LISTA 01 – CONVERSÃO DE ENERGIA

1) A magnetic circuit with a single air gap is shown in Fig. 1.24.

The core dimensions are:

Cross-sectional area Ac = 1.8 × 10 -3 m2

Mean core length lc = 0.6 m
Gap length g = 2.3 x 10 -3 m
N = 83 turns

Assume that the core is of infinite permeability (𝜇 = ∞) and neglect the effects of fringing fields at
the air gap and leakage flux.
a) Calculate the reluctance of the core Rc and that of the gap Rg.
b) For a current of i = 1.5 A, calculate:
i. The total flux 
ii. The flux linkages  of the coil
iii. The coil inductance L.

1) Repeat Problem 1 for a finite core relative permeability of µr = 2500.

3) Consider the magnetic circuit of Fig. 1.24 with the dimensions of
Problem 1 assuming infinite core permeability, calculate:
a) The number of turns required to achieve an inductance of 12 mH
b) The inductor current which will result in a core flux density of 1.0 T.

4) The magnetic circuit of Fig. 1.32 has two windings and two air gaps. The core
can be assumed to be of infinite permeability. The core dimensions are
indicated in the figure.
a. Assuming coil 1 to be carrying a current Il and the current in coil 2 to be
zero, calculate:
i) The magnetic flux density in each of the air gaps,
ii) The flux linkage of winding l,
iii) The flux linkage of winding 2.
b. Repeat part (a), assuming zero current in winding 1 and a current I2 in
winding 2.
c. Repeat part (a), assuming the current in winding 1 to be I1 and the current
in winding 2 to be 12.
d. Find the self-inductances of windings 1 and 2 and the mutual inductance
between the windings.

5) The symmetric magnetic circuit of Fig. 1.33 has three windings. Windings A
and B each have N turns and are wound on the two bottom legs of the core.
The core dimensions are indicated in the figure.

a. Find the self-inductances of each of the windings.

b. Find the mutual inductances between the three pairs of windings.
c. Find the voltage induced in winding 1 by time-varying currents iA(t) and
iB (t) in windings A and B. Show that this voltage can be used to measure
the imbalance between two sinusoidal currents of the same frequency.

6) The reciprocating generator of Fig. 1.34 has a movable plunger (position x)

which is supported so that it can slide in and out of the magnetic yoke while
maintaining a constant air gap of length g on each side adjacent to the yoke.
Both the yoke and the plunger can be considered to be of infinite permeability.
The motion of the plunger is constrained such that its position is limited to
O<x<w.
7) There are two windings on this magnetic circuit. The first has N1 turns
and carries a constant dc current I0. The second, which has N2 turns, is
open-circuited and can be connected to a load.
a. Neglecting any fringing effects, find the mutual inductance between
windings 1 and 2 as a function of the plunger position x.
b. The plunger is driven by an external source so that its motion is given by
𝑤(1+∈ 𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝑤𝑡))
𝑥(𝑡) =
2

where  < 1. Find an expression for the sinusoidal voltage which is

generated as a result of this motion.

8) It is desired to achieve a time-varying magnetic flux density in the air gap of

the magnetic circuit of Fig. 1.38 of the form
Bg = Bo + B1 sin cot
where B0 = 0.5 T and Bl = 0.25 T. The dc field B0 is to be created by a
neodimium-iron-boron magnet, whereas the time-varying field is to be created
by a time-varying current.
For Ag = 6 cm 2, g = 0.4 cm, and N = 200 turns, find:
a. the magnet length d and the magnet area Am that will achieve the desired
dc air-gap flux density and minimize the magnet volume.
b. the minimum and maximum values of the time-varying current required to
achieve the desired time-varying air-gap flux density. Will this current
vary sinusoidally in time?

9) A nonmagnetic rotor containing two coils is placed in a uniform magnetic field of

magnitude B0, as shown in Fig. 3.25.
 0, as shown in Fig. 3.2. The coil sides are at radius R and
the wire carries current I

The coil sides are of radius R and are

uniformly spaced around the rotor surface.
The first coil is carrying a current 11 and the
second coil is carrying a current 12.
Assuming that the rotor is 0.30 m long,
R = 0.13 m, and B0 = 0.85 T.

Find the -directed torque as a function of

rotor position αt for:
a) 11 = 0 A and 12 = 5 A,
b) 11 = 5 A and 12 = 0 A,
c) I1 = 8 A and I2 = 8 A.

