Simple Present

Used to talk about

●​ The present “I have a car”
●​ General facts “the airplane flies”
●​ Future (using marks of time) “I travel tomorrow”

Affirmative:

In the Simple present we use “S” when the subject is the third person (he/she/it).
e.g.: They work in the morning > She works in the morning.
When the verb ends with X/Z/SS/SH/CH/O we add “ES” instead of S.
e.g.: I watch TV > He watches TV
For the verbs ended with Y, if it is preceded by a consonant, we remove the Y and add and IES
e.g.: The airplanes fly at 9am > The airplane flies at 9am.

Negative:

To create negative sentences in the present we use ‘do not’ (or don’t) before the verb when the
subject is I, You, They or We.
e.g.: I don’t have a car // They don’t like pizza.
For the phrases where the subject is He, She or It, we use ‘does not’ (or doesn’t) before the verb.
In negative phrases you don't have to put S in the end of the verb.
e.g.: She doesn’t have children // Mark doesn’t like meat.

Interrogative:

To create interrogative sentences you use ‘Do’ in the beginning of the sentence when the subject is
I, You, They or We.
e.g.: Do you have a car?
For the phrases where the subject is He, She or It, we use ‘does’ in the beginning of the phrase. In
interrogative phrases you don’t have to use S in the end of the verb.
e.g.: Does he have your number?

* Those rules are applied to all verbs except for the verb to be, this one has its own form.

Practice

Complete with the right form of the verb

1. I ___________ chocolate (to like)​

2. They _________ 3 lead pencils (to have)​
3. You ________ water everyday (to drink)​
4. He ________ many series on Netflix! (to watch)​
5. My cat _________ a big tail (to have)​
6. Mary ________ at the school (to work)​
7. Peter ________ at 123 Maracanã Ave (to live)​
8. Dennis and Ruth _______ their parents (to love)​
9. She _______ 2 notebooks (to buy)​
10. He ________ water (to need)

Transform the phrases from affirmative to negative

1. I like chocolate _________________________​
2. They have 3 lead pencils ___________________​
3. You drink water everyday _____________________​
4. He watches many series on Netflix! ______________________​
5. My cat has a big tail ______________________​
6. Mary works at the school ____________________​
7. Peter lives at 123 Maracanã ave. _______________________​
8. Dennis and Ruth love their parents ________________________​
9. She buys 2 notebooks ________________________​
10. He needs water. ________________________

Select 5 phrases and transform them into interrogative

A dedicated teenager​
​
Jane is a very intelligent teenager. She is fifteen years old and has two brothers. She goes to
school in the morning and helps her parents in the afternoon. In the evening, she studies English at
a school. She loves ice cream and barbecue; she eats an ice cream every day and, on the
weekend, she eats barbecue. Her brothers don’t like to study but they help their parents too. They
want to open a small restaurant because they like to work with food. Jane likes science and she
wants to be a doctor. Her father tells her that it is necessary to study a lot to be a doctor. Jane tells
her father: “Yes, you are correct. This is my dream and I know it is possible because I am
dedicated.” ​
​
Jane’s family has problems but they believe there are solutions and they never give up. Jane
doesn’t have everything she wants but she works hard.

Verb to be​

Verb to be in the present has 3 forms: am, are and is. These forms vary according to the subject.
This verb is used to talk about the state or reality of the person/object. They are generally followed
by an adjective.

Pronoun Affirmative verb form Negative verb form

I am (‘m) am not

You are (‘re) are not (aren’t)

He/she/it is (‘s) is not (isn’t)

They are (‘re) are not (aren’t)

You are (‘re) are not (aren’t)

We are (‘re) are not (aren’t)

In the interrogative form you have just to invert the order of the verb and the pronoun, you first put
the verb and then the pronoun.
 e.g.: She is beautiful > Is she beautiful? // You are tired > Are you tired?

Practice

Complete the blank spaces with the right form of verb to be:
1. I _______ 22 years old​
2. They ______ my best friend​
3. You _____ a good boy​
4. John ______ my husband​
5. We ______ a beautiful couple​
6. Mary and John are brother and sister​
7. The math class _______ on wednesday​
8. Anna _____ my favorite teacher​
9. My mother and I _______ hungry​
10. You _______ good boy

Put 5 of the phrases in the negative form and put the other 5 in the interrogative form.

1. _________________________________________
2. _________________________________________
3. _________________________________________
4. _________________________________________
5. _________________________________________
6. _________________________________________
7. _________________________________________
8. _________________________________________
9. _________________________________________
10. _________________________________________

Simple present continuous

The Simple present continuous is used to talk about actions that are happening in the moment of
speaking. To use it you need the verb to be + the verb in the present participle (verb + ing).
e.g.: I'm having class. // We're reading.
There are some rules to put -ing in the verb, they are:
●​ When the verb finishes with ‘e’ you remove it and put -ing // dance > dancing.
●​ When the verb finishes with ‘consonant-vowel-consonant’ (cvc) you double the last letter. //
swim >swimming
There are some verbs that are irregular and they change their form, for example, die changes into
dying. The verb lie follows the same pattern, but they are exceptions.
The affirmative, negative and Interrogative present continuous follows the rules of verb to be.

