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Linux Commands

This document provides a comprehensive list of Linux commands categorized by their functions, including file and directory management, process management, networking, user management, and more. Each command is accompanied by a brief explanation and examples of usage. It serves as a quick reference guide for users to understand and utilize various Linux commands effectively.

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2 views4 pages

Linux Commands

This document provides a comprehensive list of Linux commands categorized by their functions, including file and directory management, process management, networking, user management, and more. Each command is accompanied by a brief explanation and examples of usage. It serves as a quick reference guide for users to understand and utilize various Linux commands effectively.

Uploaded by

dhrupaddutta20
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Linux Commands with Explanations

File and Directory Management


ls: Lists files and directories in the current directory.

ls -l: Long listing format (permissions, ownership, size, modification time).

ls -a: Lists all files including hidden (.) files.

pwd: Prints the current working directory.

cd: Changes the current directory. Example: cd /home/user

mkdir: Creates a new directory. Example: mkdir new_folder

rmdir: Removes an empty directory.

rm: Removes files or directories. Example: rm file.txt, rm -r dir_name

cp: Copies files or directories. Example: cp file1.txt file2.txt

mv: Moves or renames files or directories. Example: mv old.txt new.txt

touch: Creates a new empty file or updates timestamp.

cat: Displays the contents of a file.

more / less: Views file content page-by-page.

find: Searches for files/directories. Example: find . -name "*.txt"

File Permissions and Ownership


chmod: Changes file permissions. Example: chmod 755 file.sh

chown: Changes file owner. Example: chown user:user file.txt

chgrp: Changes group ownership. Example: chgrp developers file.txt

umask: Sets default permissions for new files/directories.

Viewing and Editing Files


nano: Opens file in Nano text editor.

vim / vi: Opens file in Vim editor.

head: Displays first lines of a file. Example: head -n 5 file.txt


tail: Displays last lines of a file. Example: tail -f logfile.log

wc: Counts words, lines, and characters. Example: wc -l file.txt

Process Management
ps: Shows current processes.

top: Displays real-time system processes.

htop: Interactive process viewer (requires install).

kill: Sends signal to a process. Example: kill 1234

killall: Kills all processes with a given name. Example: killall firefox

nice / renice: Sets process priority.

Disk Usage
df: Shows disk space usage. Example: df -h

du: Shows disk usage of files/folders. Example: du -sh folder

mount: Mounts a filesystem.

umount: Unmounts a filesystem.

Networking
ping: Checks connectivity to a host. Example: ping google.com

ifconfig / ip a: Displays IP address and network info.

netstat: Shows active network connections (deprecated, use ss).

ss: Displays socket statistics and connections.

curl: Fetches data from URL. Example: curl http://example.com

wget: Downloads files from the internet.

scp: Secure copy over SSH. Example: scp file.txt user@host:/path

ssh: Secure Shell to remote machine. Example: ssh user@host

Package Management (APT)


apt update: Updates the package list.

apt upgrade: Installs available updates.


apt install package: Installs a package.

apt remove package: Removes a package.

dpkg -i package.deb: Installs a .deb package manually.

Package Management (YUM / DNF)


dnf install package: Installs a package.

dnf update: Updates all packages.

rpm -i package.rpm: Installs an .rpm package.

User Management
adduser / useradd: Adds a new user.

passwd: Changes user password.

deluser / userdel: Deletes a user.

groupadd: Creates a new group.

usermod: Modifies a user. Example: usermod -aG sudo user

System Information
uname -a: Shows kernel and system info.

uptime: Shows how long the system has been running.

hostname: Displays system hostname.

free -h: Displays memory usage.

lscpu: Displays CPU architecture info.

lsblk: Lists block devices.

dmesg: Kernel ring buffer messages (boot log).

Archiving and Compression


tar -cvf archive.tar file: Create a tar archive.

tar -xvf archive.tar: Extract tar archive.

tar -czvf archive.tar.gz folder: Create gzip-compressed tar archive.

gzip file: Compress file using gzip.


gunzip file.gz: Decompress a gzip file.

zip file.zip file1: Create zip file.

unzip file.zip: Extract zip file.

Search and Text Processing


grep "text" file: Searches for text in file.

awk '{print $1}' file: Pattern scanning and processing.

sed 's/old/new/' file: Stream editor (substitute text).

cut -d':' -f1 /etc/passwd: Cuts sections of text.

sort: Sorts lines of text.

uniq: Removes duplicate lines.

diff file1 file2: Shows difference between files.

Other Useful Commands


history: Shows command history.

alias: Creates shortcut for commands. Example: alias ll='ls -l'

echo: Displays message.

date: Displays or sets date and time.

cal: Displays calendar.

man command: Shows manual page of command.

whoami: Displays current user.

sudo: Executes command with superuser privileges.

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