10) The winding currents of the rotor of Problem 1 are controlled as a function of rotor angle α such Commented [VS1]:
that:
Ii=8sinα A and 12=8cosα A
Write an expression for the rotor torque as a function of the rotor position α.

11) Calculate the magnetic stored energy in the magnetic circuit of Fig 1.5.

The magnetic structure of a synchronous machine

is shown schematically in Fig. 1.5. Assuming
that rotor and stator iron have infinite
permeability (𝜇 = ∞).
I = 10 A, N = 1000 turns, g = 1 cm, and
Ag = 2000 cm2.

12) An inductor has an inductance which is found experimentally to be of the form

 2𝐿0
𝐿= 𝑥
1+𝑥
0
where L0 = 30 mH, x0 = 0.87 mm, and x is the displacement of a movable element. Its winding
resistance is measured and found to equal 110 mΩ.
a) The displacement x is held constant at 0.90 mm, and the current is increased from 0 to 6.0 A.
Find the resultant magnetic stored energy in the inductor.
b) The current is then held constant at 6.0 A, and the displacement is increased to 1.80 mm. Find
the corresponding change in magnetic stored energy.

13) An actuator with a rotating vane is shown in Fig. 3.26.

Assume that the permeability

of both the core and the vane
are infinite (𝜇 = ∞).
The total air-gap length is 2g
and shape of the vane is such
that the effective area of the
air gap can be assumed to be
of the form
4𝜃 2
𝐴𝑔 = 𝐴0 [1 − ( ) ]
𝜋

(valid only in the range

𝜋
⌈𝜃⌉ ≤
6
The actuator dimensions are
g = 0.8 mm,
A0 = 6.0 mm2,
N = 650 turns.

a. Assuming the coil to be carrying current i, write an expression for the magnetic stored
𝜋
energy in the actuator as a function of angle  for ⌈𝜃⌉ ≤
6
b. Find the corresponding inductance L(). Use MATLAB to plot this inductance as a function
of .

14) An RL circuit is connected to a battery, as shown in Fig. 3.28.

Switch S is initially closed and is opened at time t = 0.

a. Find the inductor current iL(t) for t ≥ 0. (Hint: Note
that while the switch is closed, the diode is reverse-
biased and can be assumed to be an open circuit.
Immediately after the switch is opened, the diode
becomes forward-biased and can be assumed to be a
short circuit.)

b. What are the initial and final (t =+∞) values of the stored energy in the inductor? What is the
energy stored in the inductor as a function of time?
 c. What is the power dissipated in the resistor as a function of time? What is al energy dissipated
in the resistor?

15) The inductance of a phase winding of a three-phase salient-pole motor is measured to be of the
form
𝐿(𝜃𝑚 ) = 𝐿0 + 𝐿2 cos⁡(2𝜃)
where m is the angular position of the rotor.
a. How many poles are on the rotor of this motor?
b. Assuming that all other winding currents are zero and that this phase is excited by a constant
current I0, find the torque Tf () acting on the rotor.

16) Cylindrical iron-clad solenoid actuators of the form shown in Fig. 3.29 are used for tripping
circuit breakers, for operating valves, and in other applications in which a relatively large force
is applied to a member which moves a relatively short distance.
When the coil current is zero, the
plunger drops against a stop such that
the gap g is 2.25 cm.
When the coil is energized by a direct
current of sufficient magnitude, the
plunger is raised until it hits another
stop set so that g is 0.2 cm. The
plunger is supported so that it can
move freely in the vertical direction.
The radial air gap between the shell
and the plunger can be assumed to be
uniform and 0.05 cm in length.
Neglect the magnetic leakage and
fringing in the air
gaps. The exciting coil has 1300 turns
and carries a constant current of 2.3 A.
Assume that the mmf in the iron can
be neglected and use MATLAB to
a. Plot the flux density in the variable gap between the yoke and the plunger for the range of
travel of the plunger,
b. Plot the corresponding values of the total energy stored in the magnetic field in µJ, and
c. Plot the corresponding values of the coil inductance in #H.

17) Consider the plunger actuator of Fig. 3.29. Assume that the plunger is initially fully opened
(g = 2.25 cm) and that a battery is used to supply a current of
2.5 A to the winding.