LITERATURE REVIEW OF QUANTUM COMPUTING.

ABSTRACT:
➢ Quantum computers produce a revolutionary system using the laws of quantum
mechanics. This new technology has the capable to fix the complex problems much
faster as compared to traditional computers. Quantum computers use two tools
namely quantum entanglement and quantum superposition. These two is the key
factor used in quantum computing. This innovative technology is now working in
many multinational corporation (MNC’S) industries such as IBM, GOOGLE,
MICROSOFT etc. this literature explains the depth and future scope of quantum
computing

➢ Quantum is used in small area levels such as atoms or molecules. Quantum physics
plays a major role to solve complex problems into seconds that’s why quantum
technology research is more peculiar that conventional computing. Quantum particles
like photon, neutron and electrons. Quantum computing works on the principle of
quantum physics and mechanics. It produces the vision of quantum age describing
novel applications.

INTRODUCTION:
➢ Computing systems today follow classical binary logic that uses transistors to process
data in sequences of 0s and 1s.
➢ As semiconductor devices get closer to atomic sizes, classical physics is not enough to
explain their functioning. Gordon Moore foresaw this shift, predicting that the number
of transistors would double every 18 months or so.
➢ But as we reach the physical limits of transistor miniaturization, new paradigms like
quantum computing are required. Quantum computing takes advantage of the tenets
of quantum mechanics, such that it can perform operations on atomic and subatomic
levels, where particles can perform strange actions such as superposition and
entanglement.

➢ Picture if your computer was as clever as nature processing information not only as 1s
and 0s, but in an entirely new manner that mirrors the bizarre laws of quantum
physics. That's what quantum computing is all about. Essentially, quantum computing
relies on the strange and intriguing behaviors of small particles, such as electrons or
photons.

[1]
 ➢ While regular computers utilize bits (either a 0 or a 1), quantum computers employ
qubits. These qubits may be 0, 1, or both at the same moment sort of like having two
places to be simultaneously. This is referred to as superposition. And that's not the
only magic they have up their sleeve. Qubits can become entangled too, where one
qubit's state instantaneously influences another, regardless of how far away they are.
This type of "spooky action at a distance" (as Einstein once described it) enables
quantum computers to solve some problems at lightning speed compared to the most
powerful supercomputers available today. Why does this matter, then? Because if we
can create and manage these computers, they might revolutionize what we're able to
do—from cracking hard encryption, to developing new drugs, to maximizing massive
systems like traffic or supply chains. quantum computing is only just beginning, but
the possibilities are enormous. It's like we're just beginning to learn how to power
lightning—not to be afraid of, but to harness.

FUNDAMENTALS OF QUANTUM COMPUTING:

➢ Quantum computing represents a dramatic divergence from classical computing.
Rather than using classical bits, quantum systems rely on quantum bits (qubits), which
can hold more than one state at a time as a result of superposition. Also, entangled
qubits can exist in an area-correlated state even when widely separated, having the
potential to allow far greater parallel processing capabilities than conventional
systems. Several physical systems, such as photons, ions, and superconducting
circuits, have been considered for implementing qubits

➢ Solid-state realizations, like silicon-based spin qubits, are compatible with existing
semiconductor device manufacturing infrastructure and scalable. Classical computing
has been the foundation of technology for decades, but its limitations are more evident
with increases in data volumes and complexity. Quantum computing arrives
promising to disrupt this landscape by introducing systems capable of performing
intricate computations far more efficiently. Quantum computers use principles such as
superposition, entanglement, and quantum tunneling to explore many computational
paths at once.

➢ This new paradigm isn't just an improvement it redefines computation at the most
basic level. Quantum technologies are already being investigated in cryptography,
logistics, materials discovery, and artificial intelligence. This review explores the
evolution of quantum computing historically, its theoretical foundation, technology
development, and the diversely broad set of possibilities ahead.

[2]
EVOLUTION OF QUANTUM COMPUTING:
The concept of quantum computing emerged in the 1980s. D-Wave Systems led the
development of quantum processors, starting from very small systems and gradually
advancing to thousands of qubits. Despite all such developments, quantum computers remain
confined to the laboratory. Classical systems rely upon binary logic, in which information is
stored and processed with the assistance of bits (0 or 1). Traditional systems handle
information sequentially, imposing limitations on speed and efficiency for certain kinds of
problems.

Quantum computing brings in quantum bits or qubits, which can represent 0 and 1
simultaneously due to superposition. Entanglement, another pillar of quantum theory, allows
the qubits to be correlated regardless of location. These characteristics make quantum
processors work on a gigantic number of possibilities in parallel, a rarity for simulations,
optimization, and cryptography. This shift from bits to qubits is a computational theory and
practice achievement.

QUANTUM SUPREMACY AND APPLICATIONS:

It is basically classified into three types:

• Superposition
• Entanglement
• Decoherence

The above three is the key factor in quantum technology which works more complex
problems into simpler by using the principles of quantum physics. The quantum
physics works on micro levels such as atoms and molecules And the quantum
applications solve month duration problem into seconds in time.

[3]
SOLVING COMPLEX OPTIMIZATION AND SIMULATION
PROBLEMS:
1. Accelerating artificial intelligence
2. Enhancing cryptographic security.

KEY PRINCIPLES OF QUANTUM MECHANICS IN COMPUTING:

These principles form the bedrock of quantum computing and distinguish it fundamentally
from classical models.

1. Superposition: Allows a qubit to exist in several states simultaneously,

exponentially scaling computation.
2. Entanglement: Connects qubits
in a manner that one's state influences another even from distant locations.
3. Quantum Tunneling: Enables particles to pass through barriers, helpful in optimization
problems.

[4]
4. Interference: Quantum algorithms utilize this to enhance accurate results
and eliminate inaccurate ones.

HARDWARE PLATFORMS FOR QUANTUM COMPUTING:

Several architectures have been developed for implementing quantum computers:

1. Superconducting Qubits: Used by IBM and Google; these systems use

superconducting circuits cooled near absolute zero.

2. Trapped Ions: Ions suspended in electromagnetic fields and manipulated using lasers.

3. Photonic Quantum Computers: Use light particles (photons) and are promising for
communication.

4. Topological Qubits: Offer theoretical resistance to decoherence, under active

development Each platform has its strengths and limitations, and global research
continues to find the most scalable and stable system.

SOFTWARE AND ALGORITHMS IN QUANTUM COMPUTING:

1. Drug Discovery: Molecule simulation for pharmaceutical development.
2. Optimization: Supply chains, logistics, and financial portfolios.
3. Material Science: Simulation of new materials for energy, aerospace, and
construction.
4. Artificial Intelligence: Enhancing machine learning via Quantum Machine Learning
(QML).

In parallel to hardware, the landscape of quantum software is also changing.

Quantum programming languages like Qi skit, Cirq, and Q# allow programmers to
implement quantum algorithms.

Some of the prominent quantum algorithms are:

5. Shor's Algorithm: For integer factorization, breaking RSA encryption. Grover's

Algorithm: For search problems with no structure, offering quadratic speedup.
Quantum Fourier Transform: Backdrop of numerous quantum algorithms. Software
also encompasses quantum compilers, simulators, and debuggers, essential for
programming and testing on quantum hardware.

[5]
6. In traditional physics, one can teleport an object, in principle, by making a
measurement to fully specify the properties of the object and information then sent
somewhere else, and this object rebuilt. In addition, classical information theory
concurs with common sense: if one wishes to transmit a message by utilizing an
object that can be placed in one of N distinguishable states, themost number of
various messages that can be transmitted is N. For instance, single photon can exist
only in two distinguishable polarization states: righthanded and lefthanded. Hence
one photon cannot carry more than two different messages i. e. a single bit of
information. Notwithstanding the fundamental question: can one give a complete
reconstruction of the original object?
7. The answer is no.

8. All the physical systems are ultimately quantum mechanical and quantum mechanics
informs us that it is not possible to fully determine the state of an unknown quantum
system, so it is not possible to employ the classical measurement procedure in order
to transfer a quantum system from one place to another. This is because of
Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle, which says that the more precisely an object is
scanned, the more it gets disrupted by the act of scanning, until one attains a stage
where the objects original state has been wholly disturbed, yet without having
gathered enough information to create a perfect copy

9. Teleportation was not seriously considered by scientists until quite recently.

Typically, teleportation is the term used by science fiction authors for the
achievement of causing an object or a person to dissolve at one location while an
exact duplicate materializes elsewhere. Normally this is done by scanning the object
in such a way as to extract all the information from it, then this information is
transmitted to the information from it, then this information is transmitted to the
receiving location and used to construct the replica, not necessarily from the actual
material of the original, but probably from atoms of the same kinds, arranged in
exactly the same pattern as the original.

10. A teleportation machine would be similar to a fax machine, only it would operate on
3-dimensional objects and documents as well, it would make a duplicate copy exactly
as opposed to an approximate replica and it would vaporize the original during the
process of scanning it.

[6]
CURRENT APPLICATIONS OF QUANTUM COMPUTING:
Quantum computing is being directly used in various areas: Cryptography: Post-quantum
cryptography is being created to counter the attack offered by Shor's algorithm.

