0 z
where E0+ and E0− : arbitrary constant satisfying boundary condition

Electromagnetic Theory 2 4
 Plane Wave in Lossless Media (2)
¾ Assume cos(ωt), E0+ : real (zero reference phase at z =0)

Ex+ ( z , t ) = Re[ Ex+ ( z )e jωt ] = Re[ E0+ e j (ωt − k0 z ) ] = E0+ cos(ωt − k0 z )

¾ Phase velocity : the velocity of propagation

of an equiphase front
ωt − k0 z = A : constant phase

dz ω 1
up = = = =c
dt k0 μ 0ε 0
: the velocity of propagation of an equiphase front=the velocity of light

¾ wavenumber
ω 2π f 2π
k0 = = = : number of wavelength in a complete circle
c c λ0

Electromagnetic Theory 2 5

Plane Wave in Lossless Media (3)

2π
¾ wave length : λ0 = k
0
¾ E0− e jk0 z : traveling wave in the -z direction
x y z
∂
∇× E = 0 0 = − jωμ0 ( xH x+ + yH y+ + zH z+ )
∂z
Ex+ ( z ) 0 0

1 ∂Ex+ ( z )
∴ H x+ = 0, H y+ = − , H z+ = 0
jωμ0 ∂z
∂Ex+ ( z ) ∂
= ( E0+ e − jk0 z ) = − jk0 Ex+ ( z )
∂z ∂z
k 1 ωμ0
∴ H y+ ( z ) = 0 Ex+ ( z ) = Ex+ ( z ) ⇒ η0 =
ωμ0 η0 k0

μ0
∴ η0 = ≅ 120π = 377Ω : intrinsic impedance of the free space
ε0
E0+
H ( z , t ) = yH y+ ( z , t ) = y Re ⎡⎣ H y+ ( z )e jωt ⎤⎦ = y cos(ωt − k0 z )
η0
Electromagnetic Theory 2 6
 Doppler Effect (1)

¾ Assume transmitter moves at the velocity of u

r
¾ Wave radiated at t=0 arrives at the Rx at t=t1. t1 = 0
c
¾ Wave radiated at t=Ut arrives at the Rx at t=t2.
r' 1 1/ 2
t2 = Δt + = Δt + ⎡⎣ r02 − 2r0u Δt cos θ + (u Δt ) 2 ⎤⎦
c c
r ⎛ u Δt ⎞
if (u Δt ) 2 r02 , t2 Δt + 0 ⎜1 − cos θ ⎟
c⎝ r0 ⎠
1
cf ) (1 − x)1/ 2 1− x
2
¾ the time elapsed at Rx, corresponding to Ut at Tx is
⎛ u ⎞
Δt ' = t2 − t1 = Δt ⎜1 − cos θ ⎟
⎝ c ⎠
Electromagnetic Theory 2 7

Doppler Effect (2)

¾ Assume Ut is period of the time harmonic source
1
i.e) Δt =
f

2
1 f ⎛ u ⎞ ⎛u⎞
then f ' = = f ⎜1 + cos θ ⎟ ∵ ⎜ ⎟ 1
Δt ' 1 − u cos θ ⎝ c ⎠ ⎝c⎠
c

Electromagnetic Theory 2 8
 TEM Wave (1)
™ Uniform plane wave characterized by E = xEx , H = yH y propagating along
z axis
→ particular case of a transverse electromagnetic wave

™ General form of TEM wave

− jk y y − jk z z
E ( x, y, z ) = E 0 e − j k i r = E 0 e − jkx x e e

satisfies the homogeneous Helmholtz’s equation, provided that

k x2 + k y2 + k z2 = ω 2 με
⎧⎪ Wave number vector : k = xk x + yk y + zk z = k n
⎨
⎪⎩Position vector from the origin : r = xx + yy + zz

when nir = constant is a plane of constant phase and uniform amplitude for
the wave.

Electromagnetic Theory 2 9

TEM Wave (2)

™ ∇i E = 0 (Source free)
∇i E = ∇i( E 0 e − j k i r ) = (∇i E 0 )ie − j k i r + E 0 i∇(e − j k i r ) = 0
∵ plane wave → E 0 is a constant vector
∴ E 0 i∇(e − j k i r ) = 0
⎛ ∂ ∂ ∂ ⎞ − j (k x+k y+k z ) − j (k x+k y+k z )
∇(e − j k i r ) = ⎜ x + y + z ⎟ (e x y z ) = − j ( xk x + yk y + zk z )e x y z
⎝ ∂x ∂y ∂z ⎠
= − jke − j k i r
∴− j ( E 0 ik )e − j k i r = 0
∴ k i E 0 = 0 ⇒ E 0 is transverse to the direction of propagation

Electromagnetic Theory 2 10
 TEM Wave (3)
™ H (r ) = −
1
∇ × E (r ) = −
1
( − jk ) × E (r )
jωμ jωμ
k 1 ωμ μ
= n × E (r ) = n × E (r ), where η = =
ωμ η k ε
1
∴ H (r ) = ( n × E 0 )e − j k i r
η
∇ × (ψ A) = ψ∇ × A + ∇ψ × A
cf ) ∴∇ × ( E 0 e − j k i r ) = e − j k i r ∇ × E 0 + ∇e − j k i r × E 0
= − jk × E 0 e − j k i r = − jk n × E (r )

Remark : A uniform plane wave propagating in an arbitrary

direction n is a TEM wave with E ⊥ H and E and H are normal to n

Electromagnetic Theory 2 11

Polarization of Plane Waves (1)

™ Linearly polarized
if) E vector of the plane wave is fixed in the x direction
i.e) E = xEx

™ Superposition of two linearly polarized waves

→One in the x-direction. The other in the y-direction and lagging 90 in
time phase

E ( z ) = xE1 ( z ) + yE2 ( z ) = xE10 e − jkz − y jE20 e − jkz ( j implys 90 lagging in time)

E ( z , t ) = Re{⎡ xE1 ( z ) + yE2 ( z ) ⎤ e jωt }
⎣ ⎦
⎛ π⎞
= xE10 cos(ωt − kz ) + yE20 cos ⎜ ωt − kz − ⎟
⎝ 2⎠
set z=0,
E (0, t ) = xE1 (0, t ) + yE2 (0, t ) = xE10 cos ωt + yE20 sin ωt

Electromagnetic Theory 2 12
 Polarization of Plane Waves (2)
the tip of the vector E (0, t ) → traversing an elliptical locus in the
counter clockwise direction
2
E (0, t ) E (0, t ) ⎡ E (0, t ) ⎤
cos ωt = 10 , sin ωt = 2 = 1 − cos 2 ωt = 1 − ⎢ 1 ⎥
E10 E20 ⎣ E10 ⎦
2 2
⎡ E (0, t ) ⎤ ⎡ E1 (0, t ) ⎤
∴⎢ 2 ⎥ +⎢ ⎥ =1
⎣ E20 ⎦ ⎣ E10 ⎦

if E10 ≠ E20 : elliptically polarized

if E10 = E20 : circularly polarized

When E10 = E20 , the instantaneous angle α

E2 (0, t )
α = tan −1 = ωt
E1 (0, t )

