Feasibility Study (F/S) to Determine the Appropriate Waste-to-Energy (WtE)

Technology in Metro Manila

November 2023-Final Report

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ..................................................................................................... xv

Executive Summary ............................................................................................................ 1

Section I. The Project ................................................................................................ I-1

A. Introduction ........................................................................................................... I-1
B. Project Objectives ................................................................................................. I-1

Section II. Reconnaissance and Data Gathering..................................................... II-1

A. Field Reconnaissance .......................................................................................... II-1
B. Courtesy Call on LGU Officials and Briefing on the IEC Campaign ...................... II-4
C. Focus Group Discussion ...................................................................................... II-7
D. Meeting with Quezon City LEIPO ......................................................................... II-8
E. Meeting with ISWIM ............................................................................................. II-8
F. Meeting with Department of Energy ..................................................................... II-9
G. Data Gathering .................................................................................................. II-10

Section III. Market Analysis ...................................................................................... III-1

A. Metro Manila Solid Waste Volume and Disposal ................................................. III-3
B. Solid Waste Composition and Sources ............................................................... III-5
C. Metro Manila SLF Capacities and Actual Waste Accommodated ........................ III-6
D. Waste Disposal Technologies, Waste Generation and Disposal in Other Countries
III-8
E. WtE Projects in the Pipeline in the Philippines .................................................. III-14
F. Conclusions ...................................................................................................... III-16

Section IV. Technology Assessment and Recommendation................................. IV-1

A. Thermal Treatment Processes ........................................................................... IV-1
B. Current and Emerging Combustion and Thermal Treatment Practices and
Associated Control Technologies ............................................................................... IV-2
C. Emerging Combustion and Thermal Treatment Technologies ............................ IV-8
D. Summary of Major Thermal Treatment Technologies ....................................... IV-11
E. Potential Discharges from Thermal Treatment ................................................. IV-11
F. Organic Treatment Practices ........................................................................... IV-25
G. Conclusion and Recommendation ................................................................... IV-38
H. Reasons for Selecting Stoker-Type Incinerators .............................................. IV-43

Section V. Assessment and Selection of Sites For A WtE Facility ....................... V-1
A. Site Assessment Considerations......................................................................... V-1
B. Multi-Criteria Analysis (MCA) in Selecting a Site for a WtE Facility ..................... V-9
C. Selecting the Most Suitable Site for a WtE Facility ............................................ V-11
D. National Solid Waste Management Commission Guidelines on Establishment of
WtE V-17

Section VI. Waste Analysis and Characterization Study (WACS) ......................... VI-1
A. Waste Analysis and Characterization Study, 2021 ............................................. VI-1
B. The 10-year Solid Waste Management Plan of LGUs ........................................ VI-6
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C. Preliminary Results of WACS .......................................................................... VI-27

Section VII. Engineering and Technical Study ....................................................... VII-1

A. Site Geology ..................................................................................................... VII-1
B. Hazard Assessment .......................................................................................... VII-2
C. Concept Design and Drawings of the WtE Plant and Facilities .......................... VII-5
D. Site Development ........................................................................................... VII-34
E. Project Cost .................................................................................................... VII-47

Section VIII. Financial Analysis ............................................................................... VIII-1

A. Methodology .................................................................................................... VIII-1
B. Development Cost ........................................................................................... VIII-1
C. Annual Operation and Maintenance Costs ....................................................... VIII-5
D. Projected Annual Revenues............................................................................. VIII-5
E. Results of the Evaluation ................................................................................. VIII-6
F. Conclusions ................................................................................................... VIII-10

Section IX. Economic Evaluation ............................................................................ IX-1

A. Economic costs.................................................................................................. IX-1
B. Project benefits .................................................................................................. IX-2
C. Estimation of Economic Internal Rate of Return ................................................. IX-4
D. Risk and Sensitivity Analysis .............................................................................. IX-6

Section X. Environmental Assessment and Initial Environmental Examination (IEE)

X-1
A. Scope and Objectives ......................................................................................... X-1
B. Environmental Assessment ................................................................................. X-1
C. Environmental Monitoring Plan ......................................................................... X-14
D. Initial Environmental Examination ..................................................................... X-15

Section XI. Social Assessment ................................................................................ XI-1

A. Introduction ........................................................................................................ XI-1
B. Socio-Economic Survey Results ........................................................................ XI-1
C. Gender And Development Survey Results ....................................................... XI-39
D. Results of the Perception Survey ..................................................................... XI-48
E. Stakeholders Engagement ............................................................................... XI-52
F. Monitoring and Evaluation................................................................................ XI-53
G. Other potential strategies for community engagement ..................................... XI-53

Section XII. Legal and Institutional Arrangement................................................... XII-1

A. WtE Technology Allowed by Law ...................................................................... XII-2
B. Development of Institutional Arrangement and Setup both for Establishment of
Facility and Managing the Operations of the Same.................................................... XII-2
C. Setting Up a WtE Facility in the Host LGU ........................................................ XII-4
D. Basic Issues Encountered in Setting Up High-Capacity WtE Devices ............... XII-6
E. Dominant Factors that Led to the Selection of Rodriguez, Rizal as the Site of the
WtE Facility ............................................................................................................... XII-7
F. Some Policy Considerations to Resolve Issues ................................................ XII-8
G. Recommendation Regarding Institutional Arrangement .................................... XII-9

Section XIII. Operational Plan .................................................................................. XIII-1

A. Operation Management Plan ........................................................................... XIII-1
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B. Operation & Maintenance (O&M) Cost ............................................................. XIII-2

Section XIV. Implementation Plan ........................................................................... XIV-1

A. Project Approval Process ................................................................................. XIV-1
B. Procurement Plan ............................................................................................ XIV-1
C. Project Implementation .................................................................................... XIV-2

Section XV. Conclusion and Recommendation ...................................................... XV-1

APPENDICES

Appendix 1 Capacity Building

Appendix 2 Engineering Geological and Geohazard Assessment Report (EGGAR)
Appendix 3 Result of Dry WACS 2023 for 12 LGUs
Appendix 4 Conceptual Design Drawing of Waste to Energy Facility
Appendix 5 Initial Environmental Examination
Appendix 6 Socioeconomic Survey Questionnaire

