Artificial Intelligence (AI)

Chapter 3
Learning Outcomes
After completing this chapter, you should be able to

Explain what artificial intelligence (AI) is

Describe the eras of AI

Explain the types and approaches of AI

Describe the applications of AI in health, agriculture, business and

education

List the factors that influenced the advancement of AI in recent years

Learning Outcomes
After completing this chapter, you should be able to

Understand the relationship between the human’s way of thinking and AI

systems

Identify AI research focus areas

Identify real-world AI applications, some platforms, and tools

What is Artificial Intelligence (AI)
Intelligence is composed of

● Reasoning
● Learning
● Problem Solving
● Perception
● Linguistic Intelligence
What is Artificial Intelligence (AI)
Artificial defines "man-made," and intelligence defines "thinking power",
or “the ability to learn and solve problems” hence Artificial Intelligence
means "a man-made thinking power"

We can define Artificial Intelligence (AI) as the branch of computer science

by which we can create intelligent machines which can behave like a
human, think like humans, and able to make decisions
What is Artificial Intelligence (AI)
Artificial Intelligence exists when a machine can have human-based skills such
as learning, reasoning, and solving problems

You do not need to preprogram a machine to do some work

What is Artificial Intelligence (AI)
An AI system is composed of an agent and its environment

An agent (e.g., human or robot) is anything that can perceive its

environment through sensors and acts upon that environment through
effectors

Intelligent agents must be

able to set goals and achieve
them
What is Artificial Intelligence (AI)
Machine perception is the ability to use input from sensors (such as
cameras, microphones, sensors, etc.) to deduce aspects of the world. e.g.,
Computer Vision
What is Artificial Intelligence (AI)
AI deals with performing tasks that humans are very good at, for example

Recognizing objects

Recognizing and making sense of speech

Decision making in a constrained environment

What is Artificial Intelligence (AI)
AI, Machine Learning, and Deep Learning

Machine learning is the study of computer

algorithms that improve automatically through
experience

The term machine learning was introduced by

Arthur Samuel in 1959
What is Artificial Intelligence (AI)
AI, Machine Learning, and Deep Learning

Neural networks are biologically inspired

networks that extract features from the data
in a hierarchical fashion

The field of neural networks with several

hidden layers is called deep learning
AI, Machine Learning, and Deep Learning
Need for Artificial Intelligence
Why we need AI at this time?

To create expert systems that exhibit intelligent behavior with the

capability to learn, demonstrate, explain and advice its users

Helping machines find solutions to complex problems like humans do

and applying them as algorithms in a computer-friendly manner
Goals of Artificial Intelligence
What do you think the main goal of the advancement in AI?

Replicate human intelligence

Solve Knowledge-intensive tasks

An intelligent connection of perception and action

Goals of Artificial Intelligence
What do you think the main goal of the advancement in AI?

Building a machine which can perform tasks that requires

human intelligence such as:

Proving a theorem

Playing games such as Go and Chess

Plan some surgical operation

Self-driving cars
Goals of Artificial Intelligence
What do you think the main goal of the advancement in AI?

Creating some system which can exhibit intelligent behavior, learn new
things by itself, demonstrate, explain, and can advise to its user
What Comprises to Artificial Intelligence?
To make a machine learn and make a decision like humans do, AI requires the
knowledge of some disciplines
What Comprises to Artificial Intelligence?
Some of the disciplines that AI requires?
Advantages of Artificial Intelligence
High Accuracy with fewer errors: AI machines or systems are prone to fewer
errors and high accuracy as it takes decisions as per pre-experience or
information

High-Speed: AI systems can be of very high-speed and fast-decision making,

because of that AI systems can beat a chess champion in the Chess game

High reliability: AI machines are highly reliable and can perform the same
action multiple times with high accuracy
Advantages of Artificial Intelligence
Useful for risky areas: AI machines can be helpful in situations such as
defusing a bomb, exploring the ocean floor, where to employ a human can be
risky.
Advantages of Artificial Intelligence
Digital Assistant: AI can be very useful to provide digital assistant to users
such as AI technology is currently used by various E-commerce websites to
show the products as per customer requirements

Go to this link to see a demo

https://youtu.be/KxwjnuhNVIY?t=168
Advantages of Artificial Intelligence
Useful as a public utility: AI can be very useful for public utilities such as a
self driving car which can make our journey safer and hassle-free, facial
recognition for security purposes, Natural language processing (for search
engines, for spelling checker, for assistant like Siri, for translation like google
translate), etc
Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence
High Cost: The hardware and software requirement of AI is very costly as it
requires lots of maintenance to meet current world requirements.