Electromagnetic Theory 2 13

Polarization of Plane Waves (3)

c right hand polarized.
if E 2 is lagging 90° in time phase
d left hand polarized
if E 2 is leading 90° in time phase
cf ) time lagging
E ( z ) = xE10 e − jkz + y jE20 e − jkz
E (0, t ) = xE10 cos ωt − yE20 sin ωt
E2 (0, t )
α = tan −1 = −ωt
E1 (0, t )

™ Linearly polarized
if E2 ( z ) and E1 ( z ) are in space quadrature ,
but in time phase
E (0, t ) = ( xE10 + yE20 ) cos ωt

Electromagnetic Theory 2 14
 Plane Wave in Lossy Media (1)
™ In a source-free lossy medium
∇ 2 E + kc2 E = 0, where kc = ω με c

™ Conventional notation used in transmission-line theory

propagation constant
γ = jkc = jω με c
1/ 2
⎛ σ ⎞ ε '' ⎞
1/ 2
⎛
γ = α + j β = jω με ⎜1 + ⎟ = jω με ' ⎜1 − j ⎟
⎝ jωε ⎠ ⎝ ε'⎠
cf )ε c = ε '− jε ''

™ For a lossless medium, σ = 0 (ε '' = 0, ε = ε ')

α = 0, β = k = ω με

Then ∇ 2 E − γ 2 E = 0

Electromagnetic Theory 2 15

Plane Wave in Lossy Media (2)

Solution → Uniform plane wave propagating in the +z direction
E = xEx = xE0 e−γ z assuming that E is linearly polarized in the x direction
cf )1Np = 20 log e = 8.69dB
⎧α : attenuation constant (Np/m)
Then Ex = E0 e −α z e − j β z ⇒ ⎨
⎩ β : phase constant (rad/m)

™ Low loss dielectrics

σ
: means a good but imperfect insulator, ε '' ε ' or 1
ωε
⎡ ε '' 1 ⎛ ε '' ⎞ ⎤
2

then γ = α + j β jω με ' ⎢1 − j + ⎜ ⎟ ⎥
⎣⎢ 2ε ' 8 ⎝ ε ' ⎠ ⎦⎥

ωε '' μ ⎡ 1 ⎛ ε '' ⎞2 ⎤
∴α ≅ (Np/m), β ≅ ω με ' ⎢1 + ⎜ ⎟ ⎥
2 ε' ⎢⎣ 8 ⎝ ε ' ⎠ ⎦⎥
σ
cf )ε ' = ε , ε '' =
ω
Electromagnetic Theory 2 16
 Plane Wave in Lossy Media (3)
¾ Intrinsic impedance

−1/ 2
μ⎛ ε '' ⎞ μ⎛ ε '' ⎞ Ex
ηc = ⎜1 − j ⎟ ⎜1 + j ⎟⇒ : complex number (E and H are not in time phase)
ε'⎝ ε'⎠ ε'⎝ 2ε ' ⎠ Hy
H
E= , H = η E = η Ee jφ
η
E ∼ e jωt , H ∼ e j (ωt +φ ) : lagging in time phase,

¾ phase velocity

ω 1 ⎡ 1 ⎛ ε '' ⎞ ⎤
2

up = ≅ ⎢1 − ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ (m/s)
β με ' ⎢⎣ 8 ⎝ ε ' ⎠ ⎥⎦

Electromagnetic Theory 2 17

Plane Wave in Lossy Media (4)

™ Good conductors σ
1
ωε
1/ 2
⎛ σ ⎞ σ 1+ j
γ = jω με ⎜1 + ⎟ jω με = j ωμσ = ωμσ
⎝ jωε ⎠ jωε 2
π π
j j 1+ j
cf ) j = (e 2 )1/ 2 = e 4
=
2
∴γ = α + jβ (1 + j ) π f μσ , α = β ∝ f, σ

¾ α = β = π f μσ

μ μ jωμ π fμ α
¾ ηc = ≅ = = (1 + j ) = (1 + j ) [Ω]
εc σ σ σ σ
−j
ω
π
j
ηc = ηc e 4 , magnetic field lags behind the electric field intensity by 45°

Electromagnetic Theory 2 18
 Plane Wave in Lossy Media (5)
¾ phase velocity
ω 2ω
up =
β μσ

e.g ) copper σ = 5.8 ×107 [s/m], μ = 4π ×10−7 [H/m]

u p = 720 [m/s] at 3 MHz

¾ wavelength 2π up π
λ= = =2 ,
β f f μσ

3MHz → λ = 0.24(mm), in the air λ = 100(m)

α = π (3 ×106 )(4π × 10−7 )(5.8 × 107 ) = 2.64 ×104 (Np/m)
1 1
δ= = ×10−4 m = 0.038mm = 38μ m at 3MHz = 0.66μ m at 10GHz
α 2.62

1 1 1 λ
δ= = : skin depth or δ = = ∵α = β for good conductor
α π f μσ β 2π
Electromagnetic Theory 2 19

Plane Wave in Lossy Media (6)

Ex ( z )
Note H y ( z) = , ηc : complex value
ηc
Ex ( z , t )
cf) H y ( z , t ) = ⇒ mistake
ηc

Electromagnetic Theory 2 20
 Group Velocity (1)
ω
Phase velocity u p = (m/s)
β
™ lossless medium β = ω με is a linear function of ω
1
up = : independent of frequency
με

™ Information-bearing signals : a band of frequencies

→ waves of the component frequencies travel with different phase
velocities → distortion in the signal wave shape → signal disperse →
dispersion → lossy dielectric is a dispersive medium.

i.e) Information-bearing signal → small spread of frequencies around a

high carrier frequency → group of frequencies → wave packet

Electromagnetic Theory 2 21

Group Velocity (2)

∴ Group velocity : the velocity of propagation of the wave-packet
envelope ( a group of frequencies )

™ Simplest case : wave packet consisting of two traveling waves having

equal amplitude and slightly different frequencies ω0 + Δω , ω0 − Δω
phase constants β + Δβ , β − Δβ
E ( z , t ) = E0 cos ⎡⎣(ω0 + Δω ) t − ( β 0 + Δβ ) z ⎤⎦ + E0 cos ⎡⎣(ω0 − Δω ) t − ( β 0 − Δβ ) z ⎤⎦
= 2 E0 cos ( t Δω − z Δβ ) cos (ω0t − β 0 z ) , Δω ω0