Practice
Put the right form of the verb:
1.​ My car is ________ (to stop)
2.​ They are _______ many things (to say)
3.​ She is ___________ in the club pool (to swim)
4.​ I am __________ to be here (to love)
5.​ My mother and I are _______ next week (to travel)
Put the phrases in the present continuous
1.​ I hate Pezão _______________________________
2.​ My heart races all the time _______________________________
3.​ I don't like to eat meat._______________________________
4.​ Do you have time? _______________________________
5.​ Do we go? ___________________________
 Pronouns

Possessive Adjectives​
​
Possessive adjective are used to indicate the relation of possession between two things or people.
It is used as an adjective, so it is used in front of the noun.​
e.g.: This is her dog. // That is their house

Pronoun possessive adjective

I my

you your

she / he / it her / his / its

we our

you your

they their

Possessive Pronouns

Possessive pronouns are used to indicate the relation of possession between two things or people.
It is used as a pronoun, so when you use it, you don’t need to use with the noun, you use just to
indicate the owner.
e.g.: This TV is hers // This car is not mine

Pronoun possessive pronoun

I mine

you yours

she / he / it hers / his / its

we ours

you yours

they theirs

Object pronoun

Object pronouns are are used to refer to the noun as an object, which means the to indicate the
one that is suffering the action.
e.g.: I buy a blouse for you // I send a message to her
 Pronoun Object

I me

you you

she / he / it her / him / it

we us

you you

they them

Practice

Simple Past

The simple past is used to talk about actions taking place in the past. All the actions started and
finished in the past. You don’t have to use a mark of time in the past, but if you need or consider it
necessary, you can. In the past the verb is divided between regular and irregular.

_ Regular: The regular verbs only demands -ed at the end of it. E.g.: finish > finish; declare
understood.
_ IrreguIar: The irregular verbs do not follow any rule. Each verb follows each rules, though some
of them are similar. E.g.: teach > taught; understand > understood.

In the past you also have to use an auxiliary verb to write phrases in the negative and
interrogative, but it is not needed in the present.

Affirmative

To create affirmative phrases you have to use subject + verb in the past + complement (if you
want).
e.g.: I watched TV last night // I wrote an article.

Negative

To create negative phrases you use DID NOT (or didn’t) before the verb. Subject + did not + verb
in the infinitive + complement (if you want).
e.g.: I didn't have time // She didn’t read the text.

Interrogative

To create interrogative phrases you have to use DID in the beginning of the phrases. DID +
subject + verb in the infinitive + complement (if you want).
e.g.: Did you quote Buttler? // Did we have to prepare a speech?

Practice

Circle the verb in the past and classify as REGULAR or IRREGULAR

a.​ My house had a big pool

b.​ We watched the documentary
c.​ I went to the school yesterday
d.​ Anna bought a new bag
e.​ You called her many times
f.​ My mother and I liked the movie

Complete the spaces to create phrases in the past

A.​ ______ buy the car?

B.​ I ______ have money to travel
C.​ I wrote an article. Did you ________? (Read)
D.​ I ______ too much books to read. (Have)
E.​ They didn’t ________________ the theory. (Understand)
F.​ Did you ________ the certificate? (Find)

Verb to be (in the past)

Verb to be in the past has 2 forms: was and were. These forms vary according to the subject. This
verb is used to talk about the state or reality of the person/object in the past. They are generally
followed by an adjective.
 Pronoun Affirmative verb form Negative verb form

I Was Was not (wasn’t)

You Were Were not (weren’t)

He/she/it Was Was not (wasn’t)

They Were Were not (weren’t)

You Were Were not (weren’t)

We Were Were not (weren’t)

In the interrogative form you have just to invert the order of the verb and the pronoun, you first put
the verb and then the pronoun.
e.g.: She was beautiful > Was she beautiful? // You were tired > were you tired?

Practice

Select 2 phrases with verb to be in the present and put them in the past.

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 Comparatives

Superiority and Inferiority​

To compare two things or objects in order to say one is inferior or superior than the the other, you
need to use adjectives or adverbs, they are the only word used to compare. You need to compare
use Subject + Verb to be + adjective/adverb with ER at the end (when the word is small) + than +
the object of comparison.​
e.g.: My house is smaller than your house. ​
When the word is big, instead of using ER, you use the word more in front of the adjective.​
e.g: She is more intelligent than her brother.​
To change between superior or inferior comparisons, you use the negative form of verb to be and
the meaning of the adjective/adverb. This comparison is always made between two people, objects
or groups

Superlative

Superlative is used to make comparison between one individual or thing and a group of things. In
the superlative we indicate the superiority of one thing among the others. To create phrases using
superlative, we use THE before the adjective and we add EST at the end of the word (when it is
short), when the word is long we use the word MOST before it.

e.g.: he is the tallest boy in the class. // she is the most intelligent girl in the school.

Comparative of equality

Comparative of equality is used to equally compare two things or two group of things. To create
phrases with comparative, you use the adjective/adverb between AS and AS.

e.g.: my car is as fast as your truck // I write as good as you.

Create phrases using the comparative forms according to the graphic.

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Academic vocabulary and expressions