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure II-1. Photos taken during Site Visit at SMSLF (Feb. 28, 2023) ................................. II-1
Figure II-2. Meeting with Phileco ........................................................................................ II-1
Figure II-3. Photos taken during Site Visit at Smokey Mountain ......................................... II-1
Figure II-4. Photos during Site Visit at Rizal Provincial Sanitary Landfill (Feb. 28, 2023) .... II-2
Figure II-5. Photos Taken during the Second Site Visit at RPSLF (July 7, 2023) ................ II-3
Figure II-6. View of the 7-hectare Site ................................................................................ II-3
Figure II-7. A Close-up of an Elevated Portion of the Area ................................................. II-3
Figure II-8. A Long Shot of the RPSLF ............................................................................... II-3
Figure II-9. Map of the 7-hectare WtE Potential Site in RPSLF .......................................... II-3
Figure II-10. A Portion of the Area ...................................................................................... II-4
Figure II-11. A Right Side View of the Area ........................................................................ II-4
Figure II-12. Photos during Site Visit at RPSLF (Sep. 12, 2023) ........................................ II-4
Figure II-13. Courtesy Call and Briefing on the IEC Campaign ........................................... II-5
Figure II-14. Courtesy Call and Presentation on the IEC Campaign at San Mateo, Rizal
Municipal Hall .................................................................................................................... II-5
Figure II-15. Courtesy Call and Presentation on the EIC Campaign at DPS Office, Manila II-6
Figure II-16. Courtesy Call and IEC Campaign at Brgy. San Isidro Rodriguez Rizal ........... II-6
Figure II-17. Courtesy Call and Briefing on the IEC Campaign at Ynares Center Complex,
Antipolo Rizal ..................................................................................................................... II-7
Figure II-18. Focus Group Discussion ................................................................................ II-7
Figure II-19. Meeting with ISWIMS ..................................................................................... II-8
Figure II-20. Meeting with DOE Biomass Energy Management Division (June 7, 2023) ..... II-9
Figure II-21. Meeting with DOE Biomass Energy Management Division (July 13, 2023) .. II-10
Figure III-1. Asia-Pacific Waste-to-Energy Market Size, 2018-2029 (USD Billion) ............. III-2
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Figure III-2. Effective Demand for Waste Disposal Facility ................................................ III-4
Figure III-3. Waste Composition in Metro Manila, 2021 ..................................................... III-6
Figure III-4. MSW Incinerated with Energy Recovery & Number of Thermal WtE plants, by
Region, 2019 .................................................................................................................... III-9
Figure IV-1. Schematic Diagram of the Role of Thermal Treatment in Waste Management
......................................................................................................................................... IV-1
Figure IV-2. Overview of Conventional WtE Technology ................................................... IV-2
Figure IV-3. A Diagram of Advanced Thermal Treatment in WtE Technology ................... IV-2
Figure IV-4. Conceptual Illustration of a Modern Single-Stage Mass Burn Incinerator ....... IV-3
Figure IV-5. Schematic Diagram of a Two-Stage Incinerator ............................................. IV-4
Figure IV-6. Schematic Diagram of a Fluidized Bed Incinerator ........................................ IV-5
Figure IV-7. Conceptual Diagram of a High-Temperature Waste Gasifier ......................... IV-7
Figure IV-8. Schematic Illustrating Physical/Chemical Treatment of Wastewater from a Wet
APC System ................................................................................................................... IV-19
Figure IV-9. Schematic Diagram Illustrating In-line Evaporation of Wastewater .............. IV-21
Figure IV-10. Schematic Diagram Illustrating Separate Evaporation of Wastewater ........ IV-21
Figure IV-11. Anaerobic Degradation Process ................................................................ IV-29
Figure IV-12. How a Stoker-Type Incinerator Works ....................................................... IV-44
Figure V-1. Suitability Analysis Map for RPSLF................................................................ V-13
Figure V-2. Suitability Analysis Map for SMSLF ............................................................... V-14
Figure V-3. Suitability Analysis Map for Smokey Mountain ............................................... V-15
Figure VI-1. Composition of Wastes Generated by Households and Non-Households, per
Sub-component................................................................................................................. VI-3
Figure VI-2. Percentage of Total Generation Amount Per Category ................................ VI-11
Figure VI-3. Percentage Waste Composition .................................................................. VI-13
Figure VI-4. Graph of Average Waste Composition ......................................................... VI-15
Figure VI-5. Graph of Findings of WACS in 2021 ............................................................ VI-17
Figure VI-6. Waste Composition in Parañaque, 2011 ...................................................... VI-17
Figure VI-7. Average City Waste Composition in Pasig City ........................................... VI-19
Figure VI-8. Average City Waste Composition in Pateros ............................................... VI-19
Figure VII-1. Extract from 1:50,000 scale Topographic Map of Angat Quadrangle ........... VII-1
Figure VII-2. Panoramic View of Resource Recovery Facility in Icheon, South Korea ...... VII-6
Figure VII-3. Diagram of How Icheon’s Resource Recovery Facility Works ...................... VII-7
Figure VII-4. Municipal Waste Incineration Facility in Ulsan ............................................. VII-8
Figure VII-5. Current System of Household Waste Incineration at the Ulsan Facility ........ VII-9
Figure VII-6. Composition of wastes generated by households (per subcomponent) ..... VII-10
Figure VII-7. Process configuration of MT facility ........................................................... VII-15
Figure VII-8. Configuration of the operation of Incineration power generation facilities ... VII-16
Figure VII-9. Equipment used in the MT facility .............................................................. VII-17
Figure VII-10. Incineration power generation facility process.......................................... VII-18
Figure VII-11. Mass balance for 250 ton/day .................................................................. VII-19
Figure VII-12. Heat balance for 250 ton/day ................................................................... VII-20
Figure VII-13. Water/steam balance for 250 ton/day ...................................................... VII-21
Figure VII-14. WtE Plant Layout at the RPSLF Site ........................................................ VII-35
Figure VII-15. MT facility general arrangement – 1st floor ............................................... VII-36
Figure VII-16. Incineration facility general arrangement – B1, B2 floor ........................... VII-37

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Figure VII-17. Incineration facility general arrangement – 1st floor .................................. VII-37
Figure VII-18. Incineration facility general arrangement – 2nd floor ................................. VII-38
Figure VII-19. Incineration facility general arrangement – 3rd floor .................................. VII-38
Figure VII-20. Incineration facility general arrangement – 4th floor .................................. VII-39
Figure VII-21. Incineration facility general arrangement – 5th floor .................................. VII-39
Figure VII-22. Incineration facility general arrangement – Rooftop ................................. VII-40
Figure VII-23. MT facility elevation general arrangement – 1st floor ................................ VII-40
Figure VII-24. Incineration facility Cross Section (A-A) ................................................... VII-41
Figure VII-25. MT facility plan arrangement – 1st floor. ................................................... VII-43
Figure VII-26. Incineration facility plan arrangement – B1, B2 floor ................................ VII-44
Figure VII-27. Incineration facility plan arrangement – 1st floor ....................................... VII-44
Figure VII-28. Incineration facility plan arrangement – 2nd floor ...................................... VII-45
Figure VII-29. Incineration facility plan arrangement – 3rd floor ....................................... VII-45
Figure VII-30. Incineration facility plan arrangement – 4th floor ....................................... VII-46
Figure VII-31. Incineration facility plan arrangement – 5th floor ....................................... VII-46
Figure VII-32. Incineration facility plan arrangement – Rooftop ...................................... VII-47
Figure X-1. Location of Sampling Points for Baseline Conditions .......................................X-2
Figure X-2. Surface Water Sampling Location 1.................................................................X-3
Figure X-3. Surface Water Sampling Location 2.................................................................X-3
Figure X-4. Surface Water Sampling Location 3.................................................................X-3
Figure X-5. Surface Water Sampling Location 4.................................................................X-3
Figure X-6. Ground Water Sampling Location 1 .................................................................X-4
Figure X-7. Ground Water Sampling Location 2 .................................................................X-4
Figure X-8. Air Sampling Location 1 ...................................................................................X-4
Figure X-9. Air Sampling Location 2 ...................................................................................X-4
Figure X-10. Proposed Site for the WtE Facility .................................................................X-9
Figure XI-1. Gender of Respondents................................................................................. XI-1
Figure XI-2. Age of Respondent ........................................................................................ XI-2
Figure XI-3. Marital Status ................................................................................................ XI-3
Figure XI-4. Respondents with Existing Loan .................................................................... XI-6
Figure XI-5. Business Classification .................................................................................. XI-7
Figure XI-6. Nature of Business ........................................................................................ XI-8
Figure XI-7. Business License........................................................................................... XI-8
Figure XI-8. Number of Employees ................................................................................... XI-8
Figure XI-9. Average Monthly Sale.................................................................................... XI-9
Figure XI-10. Average Annual Sale ................................................................................... XI-9
Figure XI-11. Member of 4Ps or Financial Aid Sector ...................................................... XI-11
Figure XI-12. Ethnicity ..................................................................................................... XI-11
Figure XI-13. Educational Facility in the Barangay .......................................................... XI-16
Figure XI-14. Practice of Waste Segregation at Home .................................................... XI-21
Figure XI-15. Primary Source of Drinking Water.............................................................. XI-21
Figure XI-16. Primary Source of Electricity ...................................................................... XI-22
Figure XI-17. Primary Source of Cooking Fuel ................................................................ XI-22
Figure XI-18. Own Mobile Phone Among Any of the Household Member........................ XI-23
Figure XI-19. Stability of Signal of Mobile Service Provider ............................................. XI-23
Figure XI-20. Primary Source of Internet Connection at Home ........................................ XI-23