Electromagnetic Theory 2 22
 Group Velocity (3)
¾ Phase velocity
dz ω0
ω0t − β 0 z = constant, u p = =
dt β 0

¾ the velocity of envelope ( group velocity, u g )

dz Δω 1
t Δω − z Δβ = constant, u g = = =
dt Δβ Δβ / Δω
1
Δω → 0, u g =
d β / dω

ω dω d β d ⎛ ω ⎞ 1 ω du p
up = , ug = , = ⎜ ⎟= −
β d β d ω dω ⎜⎝ u p ⎟⎠ u p u 2p d ω
up
ug =
ω du p
1−
u p dω

Electromagnetic Theory 2 23

Group Velocity (4)

du p
c No dispersion = 0 (u p is independent of ω , β is a linear function of ω )
dω
∴ ug = u p

d Normal dispersion
du p
< 0, (u p decreasing with ω )
dω
ug < u p

e Anomalous dispersion
du p
> 0 (u p increasing with ω )
dω
ug > u p

Electromagnetic Theory 2 24
 Poynting Vector (1)
™ ⎡ ∂B
⎢ ∇× E = −
⎢ ∂t
⎢ ∂D
⎢∇ × H = J +
⎣ ∂t

Vector identity
∂B ∂D
∇i( E × H ) = H i(∇ × E ) − E i(∇ × H ) = − H i
− Ei − EiJ
∂t ∂t
∂B ∂μ H 1 ∂ ∂ ⎛1
where H i
∂t
= Hi
∂t
=
2 ∂t
( ∂t ⎝ 2
)
μ H iH = ⎜ μ H 2 ⎟
⎞
⎠
∂D ∂ ⎛ 1 2 ⎞
Ei = ⎜ εE ⎟
∂t ∂t ⎝ 2 ⎠
∂ ⎛1 1 2⎞
∴∇i( E × H ) = − ⎜ μH + ε E ⎟ −σ E
2 2

∂t ⎝ 2 2 ⎠

Electromagnetic Theory 2 25

Poynting Vector (2)

∂ ⎛1 2 1 ⎞
∫ s
( E × H )ids = − ∫ ⎜
∂t V ⎝ 2
ε E + μ H 2 ⎟ dv − ∫ σ E 2 dv
2 ⎠ V

ƒ E × H : power flow per unit area

∂ ⎛1 2 1 2⎞

∂t ∫V ⎝ 2
ƒ − ⎜ ε E + μ H ⎟ dv : the rate of decrease of the electric and magnetic energies stored
2 ⎠
1 2 1
where, ε E + μ H 2 : energy stored in electric and magnetic field
2 2

ƒ ∫ σ E dv : Ohmic power dissipation or heat

2
V

P = E × H (W/m2 ) : Poynting vector

∫ S
Pids : the power leaving the enclosed volume (Poynting theorem)

Electromagnetic Theory 2 26
 Poynting Vector (3)
∂
− ∫ P ids =
∂t ∫V
or ( we + wm )dv + ∫ pσ dv
S V

1 1 * 1 1 *
we = ε E 2 = ε E i E , wm = μ H 2 = μ H i H
2 2 2 2
*
J2 * J iJ
pσ = σ E = 2
= σ EiE =
σ σ
™ Instantaneous and average power densities.
Assuming phasor E ( z ) = xEx ( z ) = xE0 e− j (α + j β ) z

Then E ( z , t ) = Re ⎡⎣ E ( z )e jωt ⎤⎦ = xE0 e −α z Re ⎡⎣e j (ωt − β z ) ⎤⎦

propagating in a lossy medium in the +z direction

E0 − j ( β z +θη ) jθη
H ( z ) = yH y ( z ) = y e −α z e , where η = η e
η
E0
∴ H ( z , t ) = Re ⎡⎣ H ( z )e jωt ⎤⎦ = y e −α z cos(ωt − β z − θη )
η

Electromagnetic Theory 2 27

Poynting Vector (4)

P( z, t ) = E ( z, t ) × H ( z, t )
But, Re ⎡⎣ E ( z )e jωt ⎤⎦ × Re ⎡⎣ H ( z )e jωt ⎤⎦ ≠ Re ⎡⎣ E ( z ) × H ( z )e jωt ⎤⎦

cf ) Re( A) × Re( B) = ( A + A ) × ( B + B ) = ⎡( A × B + A × B ) + ( A × B + A × B ) ⎤
1 * 1 * 1 * * * *

2 2 4⎣ ⎢ ⎥⎦

= Re ⎡ A × B + A × B ⎤
1 *

2 ⎣⎢ ⎦⎥

E02
∴ P( z, t ) = E ( z, t ) × H ( z, t ) = z e −2α z cos(ωt − β z ) cos(ωt − β z − θη )
η
E02
=z e −2α z ⎡⎣cos θη + cos(2ωt − 2β z − θη ) ⎤⎦
η
1 T E02 −2α z
Pav ( z ) =
T ∫
0
P( z , t )dt = z
2η
e cos θη (W/m2 )

Electromagnetic Theory 2 28
 Poynting Vector (5)
or P( z , t ) = Re ⎡ E ( z )e jωt ⎤ × Re ⎡ H ( z )e jωt ⎤ = 1 Re ⎡ E ( z ) × H * ( z ) + E ( z ) × H ( z )e j 2ωt ⎤
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎢ 2 ⎣ ⎦⎥
1 ⎡
Re E ( z ) × H ( z ) ⎤ ⇒ General form P av ( z ) = Re ⎡ E × H ⎤ (W/m2 )
* 1 *
∴ P av ( z ) =
2 ⎢
⎣ ⎥
⎦ 2 ⎢⎣ ⎦⎥

Electromagnetic Theory 2 29

Normal Incidence at a Plane Conducting Boundary (1)

In medium 1, Medium 1 Medium 2

Eio
E i ( z ) = xEio e − j β1z , H i ( z ) = y e − j β1z
η1
Pi ( z ) = E i ( z ) × H i ( z )

In medium 2, E 2 = 0, H 2 = 0

∴ Incident wave is reflected on the boundary

E r ( z ) = xEr 0 e j β1z
∴ Total E field in the medium1
E1 ( z ) = E i ( z ) + E r ( z ) = x( Ei 0 e − j β1z + Er 0 e j β1z )
E1 (0) = E 2 (0) = 0 (Et1 = Et 2 ), ∴ Ei 0 = − Er 0
E1 ( z ) = xEi 0 (e − j β1z − e j β1z )
∴
= − x j 2 Ei 0 sin β1 z

Electromagnetic Theory 2 30
Normal Incident at a Plane Conducting Boundary (2)