Can't think out of the box: Even we are making smarter machines with AI,
but still they cannot work out of the box, as the robot will only do that work
for which they are trained, or programmed
Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence
No feelings and emotions: AI machines can be an outstanding performer,
but still it does not have the feeling so it cannot make any kind of emotional
attachment with humans, and may sometime be harmful for users if the
proper care is not taken
Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence
Increase dependence on machines: With the increment of technology,
people are getting more dependent on devices and hence they are losing their
mental capabilities

No Original Creativity: As humans are so creative and can imagine some

new ideas but still AI machines cannot beat this power of human intelligence
and cannot be creative and imaginative
Levels of AI: Stage 1: Rule-Based Systems
Covering everything from business software (Robotic Process Automation)
and domestic appliances to aircraft autopilots

Watch demo video at

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=
cLVCGEmkJs0
Levels of AI: Stage 2: Context Awareness and Retention
Algorithms that develop information about the specific domain they are
being applied in

They are trained on the knowledge and experience of the best humans, and
their knowledge base can be updated as new situations and queries arise

Examples: Chatbots and “Robo-Advisors”

Levels of AI: Stage 3: Domain-Specific Expertise
Going beyond the capability of humans, these systems build up expertise in
a specific context taking in massive volumes of information which they can
use for decision making

Successful use cases have been seen in Cancer Diagnosis and Google
Deepmind’s AlphaGo
Levels of AI: Stage 4: Reasoning Machines
These algorithms have some ability to attribute mental states to themselves
and others – they have a sense of beliefs, intentions, knowledge, and how
their own logic works

This means they could reason or negotiate with humans and other machines

At the moment these algorithms are still in development

Levels of AI: Stage 5: Self Aware Systems
Also known as Artificial General Intelligence (AGI)

These systems have human-like intelligence – the most commonly

portrayed AI in media – however, no such use is in evidence today
Levels of AI: Stage 6: Artificial Superintelligence (ASI)
AI algorithms can outsmart even the most intelligent humans in every
domain

Logically it is difficult for humans to articulate what the capabilities might be,
yet we would hope examples would include solving problems we have failed
to so far, such as world hunger and dangerous environmental change

Views vary as to when and whether such a capability could even be possible
Levels of AI: Stage 7: Singularity and Transcendence
This is the idea that development provided by ASI (Stage 6) leads to a
massive expansion in human capability

Human augmentation could connect our brains to each other and to a

future successor of the current internet, creating a “hive mind” that shares
ideas, solves problems collectively, and even gives others access to our
dreams as observers or participants
Levels of AI: Stage 7: Singularity and Transcendence
We might go beyond the limits of the human body and connect to other forms
of intelligence on the planet – animals, plants, weather systems, and the
natural environment

Some proponents of singularity suggest we could see it happen by 2045 as a

result of exponential rates of progress across a range of science and
technology disciplines

The other side of the fence argues that singularity is impossible and human
consciousness could never be digitized
Levels of AI: Stage 7: Singularity and Transcendence
Types of AI
Since AI is making a machine intelligent, based on the strength of intelligence
and functionality, list down some types or classification of AI?
Types of AI
on y
d t
a se bili
B pa B
Fu ased
Ca nc
tio on
na
lity
How humans think
Intelligence or the cognitive process is composed of three main stages:

Observe and input the information or data in the brain

Interpret and evaluate the input that is received from the surrounding
environment