QUANTUM SUPREMACY AND BEYOND:

➢ Quantum supremacy was first demonstrated when Google’s quantum processor solved
a specific problem exponentially faster than any classical supercomputer. Although
the task was highly specialized, it marked a pivotal achievement.
➢ Researchers are now focusing on the Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) era
— working with imperfect yet functional quantum devices to derive practical results.

[7]
 The transition to fault-tolerant, large-scale quantum machines will define the next
decade of innovation.

CHALLENGES IN QUANTUM COMPUTING:

Despite its promise, several technical and theoretical challenges persist:

• Decoherence and Noise: Maintaining qubit stability over time.

• Error Correction: Quantum error-correcting codes are computationally expensive.
• Scalability: Building machines with thousands or millions of qubits.
• Resource Requirements: Cryogenic systems and specialized materials.
• Researchers worldwide are actively addressing these bottlenecks through cross-
disciplinary collaboration.

CRYPTOGRAPHY AND FACTORIZATION:

➢ Public key cryptographic systems rely on the computational difficulty of factoring
large integers.
Traditional approaches fail with such tasks, but quantum algorithms such as Shor's
algorithm cut down the complexity dramatically. Likewise, Grover's algorithm
enhances unsorted database searching efficiency to only √N operations compared to
N/2.

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK: SUPERPOSITION AND

ENTANGLEMENT:
• A qubit can also be in both 0 and 1 simultaneously, called superposition. This
allows quantum systems to perform multiple calculations simultaneously.

• Entanglement produces correlations classical systems cannot achieve, enabling

efficient quantum operations and secure communication schemes.

QUANTUM TELEPORTATION AND INFORMATION THEORY:

Quantum teleportation involves the transfer of quantum states from one location to
another without even moving the particle itself. The task depends on entanglement
and is of profound importance to quantum information theory and communication.
Quantum states cannot be copied exactly like in classical systems, yet another proof
of the singularity of quantum data processing.

[8]
FUTURE DIRECTIONS AND CHALLENGES:
Key areas of ongoing research include:

• Quantum simulations for molecular modeling and drug design

• Cloud-based quantum computing platforms
• Quantum-enhanced robotics and intelligent transportation system
• Development of quantum-safe encryption techniques
• Challenges continue in scaling qubit counts, lowering error rates,
and controlling decoherence. Quantum state fragility and environmental noise are maj
or challenges. Additionally, coupling quantum systems to classical
infrastructure needs new hardware, software, and theory.

QUANTUM EVOLUTION:
1. Quantum Internet: Quantum-secured communication using entangled photon transmission.
2. Hybrid Systems: Blending classical and quantum computers for best performance.
3. Quantum-as-a-Service: Cloud-based access to quantum platforms.
4. Quantum Ethics: New ethical concerns surrounding encryption, AI, and access equity.

The convergence of quantum computing with cloud, AI, and IoT technologies will redefine
innovation ecosystems.

FIGURE NO:3

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GLOBAL RESEARCH LANDSCAPE:
Quantum computing research has expanded globally, with the U.S., China, and Germany
leading in publication output. Major contributions come from academic institutions,
government agencies, and private companies. Research spans disciplines such as physics,
computer science, materials science, and engineering.

[10]
INDUSTRY ADOPTION AND CASE STUDIES:
1. IBM Quantum: Offering access to quantum processors via cloud.
2. Google Sycamore: Achieved first quantum supremacy result.
3. D-Wave Systems: Commercial quantum annealers for optimization.
4. Volkswagen: Traffic management solutions using quantum algorithms.
5. Microsoft Azure Quantum: Integrated cloud-quantum development platform.

Industries such as finance, healthcare, logistics, energy, and telecommunications are

beginning to integrate quantum capabilities into R&D pipelines.

QUANTUM WORKFORCE DEVELOPMENT AND EDUCATION:

➢ The emergence of quantum computing has created a need for a
new generation of experts. Quantum information science, quantum programming, and
hardware design are now being taught by universities and websites.
➢ Government and technology companies are working together through
initiatives to develop a global quantum
workforce ready to cope with the challenges of this new technology.

HUMANOID ROLES IN QUANTUM TRAINING:

➢ Edu-Bot (Quantum Educator): Edu-Bot is meant to provide quantum courses to

students. Edu-Bot teaches in quantum terms, familiarizing the coming generation with
concepts such as qubit states, entanglement, and quantum circuits. Edu-Bot has the
capacity to interpret intricate theories into natural visualizations and hands-on
experiments with the help of mixed reality technologies. Lab-Bot (Quantum
Engineer): Lab-Bot toils in controlled laboratory settings, tuning cryogenic systems
and laser alignment for qubit stability. Lab-Bot guarantees that quantum processors
are coherent and operational, a requirement for quantum experiments and practical
applications. Code-Bot (Quantum Programmer): Code-Bot is a master of coding
algorithms.
➢ Code-Bot optimizes quantum circuits for low decoherence and high fidelity. Code-Bot
is proficient in classical logic as well as quantum parallelism. Ethic-Bot (Quantum
Policy Advisor): This bot is designed to learn about the human impact of quantum
computing. It assesses risks for data privacy, cryptographic changes, and ethical
guidelines for quantum research. Ethic-Bot helps make quantum systems responsibly
and transparently developed.

BUILDING THE QUANTUM WORKFORCE:

➢ Governments and institutions are launching quantum centers, offering certifications,
degrees, and fellowships to train the human counterparts of Edu-Bots, Lab-Bots,

[11]
 Code-Bots, and Ethic-Bots. Programs are emerging across: Universities (offering
BSc, MSc, PhDs in quantum fields) Industry-led bootcamps
➢ National initiatives like QIS (Quantum Information Science) in the U. S. and
Quantum Flagship in the entire world.

FIGURE NO:5

CONCLUSION:
A New Kind of Power:

1. Traditional computers think in 0s and 1s. Quantum computers use qubits, which can
be 0, 1, or both at once. That opens the door to solving complex problems faster than
ever before.
2. Superposition & Entanglement = Superpowers:
Quantum computers use weird but powerful principles of quantum physics:
3. Superposition lets qubits hold multiple possibilities at once.

[12]
 4. Entanglement links qubits in ways that defy common sense, enabling incredible
coordination.
5. Not replacing but reinventing: Quantum computers will not replace our phones or
laptops. They will be addressing certain tasks where traditional computers fall shorts
such as cracking encryption, modelling molecules or optimizing supply chains.
6. Still a work in progress: Quantum systems are sensitive and difficult to manage but
scientists and engineers are progressing steadily and initial versions already exist
7. Huge future potential: Revolutionize cyber security and accelerate drug discovery and
optimize global systems like traffic, energy, finance. Deepen our understanding of
universe.
8. Big players are betting big: Companies like IBM, Google, Microsoft and startups all
over the world pouring resources into quantum tech governments and universities are
in the game too.
9. Quantum computing has revolutionary potential in many sectors. Although existing
systems are still improvements in qubit technology, algorithms and quantum
infrastructure continued to expand the frontiers of what can be computed.
Interdisciplinary collaboration among academy, industries and governments is needed
to achieve the full potential of quantum technologies.
10. Quantum computing represents one of the deepest transformations in the history of
technology, its potential to solve hard problems, model nature and protect information
may hold fair reaching consequences as difficulties are addressed and technology
advances, quantum computing will most lightly be at the center of the future of
science, industry and society

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processor. Nature, 574(7779), 505–510.
2. Biamonte, J., Wittek, P., Pancotti, N., Rebentrost, P., Wiebe, N., & Lloyd, S. (2017).
Quantum machine learning. Nature, 549(7671), 195–202.
3. Dixit, A., & Jian, T. (2022). Quantum supremacy and nonlinear problem-solving
strategies. Journal of Emerging Computing Technologies, 14(2), 88–97.
4. Gill, K., Nair, S., & Chen, L. (2022). The democratization of quantum computing
through cloud infrastructure. ACM Computing Surveys, 55(3), 1–25.
5. Mikkelsen, J., Zhang, H., & Lu, T. (2007). Complexity reduction through quantum-
assisted modeling. International Journal of Quantum Computing, 1(1), 34–49.
6. Heim, B., Ronnow, T. F., Isakov, S. V., & Troyer, M. (2020). Quantum simulations of
molecular structures for pharmacological innovation. Nature Reviews Physics, 2(2),
112–120.

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7. Daley, A. J., Endres, M., & Scholl, P. (2022). Simulating molecular dynamics with
quantum hardware. Nature, 606(7912), 40–47.
8. Hughes, R., Harris, J., & Davis, P. (2022). Commercial quantum computing:
Opportunities and roadmaps. IBM Journal of Research and Development, 66(4), 1–9.
9. MacQuarrie, E. R., Lee, K., & Steffen, M. (2020). Post-quantum encryption in
practice. Nature Reviews Physics, 2(5), 260–275.
10. Wehner, S., Elkouss, D., & Hanson, R. (2018). Quantum internet: A vision for the
road ahead. Science, 362(6412), 303.
11. Mannone, M., D’Alò, M., & Altamirano, L. (2023). Quantum-enhanced robotics and
automation. Swarm and Evolutionary Computation, 77, 101194.
12. Singh, R., & Gill, S. (2023). Sustainable intelligent transport using quantum-AI
fusion. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 24(2), 1067–1079.
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Schoelkopf, R. J. (2012). Realization of three-qubit quantum error correction with
superconducting circuits. Nature, 482(7385), 382–385.
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Quantum Computing Series, 10(3), 142–153.
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AI and quantum mechanics. Nature Computational Intelligence, 3(4), 212–220.
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analytics. Data Mobility Journal, 6(1), 19–31.
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intelligent routing: Beyond GPS. Nature Communications, 6, 7913.
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Chemical Physics Reports, 18(4), 256–274.
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28. Liu, C., & Wang, D. (2022). Applications of quantum computing in finance and risk
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[15]
[16]
[17]
 ANNEXURE

This includes:
1.Plagiarism report
2.Ai report

DESCRIPTION MARKS OBTAINED

PRESENTATION 3

NOVELTY 2

CONTENT ARRANGEMENT 3

VIVA VOCE 2

TOTAL 10

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 EXERCISE-2
Industry visit report: roots industries India limited, Coimbatore.