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Figure XI-21. Own computer / laptop among any of the household member ................... XI-24
Figure XI-22. Issues and Concerns with Local Economy ................................................. XI-26
Figure XI-23. Issues and Concerns with Education ......................................................... XI-28
Figure XI-24. Issues and Concerns with Housing ............................................................ XI-29
Figure XI-25. Issues and Concerns with Social Welfare .................................................. XI-29
Figure XI-26. Possible solutions for issues and concerns with social welfare .................. XI-30
Figure XI-27. Issues and Concerns with Infrastructure / Road......................................... XI-30
Figure XI-28. Earthquake Experience in the Past 5 Years ............................................... XI-34
Figure XI-29. Drought Experience in the Past 5 Years .................................................... XI-34
Figure XI-30. Fire Experience in the Past 5 Years........................................................... XI-35
Figure XI-31. Flood/Flash Flood Experience in the Past 5 Years .................................... XI-35
Figure XI-32. Temporary Transfer or Evacuate from Residence Over the Past 5 Years .. XI-35
Figure XI-33. Respondents have "Go Bags."................................................................... XI-36
Figure XI-34. Awareness on Existing Associations or Organizations ............................... XI-37
Figure XI-35. Anyone in the household a member of any barangay organization or
association ...................................................................................................................... XI-37
Figure XI-36. Main Mode of Transportation to Work ........................................................ XI-38
Figure XI-37. Does the sanitary landfill or dumpsite affect your household?.................... XI-39
Figure XI-38. Awareness of the Proposed Project ........................................................... XI-48
Figure XI-39. Opinion about the Project .......................................................................... XI-50
Figure XI-40. Consideration to Work with the Project ...................................................... XI-50
Figure XI-41. Support the establishment of the Project ................................................... XI-52
Figure XI-42. Reasons for not supporting the Project ...................................................... XI-52
Figure XI-43. Stakeholder Engagement Principles and Strategies .................................. XI-53
Figure XII-1. Overview of the Solicited PPP Track Under the Revised 2022 IRR ............. XII-4
Figure XII-2. Overview of the Unsolicited PPP Track Under the Revised 2022 IRR ......... XII-4
Figure XII-3. Implementing a WtE-A Typical Process Using the Swiss Challenge Method
(BOT Law) ....................................................................................................................... XII-5
Figure XII-4. Proposed Institutional Arrangement ........................................................... XII-12
Figure XIII-1. Operation Management Basic Direction..................................................... XIII-1
Figure XIII-2. Basic Concept of Facility Operation ...................................................... XIII-2
Figure XIII-3. Personnel Organizational Chart ................................................................. XIII-3

LIST OF TABLES

Table II-1. List of Data Gathered ...................................................................................... II-10

Table III-1. Summary of the Waste Generation Capacities ................................................ III-3
Table III-2. Waste Collection and Disposal in NCR, 2023.................................................. III-4
Table III-3. Distance of LGU from Waste Disposal Sites, 2021.......................................... III-5
Table III-4. Composition of Wastes from 1982 to 2015 (in %), 2021 .................................. III-5
Table III-5. Waste Composition in Metro Manila, 2021 ...................................................... III-6
Table III-6. Navotas SLF Capacity..................................................................................... III-6
Table III-7. Actual Waste Disposed of at Navotas SLF, 2022 ............................................ III-7
Table III-8. New San Mateo Rizal Province SLF Capacity ................................................. III-7
Table III-9. Actual Waste Disposed of at New San Mateo SLF, 2022 ................................ III-7
Table III-10. Rizal Province SLF Capacity ......................................................................... III-8
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Table III-11. Actual Waste Disposed of at Rizal Province SLF, 2022................................. III-8
Table III-12. Waste Generation, Cost of Collection and Disposal .................................... III-11
Table III-13. Profiles of Key Waste Disposal Technologies.............................................. III-12
Table III-14. WtE Projects Awarded by DOE as of June 2023 ......................................... III-15
Table IV-1. Main Sources of Key Substances of Concern Released from WtE Facilities . IV-11
Table IV-2. Composition of Effluent from MSW Incinerators that Utilize Wet Flue Gas
Treatment Systems ......................................................................................................... IV-19
Table IV-3. BAT Associated Operational Emissions Levels for Discharges of Wastewater
from Effluent Treatment Plants Receiving APC Scrubber Effluent ................................... IV-23
Table IV-4. Conversions of Complex Organic Compounds to CH4 and CO2 by Four Different
Groups of Microorganisms .............................................................................................. IV-31
Table IV-5. Characterization of Substrates and Inoculums by Prominent Researchers study
....................................................................................................................................... IV-33
Table IV-6. Properties of Biogas, Landfill Gas and Natural Gas ...................................... IV-34
Table IV-7. Approximate Biogas Composition in Anaerobic Digestion ............................. IV-34
Table IV-8. Component Composition Assessment of Food Waste from Different Origins (
Based on % of Dry Weight/Matter) ................................................................................. IV-36
Table IV-9. Meaning of colors ......................................................................................... IV-38
Table IV-10. Level of Waste Management (per World Bank) .......................................... IV-38
Table IV-11. Composition of Waste (per World Bank) ..................................................... IV-39
Table IV-12. Calorific Value of MSW for Thermal Processes, Organic Content ............... IV-39
Table IV-13. Suitable Waste Quantities for WtE Plants (per World Bank)........................ IV-40
Table IV-14. Efficient Operation of Waste Facilities (per World Bank) ............................. IV-40
Table IV-15. Additional Transport time and distance for MSW to Reach a WtE Plant ...... IV-41
Table IV-16. Marketing and/or Final Disposal of Processed Residues (per World Bank) . IV-41
Table IV-17. Legal Framework for WtE Systems/Facilities .............................................. IV-41
Table IV-18. Financing the Management of MSW (per World Bank) ............................... IV-42
Table IV-19. Access to foreign currency of World Bank................................................... IV-42
Table IV-20. Access to Energy End Users of WtE Facilities (per World Bank) ................ IV-42
Table IV-21 Incentives for Low Carbon Energy Generation (per World Bank) ................. IV-43
Table IV-22. Summary of Incineration Capacity .............................................................. IV-45
Table V-1. Summary of Site Assessment ...........................................................................V-3
Table V-2. Relative Weight of Each Criterion ................................................................... V-10
Table V-3. Description and Grading Values Based on the Final Criteria ........................... V-11
Table V-4. Summary of Values Per the Criteria for the 3 Potential Sites .......................... V-12
Table V-5. Summary of Multi-Criteria Analysis for Each Potential Site ............................. V-16
Table V-6. NSWMC Conditions in Selecting Site for WtE ................................................. V-18
Table V-7. NSWMC Resolution Approving the 10-year Solid Waste Management Plan of
LGUs that dispose Waste at RPSLF ................................................................................ V-18
Table VI-1. Household and Non-Household Waste Composition of Five Selected LGUs,
(WACS Samples, 2021, MMDA) ....................................................................................... VI-2
Table VI-2. Average EOP Bulk Density, by LGU Waste Samples (5 LGUs, 2021) ............ VI-5
Table VI-3. Per Capita Generation (PCG) From Samples (2021) ...................................... VI-5
Table VI-4. Quantity and Sources of Waste Disposed of in Caloocan in 2015 ................... VI-6
Table VI-5. Quantity and Composition of Waste from Residential Sources, Caloocan City,
2015.................................................................................................................................. VI-7

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Table VI-6. Projected Quantity of Waste Generated, 2015-2024 ....................................... VI-8

Table VI-7. Diversion Projections from 2015-2024 ............................................................ VI-8
Table VI-8. Waste Generation Rates of Las Piñas City’s Household ................................. VI-9
Table VI-9. Las Piñas City’s Daily Waste Generation ........................................................ VI-9
Table VI-10. Marikina City’s Daily Waste Generation ...................................................... VI-10
Table VI-11. Volume of Waste Generated by Marikina by Source ................................... VI-10
Table VI-12. Waste Generation Rate among Non-households in Marikina ...................... VI-10
Table VI-13. Marikina Residential Waste Generation by Income Level ........................... VI-11
Table VI-14. Household Waste Composition per Category ............................................. VI-11
Table VI-15. Overall Waste Generation of Marikina ........................................................ VI-12
Table VI-16. Sources of Solid Waste in Manila................................................................ VI-12
Table VI-17. Percentage of Waste Collected by Source .................................................. VI-13
Table VI-18. Waste Generated by Non-households ........................................................ VI-13
Table VI-19. Waste Generated Per Day/Year ................................................................. VI-13
Table VI-20. Percentage of Waste Diversion ................................................................... VI-14
Table VI-21. Average Waste Composition....................................................................... VI-14
Table VI-22. Average Waste Composition....................................................................... VI-15
Table VI-23. Waste Generation Rate .............................................................................. VI-15
Table VI-24. Major Source of Waste ............................................................................... VI-15
Table VI-25. Volume of Waste Generated by Sector (per 2014 WACS) .......................... VI-16
Table VI-26. Results of 2021 WACS per Sector ........................................................... VI-16
Table VI-27. Waste Composition in Parañaque, 2011 ..................................................... VI-18
Table VI-28: Waste Composition in Tons per Day (TPD), Parañaque, 2011 ................... VI-18
Table VI-29. Household and Non-household Waste Composition, Pasig City ................. VI-18
Table VI-30. Waste Composition Taguig City .................................................................. VI-20
Table VI-31. Waste Composition in Quezon City............................................................. VI-21
Table VI-32. Result of WACS (Household and non-household) in Valenzuela City ......... VI-21
Table VI-33. Waste Composition in the City of Malabon .................................................. VI-21
Table VI-34. Percentage Composition of Waste in Mandaluyong City, 2014 ................... VI-23
Table VI-35. Volume and Type of Waste Generated in Muntinlupa City, 2011 ................ VI-24
Table VI-36. Types and Sources of Waste Generated in Pasay City, 2014 ..................... VI-25
Table VI-37. Percentage Composition of Waste Generated in San Juan City ................. VI-26
Table VI-38.Summary of Preliminary Result of Dry WACS for 12 LGUs, May 2023 ........ VI-30
Table VI-39.Summary of Lab Result for EOP WACS, July 2023 ....... VI-32VI-32VI-32VI-32VI-
32VI-32VI-32VI-32VI-31
Table VII-1. Magnitude Distribution of Earthquakes ......................................................... VII-2
Table VII-2. Estimated Site-specific Ground Acceleration Values ..................................... VII-2
Table VII-3. List of Geohazards........................................................................................ VII-3
Table VII-4. Comparison of Simple Incineration and Fuel + Power Generation Incineration
........................................................................................................................................ VII-5
Table VII-5. Design Standards Governing Air Pollutants .................................................. VII-7
Table VII-6. Air Pollutant Treatment Technologies ........................................................... VII-7
Table VII-7. Air Pollutant Emission Situation at the Ulsan Facility .................................... VII-9
Table VII-8. Rizal Provincial SLF household waste carry-in amount ............................... VII-10
Table VII-9. Physical composition of waste before mechanical treatment (MT) .............. VII-12
Table VII-10. Physical composition of waste after MT .................................................... VII-12

