Pattern of Indian Urbanisation

60
U
r 50
b 48 49
a 40 45
42
n 38 39
35
32 34
30

25 27
P
20
o 22
p 10 17
14
. 11
% 0
Evolution of Planning
Ancient planning: up to 8th Century B.C.

Ancient planning: from 8th Century B.C to the 6th Century AD

Dark Ages: 6th Century AD to 10th Century AD

Medieval Ages: 10th Century – 14th Century AD

Renaissance period: 15th to 18th Century

Industrial revolution - 19th Century AD

Modern Planning
Evolution of Planning: Ancient Planning
Mohenjo-dara & Harappa

Twin Capitals

Population: 40,000

Conformed to Distinctive & Evolved Principles of Planning

Oldest Example of Systematic Planning

Circumference: Three Miles

Communication by Natural Water Ways

Town Plan: A Protected Citadel Towering above the City

Evolution of Planning: Ancient Planning …contd

Residence of high Officials, Pillared Hall, Granary, Great Bath

Orderly Arrangement of Streets with Remarkable regularity

Oldest Example of Systematic Planning

Major Streets: South to North

Minor Streets: East to West

Each Block 400x200 yards; subdivided by narrow lanes

Evolution of Planning: Vedic Period - 200 to 600 BC

Selection of Sites for Towns

Design of Layouts

Street Network Pattern

Design of Buildings up to 12 stories

 Evolution of Planning: Chanakya’s Arthashastra
 Regional considerations

 Congested towns decentralized

 Towns located in central part of a country

 Sites selected on river banks or natural lakes

 City shapes:- circular, rectangular or square and suited the topography

 Moats & protected walls

 Latrine and a wells in houses

 Drains disposed waste water

 Sewer blocking punishable

 Evolution of Planning …contd
Medieval period 19th Century Contemporary Developments

Vijayanagar emerged Industrial Development

Towns more than five lakhs Growth of Slums

Muslims invaded India TN Public Health Act, 1939

City Improvement Trusts

Renaissance period – New Towns Cantonment Boards

Taj Mahal

Agra and the Red Forts

 Twentieth Century development
Fateh-pur sikri
Patrick Geddes visited India
Jaipur
 Evolution of Planning: Town Planning Legislation
Pre-Independence
Post-Independence

Bombay Town planning Act, 1915

 Urbaisation & Industrialisation
 Developments spilled over
Madras Town planning Act 1920
 U.K. Town & Country
General Town Planning Scheme
Planning Acts, 1932 & 1947

 Joint Town Planning Scheme  Model Town and Country

 Detailed Town Planning Scheme Planning Act, 1961

 Bombay Town and Regional

Planning Act 1966

 Tamil Nadu T & C P Act, 1971

Planning Principles
Environmental protection

Participation by stakeholders

Economic viability

Institutional Arrangement

Pyramid Management

Legal Support

Application of Technology

Self- reliance
 Physical, Social and economic factors in relation
to Development
Demography (Temporal Data)
Physical characteristics
(i) Total pop (ii) Male (iii) Female

i. Terrain (iv) Decennial Growth Rate

(v) Density (vi) sex – Ratio

ii. Slope
(v) Literacy Level

iii. Relief (viii) House Hold size and numbers

(x) Age-Group
iv. Rain fall (xi) Linguistic composition

(xii) Religious composition

v. Topographical (vi)Geology

vii Minerals viii soil

ix Land use x Water Resources

 Physical, Social and economic factors
…..(contd)
(i) Major crops and cropping pattern (i) Income and Expenditure pattern

(ii) Employment pattern

(ii) Production and value of major crops

(iii) Occupational pattern

(iii) Irrigated Areas by type of Irrigation
(iv) Manufacturing and House-hold industries -
(iv) Forests Types, Numbers, Area, value of production and
investment
( v) Fisheries (vi)Live stock
(v) Cottage Industries

(vi) places of historical & Tourism importance

(vii) Banks

(viii) Commercial units

 Physical, Social and economic factors
…..(contd)

Transport & Communications Housing

i)Transport Network – Road and Rail i) Housing stock

(ii) Road and Traffic characteristics (ii) Typology

(iii) Tenure
(iii) Transport Terminals
(iv) Materials
(iv) Nos. of Trains and buses
(v) No. of stories

(v) Distance to Bus Stops (vi) Age

(vi) Post offices, and Telecom Centers (vii) Basic Amenities

 Physical, Social and economic factors
…..(contd)
Water Supply and Sanitation Social Facilities and Utilities

(i) Quantity and quality of water (i) Numbers and locations of hierarchy of
Educational and Health facilities including
(ii) coverage
number of beds in hospitals

(iii) Type of Treatment

(ii) Recreational and Religious facilities
(iv) sources
(iii) Number of Residential and commercial
(v) Type of Sanitary facilities electrical connections

(vi) Method of liquid and solid waste disposal (ii) Street Lights.
and its impact on the environment
 AREAS AUTHORITIES PLANS
REGIONAL PLANNING REGIONAL PLANNING REGIONAL PLANS
AREA AUTHORITIES

CHENNAI CHENNAI MASTER PLANS,

METROPOLITAN AREA METROPOLITAN DETAILED
DEVELOPMENT DEVELOPMENT
AUTHORITY PLANS (DDP)

LOCAL PLANNING AREA LOCAL PLANNING MASTER PLANS

AUTHORITIES DDPs

SITE FOR NEWTOWN NEW TOWN NEW TOWN

DEVELOPMENT DEVELOPMENT
AUTHORITIES PLANS
11/2/2019 15
Definition of A Region
 A Geographical Area or Areal Unit with Limits & Bounds