Make decisions as a reaction towards what you received as input and

interpreted and evaluated
Mapping human thinking to AI components
Observe and input the information or data in the brain

In AI models, this stage is represented by the

sensing layer, which perceives information from the
surrounding environment

For example

Voice Recognition for sensing voice

Image recognition for sensing images

Mapping human thinking to AI components
Interpret and evaluate the input that is received from the surrounding
environment

In AI, this stage is represented by the interpretation layer, that is,

reasoning and thinking about the gathered input that is acquired by the
sensing layer
Mapping human thinking to AI components
Make decisions as a reaction towards what you received as input and
interpreted and evaluated

After evaluating the input data, the interacting layer performs the
necessary tasks

Robotic movement control and speech generation are examples of

functions that are implemented in the interacting layer
Influencers of artificial intelligence
Big data

Advancements in computer processing speed and new chip architectures

Cloud computing and APIs

The emergence of data science
Influencers of artificial intelligence
Big data
Influencers of artificial intelligence
Big data

Unstructured data
is growing
exponentially,
making up most of
the data in the
world
Influencers of artificial intelligence
Big data

In the last few years, the availability of larger volumes and sources of
data is enabling capabilities in AI that could not be used in the past due
to lack of data availability, limited sample sizes, and an inability to analyze
massive amounts of data in milliseconds
Influencers of artificial intelligence
Advancements in computer processing speed, new chip architectures

In recent years, big data and the ability to process a large amount of data
at high speeds have enabled researchers and developers to access and
work with massive sets of data

Processing speeds and new computer chip architectures contribute to the

rapid evolution of AI applications
Influencers of artificial intelligence
Advancements in computer processing speed, new chip architectures

Large manufacturers of computer chips such as IBM and Intel are

prototyping “brain-like” chips whose architecture is configured to mimic
the biological brain’s network of neurons and the connections between
them called synapses
Influencers of artificial intelligence
Cloud computing and application programming interfaces

Cloud computing is a general term that describes the delivery of

on-demand services, usually through the internet, on a pay-per-use
basis

These services might be data analysis, social media, video storage,

e-commerce, and AI capabilities that are available through the internet
and supported by cloud computing
Influencers of artificial intelligence
Cloud computing and application programming interfaces

In general, application programming interfaces (APIs) expose

capabilities and services

APIs enable software components to communicate with each other easily

AI APIs are usually delivered on an open cloud-based platform on which

developers can infuse AI capabilities into digital applications,
products, and operations by using one or more of the available APIs
Influencers of artificial intelligence
All the significant companies in the AI services market deliver their services
through APIs over cloud platforms

IBM delivers Watson AI services over IBM Cloud

Amazon AI services are delivered over Amazon Web Services (AWS)

Microsoft AI tools are available over the MS Azure cloud

Google AI services are available in the Google Cloud Platform

Influencers of artificial intelligence
The emergence of data science

The goal of data science is to extract knowledge or insights from data in

various forms, either structured or unstructured

Data scientists use learning algorithms to extract insights from data

They also uses machine learning and AI to process big data

Applications of AI
AI is becoming essential for today's time because it can solve complex
problems in an efficient way in multiple industries, such as Healthcare,
entertainment, finance, education, etc

AI is making our daily life more comfortable and faster

Applications of AI in Agriculture
Agriculture is applying AI as agriculture robotics, soil and crop monitoring,
predictive analysis
Applications of AI in Healthcare
To make a better and faster diagnosis than humans

AI can help doctors with diagnoses and can inform when patients are
worsening so that medical help can reach the patient before hospitalization
Applications of AI in education
AI can automate grading so that the tutor can have more time to teach

AI chatbot can communicate with students as a teaching assistant

AI in the future can be work as a personal virtual tutor for students, which will
be accessible easily at any time and any place
Applications of AI in Finance and E-commerce
The finance industry is implementing automation, chatbot, adaptive
intelligence, algorithm trading, and machine learning into financial processes