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Table VII-11. Chemical composition before MT .............................................................. VII-13

Table VII-12. Chemical composition after MT based on minimum moisture (37%) ......... VII-13
Table VII-13. Chemical composition after MT based on medium moisture (45%) ........... VII-14
Table VII-14. Chemical composition after MT based on high moisture (55%) ................. VII-14
Table VII-15. Process design criteria of the properties of each waste ............................ VII-15
Table VII-16. Conditions of power generation fuel .......................................................... VII-15
Table VII-17. Comparison of waste-sorting equipment ................................................... VII-22
Table VII-18. Comparison of waste crane ...................................................................... VII-23
Table VII-19. Comparison of crusher.............................................................................. VII-23
Table VII-20. Comparative analysis of waste-sorting equipment .................................... VII-24
Table VII-21. Comparison of metal-sorting apparatuses................................................. VII-25
Table VII-22.Comparative review of incineration type equipment ................................... VII-26
Table VII-23. Comparison of air pollution control facilities .............................................. VII-27
Table VII-24. Nitrogen oxide (NOx) removal method ...................................................... VII-28
Table VII-25. Harmful acid gas (HCl, SOx) removal method........................................... VII-28
Table VII-26. Scattering dust removal method ............................................................... VII-29
Table VII-27. Filter cloth material ................................................................................... VII-29
Table VII-28. Comparison of the Black Pressure and Condensing Turbines .................. VII-30
Table VII-29. Comparison of Cooling System ................................................................. VII-31
Table VII-30. Major Equipment Used in an MT Facility ................................................... VII-32
Table VII-31. Major Equipment Used in an Incineration Facility ...................................... VII-33
Table VII-32. Facts about the WtE Plant ........................................................................ VII-34
Table VII-33. WtE plant basic direction .......................................................................... VII-36
Table VII-34. Key consideration for general arrangement .............................................. VII-41
Table VII-35. Key consideration for civil Arrangement .................................................... VII-42
Table VII-36. Direction of the plan .................................................................................. VII-42
Table VII-37. Summary of Project Cost. ......................................................................... VII-50
Table VIII-1. Annual Disbursement of Funds (in Php million) ........................................... VIII-2
Table VIII-2. Financing Plan and Cost of Funds .............................................................. VIII-2
Table VIII-3. Annual Disbursement of Funds By Source .................................................. VIII-3
Table VIII-4. Annual Disbursement Schedule, Private Sector .......................................... VIII-4
Table VIII-5. Financing Plan and Cost of Funds, Private Sector ...................................... VIII-4
Table VIII-6. Annual Disbursement of Funds, Private Sector (in Php million) .................. VIII-4
Table VIII-7. Annual Operating and Maintenance Costs .................................................. VIII-5
Table VIII-8. Projected Annual Revenues from Tipping Fees .......................................... VIII-5
Table VIII-9. Projected Annual Revenues from Generated Power ................................... VIII-6
Table VIII-10. Financial Internal Rate of Return (Amounts in Php million) ....................... VIII-7
Table VIII-11. Projected Annual Cash Flows During Operations,.................................... VIII-8
Table VIII-12. Projected Annual Cash Flows during Operations Private Sector .............. VIII-9
Table VIII-13. Annual Cash Flows (with the Private Sector as Operator) ......................... VIII-9
Table IX-1. Illnesses of households in the past year ......................................................... IX-3
Table IX-2. Economic Costs and Benefits in PhP million (Base Case) .............................. IX-5
Table IX-3. Sensitivity Analysis ......................................................................................... IX-6
Table X-1. EMB Online Application Requirement ...............................................................X-1
Table X-2. Coordinates of Baseline Sampling Locations ....................................................X-2
Table X-3. Laboratory Results for Baseline of Water Quality ..............................................X-5

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Table X-4. Laboratory Result for Ground Vibration .............................................................X-5

Table X-5. Transit Noise and Vibration Federal Transit Administration (FTA) Standards....X-6
Table X-6. Air and Noise Sampling and Vibration Monitoring Field Data ............................X-7
Table X-7. Ambient Air Analytical Results ..........................................................................X-7
Table X-8. National Ambient Air Quality Standards ............................................................X-8
Table X-9. Measured Noise Level Analytical Results .........................................................X-8
Table X-10. Potential Impacts of the Project on the Environment ..................................... X-10
Table X-11. Environmental Quality Schedule of Monitoring .............................................. X-15
Table XI-1. Number of Household Member ....................................................................... XI-2
Table XI-2. Relationship of Respondent to Head of Household ......................................... XI-2
Table XI-3. Age of Respondent ......................................................................................... XI-2
Table XI-4. Residence of Respondent............................................................................... XI-3
Table XI-5. Birthplace of Respondent ................................................................................ XI-3
Table XI-6. Level of Educational Attainment...................................................................... XI-4
Table XI-7. Work or Occupation of Respondent ................................................................ XI-5
Table XI-8. Monthly Income .............................................................................................. XI-6
Table XI-9. Average Monthly Expenditure of Household ................................................... XI-6
Table XI-10. Purpose of Loan ........................................................................................... XI-6
Table XI-11. Source of Loan ............................................................................................. XI-7
Table XI-12. Average Monthly Saving of Household ......................................................... XI-7
Table XI-13. Business Classification ................................................................................. XI-7
Table XI-14. Years of Business Operation ........................................................................ XI-8
Table XI-15. Recommendation to keep livelihood ............................................................. XI-9
Table XI-16. Other Skills or Trade of Respondent ........................................................... XI-10
Table XI-17. Reason for moving to present address ....................................................... XI-10
Table XI-18. Years of Residency ..................................................................................... XI-11
Table XI-19. Household Type.......................................................................................... XI-11
Table XI-20. Religion....................................................................................................... XI-12
Table XI-21.Type of House Ownership ........................................................................... XI-12
Table XI-22. Type of Housing Unit .................................................................................. XI-12
Table XI-23. Type of Roofing Material ............................................................................. XI-13
Table XI-24. Type of Wall Material .................................................................................. XI-13
Table XI-25. Sickness in the Past Year ........................................................................... XI-14
Table XI-26.Medical Treatment Facility ........................................................................... XI-14
Table XI-27. Source of Medicine ..................................................................................... XI-15
Table XI-28. Kind of Illnesses.......................................................................................... XI-15
Table XI-29. Educational Facilities within Barangay ........................................................ XI-16
Table XI-30. Distance of Nearest Educational Facility ..................................................... XI-16
Table XI-31. Number of Household Members Attending School ...................................... XI-17
Table XI-32. Number of Household in Elementary Level ................................................. XI-17
Table XI-33. Location of Elementary School ................................................................... XI-17
Table XI-34. Transportation to Elementary School .......................................................... XI-18
Table XI-35. Number of Household Members in the Secondary Level ............................ XI-18
Table XI-36. Location of Secondary School .................................................................... XI-18
Table XI-37. Transportation to Secondary School Frequency Percentage ...................... XI-18
Table XI-38. Number of Household Members in the Tertiary Level ................................. XI-19

