REGIONAL PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT

Dr. H.S. Kumara

Associate Professor
Urban and Regional Planning
School of Planning and Architecture,
University of Mysore, Mysuru
kumarahs@gmail.com

10/28/2022
REGIONAL PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT

Lecture
 Basic Concepts, Types and Classification of regions.
Aim and objectives and need for regional planning.
Delineation of planning regions by various
Techniques- Principal component method,
Composite index, Ridgeline technique, Gravity
potential technique and Boundary girdle method etc.
 Regional Planning and Economic Development-
Backward regions and Developed regions,
 Characteristics and reasons for backwardness.

 Introduction to regional analysis techniques. Linear

Programming, Input and Output model, Growth pole

Hypothesis, Core-periphery models etc.
Syllabus 10/28/2022
REGIONAL PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT

 Regional Development Theories- W. Christaller; Von

Thunen; Losch; A .Weber and W. Isard.
 Application of Regional techniques in District
Planning.
 District Planning: Integrated approach to district
level planning (vertical and horizontal spatial
integration); Rural-Urban spatial relationship;
 District Development Plans – Guidelines for District
Planning: Content and context and methodologies

Syllabus 10/28/2022
REGIONAL PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT

Tutorials
 Multilevel planning – Needs and methods of

multilevel planning in India.

 Growth Foci concept- Regional planning as a
tool to integrate rural and urban areas
 Special Regions: SEZ, Agro Regions,
Ecological regions and Industrial Corridor
regions etc.
 Case Studies of regional plans.

Syllabus 10/28/2022
TYPES AND CLASSIFICATION OF REGION

1.By using indicators - Single factor regions for example

i. Physiographic,
ii. Agriculture,
iii. Economic Composite regions e.g. backward regions
2. Based on relationship –
i. Macro for example India
ii. Meso for example South India
iii. Micro for example Karnataka
3. Based on administrative convenience –
i. land configuration,
ii. climate,
iii. Vegetation,
iv. population density, but with climate as the dominant factor.
 TYPES AND CLASSIFICATION OF REGION

 Single purpose” or “limited purpose” - “Single purpose” or “limited purpose”

regions are defined as areas of an intensive development of a specific natural
resource-a river basin used mainly for the purpose of irrigation is given as the most
typical example of such regions. e.g.Vaigai-Periyar Command Area
 Frontier Regions - Frontier regions-usually sparsely populated areas having rich
natural resources. An intensive explosion of these resources, creation of heavy
industries and new towns are characteristic of the development of such regions (for
instance, Guyana in South America, Aswan in Egypt. etc). North-eastern Frontier
Region etc.
 Depressed Regions - Depressed regions -„Problems areas” distinguished by much
lower living standards than the country as a whole (North Eastern Brazil, South Italy,
Comilla in Bangladesh).BIMARU States in India
 Metropolitan regions- Metropolitan regions and their hinterland (the Capital City
Region-New Delhi). NCR- Delhi, MMR- Mumbai, BMR- Bengaluru etc
 Economic regions - Economic regions or administrative-territorial units established
under a nationwide planning of regionalization. Export zones, SEZs.
 Industrial Corridor Regions – Mumbai Bangalore Industrial corridors, Chennai-
Bangalore Industrial corridors
ON THE BASIS OF STAGES OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

 Developed / Development Regions

 High rate of flow of goods and services
 Share of GDP of the country relatively higher
 Rich natural resource
 Upgraded technology
 High skilled manpower
 Good Infrastructure facilities
 Backward or depressed Regions
 Lack of Infrastructure facilities
 Adverse geo-climatic conditions
 High rate of growth of population
 Low Investment rate
 Low level of urbanization and Industrialization
 Neutral Regions/ Intermediate regions
 Promise for future development –new towns, satellite towns , industrial corridors
BASED ON THE ACTIVITY STATUS ANALYSIS