1 1
H r ( z) = n × E r ( z) = (− z ) × E r ( z )
η1 η1
1 Ei 0
H r ( z) = − y Er 0 e j β1z = y e j β1z
η1 η1
Ei 0
∴ H 1 ( z) = H i ( z) + H r ( z) = y2 cos β1 z
η1

No average power since E1 ( z ) and H 1 ( z ) are in phase quadrature

1 * *
∵ P av = Re( E × H ) = 0, cf) E × H : imaginary
2

Electromagnetic Theory 2 31

Normal Incident at a Plane Conducting Boundary (3)

™ Space time behavior of the total field

⎡ E1 ( z , t ) = x 2 Ei 0 sin β1 z sin ωt
⎢
⎢ H 1 ( z , t ) = y 2 Ei 0 cos β z cos ωt ⇒ standing wave
⎢⎣ η1 1

zeros of E1 ( z , t ) ⎫⎪ λ
⎬ occur at β1 z = − nπ or z = −n
Maxima of H 1 ( z , t ) ⎪⎭ 2

Maxima of E1 ( z , t ) ⎫⎪ π λ
⎬ occur at β1 z = − ( 2n + 1) or z = − ( 2n + 1)
zeros of H 1 ( z , t ) ⎪⎭ 2 4

Electromagnetic Theory 2 32
Normal Incident at a Plane Conducting Boundary (4)

Note
c E1 vanishes on the conducting boundary ⇒ Er 0 = − Ei 0
λ
d E1 vanishes at points of multiples offrom the boundary
2
e H 1 is maximum on the conducting boundary
Ei 0
H r 0 = Hi0 = ⇒ Boundary condition
η1
cf ) P.331 n2 × H 1 = J s , (n2 × ( H 1 − H 2 ) = J s )
f The standing waves of E1 and H 1 are in time quadrature
(90° phase difference) and are shifted in space by a quarter wave length

Electromagnetic Theory 2 33

Oblique Incidence at a Plane Conducting Boundary (1)

™ Depending on the polarization of incident wave

™ Plane of incidence : defined by the normal vector to the boundary
and the wave vector
™ E i : orientation of the incident E field

E i can be decomposed into two

components : one perpendicular
to, and the other parallel to the plane
of incidence
ni = x sin θi + z cos θi
θi : angle of incidence

Perpendicular polarization
Electromagnetic Theory 2 34
Oblique Incidence at a Plane Conducting Boundary (2)

E i ( x, z ) = yEi 0 e − j β1 ni i R = yEi 0 e − j β1 ( x sin θi + z cosθi )

= yEi 0 e − j ( β x x + β z z ) where β x = β1 sin θi , β z = β1 cos θi

1⎡ E
H i ( x, z ) = ni × E i ( x, z ) ⎤ = i 0 ( − x cos θi + z sin θi )e − j ( β x x + β z z )
η ⎣1
⎦ η
1

⎪⎧ n r = x sin θ r − z cos θ r
For the reflected wave, ⎨
⎪⎩θ r : angle of reflection

E r ( x, z ) = yEr 0 e − j β1 ( x sinθr − z cosθr )

at z=0,E ( x, 0) = E i ( x, 0) + E r ( x, 0) = y ⎡⎣ Ei 0 e − j β1 x sin θi + Er 0 e − j β1x sinθr ⎤⎦ = 0
⇒ hold for all value of x
Ei 0 = − Er 0 and β1 x sin θi = β1 x sin θ r
∴θ r = θi : Snell's law of reflection

Electromagnetic Theory 2 35

Oblique Incidence at a Plane Conducting Boundary (3)

E r ( x, z ) = − yEi 0 e − j β1 ( x sin θi − z cosθi )

1⎡ E
H r ( x, z ) = n r × E r ( x, z ) ⎤ = i 0 (− x cos θi − z sin θi )e − j β1 ( x sin θi − z cosθi )
η ⎣
1
⎦ η
1

⎡ x component of H i and H r are in the same direction

⎢
⎢⎣ z component of H i and H r are in the opposite direction

The total field

E 1 ( x, z ) = E i ( x, z ) + E r ( x, z )
= yEi 0 (e − j β1z cosθi − e j β1 cosθi )e − j β1x sin θi = − y j 2 Ei 0 sin( β1 z cos θi )e − j β1x sin θi
Ei 0 ⎡
H 1 ( x, z ) = −2 x cos θi cos( β1 z cos θi )e − j β1x sin θi + z j sin θi sin( β1 z cos θi )e − j β1x sin θi ⎤
η ⎣ ⎦
1

Electromagnetic Theory 2 36
Oblique Incidence at a Plane Conducting Boundary (4)
Note
c In the direction normal to the boundary → E1 y and H1x
⇒ standing wave patterns according to sin β1z z and cos β1z z where
β1z = β1 cos θi → No average power is propagated
d In the direction parallel to the boundary → E1 y and H1z are in both time and
space phase → propagate with a phase velocity
ω ω u 2π λ
u1x = = = 1 , λ1x = = 1
β1x β1 sin θi sin θi β1x sin θi
e The propagating wave in the x direction is a nonuniform plane wave
2π
f E1 = 0 for all x when sin( β1 z cos θi ) = 0 or β1 z cos θi = z cos θi = −mπ , m = 1, 2,3...
λ1
mλ1
a conducting plate could be inserted at z = − without changing the field
2 cos θi
pattern that exists between the conducting plate and the conducting boundary
at z=0
⇒ TE wave(E1x = 0) would bounce back and force between the conducting
planes and propagate in the x direction
Electromagnetic Theory 2 37

Oblique Incidence at a Plane Conducting Boundary (5)

E i and E r have x- and y- component

H i and H r have only y- component

Parallel polarization

E i ( x, z ) = Ei 0 ( x cos θi − z sin θi )e − j β1 ( x sinθi + z cosθi )

Ei 0
H i ( x, z ) = y e − j β1 ( x sinθi + z cosθi )
η1

Electromagnetic Theory 2 38
Oblique Incidence at a Plane Conducting Boundary (6)

The reflected wave

E r ( x, z ) = Er 0 ( x cos θ r + z sin θ r )e − j β1 ( x sin θr − z cosθr )

Er 0
H r ( x, z ) = − y e − j β1 ( x sin θr − z cosθr )
η1
At z=0, Et = 0 for all x

∴ ( Ei 0 cos θi )e − j β1x sin θi + ( Er 0 cos θ r )e − j β1 x sinθr = 0

∴ Er 0 = − Ei 0 and θi = θ r
∴ E 1 ( x , z ) = E i ( x, z ) + E r ( x , z )
= xEi 0 cos θi (e − j β1z cosθi − e j β1z cosθi )e − j β1x sin θi − zEi 0 sin θi (e − j β1z cosθi + e j β1z cosθi )e − j β1x sin θi
= −2 Ei 0 ⎡ x j cos θi sin( β1 z cos θi ) + z sin θi cos( β1 z cos θi ) ⎤ e − j β1 x sinθi
⎣ ⎦
E
H 1 ( x, z ) = H i ( x, z ) + H r ( x, z ) = y 2 i 0 cos( β1 z cos θi )e − j β1x sinθi
η1

Electromagnetic Theory 2 39

Normal Incidence at a Plane Dielectric Boundary (1)

™ Assume lossless (σ1=0, σ2=0) media

c Incident wave travels in +z directon

Ei 0
E i ( z ) = xEi 0 e − j β1z , H i ( z ) = y e− j β1 z
η1

Electromagnetic Theory 2 40
Normal Incidence at a Plane Dielectric Boundary (2)

d The boundary surface is the plane z=0.

