LITERATURE REVIEW OF QUANTUM COMPUTING.

ABSTRACT:
➢ Quantum computers produce a revolutionary system using the laws of quantum
mechanics. This new technology has the capable to fix the complex problems much
faster as compared to traditional computers. Quantum computers use two tools
namely quantum entanglement and quantum superposition. These two is the key
factor used in quantum computing. This innovative technology is now working in
many multinational corporation (MNC’S) industries such as IBM, GOOGLE,
MICROSOFT etc. this literature explains the depth and future scope of quantum
computing

➢ Quantum is used in small area levels such as atoms or molecules. Quantum physics
plays a major role to solve complex problems into seconds that’s why quantum
technology research is more peculiar that conventional computing. Quantum particles
like photon, neutron and electrons. Quantum computing works on the principle of
quantum physics and mechanics. It produces the vision of quantum age describing
novel applications.

INTRODUCTION:
➢ Computing systems today follow classical binary logic that uses transistors to process
data in sequences of 0s and 1s.
➢ As semiconductor devices get closer to atomic sizes, classical physics is not enough to
explain their functioning. Gordon Moore foresaw this shift, predicting that the number
of transistors would double every 18 months or so.
➢ But as we reach the physical limits of transistor miniaturization, new paradigms like
quantum computing are required. Quantum computing takes advantage of the tenets
of quantum mechanics, such that it can perform operations on atomic and subatomic
levels, where particles can perform strange actions such as superposition and
entanglement.

➢ Picture if your computer was as clever as nature processing information not only as 1s
and 0s, but in an entirely new manner that mirrors the bizarre laws of quantum
physics. That's what quantum computing is all about. Essentially, quantum computing
relies on the strange and intriguing behaviors of small particles, such as electrons or
photons.

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 ➢ While regular computers utilize bits (either a 0 or a 1), quantum computers employ
qubits. These qubits may be 0, 1, or both at the same moment sort of like having two
places to be simultaneously. This is referred to as superposition. And that's not the
only magic they have up their sleeve. Qubits can become entangled too, where one
qubit's state instantaneously influences another, regardless of how far away they are.
This type of "spooky action at a distance" (as Einstein once described it) enables
quantum computers to solve some problems at lightning speed compared to the most
powerful supercomputers available today. Why does this matter, then? Because if we
can create and manage these computers, they might revolutionize what we're able to
do—from cracking hard encryption, to developing new drugs, to maximizing massive
systems like traffic or supply chains. quantum computing is only just beginning, but
the possibilities are enormous. It's like we're just beginning to learn how to power
lightning—not to be afraid of, but to harness.

FUNDAMENTALS OF QUANTUM COMPUTING:

➢ Quantum computing represents a dramatic divergence from classical computing.
Rather than using classical bits, quantum systems rely on quantum bits (qubits), which
can hold more than one state at a time as a result of superposition. Also, entangled
qubits can exist in an area-correlated state even when widely separated, having the
potential to allow far greater parallel processing capabilities than conventional
systems. Several physical systems, such as photons, ions, and superconducting
circuits, have been considered for implementing qubits

➢ Solid-state realizations, like silicon-based spin qubits, are compatible with existing
semiconductor device manufacturing infrastructure and scalable. Classical computing
has been the foundation of technology for decades, but its limitations are more evident
with increases in data volumes and complexity. Quantum computing arrives
promising to disrupt this landscape by introducing systems capable of performing
intricate computations far more efficiently. Quantum computers use principles such as
superposition, entanglement, and quantum tunneling to explore many computational
paths at once.

➢ This new paradigm isn't just an improvement it redefines computation at the most
basic level. Quantum technologies are already being investigated in cryptography,
logistics, materials discovery, and artificial intelligence. This review explores the
evolution of quantum computing historically, its theoretical foundation, technology
development, and the diversely broad set of possibilities ahead.

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EVOLUTION OF QUANTUM COMPUTING:
The concept of quantum computing emerged in the 1980s. D-Wave Systems led the
development of quantum processors, starting from very small systems and gradually
advancing to thousands of qubits. Despite all such developments, quantum computers remain
confined to the laboratory. Classical systems rely upon binary logic, in which information is
stored and processed with the assistance of bits (0 or 1). Traditional systems handle
information sequentially, imposing limitations on speed and efficiency for certain kinds of
problems.

