🔹 Expert Systems and Knowledge-Based Systems

1. An expert system is designed to:

a) Replace programmers
b) Mimic decision-making ability of a human expert
c) Store large data
d) Enhance internet speed
Answer: b) Mimic decision-making ability of a human expert

2. The core components of an expert system include:

a) Operating system, RAM, CPU
b) Browser, Cache, Java
c) Knowledge base, Inference engine, User interface
d) Input, Output, Processing
Answer: c) Knowledge base, Inference engine, User interface

3. The knowledge base in an expert system consists of:

a) Heuristic rules and facts
b) C code
c) HTML files
d) User queries
Answer: a) Heuristic rules and facts

4. Forward chaining starts with:

a) Goals
b) Rules
c) Known facts
d) Results
Answer: c) Known facts

5. Backward chaining starts with:

a) Input values
b) Known facts
c) Hypotheses or goals
d) Raw data
Answer: c) Hypotheses or goals

🔹 AI Concepts & Evolution

6. The term "Artificial Intelligence" was coined in:

a) 1956
b) 1943
c) 1976
d) 1965
Answer: a) 1956
7. Which conference marked the birth of AI?
a) Turing Symposium
b) MIT AI Lab Meet
c) Dartmouth Conference
d) Harvard AI Conference
Answer: c) Dartmouth Conference

8. Which is not an AI domain?

a) Image processing
b) Game playing
c) Compiler design
d) Natural language processing
Answer: c) Compiler design

🔹 Knowledge Representation

9. Which is a common method of knowledge representation?

a) Flowchart
b) Decision table
c) Semantic network
d) Binary tree
Answer: c) Semantic network

10. Frames in AI represent:

a) Code blocks
b) Knowledge about a concept in slots
c) Mathematical frames
d) File formats
Answer: b) Knowledge about a concept in slots

11. A production rule in AI is of the form:

a) Input → Output
b) Condition → Action
c) Rule → Data
d) Hypothesis → Experiment
Answer: b) Condition → Action

🔹 Search Strategies

12. Heuristic search improves:

a) Randomness
b) Accuracy
c) Efficiency using domain knowledge
d) Brute-force methods
Answer: c) Efficiency using domain knowledge

13. Best-first search combines:

a) DFS and BFS
b) Logic and probability
c) Cost and heuristic functions
d) Forward and backward chaining
Answer: c) Cost and heuristic functions

14. A* algorithm uses:

a) Only heuristic
b) Only cost
c) Cost + Heuristic (g + h)
d) Randomized guessing
Answer: c) Cost + Heuristic (g + h)

🔹 Expert System Life Cycle

15. Knowledge acquisition involves:

a) Compiling code
b) Extracting expert knowledge
c) Running simulations
d) Debugging
Answer: b) Extracting expert knowledge

16. Validation of an expert system checks:

a) Syntax errors
b) Logical consistency and correctness
c) Network speed
d) User interface color
Answer: b) Logical consistency and correctness

🔹 Logic & Reasoning

17. Propositional logic deals with:

a) Objects and classes
b) True/false statements
c) Images
d) Code execution
Answer: b) True/false statements

18. Predicate logic adds which feature to propositional logic?

a) Graph structure
b) Probabilistic reasoning
c) Variables and quantifiers
d) Sorting
Answer: c) Variables and quantifiers

19. Modus Ponens is a rule of:

a) Deduction
b) Compression
c) Knowledge acquisition
d) Learning
Answer: a) Deduction

🔹 Programming Languages for AI

20. LISP is suitable for AI because:

a) It’s widely used in business
b) It supports symbolic computation
c) It’s fast for calculations
d) It supports cloud
Answer: b) It supports symbolic computation

21. PROLOG is best for:

a) Procedural programming
b) Logic programming
c) Object-oriented programming
d) GUI design
Answer: b) Logic programming

🔹 Expert System Tools & Shells

22. CLIPS is:

a) AI programming hardware
b) Expert system shell
c) Image recognition software
d) Database
Answer: b) Expert system shell