→ Discontinuity at z=0 cause that the incident wave is partly reflected
back and partly transmitted into medium 2
e Reflected wave ( E r , H r )
1 Er 0
E r ( z ) = xEr 0 e j β1z , H r ( z ) = − z × E r ( z) = − y e j β1z
η1 η1
4 Transmitted wave ( E t , H t )
1 Et 0
E t ( z ) = xEt 0 e − j β2 z , H t ( z ) = z × E t ( z) = y e− jβ2 z
η2 η2

We have two unknown Er 0 , Et 0 thus two equations are required to

determine Er 0 , Et 0 . Boundary conditions for the electric and magnetic fields

Electromagnetic Theory 2 41

Normal Incidence at a Plane Dielectric Boundary (3)

E i (0) + E r (0) = E t (0), Ei 0 + Er 0 = Et 0
1 Et 0
H i (0) + H r (0) = H t (0), ( Ei 0 − Er 0 ) = ∵ no current
η1 η2

η2 − η1 η −η
∴ Er 0 = Ei 0 , 2 1 : Reflection coefficient
η2 + η1 η2 + η1
2η 2 2η 2
Et 0 = Ei 0 , : Transmission coefficient(Dimensionless)
η2 + η1 η2 + η1
Er 0 η 2 − η1 E 2η 2
Γ= = , τ = t0 =
Ei 0 η 2 + η1 Ei 0 η2 + η1

¾ Γ can be positive or negative depending on η 2

¾ τ is always positive→ E i and E t are in same direction

Electromagnetic Theory 2 42
Normal Incidence at a Plane Dielectric Boundary (4)

The definition for Γ and τ apply even when the media are dissipative
i.e) η1 and/or η 2 are complex

cf ) τ > 1 if η 2 > η1
i.e E t > E i ⎫
⎪
⎬ ⇒ Et × H t < Ei × H i
But H t < H i ⎪
⎭
* 2η2 2 Ei 0 4η 2 Ei20 Ei20 4η 2 1
Et × H t = E × = < (∵ − < 0)
η2 + η1 i 0 η2 + η1 η 2 + η1 2 η1 η2 + η1
2
η1
* Ei 0 Ei20
E i × H i = Ei 0 × =
η1 η1

Relation between reflection and transmission coefficient

1+ Γ = τ

Electromagnetic Theory 2 43

Normal Incidence at a Plane Dielectric Boundary (5)

if η 2 = 0 (i.e medium 2 is perfect conductor)

Γ = −1, τ = 0

if η 2 ≠ 0 , partial reflection
E1 ( z ) = E i ( z ) + E r ( z ) = xEi 0 (e − j β1z + Γe j β1z )
= xEi 0 ⎡⎣(1 + Γ)e − j β1z + Γ(e j β1 z − e − j β1z ) ⎤⎦
= xEi 0 ⎡⎣(1 + Γ)e − j β1z + Γ( j 2sin β1 z ) ⎤⎦
or E1 ( z ) = xEi 0 ⎡⎣τ e − j β1z + Γ( j 2sin β1 z ) ⎤⎦

Two parts : ƒ A traveling wave with an amplitude τ Ei 0

ƒ A standing wave with an amplitude 2ΓEi 0
∴ E1 ( z ) never goes to zero at fixed distance from the interface but has
merely locations of minima and maxima

Electromagnetic Theory 2 44
Normal Incidence at a Plane Dielectric Boundary (6)

™ Location of minima and maxima.

Assume lossless
E1 ( z ) = xEi 0 e − j β1z (1 + Γe j 2 β1z )

case 1, Γ > 0 (η2 > η1 )

the maximum value of E1 ( z ) is Ei 0 (1 + Γ)
⇒ which occurs when 2 β1 zmax = −2nπ (∵ z < 0)
nπ nλ1
∴ zmax = − =− , n = 0,1, 2,...
β1 2
the minimum value of E1 ( z ) is Ei 0 (1 − Γ)
⇒ which occurs when 2β1 zmin = −(2n + 1)π
(2n + 1)π (2n + 1)λ1
∴ zmin = − =− , n = 0,1, 2,...
2 β1 4

Electromagnetic Theory 2 45

Normal Incidence at a Plane Dielectric Boundary (7)

case 2, Γ < 0 (η2 < η1 )
the maximum value of E1 ( z ) is Ei 0 (1 − Γ)
⇒ which occurs at zmax = −(2n + 1)π
the minimum value of E1 ( z ) is Ei 0 (1 + Γ)
⇒ which occurs at zmin = −2nπ

⇒ The location for E1 ( z ) max when Γ > 0 and when Γ < 0

are interchanged

¾ standing wave ratio(SWR), s→expressed in dB scale (20log10 s)

E max 1+ Γ
s= = , 1< s < ∞
E min 1− Γ
s −1
Γ = , −1 < Γ < 1
An inverse relation s +1
Electromagnetic Theory 2 46
Normal Incidence at a Plane Dielectric Boundary (8)

¾ Magnetic field intensity

Ei 0 Ei 0
H 1 ( z) = y (e − j β1z − Γe j β1 z ) = y e − j β1z (1 − Γe j 2 β1z )
η1 η1

In lossless medium, Γ is real; H1 ( z ) will be a minimum at

locations where E1 ( z ) is a maximum, and vice versa.