 A Spatial Organisation of varying Dimensions – a few Villages or a number of

Countries

 Larger than a City

 Comprises Urban and Rural Settlements

 Every District considered as a Region in India

Concept of the Regional Approach
 Principles of Whole to Part

 Regional Plan (RP) more Comprehensive than City Planning

 City Planning (CP) is inward Looking

 RP aims at Overall Development of Functionally Integrated Areas

 RP gives a Birds’ eye view of the situation – a holistic Approach

 A Vital Link between Urban & Rural Development

17
Characteristics of A Region
 Functional Integration- Interaction, Inter dependence &

Interrelationship

 Spatial Integration – Geographical Contiguity

 Similarity in Composition – Economic, Social, Spatial, Cultural

 Regionalism – Areal Linkage, Areal Homogeneity and

Contiguity
18
Types of Regions
 Physical Region – land forms, climate, soil, Relief

 Economic Region – Agricultural, Industrial

 Socio – Cultural Regions: Heritage, Conservation

 Metropolitan Region/ City Region

 Natural Resource Region

 Level of Development

19
Objectives of A Regional Plan
Minimise Socio-Economic, and Infrastructure disparities and

Strive for a Balanced Pattern of Development by eliminating

lopsided Development

Optimise utilisation of Natural, Human Resources and Manmade

Resources
20
 Contents of Regional Plans
 IDENTIFICATION OF THE HIERARCHY URBAN & RURAL SETTLEMENTS

 EVALUTION OF TRANSPORTATION NETWORK

 DEMARCATION OF CONSERVATION AREAS & TOURISM POTENTIAL

AREAS

 AFFORESTATION & PREVENTION OF EROSION

 DEVELOPMENT OF WATER FRONT AREAS

11/2/2019 21
 Preparation of Development Plan: Master Plan
Delineation of the Local Planning Area

Identification of Problems, Potentials & Characteristics

Set Aim & Objectives

Formulate the Master Plan

Evaluate Alternatives & Choose the Best Among them

Identify Institutions for Monitoring, Review & Implementation

Mobilise Resources
Delineation of Planning Area
Indicators

Land use
◦ Urban sprawl- isolated industries, educational institutions, cluster of houses and
shops
◦ Fallow land
◦ Garden crops
◦ Approved and unapproved layouts
◦ Brick kilns
Delineation of Planning Area…
Other indicators:
◦ Commuting Villages for education,
◦ Population size
employment, medical, recreational
◦ Growth rate
facilities

◦ Density
◦ Villages supplying daily essentials

◦ Sub- division of lands such as milk, flowers, fruits to the city

◦ Frequency of changes in Ownership ◦ Intra-city transport services area

◦ Telephone zone
 Contents of Master Plans
 RESERVATION OF LAND FOR RESI,COMM,INDUS, INSTI, TRAFFIC & TRANS & UTILITIES

 PROPOSAL FOR NEW TRANSPORT LINKS, MISSING LINKS & IMPROVEMENT OF

EXISTING ONES

 IDENTIFICATION AREAS FOR URBAN RENEWAL

 DEVELOPMENT CONTROL REGULATIONS

 PRIORITISATION OF DDPs

11/2/2019 25
Data collected
Site Planning
(i) Physical characteristics
(ii)Quarries and hillocks
(a) Size
(b) Shape (iiI) Hydrological factors
(c) Extent a. Depth of Ground water
(d) Relief
potential
(e) Slope
(f) Soil and soil characteristics b. Drainage
(g) Water Bodies
c. High flood level
(i) Standing crops
(j) Roads / Railways d. Areas vulnerable for flooding

(k) Buildings
Site Planning …contd
Data collected
(v) Proximity to Transport services
(iii) Land Profile
(a) Proximity to Bus stop / Bus
◦ Existing land use
◦ Land ownership Terminus / Railway station
◦ Land value
(vi)Proximity to employment
(iv) off – site Infrastructure potentials
Class and status of approach road
(vii) Proximity to educational /
Proximity to services – water supply, Health / Recreational / Religions
sewerage system, electricity Institutions
 Site Planning … contd Planning Parameters
• No filled up / made up soil

• 90 m away from burning / burial ground

• 30 m away from Railway land boundary

• 15 m away from water bodies

• 300 m away from monuments

• 500 m away from quarry & crusher

• 500m away from high tide line

• Conformity to the land use zoning in the Master Plan

• Horizontal & Vertical Clearance from High & low tension lines
Legal Mechanism for Enforcement of Planning
Document Compatibility of Land Use

Living Environment - Quality of Life

Working Environment – Hassle Free

Social Living – Good Neighborliness

Enable Desirable Pattern of Cities

Components of Development Control
Regulations
DCR

SUB-
ZONING BUILDING
DIVISION
REGULATON REGULATION
REGULARTION

MASTER PLAN / D.D.P MUNICIPAL BYE -LAW

 Elements of Zoning Regulations
ZONING
REGULATON

PLOT EXTENT
LANDUSE ROAD WIDTH FSI
&
FRONTAGE

SETBACKS COVERAGE HEIGHT

Zoning Regulations: Land Use Classifications
Primary Residential Open Space & Recreational

Mixed Residential Non-Urban

Commercial Agricultural

Industrial Urbanisable

Special Hazardous Industrial

Institutional