INTRODUCTION:
➢ As part of our academic curriculum, I had the opportunity to visit Roots Industries
India Limited, located in Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu. This visit was both insightful and
inspiring, offering a deep understanding of how a large-scale industrial organization
operates with discipline, precision, and innovation. The company is best known for
manufacturing automobile horns but has diversified into precision engineering,
electric vehicles, and ergonomic furniture.

➢ Roots Industries, founded in 1970, is the flagship company of the Roots Group and is
best known for manufacturing automobile horns. However, during the visit, I realized
that the company is not limited to just horns it has diversified into precision
engineering, electronics manufacturing, ergonomic furniture, electric mobility,
and high-end calibration services. The moment we entered the factory premises, we
were welcomed by well-organized infrastructure, systematic workflows, and a strong
sense of discipline that was visible in every section of the plant.

➢ This report is based on the direct observations and explanations provided by the
company’s floor engineers and supervisors. It reflects how the company successfully
integrates industry best practices like 5S, Poka-Yoke, Kanban, and Lean
Manufacturing into their day-to-day operations to maintain efficiency and quality.
The experience also gave me a first-hand view of how global standards are achieved
right here in India, and how professionalism, innovation, and employee coordination
play key roles in the success of a manufacturing unit.

COMPANY OVERVIEW:
➢ Roots Industries was established in 1970 and has now become one of the
largest manufacturers of vehicle horns in India. They also produce high-
precision machined components, electronics, and calibration services. The
factory is fully equipped with modern machinery and follows world-class
standards for quality, safety, and productivity.

➢ During our visit to Roots Industries India Limited, we were introduced to

the rich history and wide operational scope of one of India’s most respected
industrial manufacturers. Founded in 1970 by Mr. K. Ramasamy, Roots

[19]
 Industries started its journey in Coimbatore with a focused vision — to
manufacture world-class vehicle horns that could compete globally. Over the
years, the company has expanded far beyond its initial product line and has
grown into a multi-domain engineering company with international
recognition.

➢ Today, Roots Industries is the flagship company of the Roots Group, which
includes several other business verticals such as Roots Multi clean (cleaning
machines), Roots Syona (ergonomic furniture), Roots Calibration Services,
and Roots Electronics. With its headquarters and major production facilities
located in Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, the company employs thousands of
professionals across departments such as manufacturing, research and
development, quality assurance, and supply chain management.

➢ What stood out to me during the visit was the diversity of products and high
standards of quality control maintained in each unit. Though the company is
globally known for manufacturing automobile horns used in two-wheelers,
three-wheelers, passenger cars, and commercial vehicles,

It also manufactures:
1. Precision machined components used in automotive and aerospace sectors,
2. Electronic components and printed circuit boards (PCBs),
3. Reverse alarms and safety devices,
4. Electric buggies and carts, and
5. Medical equipment accessories and assemblies.

WORKFLOW PROCESS OBSERVED:

1. Raw Material Handling:

The process begins with the careful procurement and inspection of raw materials. They have
a dedicated inspection team that checks the quality of incoming components using standard
gauges and instruments.

2. Component Manufacturing:

Different parts of the horn (like diaphragms, casings, and coils) are manufactured in-house. I
observed various machines like:

• Press machines for shaping metal components.

• Winding machines for coil production.

• Plastic injection moulding machines for casing.

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3. Assembly Line:

The horn assembly is done in a sequential process involving:

• Mounting of coils

• Fixing diaphragms
• Adjusting the tone

• Screwing and sealing

The company has 17 dedicated horn assembly lines. Each line follows a well-defined
Standard Operating Procedure (SOP).

4. Testing & Quality Control:

Each finished horn goes through an automatic sound frequency tester. If the tone does not
meet standards, it is sent for rework or rejection. The Quality Control (QC) department is
equipped with vibration, endurance, and temperature testing machines.

INDUSTRIAL PRACTICES OBSERVED:

5S Implementation

Roots Industries follows the 5S methodology across all departments. Here's how I noticed it
in practice:

• Seiri (Sort): Each workstation had only the tools needed, and unnecessary items were
removed.

• Seiton (Set in Order): Tools and materials were labelled and placed in fixed
locations for easy access.

• Seiso (Shine): The shop floor was spotless; cleaning was done at regular intervals.

• Seiketsu (Standardize): Colour coding and standard signage were visible

everywhere.

• Shitsuke (Sustain): Employees were actively maintaining these practices without

supervision.

Poka-Yoke (Error Proofing)

The company uses Poka-Yoke techniques to avoid human errors in production. Some
examples I observed:

• Fixtures that allow parts to be assembled in only one orientation.

• Sensors that stop the line if a part is missing.

• Visual indicators that show if a step has been skipped.

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This drastically reduces rework and ensures product reliability.

Kanban System

They follow the Kanban system for inventory control and workflow management. Each part
bin had Kanban cards, which signal the need to replenish components. This pull-based
system avoids overproduction and maintains lean inventory levels.

I was able to see how Kanban boards were used to track work progress, material movement,
and timelines across departments.

Lean Manufacturing

Roots Industries has successfully implemented Lean Manufacturing principles. Their aim is
to eliminate waste in every form – whether it’s time, motion, or material. For instance:
• They use Value Stream Mapping (VSM) to identify non-value-added steps.

• They follow Just-In-Time (JIT) production to reduce inventory holding costs.

• Workers are trained to multitask and take ownership of quality, which minimizes idle
time.

EMPLOYEE TRAINING AND SAFETY:

One of the key aspects that stood out during my visit to Roots Industries India Limited was
their strong emphasis on employee training and workplace safety. It was evident that the
company not only focuses on producing high-quality products but also gives equal
importance to the growth, safety, and skill development of its employees. This balance
between performance and people was inspiring to witness.

1. Structured Employee Training Programs

Roots Industries has a well-established training and development department that handles
everything from induction programs for new recruits to upskilling sessions for experienced
staff. We were told that every new employee, whether a fresher or experienced, must undergo
a detailed orientation program before they are assigned to the shop floor.

They have a dedicated training centre within the campus, equipped with demo models, charts,
safety gear, and training kits. During our tour, we got to see a classroom-like setting where
operators were being trained on:

• Operating CNC and winding machines

• Reading technical drawings

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 • Following standard operating procedures (SOPs)

• Quality control checkpoints

Employees are also trained in Lean Manufacturing principles, 5S methodology, and Kaizen
activities. These aren't just theoretical — the practices are visibly followed on the floor.
Regular on-the-job training and skill assessments ensure that employees stay updated with the
latest practices and technologies.

There are also cross-functional training sessions where employees from different departments
are encouraged to learn tasks outside their usual responsibilities. This builds flexibility and
helps reduce production delays when one department is short-staffed.
2. Safety Practices and Culture

Workplace safety is not treated as an afterthought at Roots — it's deeply integrated into the
company culture. Right from the entrance, we noticed:
• Mandatory PPE (Personal Protective Equipment) like helmets, safety shoes, gloves,
and earplugs.
• Clear safety signage in all work zones.

• Fire extinguishers, emergency exits, and first aid kits placed at regular intervals.

The company follows ISO 45001 – Occupational Health & Safety Standard, which ensures
that all safety norms are strictly implemented and monitored.

We observed several safety practices on the floor such as:

• Sensor-based machines that automatically shut down in case of abnormalities.

• Two-hand control systems on press machines to avoid accidental hand injuries.

• Anti-slip mats and proper lighting in workstations.

There were also posters and visual boards displaying recent safety metrics such as “X days
without accident,” which encourages a safety-first mindset.

Regular safety audits, mock drills, and first-aid training are conducted to keep employees
prepared for any emergencies. Supervisors and safety officers perform daily walkthroughs to
identify risks and resolve them immediately.

Roots also conducts monthly safety talks and workshops, where workers are made aware of
fire safety, electrical hazards, chemical handling, and ergonomic practices. These programs
are sometimes led by external experts or certified trainers.

3. Health and Well-Being Initiatives

Apart from operational safety, Roots Industries also invests in the overall well-being of
employees. They have:
• A clean and hygienic canteen with subsidized meals.

[23]
 • A medical centre with basic facilities and a visiting doctor.

• Tie-ups with nearby hospitals for emergency care.

• Health check-up camps and wellness sessions held periodically.