¾ In medium 2

⎧ E t ( z ) = xτ Ei 0 e − j β2 z
⎪
⎨ τ
⎪ H t ( z ) = y Ei 0 e − j β2 z
⎩ η2

Electromagnetic Theory 2 47

Normal Incidence at a Plane Dielectric Boundary (9)

1 ⎡
Re E × H ⎤
*
¾ P av =
2 ⎣ ⎢ ⎥⎦
E2
( P av )1 = z i 0 Re ⎡⎣(1 + Γe j 2 β1z )(1 − Γe − j 2 β1 z ) ⎤⎦
2η1
Ei20
=z Re ⎡⎣(1 − Γ 2 ) + Γ(e j 2 β1z − e − j 2 β1 z ) ⎤⎦
2η1
Ei20 Ei20
=z Re ⎡⎣(1 − Γ ) + j 2Γ sin 2 β1 z ⎤⎦ = z
2
(1 − Γ 2 )
2η1 2η1
Ei20 2
( P av ) 2 = z (τ )
2η2
( P av )1 = ( P av ) 2 for lossless medium
η1 2
∴ 1 − Γ2 = τ
η2

Electromagnetic Theory 2 48
Normal Incidence at Multiple Dielectric Interface (1)

¾ Reflection occur at both z=0 and z=d

¾ Total electric field in medium 1
E1 = x( Ei 0 e − j β1z + Er 0 e j β1z )

Electromagnetic Theory 2 49

Normal Incidence at Multiple Dielectric Interface (2)

¾ Er0 is no longer related to Ei0 by Er0=ΓEi0. owing to the existence of a

second discontinuity at z=d.
¾ The total reflected wave is the result of the initial reflected
component and an infinite sequence of multiply reflected contributions
within medium 2 that are transmitted back into medium 1.
¾ How to find the relation between Er0 and Ei0?
¾ One way is to write down the electric and magnetic field intensity
vectors in all three regions and apply the boundary conditions.
¾ magnetic field in region 1
1
H 1 ( z) = y ( Ei 0 e − j β1z − Er 0 e j β1z )
η1

¾ the electric and magnetic fields in region 2

E 2 = x( E2+ e − j β2 z + E2− e + j β2 z )
1
H2 = y ( E2+ e − j β2 z − E2− e + j β2 z )
η2
Electromagnetic Theory 2 50
Normal Incidence at Multiple Dielectric Interface (3)

¾ In region 3
E 3 = xE3+ e− j β3 z
1
H3 = y E3+ e − j β3 z
η3

¾ Four unknown, Er 0 , E2+ , E2− , E3+

¾ Boundary conditions at two interface give birth to four equations

⎧⎪ E1 (0) = E 2 (0)
At z = 0, ⎨
⎪⎩ H 1 (0) = H 2 (0)
⎧⎪ E 2 (d ) = E 3 (d )
At z = d , ⎨
⎪⎩ H 2 (d ) = H 3 (d )

Electromagnetic Theory 2 51

Normal Incidence at Multiple Dielectric Interface (4)

¾ wave impedance of the total field at any plane parallel to the plane
boundary

wave impedance of the field, Z(z) : the ratio of the total electric field
intensity to the total magnetic field intensity for a z-dependent uniform
plane wave.
Total Ex ( z )
Z ( z) = (Ω)
Total H y ( z )

For the normal incidence of z-dependent uniform plane wave,

E1x ( z ) = Ei 0 (e − j β1z + Γe j β1z )

Ei 0
H1 y ( z ) = (e − j β1z − Γe j β1z )
η1
E1x ( z ) e − j β1 z + Γe j β1 z
∴ Z1 ( z ) = = η1 − j β1z : function of z
H1 y ( z ) e − Γe j β1z

Electromagnetic Theory 2 52
Normal Incidence at Multiple Dielectric Interface (5)
at z = −l ,
E1x (−l ) e j β1l + Γe − j β1l η cos β1l + jη1 sin β1l
Z1 (−l ) = = η1 j β1l − j β1l
= η1 2
H1 y (−l ) e − Γe η1 cos β1l + jη2 sin β1l
η2 + jη1 tan β1l η −η
or = η1 with Γ = 2 1
η1 + jη2 tan β1l η2 + η1

cf ) If η 2 = 0 and Γ = −1, then Z (−l ) = jη1 tan β1l

wave impedance of standing wave to the left of perfect conducting
boundary

¾ Impedance transformation
The total field in medium 2 is the result of multiple reflections
of the two boundary planes at z=0 and z=d; but it can be
grouped into a wave traveling in the +z direction and another
traveling in the –z direction.

Electromagnetic Theory 2 53

Normal Incidence at Multiple Dielectric Interface (6)

¾ The wave impedance of the total field in medium 2 at z=0
η −η
E2 x ( z ) = E2+ (e − j β2 z + Γ 2 e j β2 z ), Γ 2 = 3 2
η3 + η 2
E2+
H 2 y ( z) = (e − j β 2 z − Γ 2 e j β 2 z )
η2
E2 x ( z ) e− j β2 z + Γ 2e− j β2 z
∴ Z2 ( z) = = η2 − jβ2 z
H 2 y ( z) e − Γ 2 e− jβ2 z
η3 cos β 2 d + jη2 sin β 2 d
Z 2 (0) = η2
η 2 cos β 2 d + jη3 sin β 2 d
Note)
As far as the wave in medium 1 is concerned, it encounters a
discontinuity at z=0 and the discontinuity can be characterized by an
infinite medium with an intrinsic impedance Z2(0)

Electromagnetic Theory 2 54
Normal Incidence at Multiple Dielectric Interface (7)

The effective reflection coefficient at z=0 for the incident wave in

medium 1 is Er 0 H r 0 Z 2 (0) − η1
Γ0 = =− =
Ei 0 Hi0 Z 2 (0) + η1

¾ Effect of transform η3 to Z2(0)

: inserting a dielectric layer of thickness d and η2 in front of medium 3
¾ Given η1 and η3 , Γ 0 can be adjusted by suitable choices of η 2 and d

In many applications, Γ 0 and Er0 are the only quantities of interest;

hence this impedance transform approach is conceptually simple and
yields the desired answers in a direct manner.

+ −
If the fields E2 , E2 and Et in medium 2 and 3 are also desired, they can
be determined by boundary conditions at z=0 and z=d

Electromagnetic Theory 2 55

Normal Incidence at Multiple Dielectric Interface (8)

Eg) No reflection condition

ε 1 , μ 1 ,η 1 η2 ε 2 , μ 2 ,η 3

The condition of no reflection at interface z = 0

⇒ Γ 0 = 0 or Z 2 (0) = η1
η3 cos β 2 d + jη2 sin β 2 d
⇒ η2 = η1
η2 cos β 2 d + jη3 sin β 2 d
⎡ η3 cos β 2 d = η1 cos β 2 d ....c
⎢η 2 sin β d = η η sin β d ....d
⎣ 2 2 1 3 2

Electromagnetic Theory 2 56
Normal Incidence at Multiple Dielectric Interface (9)
c⇒ η3 = η1 or cos β 2 d = 0
if η3 = η1 , d can be satisfied when η2 = η3 = η1 (trivial case of no discontinuities)
nλ2
or sin β 2 d = 0 or d =
2
λ2
if cos β 2 d = 0, i.e) d = (2n + 1) , n = 0,1, 2,3,..
4
sin β 2 d ≠ 0 and d can be satisfied when η 2 = η1η3