 Mineral regions –
 iron ore and mineral depositions, gold mining and
promise for high growth rate for the region. HGML –
Raichur, Bilaey, MP etc.
 Manufacturing Regions-
 Propulsive and high progressive industrial growth –
automobile – Haryana, Noida etc
 Cultural Regions –
 Affinity of cultural origin UNESCO WORLD
HERITAGE SITE Hampi, Western Ghats etc
 CLASSIFICATION BASED ON CHARACTERISTICS
Homogeneous Regions Heterogeneous/Nodal Administrative
Regions
Regions
Formal Region/ Single Factor Heterogeneous Regions Planning / Programming Regions
Region /Functional Regions
Geographical area which is Functional regions emphasis A combination of homogeneity,
homogeneous in terms selected interdependence. It composed of nodality and administrative
criteria Geographical criteria heterogeneous units such as convenience
(topography, soil, climate) cities, towns and villages which
are functionally inter related
Economic criteria (per capita The functional relationship is Large enough to make substantial
income, similar production styles, usually revealed in flows of investment decisions, but small
consumption patterns, uniform people, factors, services, enough to comprehend the problem
unemployment commodities and communication as a whole
Social/ political criteria (party Distribution area of retail and Contiguous area, Socio-cultural
allegiance) household goods Freight and homogeneity, Special data
passenger movement, Telephone collection unit, one administrative
communication density, News agency, Optimum size, Narrow
paper circulation areas, disparity
Domiciliary origin of students in
educational institutions, Labor
catchment areas
TYPES OF REGION – MULTI-LEVEL PLANNING PERSPECTIVE

 Macro Regions -Macro region is naturally bigger. Macro region can be a

state of even a group of states, if the states of a country are not big
enough. A Macro-major region can be a zone in a country, which may
comprise of a few States. For example, in India there are East, West,
North, South and Central Zones and „Zonal Councils‟ of which function is
mutual consultation, developing cooperation and mutual counseling.
 Meso Regions - Meso region can be identified with a „division‟ of a state.
Chattisgarh Region, Bundelkhand Region is usually a sub-division of a
state, comprising of several districts.
 Micro Regions - In multi-level planning, district is the micro region. It
becomes the lowest territorial unit of planning in the hierarchy of planning
regions.
 Micro – Minor Region - This is the region which is associated with, what is
called, the grass-root planning. A micro-minor region can be a block/Taluk
for which also data exists now and for which there may be a plan.
DELINEATION OF THE PLANNING REGION

VARIABLES FOR DELINEATION

FORMAL REGION:
Land use characteristics
Demographic characteristics
Transport infrastructure
Social service and public utilities
Socio-economic structures
FUNCTIONAL REGION:
Dominance
Cluster of services and
Hierarchical level of the city including levels below it
DELINEATION OF THE REGION OF A CITY:
FLOWS OF PEOPLE:
Passenger traffic
Floating population
Labour supply/Mobility
Cultural affinity: shopping, major recreational, etc.
DELINEATION OF THE PLANNING REGION

VOLUME OF GOODS AND SERVICES -

Supply of raw materials
Sale of finished goods
Supply of perishable goods like vegetables, milk, egg, meat, etc.
FINANCE & BANKING FACILITIES –
SERVICES AND UTILITIES - Supply and management of services such
as water supply, waste water and solid waste treatment with focus on
recycling and re‐use. Drainage channels, irrigation channels, power
house etc.
INFORMATION: location of institutes, movement of students and
scholars, Telephone calls etc.
OTHERS-
Contiguity of areas
Integrated development
Adjustment of boundaries with other planning areas
Manageable size of the region from planning point of view
 .
DELINEATION OF PLANNING REGIONS

 The first step in the preparation of any Regional Development Plan is to

make a tentative delineation of the operational area of planning i.e., the
planning regions within whose area frame all regional studies could be
undertaken and developments envisaged.
Delineation of planning regions by various techniques:
1. Principal Component Method (One Major Component is considered)

2. Composite Index Techniques (to find economically backward region)

3. Boundary Girdle Techniques (to find metropolitan region)

4. Ridge Line Techniques (to find river basin region)

5. Gravity Potential Techniques (gravity potential of two cities or town)

6. Transition Zone Techniques (two region having same character)

7. Administrative Boundary Techniques (Existing taluk/district boundary

itself a region)

Principal Component Method

 This method was first employed by M.J. Hagood in 1943

to delineate regions of relatively greater homogeneity. In
Indian conditions, M.N. Pal popularized the use of these
techniques after Hagood.
 Region delineation based on factor analysis matrix.
Hoover index of Concentration, Dalton law, Charles Law,
Boyle‟s law and regression analysis.
 MOEFE- Forest ,DPADP- Drought Mines and Geology-
Minerals deposition, coal, Oil and Natural Gas –IOCL
 Composite Index Techniques (to find economically
backward region)

 The value derived based on a combination of various

indicators. Prof. D. Najundappa Committee Report for
HPCRRI- Compressive Composite Index (CCI) using 35
indicators
 IDS identified 14 indicators
 HDI – LEB, Literacy Level, IMR
 GDI-WEI
 Progressive and non-progressive indicators
 Positive indicators = Actual value-Min. Value/Max. Value
–Min. Value
 Negative Indicators = Max.value-Actual
Value/Max.value-Min. value
 Boundary Girdle Techniques (to find metropolitan
region)