During our interaction with HR staff, we learned that employees are also encouraged to
participate in fitness, yoga, and sports activities, which are sometimes organized during
weekends or special occasions.

My Reflection:
What impressed me most was that safety and training are not just rules but part of the
everyday routine at Roots. From the way employees followed safety norms without being
told, to the clean and organized environment, everything showed that the company has
instilled a culture of discipline and care. As a student, this gave me a real-world
understanding of how critical human resource development and safety management are in
any successful industry.

CONCLUSION:
➢ The visit to roots industries not only taught how to work and implement techniques,
but it also taught me how to be discipline in a industry. The experience of roots
industries is 4 hours, but I gained knowledge for my lifetime.

➢ Visiting Roots Industries gave me a clear picture of what a professionally managed

manufacturing unit looks like. From raw materials to finished goods, every step was
handled with precision. The use of industrial engineering concepts and modern
management techniques like 5S, Kanban, and Poka-Yoke proves why Roots is a
trusted brand worldwide. This experience has deepened my interest in manufacturing
systems and industrial management.

DESCRIPTION MAX MARKS MARKS OBTAINED

PRESENTATION 3

NOVELTY 2

CONTENT 3
ARRANGEMENT
VIVA VOCE 2

TOTAL 10

[24]
 EXERCISE-3
Energy efficiency and management report - Roots industries
India limited, Coimbatore.

Introduction:
➢ Energy efficiency is a critical aspect of modern manufacturing, playing a vital role in
reducing operational costs, enhancing sustainability, and minimizing environmental
impact. During my visit to Roots Industries India Limited, I observed how the
company has adopted various strategies and technologies to improve energy
efficiency across its manufacturing processes.

➢ During our industrial visit to Roots Industries India Limited, I was able to witness
how a successful manufacturing company can combine engineering excellence with
environmental consciousness. Roots Industries, headquartered in Coimbatore, is not
just known for its high-quality automobile horns and precision products, but also for its
thoughtful implementation of energy management practices that align with global
sustainability standards. What made this visit particularly meaningful was the
opportunity to see how energy efficiency is achieved not only through machines and
technology but also through employee awareness, lean systems, and real-time
monitoring. It was clear that energy management at Roots is not treated as a one-time
project but as an ongoing, continuously improving process that is embedded into the
company’s core operations. this report presents my detailed observations and
understanding of the various energy-saving measures employed by Roots Industries,
the infrastructure supporting these efforts, and the cultural practices that sustain them.
It also reflects on how industries can improve their environmental impact while
remaining economically strong and globally competitive.

Current Energy Management Practices:

Energy Conservation Awareness and Culture:

One of the first things that struck me during the visit was the company’s focus on energy
conservation as a shared responsibility. Roots Industries has cultivated an energy-conscious
culture by educating employees about the importance of saving energy. Throughout the factory,
posters and visual reminders encourage staff to switch off equipment and lighting when not in
use, avoid unnecessary energy consumption, and adopt sustainable habits in their daily work
routines.

This awareness program is supported by routine training sessions where employees learn
simple but effective energy-saving practices, helping to embed energy efficiency into the

[25]
company’s core values. I observed that workers actively participate in these initiatives,
reflecting a collective commitment to sustainability.

Investment in Energy-Efficient Equipment:

Roots Industries has made significant investments in modern, energy-efficient machinery and
lighting to reduce electricity consumption without compromising productivity. Key highlights
include:

• Variable Frequency Drives (VFDs): Many electric motors in the plant are equipped
with VFDs, allowing the motor speed to be adjusted based on real-time load
requirements. This flexibility helps in minimizing power wastage, especially during
low-demand cycles.
• LED Lighting: The entire factory and office spaces are illuminated with LED lights,
which consume much less power compared to traditional fluorescent or incandescent
lighting. This retrofit alone has led to substantial energy savings.
• Automatic Shutdown Features: Certain machines incorporate automatic shutdown or
sleep modes that activate during idle periods, ensuring no energy is wasted when
equipment is not in active use.

Real-Time Energy Monitoring:

An essential component of the company’s energy strategy is the use of real-time energy
monitoring systems. These digital tools track energy consumption across different
departments and machinery. The system generates alerts for unusual spikes in power use,
allowing maintenance teams to promptly investigate and rectify inefficiencies such as faulty
motors or electrical leaks.

The data gathered also assists management in making informed decisions about equipment
upgrades and scheduling to further optimize energy use.

Energy Optimization Techniques:

During my visit to Roots Industries, one of the most technically impressive aspects I observed
was their focused effort on optimizing energy usage throughout their manufacturing operations.
Rather than relying solely on energy-efficient machines, the company adopts a system-wide
approach to energy optimization that includes engineering improvements, operational
planning, and process innovation. Below are some of the major techniques and strategies used
by the company to optimize energy usage:

1. Smart Production Scheduling:

[26]
Roots Industries places significant emphasis on intelligent production planning, which is
crucial for reducing unnecessary energy consumption. Production is scheduled in such a way
that machines run in longer, uninterrupted cycles rather than frequent start-stop operations,
which tend to consume more energy and reduce machine life. By grouping similar jobs and
aligning workloads with off-peak electricity hours, the company ensures better utilization of
resources and avoids energy spikes.

2. Machine Utilization and Load Balancing:

A major strategy in energy optimization is balancing the electrical load across different
machines and sections of the factory. Roots uses automated monitoring systems that analyse
machine usage and identify underperforming equipment. Based on the collected data,
maintenance teams either optimize the settings or service the machines to restore their
efficiency. Machines that are idle for extended periods are powered down or operated in sleep
mode to minimize energy waste.

3. Waste Heat Recovery Systems:

In many areas of the plant, I observed that Roots Industries uses waste heat recovery systems
to capture and repurpose thermal energy generated by motors, compressors, and other
machinery. This captured heat is then reused in other processes, such as pre-heating air or water
used in cleaning and drying operations. This technique not only reduces the energy demand for
auxiliary operations but also contributes to maintaining a consistent ambient temperature inside
the factory.

4. Compressed Air Optimization:

Compressed air systems, often called the "fourth utility" in manufacturing, are known to be
high energy consumers. Roots Industries has taken steps to optimize its compressed air
system by:

a) Eliminating air leakages using ultrasonic detection tools.

b) Using variable speed drives on air compressors to adjust flow according to demand.
c) Running compressors during non-peak hours to fill storage tanks.
These measures help reduce energy loss and maintain optimal pressure without
overloading the system.

5. Use of Energy-Efficient Motors and Drives:

Roots Industries has replaced outdated motors with IE3-grade (premium efficiency) motors
that consume less energy while delivering the same or better output. Additionally, inverter
drives, and servo motors are used on various production lines to offer precise speed and torque
control. These advanced motor systems significantly improve the energy-to-output ratio across
processes like winding, forming, and assembly.

[27]
 6. Real-Time Energy Analytics and Dashboards:

One of the most impactful practices I noticed was the use of digital dashboards and SCADA-
based systems for real-time energy tracking. These dashboards are placed in control rooms
and some production areas, displaying metrics like:

a) Unit-wise power consumption

b) Energy consumption per product batch
c) Historical usage trends
d) Equipment-wise energy efficiency

This transparency enables supervisors and managers to make data-driven decisions. If any
section shows abnormal energy usage, corrective action is taken immediately, such as checking
for overloads, equipment wear, or inefficiencies in process design.

7. Lean Manufacturing and Energy Efficiency:

Energy efficiency is deeply integrated with the company’s Lean Manufacturing philosophy.
By eliminating waste in production processes—be it in time, materials, or energy—Roots
Industries reduces unnecessary power consumption. Some examples include:

a) Streamlined workflows that reduce machine idle time.

b) Optimized production schedules that prevent frequent start-stop cycles, which are
energy-intensive.
c) Continuous improvement (Kaizen) initiatives that involve employees in identifying and
solving energy-related inefficiencies.

These lean strategies ensure that the factory operates not just efficiently but also sustainably.

8. Exploring Renewable Energy:

Roots Industries is proactively exploring renewable energy sources to further its sustainability
goals. Plans to install solar photovoltaic panels on factory rooftops are underway. By
harnessing solar power, the company aims to reduce reliance on conventional grid electricity,
lowering its carbon footprint and operational costs in the long term.

9. Employee Engagement and Training:

Energy efficiency at Roots Industries is reinforced through ongoing employee engagement

programs. Workers receive regular training about energy-saving techniques, including turning
off unused equipment, using energy-efficient tools properly, and minimizing wasteful
practices. Employees are encouraged to participate actively in energy audits and improvement
suggestions, creating a collaborative environment focused on sustainability.

[28]
Conclusion:

The energy efficiency measures adopted by Roots Industries India

Limited showcase how a manufacturing unit can successfully balance productivity with
environmental responsibility. Through a combination of employee awareness,
investment in modern equipment, real-time monitoring, and lean manufacturing, the
company has made significant strides in reducing its energy consumption. Moving
forward, expanding renewable energy adoption and further integrating smart energy
management systems can enhance these efforts. My visit to Roots Industries
highlighted the importance of a holistic and continuous approach to energy
efficiency—one that involves technology, processes, and people working together
towards a sustainable future. This experience has given me a practical perspective on
how energy management is a key driver of competitiveness and corporate responsibility
in today’s industrial landscape.

