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09 Data Communication Protocols

Data communication protocols standardize procedures for reliable information exchange, defining message formats, error handling, and flow control to ensure accurate transmission. Error correction methods include Forward Error Correction (FEC) and Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ) protocols, which enhance reliability through redundancy and retransmission. Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols manage shared channel access, while Quality of Service protocols prioritize traffic based on application needs.

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2 views1 page

09 Data Communication Protocols

Data communication protocols standardize procedures for reliable information exchange, defining message formats, error handling, and flow control to ensure accurate transmission. Error correction methods include Forward Error Correction (FEC) and Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ) protocols, which enhance reliability through redundancy and retransmission. Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols manage shared channel access, while Quality of Service protocols prioritize traffic based on application needs.

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Data Communication Protocols and Error Correction Methods

Data communication protocols establish standardized procedures for reliable


information exchange across network infrastructure. These protocols define message
formats, timing sequences, error handling mechanisms, and flow control procedures
ensuring accurate data transmission despite channel impairments and network
congestion.

Error detection mechanisms identify transmission errors through mathematical


redundancy. Parity bits provide simple error detection by ensuring even or odd bit
counts within data blocks. Checksum algorithms compute arithmetic sums of data
segments, detecting most single-bit and many multi-bit errors. Cyclic Redundancy
Check (CRC) uses polynomial division to generate powerful error detection codes.

Forward Error Correction (FEC) enables error correction without retransmission by


adding redundant information to transmitted data. Hamming codes correct single-bit
errors and detect double-bit errors through systematic parity bit placement. Reed-
Solomon codes provide robust error correction for burst errors common in wireless
and storage systems.

Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ) protocols ensure reliable delivery through


acknowledgment and retransmission mechanisms. Stop-and-wait ARQ transmits single
frames awaiting acknowledgment before proceeding, providing simplicity but limited
throughput. Go-back-N ARQ maintains transmission windows, retransmitting from error
points. Selective repeat ARQ retransmits only corrupted frames, optimizing
bandwidth utilization.

Flow control prevents sender overwhelming receiver through buffer management.


Sliding window protocols coordinate transmission rates between communicating
entities. Credit-based flow control allocates transmission permissions, while rate-
based control limits transmission speeds to receiver capabilities.

Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols coordinate shared channel access among
multiple users. CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection)
enables Ethernet operation through collision detection and exponential backoff.
CSMA/CA (Collision Avoidance) prevents collisions in wireless environments where
collision detection proves impractical.

Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) allocates dedicated time slots to different
users, eliminating collisions but requiring synchronization. Frequency Division
Multiple Access (FDMA) assigns separate frequency bands to users, providing
interference isolation. Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) uses orthogonal codes
enabling simultaneous transmission on identical frequencies.

Quality of Service protocols prioritize traffic based on application requirements.


Differentiated Services marks packets with priority levels, enabling routers to
provide appropriate treatment. Integrated Services reserves network resources for
specific flows, guaranteeing performance but requiring complex signaling protocols.

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