Chapter 3: Artificial Intelligence (AI)

3.1. What is Artificial Intelligence (AI)

 Artificial Intelligence is composed of two words Artificial and
Intelligence.
 Artificial defines "man-made," and intelligence defines "thinking
power", or “the ability to learn and solve problems” hence Artificial
Intelligence means "a man-made thinking power.“
 Artificial Intelligence (AI) is defined as the branch of computer
science by which we can create intelligent machines which can
behave like a human, think like humans, and able to make decisions.
 AI

 Intelligence, as we know, is the ability to acquire and apply knowledge.

 Knowledge is the information acquired through experience.

 Experience is the knowledge gained through exposure (training).

 Summing the terms up, we get artificial intelligence as the “copy of something

natural. (i.e., human beings) ‘WHO’ is capable of acquiring and applying the

information it has gained through exposure.”

 AI compositions

 Artificial Intelligence exists when a machine can have human-based skills such as

learning, reasoning, and solving problems with Artificial Intelligence.

Intelligence is composed of:

➢ Reasoning

➢ Learning

➢ Problem Solving

➢ Perception

➢ Linguistic Intelligence
 AI components and Examples

 An AI system is composed of an agent and its environment. An

agent (e.g., human or robot) is anything that can perceive its
environment through sensors and acts upon that environment
through effectors.
Example:- autonomous vehicles (such as drones and self-driving
cars), medical diagnosis, creating art (such as poetry), proving
mathematical theorems, playing games (such as Chess or Go),
search engines (such as Google search), online assistants (such as
Siri), image recognition in photographs, spam filtering, prediction
of judicial decisions and targeting online advertisements.
D/ce b/n Machine Learning, deep learning & Artificial Intelligence

 Machine learning, is the study of computer algorithms that improve automatically

through experience.
 The term machine learning was introduced by Arthur Samuel in 1959.

 Neural networks are biologically inspired networks that extract features from the
data in a hierarchical fashion and its several hidden layers is called deep learning.
 Need for Artificial Intelligence

➢ Why we need AI at this time?

1. To create expert systems that exhibit intelligent behavior with the

capability to learn, demonstrate, explain and advice its users.

2. Helping machines find solutions to complex problems like humans

do and applying them as algorithms in a computer-friendly manner.

 Goals of Artificial Intelligence

1. Replicate human intelligence

2. Solve Knowledge-intensive tasks

3. An intelligent connection of perception and action

4. Building a machine which can perform tasks that requires human intelligence
such as:

✓ Proving a theorem

✓ Playing chess

✓ Plan some surgical operation

✓ Driving a car in traffic

5. Creating some system which can exhibit intelligent behavior, learn new things by
itself, demonstrate, explain, and can advise to its user.
 What Comprises (requires) to Artificial Intelligence?

 Intelligence is an intangible part of our brain which is a combination of

Reasoning, learning, problem-solving, perception, language understanding, etc.
 To achieve the above factors for a machine or software Artificial Intelligence
requires the following disciplines (see Figure below):
 Advantages of Artificial Intelligence

➢ High Accuracy with fewer errors: high accuracy as it takes decisions as per pre-
experience or information.

➢ High-Speed: because of that AI systems can beat a chess champion in the Chess
game.

➢ High reliability:

➢ Useful for risky areas: in situations such as defusing a bomb, exploring the ocean
floor, where to employ a human can be risky.

➢ Digital Assistant: used by various E-commerce websites to show the products as

per customer requirements.

➢ Useful as a public utility: such as a self-driving car, Natural language processing

etc.
 Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence

Many people (including Elon Musk the founder of ….) believe that the advancement
in technology can create a super intelligence that can threaten human existence.

➢ High Cost: as it requires lots of maintenance to meet current world requirements.

➢ Can't think out of the box: as the robot will only do that work for which they are
trained, or programmed.

➢ No feelings and emotions: may sometime be harmful for users if the proper care is
not taken.

➢ Increase dependence on machines: people are getting more dependent on devices

and hence they are losing their mental capabilities.