DESCRIPTION MAX MARKS MARKS OBTAINED

PRESENTATION 3

NOVELTY 2

CONTENT 3
ARRANGEMENT
VIVA VOCE 2

TOTAL 10

[29]
 EXERCISE-4
Process Improvement report – Roots Industries India Limited,
Coimbatore.
Introduction:
➢ In today’s competitive manufacturing landscape, continuous process improvement is
vital for enhancing productivity, minimizing waste, improving quality, and
maintaining customer satisfaction.
➢ During my visit to Roots Industries India Ltd, I observed how the company actively
implements various process improvement techniques across its operations to
maintain efficiency, reduce errors, and meet global standards. As a student of
industrial practices, this visit gave me a deeper insight into how theoretical concepts
like 5S, Poka-Yoke, Kanban, Lean Manufacturing, and Kaizen are practically
implemented on the factory floor.
➢ Below is a detailed explanation of the key process improvement strategies
employed at Roots Industries, along with suggestions and observations based on my
visit.

Various techniques used by roots industries for manufacturing:

1. Implementation of 5S Principles:
Roots Industries maintains a clean, organized, and efficient work environment using the 5S
methodology — Sort, set in order, Shine, Standardize, and Sustain.

a) Sort (Seiri): Unnecessary items are removed from work areas. I noticed that tools and
materials that were not needed for daily tasks were relocated or disposed of.

b) Set in Order (Seiton): Tools, materials, and documents were well arranged, labelled,
and placed for easy access. Shadow boards and color-coded racks were used for tool
placement.

c) Shine (Seiso): Daily cleaning schedules were followed. Workstations, machinery, and
pathways were clean and clutter-free.

d) Standardize (Seiketsu): Standard procedures were clearly displayed at every

workstation. Each area had visual instructions for operations, safety, and maintenance.
e) Sustain (Shitsuke): Regular audits are conducted to maintain 5S discipline.
Employees were also trained to be responsible for their own workspaces.
This system helps reduce time loss, avoid workplace accidents, and ensures that the
workspace is always production ready.

[30]
2. Application of Poka-Yoke (Mistake Proofing):
Poka-Yoke is a Japanese term for “mistake-proofing.” Roots Industries uses simple but
effective mechanisms to avoid human errors in manufacturing and assembly processes.

a) During the horn assembly process, I observed fixtures with shape constraints that
prevent incorrect parts from being assembled.

b) Electrical testing setups are designed in a way that the operator cannot proceed
without the correct input connections.

c) Sensors and limit switches are embedded in machines to detect improper part
placement or orientation, automatically halting operations if an error is detected.

These systems ensure quality assurance and reduce rework, making processes more robust
and reliable.

3. Use of Kanban for Material Flow:

Kanban cards and boards are actively used to control inventory and streamline workflow.

a) In the stores and sub-assembly sections, I observed color-coded bins and visual
Kanban cards to indicate when materials need to be replenished.

b) The production lines are fed materials based on pull systems, meaning items are only
produced or moved when required, minimizing excess stock or shortages.

This system improves material traceability, reduces waiting time, and aligns with Just-In-
Time (JIT) principles.

4. Lean Manufacturing Techniques:

Roots Industries has adopted various Lean Manufacturing principles to reduce waste
(Muda) and improve value delivery to the customer.

a) Value Stream Mapping (VSM): The company has mapped its major manufacturing
processes to identify bottlenecks and non-value-adding steps.
b) Cellular Manufacturing: Workstations are arranged in U-shaped layouts, reducing
movement of parts and workers while enabling smooth, one-piece flow.
c) SMED (Single Minute Exchange of Die): Quick changeover methods are used on
stamping and moulding machines to minimize downtime during product changeovers.

d) Kaizen Boards: Teams are encouraged to continuously suggest process

improvements, which are documented on Kaizen boards at the shopfloor level.

[31]
5. Quality Circles and Employee Involvement:

One of the most inspiring things I noticed was the level of employee involvement in process
improvements.

• Roots encourages Quality Circles, where small groups of employees meet regularly
to identify problems and suggest improvements.

• Suggestions are evaluated monthly, and employees whose ideas are implemented are
recognized, creating a motivational and participative environment.

This bottom-up approach to innovation ensures that process improvements are practical and
accepted by the workforce.

6. Digital Monitoring and Data Analytics:

Roots is gradually adopting Industry 4.0 practices by integrating digital monitoring tools.

• Real-time dashboards display production rates, energy usage, machine status, and
downtime analysis.

• Data collected from machines is used to identify inefficiencies, predict maintenance

needs, and reduce breakdowns through predictive maintenance systems.

This not only improves equipment availability but also enhances decision-making and long-
term planning.

Identification of Improvement Ideas in Roots Industries:

During my visit to Roots Industries, I carefully observed their production systems, workflow,
materials handling, and workforce engagement. While the company has already implemented
various process optimization techniques like 5S, Lean Manufacturing, Kanban, and Poka-
Yoke, there are still areas where incremental improvements can lead to greater efficiency,
safety, and sustainability. Below are some student-identified ideas for improvement, based
on ground-level observations and learnings from industrial engineering principles:

1. Digital Maintenance Scheduling

While preventive maintenance is in place, much of the scheduling is still semi-manual. By

implementing a digital CMMS (Computerized Maintenance Management System), the
company could automate reminders, track breakdown histories, and reduce unexpected
downtimes.
Benefit: Improved equipment uptime and reduced maintenance cost.

[32]
2. Operator Skill Matrix and Cross-Training:

The company could maintain a visual skill matrix board for every production cell, which
displays the skills each operator has. Cross-training employees to handle multiple tasks can
make the workflow more flexible during absenteeism or peak production hours.
Benefit: Reduces bottlenecks and increases workforce adaptability.

3. Semi-Automated Material Handling:

A significant portion of time is consumed in manual transfer of components between

departments. Introducing low-cost Automated Guided Vehicles (AGVs) or even trolley-
based pull systems can streamline this.
Benefit: Reduces labour fatigue, improves time efficiency, and enhances flow.

4. Energy Waste Identification Campaign:

Even though Roots is strong in energy management, organizing internal campaigns where
employees identify sources of energy loss (e.g., leaks, idle machines, excess lighting) can
foster better ownership.
Benefit: Promotes employee awareness and supports sustainability goals.

5. Real-Time Andon System for Downtime Alerts:

Installing a simple Andon system (lights and alarms) that instantly signals production line
issues to supervisors can lead to faster response and less downtime. This can be integrated
with existing SCADA systems.
Benefit: Enhances communication and minimizes production stoppages.

6. Workstation Ergonomics Audit:

Some operators were observed bending frequently or stretching to reach tools. A formal
ergonomic audit of all workstations could be performed to optimize height, layout, and tool
access.
Benefit: Improves safety, reduces fatigue, and boosts productivity.

Suggested Process Improvement Ideas:

Based on my observations and understanding, here are a few student-driven ideas that could
further improve Roots’ processes:

a) Introduce Augmented Reality (AR) Training: For new hires, AR-based simulations
can speed up training on machine operations and safety.

b) Install Automated Guided Vehicles (AGVs): For internal material movement

between stores and assembly areas to reduce manual labour and time.

c) Implement RFID for Inventory Tracking: This would enhance material traceability
and reduce manual errors in stock management.

[33]
 d) Integrate Employee Feedback Apps: A digital platform for workers to log
improvement suggestions, reducing paperwork and speeding up review processes.

e) Digital Maintenance System:

Automate maintenance schedules using software to reduce unexpected
machine breakdowns.
f) Skill Matrix Chart:
Use visual skill boards to track and improve worker training and
multitasking.
g) Semi-Automated Material Handling:
Introduce trolleys or small AGVs to reduce manual effort and save time.
h) Energy Leak Checks:
Conduct monthly energy audits to fix air leaks, idle machines, or excess
lighting

Conclusion:
During my visit to Roots Industries, I was able to clearly understand how real-world
industries apply concepts like 5S, Poka-Yoke, Kanban, and Lean Manufacturing. It was
fascinating to see how organized, efficient, and systematic their processes are. I particularly
liked how every employee is involved in quality and improvement through simple yet
effective techniques. The company’s focus on discipline, safety, and continuous improvement
has helped me realize the importance of maintaining process standards. This visit gave me
practical exposure to what we usually read in theory and motivated me to learn more about
industrial engineering and management. Overall, it was a very informative and eye-opening
experience for me as a student.

DESCRIPTION MARKS MARKS OBTAINED

PRESENTATION 3

NOVELTY 2

CONTENT ARRANGEMENT 3

VIVA VOCE 2

TOTAL 10

[34]
 EXERCISE 5: REPORT ON AN INDUSTRIAL VISIT

COMPANY NAME: SPARK TECH PVT LTD

LOCATION: IDAYARPALAYAM, COIMBATORE
TEAM MEMBERS:
 SHANMUGAM.A
 SUDHARSHAN R
 RANJITH.N
 RAGUL S

AIM OF VISIT:
The aim of our visit to Spark TECH car workshop was to gain a comprehensive understanding
of the real-world functioning of an automotive repair facility, focusing particularly on the roles,
responsibilities, and challenges faced by technicians. This visit was intended to bridge the gap
between academic learning and practical application by providing exposure to the actual
workflow of a car workshop. We aimed to learn how a small-scale workshop operates, how it
has evolved since its inception, and how it copes with technical challenges such as limited tools
and rapidly advancing vehicle technologies. Additionally, we sought to observe the types of
customer complaints most commonly received, understand the diagnostic and repair
procedures followed, and identify innovative solutions adopted by the team, such as in-house
tool fabrication. Through direct interaction with technicians, we aimed to gain insights into
their problem-solving approaches, testing protocols, customer handling techniques, and overall
work environment. This visit was also intended to help us appreciate the importance of skill,
adaptability, and resourcefulness in the automobile service industry.