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Table XI-39. Location of Tertiary School ......................................................................... XI-19

Table XI-40. Transportation to Tertiary School ................................................................ XI-19
Table XI-41. Type of Toilet Facility of Household ............................................................ XI-20
Table XI-42. Method of Garbage Disposal of Household ................................................. XI-20
Table XI-43. Frequency of Garbage Collection................................................................ XI-21
Table XI-44. Supply of Drinking Water Problems ............................................................ XI-22
Table XI-45. Social Media / Online Platforms in the Household ....................................... XI-24
Table XI-46. Source of information / news....................................................................... XI-24
Table XI-47. Issues and Concerns with Surroundings ..................................................... XI-25
Table XI-48. Possible solutions for issues and concerns with surroundings .................... XI-25
Table XI-49. Possible solutions for issues and concerns with surroundings .................... XI-26
Table XI-50. Possible solutions for issues and concerns with local economy .................. XI-26
Table XI-51. Issues and Concerns with Health ................................................................ XI-27
Table XI-52. Possible solutions for issues and concerns with health ............................... XI-27
Table XI-53. Issues and Concerns with Sanitation .......................................................... XI-28
Table XI-54. Possible solutions for issues and concerns with sanitation ......................... XI-28
Table XI-55. Possible solutions for issues and concerns with education ......................... XI-29
Table XI-56. Possible solutions for issues and concerns with housing ............................ XI-29
Table XI-57. Possible solutions for issues and concerns with infrastructure / road .......... XI-30
Table XI-58. Issues and Concerns with Order / Security ................................................. XI-31
Table XI-59. Possible solutions for issues and concerns with order / security ................. XI-31
Table XI-60. Issues and Concerns with Flooding ............................................................ XI-31
Table XI-61. Possible solutions for issues and concerns with flooding ............................ XI-32
Table XI-62. Other Issues and Concerns ........................................................................ XI-32
Table XI-63. Describe the ambient temperature over the past 5 years ............................ XI-32
Table XI-64. Reason for increase in ambient temperature .............................................. XI-33
Table XI-65. Reason for decrease in ambient temperature ............................................. XI-33
Table XI-66. Describe the water supply in your area over the past 5 years ..................... XI-33
Table XI-67. Reason for increase in water supply ........................................................... XI-34
Table XI-68. Reason for decrease in water supply .......................................................... XI-34
Table XI-69. Number of Typhoon(s) or Weather Disturbances Experienced in the Past Year
....................................................................................................................................... XI-35
Table XI-70. Place of Evacuation .................................................................................... XI-36
Table XI-71. Content of Go Bags .................................................................................... XI-36
Table XI-72. Organization or Association of the household member ............................... XI-37
Table XI-73. Average Duration of Travel ......................................................................... XI-38
Table XI-74. Garbage Being Produced by Household ..................................................... XI-38
Table XI-75. Distance from House of Nearest Sanitary Landfill / Dumpsite ..................... XI-39
Table XI-76. If YES, how does it affect your household? ................................................. XI-39
Table XI-77. Work or Source of Income / Livelihood ....................................................... XI-40
Table XI-78.Household Needs ........................................................................................ XI-40
Table XI-79. Financial Matters ........................................................................................ XI-41
Table XI-80. Budgeting for the Family ............................................................................. XI-41
Table XI-81. Education of Children.................................................................................. XI-42
Table XI-82. Attendance to PTA ...................................................................................... XI-42
Table XI-83. Transport .................................................................................................... XI-42

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Table XI-84. Household Maintenance ............................................................................. XI-43

Table XI-85. Community Involvement ............................................................................. XI-43
Table XI-86. Membership to Organizations ..................................................................... XI-43
Table XI-87. Loan Application ......................................................................................... XI-44
Table XI-88. Cooking ...................................................................................................... XI-44
Table XI-89. Washing Clothes......................................................................................... XI-44
Table XI-90. Cleaning the House .................................................................................... XI-45
Table XI-91. Fetching the Water ..................................................................................... XI-45
Table XI-92. Gathering Fuel ............................................................................................ XI-45
Table XI-93. House Repair .............................................................................................. XI-46
Table XI-94. Care for the Sick ......................................................................................... XI-46
Table XI-95. Physical Support in the Household ............................................................. XI-46
Table XI-96. Financial Support in the Household ............................................................ XI-47
Table XI-97. Spiritual Support in the Household .............................................................. XI-47
Table XI-98. Emotional Support in the Household ........................................................... XI-47
Table XI-99. Source of information about the Proposed Project ...................................... XI-48
Table XI-100. Preferred source of information regarding the Proposed Project ............... XI-49
Table XI-101. Perceived Positive (Beneficial) Effects / Impacts....................................... XI-49
Table XI-102. Perceived Negative (Adverse) Effects / Impacts ....................................... XI-50
Table XI-103. Reason for considering work opportunity from the Project ........................ XI-51
Table XI-104. Community Development Projects the Community Needs ........................ XI-51
Table XI-105. Reason for supporting the Project ............................................................. XI-52
Table XII-1. Institutional Arrangement and Setup ............................................................. XII-3
Table XII-2. Setting Up a WtE Facility in the Host LGU but in Private Property ................ XII-6
Table XII-3. Major Problems and Concerns ...................................................................... XII-6
Table XII-4. Policy Considerations, Effects and Strategies ............................................... XII-8
Table XII-5. Main Participants to the WtE Project and their Respective Roles ................ XII-10
Table XII-6. Proposed Institutional Arrangements .......................................................... XII-11
Table XIII-1. Operation and Maintenance Cost................................................................ XIII-2
Table XIII-2. Chemical Usage ......................................................................................... XIII-4
Table XIII-3. Incineration Residue Disposal Amount ....................................................... XIII-4
Table XIII-4. Fuel expenses ............................................................................................ XIII-5
Table XIII-5. Water Usage expenses............................................................................... XIII-5
Table XIII-6. Power Usage Expenses.............................................................................. XIII-5
Table XIV-1. Project Implementation Schedule .............................................................. XIV-2

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List of Abbreviations

AIIB Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank

BOT Build-Operate-Transfer
CAGR compounded annual growth rate
CAMANAVA Caloocan, Malabon, Navotas and Valenzuela City
CapEx capital expenditures
CEMD City Environmental Management Department
CLUP Comprehensive Land Use Plan
DAO Department Administrative Order
DBP Development Bank of the Philippines
DENR Department of Environment and Natural Resources
DILG Department of the Interior and Local Government
DPS Department of Public Service
DOE Department of Energy
ECC Environmental Compliance Certificate
EDCOP Engineering and Development Corporation of the Philippines
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
EIRR economic internal rate of return
EMP Environmental Management Plan
EoP End of Pipe
ESC Environmental Sanitation Center
FGD focus group discussion
FIRR financial internal rate of return
F/S Feasibility Study
IEC Information, education and communication
IEE initial environmental examination
IRR Implementing Rules and Regulations
ISWIMS International Solid Waste Integrated Management Specialist
JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency
JVA joint venture agreement
LGU local government unit
MBT mechanical biological treatment
MCE Maximum Considered Earthquake
MGB Mines and Geosciences Bureau
MMEIRS Metro Manila Earthquake Impact Reduction Study
MMDA Metropolitan Manila Development Authority
MMPC Montalban Methane Power Corporation
MSW municipal solid waste
MT mechanical treatment
MRF materials recovery facility
NAIA Ninoy Aquino International Airport
NAMRIA National Mapping and Resource Information Authority
NCR National Capital Region
NHA National Housing Authority
NIMBY Not In My Backyard
NPV net present value
O&M operation and maintenance

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OpEx operational expenditures

PHIVOLCS Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology
PPP public-private partnership
RA Republic Act
RDF refuse-derived fuel
RPSLF Rizal Provincial Sanitary Landfill
SCR selective catalytic reduction
SEO Social and Environment Officer
SLF sanitary landfill
SNCR selective noncatalytic reduction
SMSLF San Mateo Sanitary Landfill
SWMP Solid Waste Management Plan
TOC total organic carbon
TNMOC total non-methane organic carbon
TOR Terms of Reference
VFS Valley Fault System
VOC volatile organic compound
WACS Waste Analysis and Characterization Study
WACC weighted average cost of capital
WB World Bank
WFP Work and Financial Plan
WGR waste generation rate
WtE waste-to-energy

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This feasibility study was prepared through the consultancy services provided by Kyong-Ho
Engineering & Architects Co., Ltd. based in South Korea in partnership with Engineering and
Development Corporation of the Philippines (EDCOP). It was conducted as part of the Metro
Manila Flood Management Project Component 2: Minimizing Solid Waste in Waterways
funded by the World Bank and the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank and implemented
by the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA).