 The area/region has the potential to becoming

more urbanized is considered for delineation.
 Commuter zone- Earlier BMR –Mallur was
included
 Standard Urban Area surrounded by Commuter
zone – milk supply, news paper circulation, bank
zones, etc.
 Area of Influence /sphere of influence
 Ridge Line Techniques (to find river basin
region)

 This techniques is used to delineating river

basin or water drainage basin from the ridge
point. TVR – Franklin Roosevelt 1933 DVR
1948 WB, Jharkhand
 CADA-
 Catchment area of lakes or river
Gravity Potential Techniques (gravity potential of
two cities or town)

 Gravity potential model has been developed

by Newton's law which as presented in 1686.
 Universal law of Gravitation
 Law of motion
 Each settlement attract the other settlements
resulting in the movement of people from one
to other. The movement, the no. people
depend on the population of the settlement
and distance lies between them.

Transition Zone Techniques (two region having same
character)

 This technique is used to delineating regions

having zone of transition – under the process
of change
 Geographically distinct areas
 Types of soil
 Bangalore Master Plan – Transition Zone
 In between Hilly and Plain area
 Administrative Boundary Techniques (Existing taluk/district
boundary itself a region)
 Regional Planning and Economic
Development- Backward regions and
Developed regions
 Factors of production – Land, Labour, RM, capital
 Regional Inequalities based on economist view
 Classical economist – Lack of spatial dimensions of
Economic development – factors flow/ Market force
would bring equilibrium. Further argue that, Labour will flow
from low wage region to high wage region and capital will
flow in the reverse direction (From High wage region to low
wage region)
 Maxist View (Karl marx)- Regional inequality exists due
to capitalistic economy- search for maximum profit
 PERROUX View – Growth does not appear everywhere at
the same time, it appear certain growth poles with variable
intensities.
 GUNNAR MYRDAL – ECONOMIC THEORY AND
UNDER DEVELOED REGION
 Spread Effects – Growth inducing efforts – Inflow raw
materials, new technology, demand for the agricultural
products
 Backwash effects – Adverse effects – withdrawal of
skilled labour from underdeveloped region capital and
goods
 HIRSCHMAN’S – Inter-regional inequality of growth an
inevitable commitment
Trickling Down effects and
Polarization effects
 Typical causes of Regional inequalities

 Government Policy –
 Industrial Licensing Policy -1951 Bombay, Calcutta and
Madras (35.77%) Bihar and Orissa -6.34%
 Concentration of Nationalized Banks

 Central Allocation to States

 Human Capital – Human capital is a key factor to long-run

economic growth. Literacy is the one among the key indicator for
development
 Geographical Differences – Boarded States and hostile countries
–NEFR,
 Various factors contributing to regional
inequalities

 Percentage of Developmental Expenditure

 Literacy level – Bihar, Orissa and Jharkhand –
Kerala
 Road Density - Road density is the ratio of the
length of the country's total road network to the
country's land area. 1,80KM /SQ.KM its
equaling to Germany
 Port – Location of ports/ Coastal areas
 Arid Climate – Agro-climatic conditions
 Boarder – J&K,
 Reasons for regional inequalities

 Liberalization of foreign investment and domestic

investment
 FDI India has emerged as the second most attractive
destination of FDI after China
 FDI Destinations states – Maharashtra, Delhi,
Karnataka, TN, Gujarat, AP together accounted for more
than 70% FDI. NEFR very negligible contribution
through FDI
 Private Investment – PPP MODEL –NICE CORRIDOR,
ELEVETHED HIGHWAYS, Special Purpose vehicles
(SPV)
Strategies for decreasing regional inequalities

 Fiscal incentives –direct subsidies/cross

subsidies
 Public Investment – TRUNK infrastructure
 Facilitating labour mobility –Relocation
assistants can be given, it includes transport,
housing and resettlement allowances
 Enhancing agency for participation-
 Education
 Types of disparities

 Global Disparity/ Imbalance

 Inter –State Disparity (Disparity between the
States)
 Intra-State Disparities (Disparities within the
States)
 Rural –Urban Disparities (Basic Facilities)
 Per capita income
 Standard of living, Poverty, Physical Quality of Life (PQoL)
 Consumption pattern and life style
 Industrial and Agricultural Development
 Allocation of Resources
 Quality of Governance
 Regional Imbalance and Backwardness

Planning is coordinated and balance between supply

and demand
 Inter-sectroal imbalances
 Inter – regional imbalances
 Intra-sectoral Imbalances
 Intra-regional Imbalance