OBJECTIVE:

• Understand the practical workflow of an automotive service centres:

To closely observe how vehicles are received, diagnosed, repaired, and delivered in a
real-time environment. This includes studying the step-by-step process technicians
follow—from initial inspection to final quality checks.
• Identify the common challenges and constraints faced by technicians in real-time
service scenarios:

[35]
 To gain insights into the difficulties technicians encounter on a daily basis, such as
lack of advanced tools, physical workload, limited access to updated training, and
managing customer expectations under time constraints.
• Learn how small-scale workshops manage operations with limited resources and
tools:
To understand how a workshop like Spark TECH, operating with minimal staff and
budget, sustains its services effectively. This includes examining strategies like
multitasking, in-house tool fabrication, and the use of multi-purpose equipment.
• Observe how modern vehicle issues are diagnosed and resolved using available
technologies:
To explore how technicians handle the complexities of newer vehicles equipped with
electronic and computerized systems, using tools like scanners and custom-made
solutions to troubleshoot and fix issues.
• Gain firsthand knowledge about customer service practices and the nature of frequent
vehicle complaints:
To understand the types of issues most commonly reported by customers (e.g., oil
leakage) and how technicians interact with clients to gather problem details, explain
repairs, and build customer trust.
• Explore the innovative methods adopted by technicians to fabricate tools and adapt to
evolving vehicle technologies:
To study how workshops innovate by customizing or creating their own tools using
nearby resources like a lathe machine, thereby overcoming the unavailability of
specialized commercial tools.
• Enhance our understanding of the automotive repair industry through direct
interaction and observation:
To bridge the gap between textbook knowledge and field application by learning
directly from experienced technicians. This practical exposure helps in building a
more grounded and realistic understanding of the automobile servicing sector.

[36]
OVERVIEW OF THE COMPANY:

a) Spark TECH is a locally established car workshop that began operations in the year
2020 with just a single technician—the founder himself. Since its inception, the
workshop has steadily grown to a team of five skilled technicians, offering a range of
automotive repair and maintenance services. Located in an accessible area, Spark
TECH caters to a wide customer base, dealing with both minor and major vehicle
issues.
b) The workshop specializes in mechanical repairs, diagnostic services, and custom tool
fabrication. One of its unique strengths is the presence of an in-house lathe facility,
which allows the team to manufacture or modify tools tailored to specific repair needs.
This resourcefulness enables Spark TECH to handle modern vehicle models with
limited commercial equipment.
c) Despite being a small-scale enterprise, Spark TECH has built a strong reputation for
quality service, reliability, and technical adaptability. The workshop commonly
addresses issues such as oil leakage, engine noise, suspension problems, and electronic
faults. The team emphasizes thorough testing, often conducting long-distance test
drives (up to 140 km) to ensure complete resolution of vehicle problems.
d) Spark TECH stands as an example of how passion, hands-on expertise, and innovation
can sustain and grow an independent automotive service centre, even in a competitive
and technology-driven market.

[37]
HISTORY AND BACKGROUND:

➢ Spark TECH was founded in the year 2020 by a single individual with a strong passion
for automobiles and hands-on mechanical skills. The workshop began as a one-man
operation, with the founder managing everything from vehicle diagnostics to repairs
and customer service. Starting with limited resources and minimal equipment, the
initial phase of the business was marked by significant challenges, including a shortage
of customers and insufficient funds to hire additional technicians or purchase advanced
tools.
➢ Despite these difficulties, the founder remained committed and persistent. By
consistently delivering reliable service and building trust with early customers, Spark
TECH gradually established a positive reputation in the local community. Word-of-
mouth referrals and growing customer satisfaction helped the business expand. Over
time, the workshop increased its workforce to a team of five technicians, each
contributing their skills to meet the rising demand for quality vehicle servicing.
➢ A key turning point in the workshop's development was the integration of a lathe
machine, enabling the team to fabricate customized tools in-house. This innovation
allowed Spark TECH to tackle repairs on newer vehicle models without relying heavily
on costly or unavailable commercial tools. The workshop also acquired a vehicle
scanning tool to diagnose electronic faults in modern cars, further strengthening its
technical capabilities.
➢ Today, Spark TECH operates as a well-recognized local car service provider known for
its problem-solving approach, technical adaptability, and customer-first attitude. Its
[38]
 journey from a modest single-person setup to a reliable five-member workshop reflects
resilience, innovation, and continuous learning.

RISKS:

➢ Despite its steady growth and adaptability, Spark TECH faces several operational and
business risks that are common to small-scale automotive service centres. These risks
can affect the efficiency, profitability, and long-term sustainability of the workshop:
Technological
➢ As vehicle technology rapidly evolves with electronic systems, hybrid engines, and
advanced diagnostics, there is a constant risk of the workshop falling behind due to lack
of access to updated tools, software, or specialized training. Resource Limitations
➢ Being a small workshop with a limited budget and manpower, there is a risk of overload
during peak service periods, which may lead to delays, reduced service quality, or
technician burnout and Equipment Dependency
➢ The workshop heavily depends on custom-made tools and a limited set of diagnostic
devices. Any malfunction or unavailability of these tools could disrupt repair processes
and reduce service capability. Omer Retention and Competition
➢ With increasing competition from branded service centres and multi-brand garages,
Spark TECH faces the risk of losing customers to competitors who offer more
amenities, faster turnaround times, or advanced servicing technologies. Ain Disrptions
➢ Availability of spare parts is a common challenge. Delays from suppliers or
unavailability of specific components may halt repair work and impact customer
satisfaction. Economic and Regulatory Risks
➢ Changes in local business regulations, environmental laws, or economic downturns
(like a rise in fuel prices or inflation) could impact customer inflow, operating costs,
and overall business sustainability.

WORKER’S CONDITIONS AND SAFETY:

The technicians at Spark TECH work in a moderately equipped environment where they handle
a variety of repair and diagnostic tasks, often under physically demanding conditions such as
prolonged standing, lifting heavy components, and exposure to oil, noise, and fumes. While
the team displays strong collaboration and adaptability, formal safety practices are limited.
Basic protective gear like gloves and footwear is used, but the consistent use of PPE such as
[39]
goggles or masks is often overlooked. The workshop lacks structured safety protocols and
ergonomic equipment, which increases the risk of occupational hazards and long-term health
issues. Most technicians have gained their expertise through hands-on experience rather than
formal training, which, while effective in practice, limits their exposure to the latest safety
standards and evolving vehicle technologies. Despite these challenges, the workers
demonstrate a high level of dedication, and with improved safety measures and regular skill
development programs, their working conditions could be significantly enhanced.

ADVERTISING AND MARKETING STRATEGY:

➢ Spark TECH primarily relies on word-of-mouth marketing as its main promotional

strategy, which has proven effective in building trust and a loyal customer base within
the local community. The workshop’s reputation has grown steadily due to consistent
service quality, honest communication, and customer satisfaction, leading to referrals
from existing clients. In addition to verbal promotion, Spark TECH also uses basic
signage and location visibility to attract walk-in customers.
➢ Though the workshop does not yet invest heavily in digital marketing, there is growing
recognition of the importance of expanding online. Spark TECH maintains a presence
on WhatsApp and local business directories, where customers can contact the team
directly for service queries and appointments. Occasionally, they also use social media
platforms like Facebook and Instagram to share photos of completed work, customer
testimonials, and updates about services.
➢ Promotional offers such as free check-ups, discounts on oil changes, or referral
benefits are informally communicated to repeat customers to encourage loyalty. The
team understands that future growth will depend on embracing more structured
marketing strategies, such as setting up a Google Business Profile, collecting online
reviews, creating a simple website, and engaging in localized online advertising to
attract new-age vehicle owners.

[40]
CONCLUSION:

Our visit to Spark TECH car workshop provided valuable insights into the real-world
functioning of a small yet highly efficient automotive service centre. From its humble
beginnings in 2020 with just one technician, the workshop has grown into a five-member team
through dedication, technical skill, and customer trust. The visit highlighted the practical
challenges faced by technicians, including limited tools, evolving vehicle technologies, and
customer expectations. Despite these constraints, the team demonstrated remarkable
adaptability—using custom-fabricated tools, diagnostic scanners, and hands-on expertise to
manage complex repairs. We also gained a clear understanding of the types of issues commonly
encountered, such as oil leakage, and how the workshop ensures problem resolution through
thorough testing like 140 km test drives. While there are areas for improvement in terms of
safety measures, training, and structured marketing, Spark TECH stands as a strong example
of resilience, innovation, and grassroots entrepreneurship in the automobile servicing industry.
This experience has deepened our appreciation for the technical and operational aspects of
workshop management and emphasized the importance of practical learning alongside
theoretical education.