The MMDA and the Consultants would like to acknowledge the following:

• The Local Government Units (LGU) of Rodriguez and San Mateo in Rizal and the
City of Manila for their cooperation during the courtesy call and information education
campaign (IEC).

• The LGU’s of Metro Manila (Manila, Mandaluyong, Pasig, Marikina, Quezon City,
San Juan, Caloocan, Malabon, Navotas, Valenzuela, Las Pinas, Makati, Muntinlupa,
Parañaque, Pasay, Pateros, Taguig) for their participation during the capacity
building workshops;

• The Department of Energy (DOE) for their valuable information on renewable

energy.

• The Local Economic Investment Promotions Office (LEIPO) of Quezon City for
sharing the status of the unsolicited proposal for WtE in Quezon City.

• The International Solid Waste Integrated Management Solutions (ISWIMS) for their
cooperation throughout the duration of the Project.

• The following facilities which were visited during the Study Tour in Korea for
imparting knowledge on the best practices on the operation of WtE facilities.

o Incheon Anaerobic Digestion Facility.

o Goyang Pyrolysis Facility.
o Mapo Recovery Facility.
o Nowon Resource Recovery Facility.
o Guri Resource Collection Facility; and
o Hanam Recovery Facility.
•

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Executive Summary

1. The Feasibility Study to Determine the Appropriate Waste-to-Energy (WtE) Technology

in Metro Manila was commissioned by the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority
(MMDA) under the Metro Manila Flood Management Project, Component 2 the primary
objective of which is to minimize solid waste in waterways. The project is funded by the
World Bank (WB) and Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB).

2. The MMDA has engaged the services of Kyong-Ho Engineering & Architects Co., Ltd.
based in South Korea, in partnership with Engineering and Development Corporation of
the Philippines (EDCOP), jointly referred to herein as “the Consultants,” to undertake
this Feasibility Study. On January 27, 2023, the Consultants received the Notice to
Proceed (NTP).

3. Section I: The Project. This presents the overall objective of the Project.

4. Section II: Site Reconnaissance and Data Gathering. The Consultants conducted
the following activities to collect all relevant information:

i. Field reconnaissance
ii. Courtesy calls on LGU officials and information, education and
communication (IEC) campaigns.
iii. Focus group discussions (FGDs)
iv. Data gathering from MMDA, LGUs and other agencies.

5. Section III: Market Analysis. This section assesses the potential of WtE technology in
the country, particularly Metro Manila, for significantly reducing solid waste, which
causes air pollution and contributes directly to water and soil contamination.

6. The quest for the most cost-effective, environment friendly and mature WtE technology
that will suit the requirements of governing bodies in Metro Manila is driven by the twin
problems of ever increasing waste volume and the inescapable reality that the existing
SLFs are fast approaching their absorption limits. Aside from offering itself as a
sustainable solution to serious solid waste management problems, the right WtE
technology provides additional advantage of turning trash into energy that in turn yields
enormous economic benefits to the local community and other unquantifiable positive
environmental impacts such as breathable air, clean water, and healthy, productive soil.
It must be stressed, however, that since there a number of WtE technologies to choose
from, each one has to be carefully and exhaustively evaluated as to its benefits,
efficiency and applicability to local conditions.

7. Section IV: Technology Assessment. The Consultants evaluated the different

currently available and emerging technology for the treatment of municipal solid waste.
There are 2 treatment processes: (1) thermal treatment and (2) organic treatment.
Thermal treatment covers a range of technologies that extract energy from the waste
while reducing its volume and rendering the remaining fraction mostly inert. These
technologies can be generally grouped into two main categories: conventional
combustion and advanced thermal treatment. Conventional combustion technologies
include mass incineration and fluidized bed incineration, among other things. Advanced

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thermal treatment technologies include gasification, pyrolysis and plasma gasification.

Anaerobic digestion, an organic treatment process, is where organic waste is
biologically degraded and converted into clean gas.

8. The different technologies were evaluated according to WB’s decision matrix regarding
WtE technology, which includes the following:

1. Overall level of waste management

2. Composition of waste
3. Calorific value of municipal solid waste (MSW) for thermal treatment
4. Suitable waste quantities for WtE plants
5. Efficient operation of waste facilities
6. Additional transport time and distance from MSW plant
7. Marketing and/or final disposal of processed residues
8. Legal framework
9. Financing the management of MSW
10. Access to foreign banks
11. Access to energy by end users of WtE
12. Incentives for low carbon energy generation.

9. Under this evaluation, the Consultants considered that mechanical biological treatment
(MBT) would be most appropriate – waste would be sorted at a materials recovery
facility (MRF). The Consultants deemed that incineration would be the most suitable
process for this Project.

10. Section V: Assessment and Selection of Site for a WtE Facility. At the outset, the
MMDA has provided 3 potential sites for a WtE facility. These are: (1) Rizal Provincial
Sanitary Landfill (RPSLF), (2) New San Mateo Sanitary Landfill (SMSLF), and (3)
Smokey Mountain. These sites have been preselected because these landfills currently
receive waste transported from the 17 LGUs of Metro Manila.

11. In the selection of the most suitable location for a WtE facility, the Consultants have
considered certain elements pertaining to: (1) production; (2) land; (3) policy, economic
and financial factors; (4) natural factors; (5) the physical environment; and (6) social
environment. Table V-1 shows a summary of the assessment made for each potential
site in terms of these factors.

12. The Consultants conducted a multi-criteria analysis (MCA), which identified 11 criteria
that would govern the selection of an ideal site for an incineration plant and take into
account environmental, economic, and social issues and challenges. These criteria are
as follows: (1) distance from sensitive land use; (2) distance from protected areas; (3)
distance from agricultural land; (4) distance from wadis/valleys; (5) distance from
surface water; (6) distance from landfills; (7) distance from electricity grids; (8) distance
from road networks; (9) elevation; (10) terrain slope; and (11) distance from airports.
Each criterion was ranked according to importance and was given a relative weight
(Table V-2). Each potential site was graded for each criterion based on the grading
values provided in Table V-3. A summary of MCA for each potential site is shown in
Table V-5. RPSLF was given a score of 77.0%, followed by Smokey Mountain (72.12%)
and the SMSLF (59.27%). Based on the results of the MCA, MMDA selected the Rizal
Provincial Sanitary Landfill as the most suitable site for a WtE facility.

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13. The power generated by the proposed WtE facility will benefit the host LGU. The share
of the host LGU may be used to subsidize power supply to residents. This is consistent
with the municipality’s infrastructure development goal to ensure adequate power
supply. It is interesting to note that in 2012, about 36.14% of the households in
Rodriguez had no access to steady power supply.

14. Section VI: Waste Analysis and Characterization Study (WACS). This section
provides an evaluation of WACS in Metro Manila in relation to the following: (1) 10-year
Solid Waste Management Plan of each Metro Manila LGU; (2) the Metro Manila Solid
Waste Management Master Plan, 2021; (3) the preliminary result of dry WACS in 2023;
and (4) preliminary result of wet WACS in 2023.

15. It serves as a reference guide on waste volume, waste sources, generation rates, and
composition of waste. This enables the government to develop plans and programs to
achieve these objectives: (a) reduce the amount of waste generated; (b) reuse, recover
and recycle identified materials with value; and (c) minimize the volume of waste
needing treatment and/or disposal as well as the waste commonly ending up in
waterways.

16. Section VII: Engineering and Technical Study. This section provides a detailed
evaluation of the project site (RPSF) in terms of site geology (topography, hydrology,
superficial deposits, and structural features) and hazard assessment (seismic hazard,
mass movement and volcanic hazards). The evaluation showed that the proposed site
is immune to most hazards except for its susceptibility to ground motion during
earthquakes. A hazard assessment of the site has been included in this section.