Quantum computing brings in quantum bits or qubits, which can represent 0 and 1
simultaneously due to superposition. Entanglement, another pillar of quantum theory, allows
the qubits to be correlated regardless of location. These characteristics make quantum
processors work on a gigantic number of possibilities in parallel, a rarity for simulations,
optimization, and cryptography. This shift from bits to qubits is a computational theory and
practice achievement.

QUANTUM SUPREMACY AND APPLICATIONS:

It is basically classified into three types:

• Superposition
• Entanglement
• Decoherence

The above three is the key factor in quantum technology which works more complex
problems into simpler by using the principles of quantum physics. The quantum
physics works on micro levels such as atoms and molecules And the quantum
applications solve month duration problem into seconds in time.

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SOLVING COMPLEX OPTIMIZATION AND SIMULATION
PROBLEMS:
1. Accelerating artificial intelligence
2. Enhancing cryptographic security.

KEY PRINCIPLES OF QUANTUM MECHANICS IN COMPUTING:

These principles form the bedrock of quantum computing and distinguish it fundamentally
from classical models.

1. Superposition: Allows a qubit to exist in several states simultaneously,

exponentially scaling computation.
2. Entanglement: Connects qubits
in a manner that one's state influences another even from distant locations.
3. Quantum Tunneling: Enables particles to pass through barriers, helpful in optimization
problems.

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4. Interference: Quantum algorithms utilize this to enhance accurate results
and eliminate inaccurate ones.

HARDWARE PLATFORMS FOR QUANTUM COMPUTING:

Several architectures have been developed for implementing quantum computers:

1. Superconducting Qubits: Used by IBM and Google; these systems use

superconducting circuits cooled near absolute zero.

2. Trapped Ions: Ions suspended in electromagnetic fields and manipulated using lasers.

3. Photonic Quantum Computers: Use light particles (photons) and are promising for
communication.

4. Topological Qubits: Offer theoretical resistance to decoherence, under active

development Each platform has its strengths and limitations, and global research
continues to find the most scalable and stable system.

SOFTWARE AND ALGORITHMS IN QUANTUM COMPUTING:

1. Drug Discovery: Molecule simulation for pharmaceutical development.
2. Optimization: Supply chains, logistics, and financial portfolios.
3. Material Science: Simulation of new materials for energy, aerospace, and
construction.
4. Artificial Intelligence: Enhancing machine learning via Quantum Machine Learning
(QML).

In parallel to hardware, the landscape of quantum software is also changing.

Quantum programming languages like Qi skit, Cirq, and Q# allow programmers to
implement quantum algorithms.

Some of the prominent quantum algorithms are:

5. Shor's Algorithm: For integer factorization, breaking RSA encryption. Grover's

Algorithm: For search problems with no structure, offering quadratic speedup.
Quantum Fourier Transform: Backdrop of numerous quantum algorithms. Software
also encompasses quantum compilers, simulators, and debuggers, essential for
programming and testing on quantum hardware.

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6. In traditional physics, one can teleport an object, in principle, by making a
measurement to fully specify the properties of the object and information then sent
somewhere else, and this object rebuilt. In addition, classical information theory
concurs with common sense: if one wishes to transmit a message by utilizing an
object that can be placed in one of N distinguishable states, themost number of
various messages that can be transmitted is N. For instance, single photon can exist
only in two distinguishable polarization states: righthanded and lefthanded. Hence
one photon cannot carry more than two different messages i. e. a single bit of
information. Notwithstanding the fundamental question: can one give a complete
reconstruction of the original object?
7. The answer is no.

8. All the physical systems are ultimately quantum mechanical and quantum mechanics
informs us that it is not possible to fully determine the state of an unknown quantum
system, so it is not possible to employ the classical measurement procedure in order
to transfer a quantum system from one place to another. This is because of
Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle, which says that the more precisely an object is
scanned, the more it gets disrupted by the act of scanning, until one attains a stage
where the objects original state has been wholly disturbed, yet without having
gathered enough information to create a perfect copy

9. Teleportation was not seriously considered by scientists until quite recently.

Typically, teleportation is the term used by science fiction authors for the
achievement of causing an object or a person to dissolve at one location while an
exact duplicate materializes elsewhere. Normally this is done by scanning the object
in such a way as to extract all the information from it, then this information is
transmitted to the information from it, then this information is transmitted to the
receiving location and used to construct the replica, not necessarily from the actual
material of the original, but probably from atoms of the same kinds, arranged in
exactly the same pattern as the original.