ANNEXURE

[41]
[42]
 EXERCISE-6

MARKETING SURVEY REPORT ON KITCHEN CHIMNEY.

INTRODUCTION:
➢ With the surge in urban cooking trends and an increasing emphasis on health and
hygiene, kitchen chimneys have evolved from luxury items to essential kitchen
appliances. Indian kitchens, known for their heavy use of spices and oils, generate
significant smoke, grease, and odours making chimneys crucial for a cleaner, fresher
cooking environment.
➢ This report is based on a marketing survey designed to explore consumer behaviour,
preferences, and satisfaction with kitchen chimneys. The survey captured responses
from a varied demographic including students, working professionals, homemakers,
and elderly users across Tier-1, Tier-2, and Tier-3 cities.
➢ The insights gathered aim to assist manufacturers and retailers in making informed
decisions related to product features, branding, pricing, and post-sales service—
ultimately enhancing customer experience and expanding market share.

KITCHEN CHIMNEY MARKET TREND VARIATIONS:

Manufacturers in the industry are developing innovative products to expand their consumer
base. They are producing coloured and textured kitchen chimneys due to their increasing
popularity. Furthermore, companies are mainly focusing on producing energy-efficient
kitchen products to provide sustainable solutions to their customers. Additionally, recent

[43]
favourable policies implemented by governments regarding the development of high-power-
rated kitchen appliances have boosted the demand for such products. For instance, in March
2018, the Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE), India set an energy efficiency benchmark for
different kinds of kitchen appliances so that companies could develop smart appliances.
Additionally, the growing popularity of modular kitchens has added traction to the demand
for different kinds of chimneys. These factors are expected to boost the market growth.

OBJECTIVES:
➢ To understand awareness levels regarding kitchen chimneys, especially among first-
time buyers and in semi-urban regions where adoption is still growing.
➢ To identify primary purchase motivators, such as effective smoke removal, energy
efficiency, brand reputation, and aesthetic compatibility with modular kitchens.
➢ To assess real-world usage based on cooking frequency, types of dishes prepared (e.g.,
deep-fried snacks vs. steamed meals), and regional food habits.
➢ To analyse brand loyalty and switching behaviour—are consumers sticking with
known brands like Faber and Elica, or trying newer entrants?
➢ To examine the pain points, such as loud noise, greasy filters, or difficulties in
servicing and cleaning.
➢ To gauge interest in smart kitchen ecosystems, where chimneys can sync with hobs or
be controlled through apps or voice assistants.
➢ To evaluate the importance of installation and service quality, which significantly
affect customer satisfaction in this product category.
➢ To explore the visual preferences—such as matte finishes, curved glass hoods, and
wall-mounted vs. island chimneys—that influence purchase decisions.

ANALYSIS OF SURVEY RESULTS:

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CUSTOMER OPINION:

1. VERY SATISFIED (40%):

These users form the core customer base, with feedback emphasizing:

• Noticeable improvement in air quality, especially in enclosed kitchens.

• Easy operation through touch or motion sensors.

• Modern designs that blend well with modular kitchen decor.

• Durable build and long-lasting filters that require minimal intervention.

Implication: These customers can become vocal promoters through word-of-mouth or online
reviews. Brands should reward loyalty through referral programs and extended warranties.

2. SATISFIED (38%)
This group is generally happy, but shares constructive feedback:

• Auto-cleaning doesn't always work as expected, requiring manual intervention.

• Suction capacity is adequate but could be stronger for spicy or oily cooking.

• Installation was sometimes delayed or uncoordinated with the kitchen renovation

schedule.

Implication: These are high-potential users who could be retained and upgraded with better
customer support, informative guides, or accessory bundles.

3. NEUTRAL (12%)
Neutral respondents cited:

• Lack of perceived difference after chimney installation, especially in open kitchen

layouts.

• Difficulty understanding functions without detailed manuals.

• Usage limited to occasional heavy cooking; otherwise kept switched off.

Implication: These users need better education and onboarding. Short videos or in-app
guides on cleaning and effective use could help boost satisfaction.

[45]
4. DISSATISFIED (10%)
Issues raised by this group include:

• Noisy motors that disrupt family conversations or entertainment in open kitchens.

• Oil dripping despite frequent cleaning, indicating ineffective design or poor suction.

• Difficulty reaching customer service or unclear warranty claims.

Implication: Companies must take these pain points seriously to reduce churn and prevent
negative word-of-mouth. A proactive complaint resolution system can help.

ANALYSIS OF USAGE FREQUENCY:

1. Daily (35%)

• Found mostly in households where Indian cooking involves frying, tempering, or

grilling.

• Common in multi-generational homes with three meals prepared daily.

• Users also include those sensitive to smoke or allergic to airborne particles.

Opportunity: Promote energy-efficient models or noise-free variants to this segment, who

value both function and comfort.

2. 2–3 Times a Week (30%)

• Balance between necessity and convenience.

• Includes urban working families who cook fresh food frequently but also rely on
quick meals.

• Likely to appreciate smart features like gesture control or remote monitoring.

Opportunity: Offer mid-tier products with auto-clean and touch control—price-sensitive, but
feature-oriented buyers

3. Weekly (20%)

• Typically used for intensive weekend cooking or social events.

• Users see chimneys as support tools rather than daily needs.

Opportunity: Educate about the long-term health and hygiene benefits of regular use through
lifestyle content and social media influencers.

[46]
4. Occasionally (10%)

• Use chimneys only when trying new recipes involving smoke or odor.

• May be unaware of proper usage techniques or maintenance needs.

Opportunity: Provide simple guides or gamified mobile apps showing optimal use for
various cuisines and cooking methods.

5. Rarely (5%)

• May regret the purchase or feel installation was not worth it.

• Some felt pressured into buying while remodelling kitchens, without real intent to use.

Opportunity: Engage this segment post-purchase with digital campaigns, cooking

workshops, or chimney-friendly recipe videos to increase perceived value.

COVID-19 IMPACT ON GROWTH OF CHIMNEY:

The COVID-19 pandemic negatively impacted the growth of various industries across the
world. Businesses navigated the pandemic's challenges while addressing their customers’
needs. They focused on implementing agile operations, accelerating digital transformation,
and establishing variable cost structures to emerge stronger from the pandemic.

➢ The COVID-19 crisis also resulted in supply chain disruptions, workforce disruptions,
and consumer behaviour changes, significantly impacting the industry's growth. As a
result, companies started focusing on optimizing their resilience and assessing
opportunities for growth to survive in the market.
➢ Various countries across the global level-imposed lockdowns and travel &
transportation restrictions in 2020 to curb the spread of the virus. This factor resulted
in the lack of raw material supply and the temporary closure of manufacturing plants
which delayed the production and supply of kitchen appliances.
➢ Furthermore, the temporary closure of electronics stores, supermarkets, and
hypermarkets affected product sales, most notably in 2020. In addition, consumers
were reluctant to purchase expensive products due to business losses and
unemployment, further hampering the product demand.

[47]
DESIRED EXTRA FEATURES:
Consumer expectations from kitchen chimneys have evolved. Beyond suction power, users
seek convenience, hygiene, and integration with smart home systems. Here’s what the survey
revealed:

Popularity
Enriched Insight
Feature (Survey %)

Reduces hassle of greasy filter cleaning. Greatly

Auto-Clean Technology 45%
valued by busy households.

Improves air flow and reduces maintenance.

Filter less Design 38%
Preferred in areas with hard water.

Touch & Gesture Intuitive and stylish. Especially popular among

32%
Controls younger, tech-savvy consumers.

Desired by smart home adopters. Ideal for

Smart App Connectivity 26%
monitoring usage and scheduling cleaning.

Important for open kitchens or homes with

Low Noise Operation 34%
kids/elderly. A clear differentiator.

Automatically turns on when cooking begins.

Heat Auto-Sensor 28%
Reduces user effort and saves energy.

LED Illumination & Enhances usability, especially during evening

21%
Timer Features prep or detailed recipe steps.

➢ Kitchen chimneys are no longer a niche product. A majority (85%) of

respondents see them as integral to their cooking routine.
➢ Cleanliness and odour control were the top motivators, followed by noise
reduction and aesthetics.
➢ There’s a clear shift toward smart, connected, and low-maintenance
appliances, especially among millennials and urban professionals.

➢ Digital-first platforms dominate influence channels—over 60% of purchases

were influenced by YouTube reviews, influencer demos, and online
testimonials.
➢ Dissatisfaction stems less from the appliance and more from installation
delays, unclear usage instructions, or lack of responsive service.

[48]
 ➢ Consumers favour brands that offer transparency, proactive service, and
tangible improvements in everyday cooking experiences.

MARKET SEGMENTATION ANALYSIS:

WALL-MOUNTED KITCHEN CHIMNEY:

1. Segment to Dominate Global Market as They Possess Excellent

Functionality

➢ The wall-mounted segment dominates the market as these chimneys are mounted on
the wall above the stovetops and are aesthetically pleasing and possess excellent
functionality. These chimneys can be easily installed, are affordable, and compatible
with every kitchen design. The vents can be used in both commercial and residential
spaces. The demand for this product is increasing as it can clean pollutants from the
air and is available in technologically advanced models with Bluetooth and Wi-Fi
connection.