In summary, two possible conditions

λ2
1. when η1 = η3 , d = n , n = 0,1, 2,...
2
The thickness of the dielectric layer can be a multiple of a half-wavelength
in the dielectric layer ⇒ Half-wave dielectric window (Narrow band device)
λ2
2. when η1 ≠ η3 , we require η 2 = η1η3 , d = (2n + 1)
4
Quarter-wave impedance transformer

Electromagnetic Theory 2 57

Oblique Incidence on the Dielectric Boundary (1)

1. TE polarization
c Description of the E-field component Ey

x'
r

x
x' z'

Asssume that wave propagates along z’ axis with e jωt dependence

E ( z ', t ) = Re ⎡⎣ E y ( z ')e jωt ⎤⎦ , where E y ( z ') = Ae − j β z '

Electromagnetic Theory 2 58
Oblique Incidence on the Dielectric Boundary (2)
ƒ (x,y,z) ⇒ coordinate for interface
ƒ (x',y,z') ⇒ coordinate for propagation of wave
ƒ β z' is constant over any plane perpendicular to z ' ⇒ plane wave
ƒ the perpendicular distance z ' from origin to the constant phase plane
z ' = z 'ir
Assuming r displacement vector from origin to any point on a
constant phase plane
x Z’
ƒ Vector wave-number : β = z 'β X’
ƒ Then phase of plane wave : β z ' = β ir β = z 'β
βx
θ z
βz

Electromagnetic Theory 2 59

Oblique Incidence on the Dielectric Boundary (3)

β = β x x + β z z, where β x = β sin θ , β z = β cos θ
r = xx + y y + z z
∴ β z ' = β ir = β x x + β z z
∴ E y ( x, y ) = Ae − j ( β x x + β z z )
d Boundary condition
r
β β1 , Z1 β
t

θt
β , Z0
θ
E β
β =ω με
0 0
β = ω μ0ε1
H
Electromagnetic Theory 2 60
Oblique Incidence on the Dielectric Boundary (4)
E yi ( x, z ) = Ae − j ( β x x + β z z ) , where β x = β sin θ , β z = β cos θ
E yr ( x, z ) = Be − j ( β x x − β z z ) , where β xr = β sin θ r , β zr = − β cos θ r
r r

E yt ( x, z ) = Ce − j ( β x x + β z z ) , where β xt = β1 sin θt , β zt = β1 cos θt

t t

Boundary condition→Tangential component of E-field at boundary

should be continuous
E y ( x, 0− ) = E y ( x, 0+ ) : independent of x
E y ( x, 0− ) = E yi ( x, 0− ) + E yr ( x, 0− )
E y ( x, 0+ ) = E yt ( x, 0+ )
Ae − j β x x + Be − j β x x = Ce − j β x x regardless of x
r t

∴ A + B = C , β x x = β xr x = β xt x : Snell's law

Electromagnetic Theory 2 61

Oblique Incidence on the Dielectric Boundary (5)

A + B = C , β x = β xr = β xt
ƒ If not, change of x leads to the situation that each term be out of phase
ƒ β r , β t can not have y component since β r and β t must lie in the plane
of incidence (Remember B.C.)
ƒ β x = β xr = β xt
β sin θ = β sin θ r ⇒ θ = θ r
β sin θ = β1 sin θ t ⇒ ω μ 0ε 0 sin θ = ω μ 0ε 1 sin θ t
sin θ ε 1 β1 v n1 c
∴ = = = = , n=
sin θ t ε β v1 n up
ε < ε1 Slower Faster
Faster Slower More dense Less dense
Less dense More dense

θt
θt
θ θ
θ > θt θ > θt

Electromagnetic Theory 2 62
 Oblique Incidence on the Dielectric Boundary (6)
ƒ Critical angle
v β
θt = 90°, sin θt = 1 ∴ sin θ c = = 1
v1 β
β sin θ
for θ > θ c , sin θt = sin θ = >1
β1 sin θ c
∴ θt is complex angle
⇒ This means no refracted wave. i.e) The incident wave is totally reflected
∴ The angle of incidence θ c which corresponds to the threshold of
π
total reflection θ t = , is called the critical angle.
2
ε1 n1 ⎛n ⎞
sin θ c = = for ε > ε1 or θ c = sin −1 ⎜ 1 ⎟
ε n ⎝n⎠

Electromagnetic Theory 2 63

Oblique Incidence at a Plane Dielectric Boundary (7)

¾ Line AO, O’A’, O’B : the intersections of the wavefronts of the incident,
reflected and transmitted waves respectively, on the plane of
incidence

Electromagnetic Theory 2 64
Oblique Incidence at a Plane Dielectric Boundary (8)

¾ OA ' = AO ' since the phase velocity of the incident and the
reflected wave are the same.
OO 'sin θ r = OO 'sin θi ⇒ θi = θ r : Snell's law of reflection

cf ) Boundary condition should be satisfied independent of x

⇒ e − j β1x sin θi =e − j β1x sin θr =e − j β2 x sin θt
∴ β1 x sin θi = β1 x sin θ r = β 2 x sin θt

OB AO ' OB OO 'sin θt u p 2
¾ = , ∴ = =
u p2 u p1 AO ' OO 'sin θi u p1
sin θt u p 2 β1 n1 ω c
= = = , cf)β = , n = : Refraction index
sin θi u p1 β 2 n2 up up

Electromagnetic Theory 2 65

Oblique Incidence at a Plane Dielectric Boundary (9)

Note)
for non-magnetic media, μ1 = μ2 = μ0
sin θt ε n η
= 1 = 1 = 2
sin θi ε 2 n2 η1
→A plane wave incident oblique at an interface with a denser medium
will be bent toward the normal.
→Snell’s law are independent of polarization

™ Total reflection
¾ For ε1 > ε 2 : the wave in medium1 is incident on a less dense
medium 2
θt > θi

Electromagnetic Theory 2 66
Oblique Incidence at a Plane Dielectric Boundary (10)
π
¾ For θi = θ c , θt = : the refracted wave will be grazing along the interface
2
θi > θc : No refracted wave
⇒ the incident wave is totally reflected

∴ The angle of incidence θ c , which corresponds to the threshold of total

π
reflection θt = , is called the critical angle.
2
π sin θt ε ε ⎛n ⎞
let θt = , = 1 ⇒ sin θ c = 2 or θ c = sin −1 ⎜ 2 ⎟
2 sin θ c ε2 ε1 ⎝ n1 ⎠

Electromagnetic Theory 2 67

Oblique Incidence at a Plane Dielectric Boundary (1)

™ Perpendicular polarization (TE polarization)