23. In PROLOG, the symbol :- means:

a) Addition
b) Subtraction
c) Implies
d) Rule end
Answer: c) Implies
🔹 Limitations and Challenges

24. A major limitation of expert systems is:

a) Slow speed
b) Limited storage
c) Lack of common sense
d) Excessive data entry
Answer: c) Lack of common sense

25. Knowledge engineers are responsible for:

a) Database management
b) Extracting and encoding expert knowledge
c) Programming GUIs
d) Customer support
Answer: b) Extracting and encoding expert knowledge

26. Knowledge-based systems are systems that:

a) Use machine learning techniques

b) Apply knowledge to solve complex problems

c) Are used only in robotics

d) Do not need inference mechanisms

Answer: b) Apply knowledge to solve complex problems

27. In AI, reasoning that derives specific facts from general principles is
called:

a) Inductive reasoning

b) Deductive reasoning

c) Analogical reasoning

d) Abductive reasoning

Answer: b) Deductive reasoning

28. The process of converting real-world knowledge into a machine-

readable format is called:

a) Abstraction

b) Knowledge representation
c) Learning

d) Memorization

Answer: b) Knowledge representation

29. Which type of reasoning is used in Expert Systems to derive

conclusions from facts?

a) Probabilistic

b) Deterministic

c) Rule-based

d) Statistical

Answer: c) Rule-based

30. Frames and semantic nets are types of:

a) Search algorithms

b) Programming languages

c) Knowledge representation schemes

d) Data structures

Answer: c) Knowledge representation schemes

31. Which AI approach is based on simulating human learning from

experience?
a) Logical reasoning
b) Machine learning
c) Brute-force search
d) Model-based systems
Answer: b) Machine learning

32. Which component in an expert system separates knowledge from

control?
a) User interface
b) Inference engine
c) Knowledge base
d) Blackboard
Answer: c) Knowledge base

33. The ability of a program to improve performance by learning from

data is called:
a) Search optimization
b) Reinforcement
c) Learning
d) Supervision
Answer: c) Learning

34. Which of these is not a feature of an expert system?

a) Decision making
b) Common sense reasoning
c) User interface
d) Explanation facility
Answer: b) Common sense reasoning

35. Which of the following is an AI application in medicine?

a) DENDRAL
b) MYCIN
c) PROSPECTOR
d) SHRDLU
Answer: b) MYCIN

36. MYCIN is an expert system used for:

a) Astronomy
b) Chemistry
c) Medical diagnosis
d) Banking
Answer: c) Medical diagnosis

37. What does "non-monotonic reasoning" allow an AI system to do?

a) Always increase knowledge
b) Reduce computation
c) Retract conclusions based on new evidence
d) Parallel processing
Answer: c) Retract conclusions based on new evidence

38. Which type of AI uses the principle of trial-and-error learning?

a) Heuristic AI
b) Reactive systems
c) Reinforcement learning
d) Symbolic AI
Answer: c) Reinforcement learning

39. A heuristic is:

a) A guaranteed solution method
b) A hardware component
c) A rule-of-thumb that guides search
d) A type of logic gate
Answer: c) A rule-of-thumb that guides search

40. In production systems, which element stores all known facts?

a) Agenda
b) Working memory
c) Rule base
d) Scheduler
Answer: b) Working memory

🔹 Expert System Design & Inference

41. An inference engine applies rules to the:

a) Rule base
b) Control system
c) Working memory
d) Input device
Answer: c) Working memory

42. What does the ‘if’ part of a production rule represent?

a) Hypothesis
b) Premise or condition
c) Action
d) Output
Answer: b) Premise or condition

43. The process of drawing logical conclusions from available knowledge

is called:
a) Inference
b) Encoding
c) Compilation
d) Mining
Answer: a) Inference

44. Knowledge engineering is:

a) Hardware design
b) Extracting and organizing expert knowledge
c) Coding GUIs
d) Debugging expert systems
Answer: b) Extracting and organizing expert knowledge