➢ No Original Creativity: still AI machines cannot beat this power of human

intelligence and cannot be creative and imaginative.
 History of AI

 Even there are the myths of Mechanical men in Ancient Greek & Egyptian Myths.
 History of AI

 Nowadays companies like Google, Facebook, IBM, and Amazon are

working with AI and creating amazing devices. The future of

Artificial Intelligence is inspiring and will come with high

intelligence.
 Levels of AI

Stage 1 – Rule-Based Systems

Stage 2– Context Awareness and Retention

Stage 3 – Domain-Specific Expertise

Stage 4 – Reasoning Machines

Stage 5 – Self Aware Systems / Artificial General Intelligence (AGI)

Stage 6 – Artificial Super intelligence (ASI)

Stage 7 – Singularity and Transcendence

The seven layers of AI maturity
 Types of AI

 There are mainly two types of the main categorization which are based on
capabilities and based on functionally of AI.
 A. Types of AI based on Capabilities

1. Weak AI or Narrow AI: Narrow AI cannot perform beyond its field or limitations,
as it is only trained for one specific task.

Eg:- Apple Siri, IBM's Watson supercomputer, Google translate, playing chess,
purchasing suggestions on e-commerce sites, self-driving cars, speech recognition,
and image recognition.

2. General AI: that could perform any intellectual task with efficiency like a human.
 It may arrive within the next 20 or so years but it has challenges relating to
hardware, the energy consumption required

3. Super AI: It is a level of Intelligence of Systems at which machines could surpass

human intelligence, & can perform any task better than a human with cognitive
properties.
 B. Types of AI based on the functionality

1. Reactive Machines

do not store memories or past experiences for future actions.

only focus on current scenarios and react on it as per possible best action

Eg:- IBM's Deep Blue system , Google's AlphaGo

2. Limited Memory store past experiences or some data for a short period of time.

Eg:- Self-driving cars

3. Theory of Mind:- understand human emotions, people, beliefs, and be able to

interact socially like humans but still not developed,

4. Self-Awareness:- smarter than the human mind.

➢ Self-Awareness AI does not exist in reality still and it is a hypothetical concept

 How does a human being think?

Intelligence or the cognitive process is composed of three main stages:

➢ Observe and input the information or data in the brain.

➢ Interpret and evaluate the input that is received from the surrounding

environment.

➢ Make decisions as a reaction towards what you received as input and

interpreted and evaluated.

 Cloud computing

 Cloud computing is a general term that describes the delivery of on-

demand services, usually through the internet, on a pay-per-use basis.
 Companies worldwide offer their services to customers over cloud
platforms.
These services might be:- data analysis, social media, video storage, e-
commerce, and AI capabilities that are available through the internet and
supported by cloud computing.
 Applications of AI
1. AI in agriculture
Agriculture is applying AI as agriculture robotics, solid and crop
monitoring, predictive analysis.
2. AI in Healthcare
➢ Healthcare Industries are applying AI to make a better and faster
diagnosis than humans. AI can help doctors with diagnoses and can
inform when patients are worsening so that medical help can reach the
patient before hospitalization.
 .
3. AI in education
 AI can automate grading so that the tutor can have more time to
teach.
AI chatbot can communicate with students as a teaching assistant.
 AI in the future can be work as a personal virtual tutor for students,
which will be accessible easily at any time and any place
4. AI in Finance and E-commerce
 The finance industry is implementing automation, chatbot, adaptive
intelligence, algorithm trading, and machine learning into financial
processes.
 AI is helping shoppers to discover associated products with
recommended size, color, or even brand.
 …
5. AI in Gaming
The AI machines can play strategic games like chess, where the machine
needs to think of a large number of possible places.
6. AI in Data Security
AI can be used to make your data more safe and secure. Some examples
such as AEG bot, AI2 Platform, are used to determine software bugs and
cyber-attacks in a better way.
7. AI in Social Media
AI can organize and manage massive amounts of data. AI can analyze
lots of data to identify the latest trends, hashtags, and requirements of
different users.
 …
8. AI in Travel &Transport
AI is capable of doing various travel related works such as from making
travel arrangements to suggesting the hotels, flights, and best routes to
the customers.
9. AI in the Automotive Industry
➢ Various Industries are currently working for developing self-driven
cars which can make your journey more safe and secure.
 …

10. AI in Robotics
➢ Humanoid Robots are the best examples for AI in robotics, recently
the intelligent Humanoid robot named Erica and Sophia has been
developed which can talk and behave like humans.
11. AI in Entertainment
➢ We are currently using some AI-based applications in our daily life
with some entertainment services such as Netflix or Amazon. With the
help of ML/AI algorithms, these services show the recommendations for
programs or shows.