10. A teleportation machine would be similar to a fax machine, only it would operate on
3-dimensional objects and documents as well, it would make a duplicate copy exactly
as opposed to an approximate replica and it would vaporize the original during the
process of scanning it.

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CURRENT APPLICATIONS OF QUANTUM COMPUTING:
Quantum computing is being directly used in various areas: Cryptography: Post-quantum
cryptography is being created to counter the attack offered by Shor's algorithm.

QUANTUM SUPREMACY AND BEYOND:

➢ Quantum supremacy was first demonstrated when Google’s quantum processor solved
a specific problem exponentially faster than any classical supercomputer. Although
the task was highly specialized, it marked a pivotal achievement.
➢ Researchers are now focusing on the Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) era
— working with imperfect yet functional quantum devices to derive practical results.

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 The transition to fault-tolerant, large-scale quantum machines will define the next
decade of innovation.

CHALLENGES IN QUANTUM COMPUTING:

Despite its promise, several technical and theoretical challenges persist:

• Decoherence and Noise: Maintaining qubit stability over time.

• Error Correction: Quantum error-correcting codes are computationally expensive.
• Scalability: Building machines with thousands or millions of qubits.
• Resource Requirements: Cryogenic systems and specialized materials.
• Researchers worldwide are actively addressing these bottlenecks through cross-
disciplinary collaboration.

CRYPTOGRAPHY AND FACTORIZATION:

➢ Public key cryptographic systems rely on the computational difficulty of factoring
large integers.
Traditional approaches fail with such tasks, but quantum algorithms such as Shor's
algorithm cut down the complexity dramatically. Likewise, Grover's algorithm
enhances unsorted database searching efficiency to only √N operations compared to
N/2.

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK: SUPERPOSITION AND

ENTANGLEMENT:
• A qubit can also be in both 0 and 1 simultaneously, called superposition. This
allows quantum systems to perform multiple calculations simultaneously.

• Entanglement produces correlations classical systems cannot achieve, enabling

efficient quantum operations and secure communication schemes.

QUANTUM TELEPORTATION AND INFORMATION THEORY:

Quantum teleportation involves the transfer of quantum states from one location to
another without even moving the particle itself. The task depends on entanglement
and is of profound importance to quantum information theory and communication.
Quantum states cannot be copied exactly like in classical systems, yet another proof
of the singularity of quantum data processing.

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FUTURE DIRECTIONS AND CHALLENGES:
Key areas of ongoing research include:

• Quantum simulations for molecular modeling and drug design

• Cloud-based quantum computing platforms
• Quantum-enhanced robotics and intelligent transportation system
• Development of quantum-safe encryption techniques
• Challenges continue in scaling qubit counts, lowering error rates,
and controlling decoherence. Quantum state fragility and environmental noise are maj
or challenges. Additionally, coupling quantum systems to classical
infrastructure needs new hardware, software, and theory.

QUANTUM EVOLUTION:
1. Quantum Internet: Quantum-secured communication using entangled photon transmission.
2. Hybrid Systems: Blending classical and quantum computers for best performance.
3. Quantum-as-a-Service: Cloud-based access to quantum platforms.
4. Quantum Ethics: New ethical concerns surrounding encryption, AI, and access equity.

The convergence of quantum computing with cloud, AI, and IoT technologies will redefine
innovation ecosystems.

FIGURE NO:3

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GLOBAL RESEARCH LANDSCAPE:
Quantum computing research has expanded globally, with the U.S., China, and Germany
leading in publication output. Major contributions come from academic institutions,
government agencies, and private companies. Research spans disciplines such as physics,
computer science, materials science, and engineering.

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INDUSTRY ADOPTION AND CASE STUDIES:
1. IBM Quantum: Offering access to quantum processors via cloud.
2. Google Sycamore: Achieved first quantum supremacy result.
3. D-Wave Systems: Commercial quantum annealers for optimization.
4. Volkswagen: Traffic management solutions using quantum algorithms.
5. Microsoft Azure Quantum: Integrated cloud-quantum development platform.