45. A certainty factor is used in expert systems to handle:

a) Programming errors
b) System crashes
c) Uncertainty
d) Interface bugs
Answer: c) Uncertainty

46. Which of these systems is used for mineral exploration?

a) MYCIN
b) PROSPECTOR
c) ELIZA
d) DENDRAL
Answer: b) PROSPECTOR

47. Which of the following is not a method of knowledge acquisition?

a) Interviewing experts
b) Data mining
c) Experimentation
d) Video recording
Answer: d) Video recording

48. An expert system shell is:

a) A programming IDE
b) A GUI design tool
c) A development environment for expert systems
d) A database
Answer: c) A development environment for expert systems

49. Which of the following is a symbolic AI language?

a) Java
b) C++
c) PROLOG
d) Python
Answer: c) PROLOG

50. The function of a rule interpreter is to:

a) Design a user interface
b) Evaluate rules and trigger actions
c) Query the user
d) Store input
Answer: b) Evaluate rules and trigger actions

1. What is the primary goal of Artificial Intelligence?

a) To create a faster CPU
b) To create intelligent machines that simulate human thinking
c) To develop databases
d) To design websites
Answer: b) To create intelligent machines that simulate human thinking
2. Strong AI refers to:
a) AI that can play chess
b) AI with limited domain knowledge
c) AI that truly simulates human consciousness
d) AI used only in gaming
Answer: c) AI that truly simulates human consciousness

3. The Turing Test is used to determine whether a machine can:

a) Solve mathematical problems
b) Translate languages
c) Think like a human
d) Perform hardware diagnostics
Answer: c) Think like a human

4. Which of the following is not a component of an Expert System?

a) Knowledge Base
b) Inference Engine
c) Compiler
d) User Interface
Answer: c) Compiler

5. Forward chaining is:

a) Goal-driven reasoning
b) Data-driven reasoning
c) Used in hardware design
d) Not used in AI
Answer: b) Data-driven reasoning

6. A* search algorithm is optimal because it uses:

a) Random guessing
b) Only cost function
c) Heuristic + cost (f(n) = g(n) + h(n))
d) Depth-first traversal
Answer: c) Heuristic + cost (f(n) = g(n) + h(n))

7. Brute force search differs from heuristic search because:

a) It uses domain knowledge
b) It is more efficient
c) It searches blindly without heuristics
d) It always gives the best result
Answer: c) It searches blindly without heuristics

8. Which of the following is a knowledge representation technique?

a) Heap tree
b) Semantic network
c) Stack
d) Graph coloring
Answer: b) Semantic network

9. The main function of an inference engine is to:

a) Control GUI
b) Apply logical rules to the knowledge base
c) Compile code
d) Manage hardware
Answer: b) Apply logical rules to the knowledge base

10. MYCIN is an expert system used for:

a) Mineral exploration
b) Medical diagnosis
c) Chess playing
d) Astronomy
Answer: b) Medical diagnosis

11. Natural Language Processing (NLP) allows computers to:

a) Understand and interpret human languages
b) Improve graphics
c) Optimize hardware
d) Compile code faster
Answer: a) Understand and interpret human languages

12. Which of the following is not a typical application of AI?

a) Game playing
b) Robotic surgery
c) Operating system design
d) Language translation
Answer: c) Operating system design

13. Machine learning differs from traditional programming because:

a) It is only used in robotics
b) It requires more RAM
c) It learns patterns from data
d) It uses static rules
Answer: c) It learns patterns from data

14. Rule-based expert systems differ from model-based expert systems in

that:
a) They use sensors
b) They rely on coded facts and rules
c) They model physical systems
d) They use neural networks
Answer: b) They rely on coded facts and rules

15. One ethical concern of AI is:

a) Hardware overheating
b) Reduced network speed
c) Bias and discrimination in decision making
d) Poor color interface
Answer: c) Bias and discrimination in decision making