17. This section also presents the concept design of the WtE plant and its facilities. The
area covered by the Rizal Provincial SLF can accommodate an incineration plant with a
total processing capacity of 250 tons/day x 2 units and a total processing capacity of
500 tons/day. However, considering the initial investment, the Consultant recommends
the construction of the 1-unit 250 tons/day at the onset of the project implementation.
The WtE plant will include 2 main facilities: (1) a mechanical treatment (MT) facility and
(2) an incineration facility. The layout plan for each facility is shown in Section VII.D.

18. The total cost of the project is estimated at Php 5.4 billion including: (a) the construction
of an incineration facility and a recycling sorting facility, (b) equipment, (c) site
development, and (d) indirect cost. This is shown in Table VII-37.

19. Section VIII: Financial Analysis. The objective of the financial evaluation is to
determine the viability of the Project by computing the financial internal rate of return
(FIRR) and the weighted average cost of capital (WACC). The assessment considered
3 modes of implementation in which: (1) the Government will finance, construct and
operate the facility; (2) the private sector will participate in the construction of the facility
and then operate it; and (3) the Government will build the facility and the private sector
will operate it.

20. The site will be developed, and the facility will be built over a period of five years
(inclusive of the conduct of the detailed design) starting in 2025 and ending in 2029.
This evaluation converts the project costs to current prices by assuming an annual
inflation rate of 3% per annum. The resulting total cost of the project in current prices is

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Php 6,015.51million.

21. The results of the evaluation suggest that because the Project is highly capital-
intensive, it is not financially viable with an FIRR at -3%. Should the Government decide
to let the private sector participate in the operation of the facility, the Government
should be ready to provide subsidies to the private sector. Entrusting the operation of
the facility to the private sector will be advantageous to the Government because the
latter will share in the revenues generated by the Project.

22. Section IX: Economic Evaluation. The economic assessment determines the viability
of the proposed WtE facility considering the following benefits:

i. non-incremental benefits (health expenditures, generated power, tipping fees).

ii. incremental benefits (reduction in land required for disposal, extension of
lifespan of landfills, sales of by-products from processed waste, employment
multiplier effect)

23. The Project yields a net present value (NPV) of Php 1.366 billion, an EIRR of 13.57%,
and a benefit cost ratio of 1.28. Overall, the economic benefits are greater than the
economic costs of the Project.

24. A sensitivity analysis was carried out to assess impacts on economic viability if actual
project costs will be higher and/or expected project benefits will be much lower. This
considered the following scenarios:

i. Scenario 1 (10% increase in capital and O&M cost)

ii. Scenario 2 (10% reduction in revenue)
iii. Scenario 3 (Scenario 1 + Scenario 2)

25. The Project would be viable under Scenario 1 with a positive NPV at Php 874 million
and an EIRR of 12.15%, which is more than the hurdle rate of 10%. Under the second
and third scenarios, the Project will still have a positive net present value and an EIRR
that is more than the 10% hurdle rate. However, the benefit-cost ratio is lower than 1,
meaning the costs exceed the benefits. However, it is possible that if the environmental
benefits discussed above are quantified, the economic viability of Scenarios 2 and 3 will
improve.

26. Section X: Environmental Assessment and Initial Environmental Examination.

This section assesses the current environmental condition of the project area. The
assessment seeks to determine foreseeable and unforeseen issues and challenges
pertaining to the establishment and operation of a WtE facility. It lists specific measures
to mitigate the facility’s negative impact on the environment and mentions the benefits
to the community as derived from the WtE technology.

27. Section XI: Social Assessment. Several activities were conducted to complete the
socioeconomic assessment. These include: (1) courtesy calls on different LGU officials
(at the barangay, municipal/city and provincial level); (2) focus group discussions and
information, education and communication (IEC) campaigns on the selected site for the
WtE plant; and (3) socioeconomic surveys. The result of the social assessment also
includes the socioeconomic survey.

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28. Section XII: Existing Laws and Institutional Arrangement. This section discusses
existing legislation, as well as the legal framework and institutional arrangement in
relation to the operation of WtE facilities. The current legal regime on WtE facilities is
governed by the Clean Air Act of 1991 (RA 8749) and the Ecological Solid Waste
Management Act of 2000 (RA 9003). From 1991 until 2002, there was an assumption
that the Clean Air Act totally banned incineration as a method of disposing of solid
waste. This issue, however, was resolved by the Supreme Court, which clarified that
incineration was not absolutely prohibited – only those burning processes which would
emit poisonous and toxic fumes were banned.

29. This section further lists the major problems and concerns encountered by businesses
or enterprises while putting up medium- to large-scale WtE plants as well as policy
considerations (including expected positive effects and strategies) that would resolve
general and specific issues involving the setting up of a WtE plant.

30. In summary, the recommended institutional arrangement shall include the following
parties: (1) MMDA as the promoter; (2) the SLF operator and WtE supplier/operator
entering into a joint venture agreement to establish a WtE plant in the SLF site in
Rodriguez; (3) the municipality of Rodriguez as the host LGU; (4) Rizal as the host
province; (5) host community; (6) DENR; and (7) power utility distribution company.

31. Section XIII: Operational Plan. The objective of the operation and management plan
is to ensure the stability, sustainability, and reliability of the proposed facility through the
following:

i. Appropriate allocation of management personnel and organizational planning.

The project will have a total of 99 employees: a facility manager, a team of 3
management and administration experts including 1 pollution control officer, a
team of 27 people assigned to operate equipment, a team of 8 people tasked
to repair devices, an MBT operations team made up of 54 personnel, and 6
other workers.

ii. Establishment of regular and emergency operation protocols. Accidents and

untoward incidents will be prevented by training plant personnel in: (1) safety
and maintenance; (2) equipment safety and accident prevention; and (3) safety
check.

iii. Development of a rational maintenance plan regarding mechanical treatment

(MT) and the operation of the incineration facility itself.

32. The maintenance management plan includes a program that would ensure the proper
and efficient management of the facility and adhere to strict protocols and standards
regarding maintenance of equipment.

33. The annual operation and maintenance cost is estimated at Php 271.39 million.

34. Section XIV: Implementation Plan. The public bidding of the Project will be conducted
and administered by the PPP Center under RA 6957 and its IRR. The FS phase (to be
approved by MMDA and NEDA) will have a duration of 1 year and 5 months (January
2023 to May 2024). The FS phase includes the ICC and NEDA Board approval. The
bidding process including the procurement of services of Independent Consultant will
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have a duration of 1 year (June 2024 to June 2025). The bidding phase will start from
issuance of bidding documents to Financial Close and issuance of NTP. The
construction phase (including detailed design, permitting, construction, testing and
commissioning, and Project turnover) will have a duration of 4 years and 8 months
(April 2025 to December 2029)

35. Section XV: Conclusion and Recommendation. The study highly recommends the
establishment of a WtE facility in Metro Manila because of the immense economic and
public health benefits it will bring. Aside from converting waste into usable energy, it can
help control the spread of many diseases that are caused by improper waste
management. Other compelling arguments in support of WtE technology adoption
include: the need to reduce the land for waste disposal; the urgency of extending the
lifespan of existing landfills; the revenues to be generated from the sale of processed
waste by-products; the employment multiplier effect it can generate; and meeting
MMDA’s requirement for an additional facility to enhance its metro-wide services health
and sanitation.

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Section I. The Project

A. Introduction

1. The Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA), pursuant to its mandated

role in solid waste management as specified under Republic Act 7924 (An Act Creating the
Metropolitan Manila Development Authority, Defining its Powers and Functions, Providing
Funding Therefor and for Other Purposes), has been working closely with the 17 local
government units (LGUs) of Metro Manila to formulate, initiate and implement policies,
standards, and projects for proper, efficient, and sanitary waste disposal in Metro Manila.

2. The overarching goals of the MMDA are to reduce, reuse and recycle solid wastes
through the establishment of ecologically safe and efficiently operated solid waste disposal
and processing facilities to ensure, among other things, the protection of public health and
the environment in and around Metro Manila.

3. One of the emerging strategies in the country with respect to solid waste
management is the establishment and operation of WtE facilities which are internationally
recognized for their environmentally safe and technologically advanced waste disposal
method that provides two major benefits: generate clean energy and extend the life cycle of
existing landfill sites by reducing the amount of waste entering said facilities.