[49]
BY DUCT TYPE ANALYSIS:
Ducted Segment Hold Dominant Position as It Efficiently Purifies the Kitchen Air,Based on
duct type, the market is segmented into ducted and ductless. The ducted segment is
anticipated to dominate the market owing to its efficiency in purifying the kitchen air since it
vents the cooking fumes outside. Thus, the kitchen stays cleaner and fresher, and the air
quality at home is free from smoke. However, ductless chimney sucks up all the smoke
through a filter before blowing it back into the kitchen.

BY APPLICATION ANALYSIS:
➢ Residential Segment to Dominate Market Owing to Increasing Number of Nuclear
Families and Popularity of Modular Kitchens

➢ Based on application, the market is segmented into residential and commercial.

Commercial applications include offices, restaurants, hotels, and others. The
residential segment holds a significant kitchen chimney market share due to the rising
popularity of modular kitchens and increasing number of nuclear families across the
world. Moreover, increasing disposable income and growth in e-commerce platforms
will propel the demand for chimneys among residential consumers. In addition, the
COVID-19 pandemic forced individuals to stay at home to curb the spread of the
virus. This factor has further increased the demand for kitchen chimneys to keep their
smart homes clean, accelerating global market growth.

BY DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL ANALYSIS:

➢ Offline Segment to Hold Dominant Market Position as They Offer Discounts on Bulk
Product Purchases Attract Customers.

➢ Based on distribution channel, the market is segmented into online and offline.
Offline stores hold a significant market share due to a wide variety of chimneys
available in a single store, such as in hypermarkets and supermarkets. Additionally,
coupons and discounts on bulk product purchases attract customers to shop for many
items. The online store segment will witness considerable growth owing to the
increasing popularity of e-commerce and online shopping. The widely accessible
home delivery facility offered by certain online retailers also attracts consumers.
Furthermore, manufacturers are focusing on expanding their distribution channel by
opening new stores, contributing to the segment’s growth. For instance, in May 2022,
LG Electronics Inc., an electronics company headquartered in Seoul, South Korea,
expanded its retail presence and opened its 39th store in Mumbai, India.

[50]
CONCLUSION:USION:

The marketing survey on kitchen chimneys reveals a growing alignment between consumer
lifestyle changes and the adoption of modern kitchen solutions. With urban homes placing
greater emphasis on hygiene, aesthetics, and convenience, the kitchen chimney has emerged
as more than just a luxury it is now considered a necessity. Consumers are not only seeking
powerful suction and noise reduction but are also drawn to intelligent features like auto-
cleaning, filter less technology, and smart connectivity. While satisfaction levels are high
among most users, pain points such as complex maintenance, service delays, and installation
challenges still need to be addressed Digital influence plays a pivotal role in shaping purchase
decisions, especially among millennials and Gen Z buyers. Online reviews, influencer
content, and brand reputation significantly affect trust and buying intent. As the Indian
market continues to evolve, there is a clear opportunity for brands to differentiate themselves
through innovation, responsive after-sales support, and targeted digital marketing. Companies
that prioritize user experience—right from installation to daily use—are likely to lead in both
customer loyalty and market share. In summary, the kitchen chimney segment is poised for
robust growth, and businesses that align with consumer expectations, invest in product
excellence, and build authentic engagement will stand out in this dynamic and competitive
landscape.

ANNEXURE

[51]
 DESCRIPTION MAX MARKS MARKS OBTAINED

PRESENTATION 3

NOVELTY 2

CONTENT 3
ARRANGEMENT
VIVA VOCE 2

TOTAL 10

[52]
 EXERCISE 7
Alternative Mechanism: Hydraulic Hand Forklift System

Abstract:
This report presents a detailed study of the hydraulic hand forklift mechanism as an
efficient and cost-effective material handling system. Hydraulic hand forklifts are widely
used in warehouses and industrial units for lifting and transporting heavy pallets. The
mechanism primarily utilizes hydraulic fluid pressure, generated manually, to raise heavy
loads. Unlike powered forklifts or shape memory alloy actuators, this mechanism relies on
Pascal’s law of hydraulics, providing simplicity, low maintenance, and reliable operation.
This report explores the working principles, mechanical components, and functional
design of the hydraulic hand forklift in comparison to electro-mechanical lifting mechanisms,
highlighting its practical advantages and operational effectiveness.

Introduction:
➢ Hydraulic systems play a crucial role in material handling where portability, lifting
strength, and mechanical simplicity are essential. One such practical application is the
hydraulic hand forklift, also referred to as a manual pallet stacker or hydraulic
stacker.

➢ These machines use manual pumping to activate a hydraulic cylinder which raises
the forks. Unlike electrically powered lifting systems, hydraulic hand forklifts operate
without motors or batteries, making them suitable for operations in remote, power-
deprived, or hazardous environments.

➢ The use of Pascal's law which states that pressure applied to a confined fluid is
transmitted equally in all directions enables a small manual input to lift heavy loads
efficiently. This report elaborates on the operating mechanism, design configuration,
and core working principles of the hydraulic hand forklift while benchmarking it
against modern lifting systems like SMA-based actuators and powered forklifts.

[53]
3d modelling picture:

Working Principle of the Hydraulic Hand Forklift:

The functioning of a hydraulic hand forklift is governed by the principle of fluid pressure
transmission. The system consists of a sealed hydraulic circuit containing hydraulic oil,
which transmits pressure from a manually actuated pump to a lifting piston. The key
operating steps are as follows

Step-by-Step Working Cycle:

1. Pumping Action:
The operator actuates a manual lever (handle or foot pedal), which operates a small
hydraulic pump. This pump pressurizes the hydraulic fluid.

2. Pressure Transfer:
The fluid under pressure moves through a check valve into the hydraulic cylinder.
According to Pascal’s Law, the pressure exerted on the small piston is equally
applied over the larger piston surface inside the cylinder.

3. Vertical Lifting:
The increasing fluid pressure pushes the ram piston upward, which in turn raises
the attached forks. The load placed on the forks is lifted accordingly.

4. Holding Position:
A release valve prevents fluid from flowing backward, allowing the load to be held
stationary at the desired height.

[54]
 5. Lowering Mechanism:
When the operator opens the release valve, the fluid flows back into the reservoir,
allowing the forks to descend smoothly due to the weight of the load.

Major Components of the Mechanism:

Component Function

Hydraulic Cylinder Converts hydraulic pressure into linear motion to lift the forks

Hand Lever / Foot Pedal Manually operated to pump hydraulic fluid into the cylinder

Reservoir Tank Stores hydraulic fluid (usually oil)

Pump Valve System Controls fluid direction and prevents backflow during operation

Fork Frame & Mast Guides the vertical motion and supports the lifting arms

Wheels and Casters Allow easy mobility; may include steering handle

Release Valve Allows controlled descent of the lifted load

Key Principles Involved:

1. Pascal’s Law:

“Pressure applied to a confined fluid is transmitted equally and undiminished in all

directions.”

P=FAP = \frac{F}{A} P=AF

• PPP: Pressure

• FFF: Applied force

• AAA: Area of piston

This allows a small manual force to lift a heavy load using hydraulic fluid.

2. Mechanical Advantage:
The lever used in pumping and the large piston area in the cylinder amplify the input force
applied by the operator.

3. Check Valves and Safety Control:

Prevent reverse flow of hydraulic fluid and maintain stability while lifting loads.

[55]
Applications:
• Warehouses and logistics centres

• Small-scale production floors

• Industrial storage operations

• Retail and inventory backrooms

• Locations without electricity access

Advantages Over Other Mechanisms:

Aspect Hydraulic Hand Forklift SMA-based Lifting System

Power Source Manual (no electricity needed) Requires heating (external power)

Instantaneous mechanical
Actuation Speed Delayed due to thermal response
lifting

Moderate (material fatigue, heating

Maintenance Low (simple valves, seals)
units)

Cost Low High

Load Capacity High (1–3 tons typical) Low–moderate

Control Requires sensors, heating/cooling

Simple lever control
Complexity feedback

Conclusion:
1. The hydraulic hand forklift is a classic example of mechanical simplicity achieving
high lifting performance through fundamental hydraulic principles. Relying entirely
on manual input and fluid pressure transmission, this system avoids the
complexities associated with powered or smart actuators like Shape Memory Alloys.
It delivers reliable lifting, precise control, and robust operation even under heavy
loads and in electricity-deprived environments.

[56]
2. Compared to SMA-based actuators which are limited in stroke length, speed, and load
the hydraulic forklift stands out as a cost-effective, low-maintenance, and
industrial-grade lifting mechanism. Furthermore, its intuitive operation makes it
suitable for both skilled and semi-skilled labour, reducing training time and
operational risks. Given these advantages, hydraulic hand forklifts remain
indispensable tools in modern warehouse operations and are an excellent example of
applied engineering based on classical fluid mechanics.

ANNEXURE

DESCRIPTION MAX MARKS MARKS OBTAINED

PRESENTATION 3

NOVELTY 2

CONTENT 3
ARRANGEMENT

VIVA VOCE 2

TOTAL 10

[57]
[58]