¾ Incident field
E i ( x, z ) = yEi 0 e − j β1 ( x sin θi + z cosθi )
Ei 0
H i ( x, z ) = (− x cos θi + z sin θi )e − j β1 ( x sin θi + z cosθi )
η1
Electromagnetic Theory 2 68
Oblique Incidence at a Plane Dielectric Boundary (2)
¾ Reflected field
E r ( x, z ) = yEr 0 e − j β1 ( x sin θr − z cosθr )
Er 0
H r ( x, z ) = ( x cos θ r + z sin θ r )e − j β1 ( x sin θr − z cosθr )
η1
¾ Transmitted field into medium 2
E t ( x, z ) = yEt 0 e − j β2 ( x sinθt + z cosθt )
Et 0
H t ( x, z ) = (− x cos θt + z sin θt )e − j β2 ( x sinθt + z cosθt )
η2
ƒ Unknowns : Er 0 , Et 0 , θ r , θ t
ƒ Boundary conditions at the boundary z = 0
Eiy ( x, 0) + Ery ( x, 0) = Ety ( x, 0)
⇒ Ei 0 e − j β1 sin θi + Er 0 e − j β1 sin θr = Et 0 e − j β2 sin θt
Electromagnetic Theory 2 69

Oblique Incidence at a Plane Dielectric Boundary (3)

H ix ( x, 0) + H rx ( x, 0) = H tx ( x, 0)
1 Et 0
⇒ (− Ei 0 cos θi e − j β1 sin θi + Er 0 cos θ r e − j β1 sin θr ) = − cos θ r e − j β2 sin θt
η1 η2

∴ Phase matching
β1 x sin θi = β1 x sin θ r = β 2 x sin θt
sinθ t β1 n1
i.e)θ r = θ c , = =
sinθi β 2 n2
Amplitude matching
1 Er 0
Ei 0 + Er 0 = Et 0 , ( Ei 0 − Er 0 ) cos θi = cos θt
η1 η2

Electromagnetic Theory 2 70
Oblique Incidence at a Plane Dielectric Boundary (4)

ƒ Reflection coefficient Normal Oblique Incidence

Incidence (Perpendicular)
η2 η η2 η
− 1 − 1
E η cos θi − η1 cos θt cos θt cos θi η 2 − η1 cos θ t cos θ i
Γ⊥ = r 0 = 2 = Γ= Γ⊥ =
η2 η1
Ei 0 η2 cos θi + η1 cos θt η2 η η 2 + η1 +
+ 1 cos θ t cos θ i
cos θt cos θi
η1 η1
2η2
cos θi
E 2η2 cos θi cos θt
τ ⊥ = t0 = =
Ei 0 η2 cos θi + η1 cos θt η2 η η2
+ 1 η2
cos θt cos θi cos θt

Electromagnetic Theory 2 71

Oblique Incidence at a Plane Dielectric Boundary (5)

ƒ 1 + Γ⊥ = τ ⊥
ƒ Brewster angle : Incident angle for which the reflection coefficient be zero.
n12 c μ 2ε 2 μ1 μ2
η2 cos θ B ⊥ = η1 cos θt , where cos θt = 1 − sin 2 θi , n1 = , n2 = ,η1 = ,η 2 =
n22
u p1 μ 0ε 0 ε1 ε2
μ1ε 2
1−
μ 2ε 1
∴ sin 2 θ B ⊥ = 2
⎛μ ⎞
1− ⎜ 1 ⎟
⎝ μ2 ⎠
1
cf ) sin θ B ⊥ = for ε1 = ε 2 , μ1 ≠ μ2 (very very rare case)
μ
1+ 1
μ2
usually μ1 = μ2 = μ0 , ε1 ≠ ε 2
∴ For the most of the case there is no Brewester angle
for the TE( ⊥ ) polarization
Electromagnetic Theory 2 72
Oblique Incidence at a Plane Dielectric Boundary (6)

™ Parallel Polarization (TM polarization)

¾ Incident field
E i ( x, z ) = Ei 0 ( x cos θi − z sin θi )e − j β1 ( x sin θi + z cosθi )
Ei 0
H i ( x, z ) = y e − j β1 ( x sin θi + z cosθi )
η1
Electromagnetic Theory 2 73

Oblique Incidence at a Plane Dielectric Boundary (7)

¾ Reflected field
E r ( x, z ) = Er 0 ( x cos θ r + z sin θ r )e − j β1 ( x sinθr − z cosθr )
Er 0
H r ( x, z ) = − y e − j β1 ( x sinθr − z cosθr )
η1
¾ Transmitted field
E t ( x, z ) = Et 0 ( x cos θt − z sin θt )e − j β2 ( x sin θt + z cosθt )
Et 0
H t ( x, z ) = y e − j β2 ( x sin θt + z cosθt )
η2
ƒ Boundary condition at z = 0
1 1
( Ei 0 + Er 0 ) cos θi = Et 0 cos θt , ( Ei 0 − Er 0 ) = Er 0
η1 η2
cf ) The Snell's law as TE applies for TM

Electromagnetic Theory 2 74
Oblique Incidence at a Plane Dielectric Boundary (8)
ƒ Reflection coefficient
Er 0 η 2 cos θt − η1 cos θi
Γ = =
Ei 0 η 2 cos θt + η1 cos θi
Et 0 2η2 cos θi
τ = =
Ei 0 η 2 cos θt + η1 cos θi
⎛ cos θt ⎞
∴ 1+ Γ = τ ⎜ ⎟ (1+Γ ≠ τ if θi ≠ 0)
⎝ cos θ i ⎠

Note)
2
Γ⊥ ≥ Γ ⇒ example : polaroid sunglasses to reduce the sun glare
2

cf) E-field in parallel to the Earth's surface is predominantly reaching the eye.
Design sunglasses to filter out this component.

Electromagnetic Theory 2 75

Oblique Incidence at a Plane Dielectric Boundary (9)

ƒ Brewster angle
n12
η2 cos θt = η1 cos θ B , cos θt = 1 − 2
sin 2 θ B
n2
μ 2ε 1
1−
μ1ε 2
sin 2 θ B = 2
⎛ε ⎞
1− ⎜ 1 ⎟
⎝ ε2 ⎠
1 ε2
For many cases, μ1 = μ2 ∴ sin 2 θ B = = for μ1 = μ2
⎛ε ⎞ ε 2 + ε1
1+ ⎜ 1 ⎟
⎝ ε2 ⎠
ε2 ⎛n ⎞
or θ B = tan −1 = tan −1 ⎜ 2 ⎟ for μ1 = μ2
ε1 ⎝ n1 ⎠

Electromagnetic Theory 2 76
 Home work

H .W
8-28, 8-30, 8-32, 8-33, 8-36, 8-42

Electromagnetic Theory 2 77