AI is helping shoppers to discover associated products with recommended

size, color, or even brand
Applications of AI in Gaming
The AI machines can play strategy games like chess, where the machine needs
to think of a large number of possible places
Applications of AI in Data Security
AI can be used to make your data more safe and secure

Some examples such as AEG bot, AI2 Platform, are used to determine
software bugs and cyber-attacks in a better way
Applications of AI in Social Media
Social Media sites such as TikTok, Facebook, Twitter, and Snapchat contain
billions of user profiles and huge amount of their interaction data

AI can analyze lots of data to identify the latest trends, hashtags, and
requirements of different users
Applications of AI in Travel and Transport
AI is capable of doing various travel related works such as
from making travel arrangements to suggesting the hotels,
flights, and best routes to the customers

Travel industries are using AI-powered chatbots which can

make human-like interaction with customers for a better and
fast response
Applications of AI in Automotive Industry
Some Automotive industries are using AI to provide virtual assistants to their
use for better performance

Such as Tesla has introduced TeslaBot, an intelligent virtual assistant

Various Industries are currently working for developing self-driven cars which
can make your journey more safe and secure
Applications of AI in Robotics
With the help of AI, we can create intelligent robots which can perform tasks
with their own experiences without pre-programmed

Humanoid Robots are the best examples for AI in robotics, recently the
intelligence Humanoid robot named Erica and Sophia has been developed
which can talk and behave like humans
Applications of AI in Entertainment
With the help of ML/AI algorithms, entertainment services from Netflix and
Amazon show recommendations for programs or shows
AI tools and platforms
Artificial intelligence (AI) platforms provide users a toolkit to build intelligent
applications

These platforms combine intelligent, decision-making algorithms with

data, which enables developers to create a business solution

Some platforms offer pre-built algorithms and simplistic workflows with

such features as drag-and-drop modeling and visual interfaces that easily
connect necessary data to the end solution, while others require a greater
knowledge of development and coding
AI tools and platforms
Some algorithm functionality includes

Image Recognition

Natural Language Processing

Voice Recognition

Recommendation Systems

Predictive Analytics
AI tools and platforms
The most common artificial intelligence platforms include

Microsoft AZURE Machine Learning

Google Cloud Prediction API

IBM Watson

TensorFlow ...
Sample AI Applications: Commuting
Google’s AI-Powered Predictions

Ridesharing Apps Like Uber and Lyft

Commercial Flights Use an AI Autopilot

Sample AI Applications: Email
Spam Filters

Smart Email Categorization

Sample AI Applications: Social Networking
Facebook - When you upload photos to Facebook, the service automatically
highlights faces and suggests friends tag
Sample AI Applications: Social Networking
Pinterest - Pinterest uses computer vision, an application
of AI where computers are taught to “see,” in order to
automatically identify objects in images (or “pins”) and then
recommend visually similar pins

Other applications of machine learning at Pinterest includes

spam prevention, search, and discovery, ad
performance and monetization, and email marketing
Sample AI Applications: Social Networking
Instagram - uses machine learning to identify the contextual meaning of
emoji, which have been steadily replacing slang (for instance, a laughing emoji
could replace “lol”)
Sample AI Applications: Social Networking
Snapchat - introduced facial filters, called
Lenses

These filters track facial movements,

allowing users to add animated effects or
digital masks that adjust when their faces
moved

Check it at

https://lensstudio.snapchat.com/
Sample AI Applications: Online Shopping
Search - Your Amazon searches (“ironing
board”, “pizza stone”, “Android charger”,
etc.) quickly return a list of the most
relevant products related to your search

Recommendations - You see

recommendations for products you’re
interested in as “customers who viewed
this item also viewed” and “customers who
bought this item also bought”
Sample AI Applications: Mobile Use
Voice-to-Text - A standard feature on smartphones today is voice-to-text. By
pressing a button or saying a particular phrase (“Ok Google”, for example), you
can start speaking and your phone converts the audio into text
Sample AI Applications: Mobile Use
Smart Personal Assistants - Now that voice-to-text
technology is accurate enough to rely on for basic
conversation, it has become the control interface for a
new generation of smart personal assistants