Industries such as finance, healthcare, logistics, energy, and telecommunications are

beginning to integrate quantum capabilities into R&D pipelines.

QUANTUM WORKFORCE DEVELOPMENT AND EDUCATION:

➢ The emergence of quantum computing has created a need for a
new generation of experts. Quantum information science, quantum programming, and
hardware design are now being taught by universities and websites.
➢ Government and technology companies are working together through
initiatives to develop a global quantum
workforce ready to cope with the challenges of this new technology.

HUMANOID ROLES IN QUANTUM TRAINING:

➢ Edu-Bot (Quantum Educator): Edu-Bot is meant to provide quantum courses to

students. Edu-Bot teaches in quantum terms, familiarizing the coming generation with
concepts such as qubit states, entanglement, and quantum circuits. Edu-Bot has the
capacity to interpret intricate theories into natural visualizations and hands-on
experiments with the help of mixed reality technologies. Lab-Bot (Quantum
Engineer): Lab-Bot toils in controlled laboratory settings, tuning cryogenic systems
and laser alignment for qubit stability. Lab-Bot guarantees that quantum processors
are coherent and operational, a requirement for quantum experiments and practical
applications. Code-Bot (Quantum Programmer): Code-Bot is a master of coding
algorithms.
➢ Code-Bot optimizes quantum circuits for low decoherence and high fidelity. Code-Bot
is proficient in classical logic as well as quantum parallelism. Ethic-Bot (Quantum
Policy Advisor): This bot is designed to learn about the human impact of quantum
computing. It assesses risks for data privacy, cryptographic changes, and ethical
guidelines for quantum research. Ethic-Bot helps make quantum systems responsibly
and transparently developed.

BUILDING THE QUANTUM WORKFORCE:

➢ Governments and institutions are launching quantum centers, offering certifications,
degrees, and fellowships to train the human counterparts of Edu-Bots, Lab-Bots,

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 Code-Bots, and Ethic-Bots. Programs are emerging across: Universities (offering
BSc, MSc, PhDs in quantum fields) Industry-led bootcamps
➢ National initiatives like QIS (Quantum Information Science) in the U. S. and
Quantum Flagship in the entire world.

FIGURE NO:5

CONCLUSION:
A New Kind of Power:

1. Traditional computers think in 0s and 1s. Quantum computers use qubits, which can
be 0, 1, or both at once. That opens the door to solving complex problems faster than
ever before.
2. Superposition & Entanglement = Superpowers:
Quantum computers use weird but powerful principles of quantum physics:
3. Superposition lets qubits hold multiple possibilities at once.

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 4. Entanglement links qubits in ways that defy common sense, enabling incredible
coordination.
5. Not replacing but reinventing: Quantum computers will not replace our phones or
laptops. They will be addressing certain tasks where traditional computers fall shorts
such as cracking encryption, modelling molecules or optimizing supply chains.
6. Still a work in progress: Quantum systems are sensitive and difficult to manage but
scientists and engineers are progressing steadily and initial versions already exist
7. Huge future potential: Revolutionize cyber security and accelerate drug discovery and
optimize global systems like traffic, energy, finance. Deepen our understanding of
universe.
8. Big players are betting big: Companies like IBM, Google, Microsoft and startups all
over the world pouring resources into quantum tech governments and universities are
in the game too.
9. Quantum computing has revolutionary potential in many sectors. Although existing
systems are still improvements in qubit technology, algorithms and quantum
infrastructure continued to expand the frontiers of what can be computed.
Interdisciplinary collaboration among academy, industries and governments is needed
to achieve the full potential of quantum technologies.
10. Quantum computing represents one of the deepest transformations in the history of
technology, its potential to solve hard problems, model nature and protect information
may hold fair reaching consequences as difficulties are addressed and technology
advances, quantum computing will most lightly be at the center of the future of
science, industry and society

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[16]
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 ANNEXURE

This includes:
1.Plagiarism report
2.Ai report
3.Referred journal papers
DESCRIPTION MARKS OBTAINED

PRESENTATION 3

NOVELTY 2

CONTENT ARRANGEMENT 3

VIVA VOCE 2

TOTAL 10

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