4. Considering the immense benefits derived from these WtE facilities, the MMDA has
commissioned two consulting companies to determine which of the existing WtE
technologies can best extract energy from waste. The Consultants are expected to provide a
full range of services with regard to technical, environmental, social, financial, economic,
and legal assessments of each of the different options to be considered for the MMDA WtE
project.

5. Kyong-Ho Engineering & Architects Co., Ltd. based in South Korea, in partnership
with Engineering and Development Corporation of the Philippines (EDCOP), jointly referred
to herein as “the Consultants,” have been engaged by the MMDA to undertake this
Feasibility Study to Determine the Appropriate WtE Technology in Metro Manila. On January
27, 2023, the Consultants received the Notice to Proceed (NTP).

B. Project Objectives

6. The overall objective of the Project, as required in the Terms of Reference (TOR), is
to conduct a feasibility study for the establishment of a WtE facility for Metro Manila.
Specifically, the consultancy services shall involve a comprehensive study of WtE
technology in respect of certain factors such as, but not limited to the following:

• Determine the appropriate WtE technology for Metro Manila

• Feasibility of adopting the chosen WtE technology for Metro Manila waste
• To expose stakeholders to establishing, operating and maintaining WtE facility
(including its pros and cons).

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Section II. Reconnaissance and Data Gathering

A. Field Reconnaissance

A.1. Site Visit at San Mateo Sanitary Landfill

7. The Consultants’ team together with MMDA representatives visited the SMSLF on
February 28, 2023. The group was assisted by Engr. Ricardo Cardenas, Project Manager for
Operations of International Solid Waste Integrated Management Specialist, Inc. (ISWIMS).
A 16-hectare newly acquired lot by the San Mateo Landfill Development Corporation
(SMLDC) was identified as a potential WtE facility site in San Mateo.
Figure II-1. Photos taken during Site Visit at SMSLF (Feb. 28, 2023)

A.2. Site Visit at Smokey Mountain

8. Upon the recommendation of the Phil Ecology Systems Corporation (PhilEco), which
owns and operates the Navotas Sanitary Landfill Facility, the Consultants visited the
Smokey Mountain. The Consultants were assisted by Engr. Ronaldo Lacsamana, PhilEco’s
Assistant Vice President for Business Development. Smokey Mountain is in an industrial
area in Barangay 128, Manila and is 1km away from the Vitas Marine Loading Station of the
Navotas Sanitary Landfill. It has a total land area of 9.6 hectares, about a third of which (6
hectares) is being recommended by PhilEco as a potential site for a WtE facility. The site
visit was followed by a courtesy meeting on Jouie Lee Oliver, President of Phil-Eco. An
introductory presentation about the Project was given by Engr. Abigail Romero, the
Consultant’s Project coordinator.

Figure II-3. Photos taken during Site

Figure II-2. Meeting with Phileco Visit at Smokey Mountain

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A.3. Site Visit at Rizal Provincial Sanitary Landfill

9. Site visits were conducted on February 28, 2023, and July 7, 2023 to primarily
identify potential sites for a WtE plant, establish their current environmental state with
respect to Project limitations, and gather important data.

10. The field surveys were conducted to achieve other objectives:

• Appraise the site’s physical/geographical features.

• Establish site conditions and constraints.
• Meet with LGU and barangay officials as well as stakeholders.
• Obtain a location map of the site.
• Identify nearby water sources.
• Identify nearby electricity grids.

11. The Consultants’ team, together with MMDA representatives, visited the Rizal
Provincial Sanitary Landfill for the first time on February 28, 2023 (Figure II-4). The group
was accompanied and assisted by Engr. Ricardo Cardenas, Project Manager for Operations
of ISWIMS. Two potential sites in the vicinity of RPSLF were identified: (1) a 17-hectare
newly acquired uphill area and (2) a 7-hectare portion of a flat and elevated area.

Figure II-4. Photos during Site Visit at Rizal Provincial Sanitary Landfill (Feb. 28, 2023)

12. On July 7, 2023, the Consultant’s team (again together with MMDA representatives)
revisited the RPSLF. This time, the team recognized the practicality of putting up a WtE
plant on the 7-hectare area located within the vicinity. The area has an adjacent water
source and is accessible by land. The 3MW Montalban Methane Power Corporation
(MMPC) is found one kilometer from the site. MMPC has its own 15MW substation. This
means it has an available capacity of 12MW to supply the power needs of the WtE plant.

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Figure II-5. Photos Taken during the Second Site Visit at RPSLF (July 7, 2023)

Figure II-6. View of the 7-hectare Site Figure II-7. A Close-up of an Elevated
from the View Deck Portion of the Area

Figure II-9. Map of the 7-hectare WtE

Figure II-8. A Long Shot of the RPSLF Potential Site in RPSLF

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Figure II-10. A Portion of the Area

by the Roadside Figure II-11. A Right Side View of the Area

13. Another site visit at RPSLF was conducted on September 12, 2023. This was
attended by the Project Team Leader-Mr Choi Yun Hoon, Mr. Hwang and Mr. Kang of
Kyong Ho Architects and Engineers, Ltd together with EDCOP Consultants and MMDA
representative. The group was assisted by Foreman Domelito Cay of ISWIMS. The objective
of the site visit is to assess the natural state of the 7-hectare area as WtE potential site.

Figure II-12. Photos during Site Visit at RPSLF (Sep. 12, 2023)

B. Courtesy Call on LGU Officials and Briefing on the IEC Campaign

B.1. Courtesy Call on Mayor Ronnie Evangelista and Briefing on the IEC Campaign at
Rodriguez, Rizal

14. On March 22, 2023, the Consultants and the MMDA project team, delivered a
presentation on the proposed information, education and communication (IEC) campaign at
the Rodriguez municipal hall conference room. The honorable Mayor is amenable and open
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for a WtE technology.

Figure II-13. Courtesy Call and Briefing on the IEC Campaign

at Rodriguez, Rizal Municipal Hall

B.2. Courtesy Call on Mayor Bartolome N. Rivera and Briefing on the IEC Campaign at
San Mateo Rizal

15. On March 23, 2023, the Consultants and the MMDA project team visited the office of
San Mateo Mayor Bartolome N. Rivera Jr. for the customary courtesy call and formal
presentation to local stakeholders of the Project’s information, education and
communication (IEC) campaign. The presentation was held at Mayor Rivera’s office and
presided over by the Consultants’ representative, Atty. Rafael Chris Teston. The good
Mayor said that San Mateo’s selection as host community of a WtE facility would be a
welcome development. He expressed the belief that the WtE facility would not only help
reduce the volume of garbage at a faster rate but will also prolong the lifespan of the
existing landfill and boost local economy through the creation of additional income and job
opportunities.

Figure II-14. Courtesy Call and Presentation on the IEC Campaign at San Mateo, Rizal
Municipal Hall

B.3. Courtesy Call on Dir. Kayle Nicole Amurao and IEC Campaign at DPS Office,
Manila

16. On May 25, 2023, the Consultants together with MMDA representatives, paid a
courtesy call on concerned administrative officials of the City of Manila. The meeting was
attended by Department of Public Service (DPS) Director Kayle Nicole Amurao and other
members of the Manila DPS. An introductory presentation about the Project was given by

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Atty. Rafael Chris Teston, the Consultants’ legal and institutional specialist.

17. The presentation highlighted the waste-to-energy conversion process, benefits, and
potential social and environmental impacts of a WtE facility. The 3 potential sites namely,
Rizal Provincial Sanitary Landfill, San Mateo Sanitary Landfill, and Smokey Mountain were
also presented. The DPS Director informed the Consultants that currently, there had been
no concrete plan for the development of the Smokey Mountain although her office had
received proposals for the establishment of a material recovery facility (MRF) in the area.

Figure II-15. Courtesy Call and Presentation on the EIC Campaign at DPS Office,
Manila

B.4. Courtesy Call on Barangay Captain Karen Mae Hernandez and IEC Campaign at
Barangay San Isidro, Rodriguez, Rizal

18. On July 27, 2023, the Consultants and the MMDA project team paid a courtesy call
on Hon. Karen Mae L. Hernandez, Barangay Captain of San Isidro, where the Rizal
Provincial Sanitary Landfill is located.

Figure II-16. Courtesy Call and IEC Campaign at Brgy. San Isidro Rodriguez Rizal

B.5. Courtesy Call on Provincial Governor Ricci Ynares

19. On September 21, 2023, the Consultants and the MMDA representative paid a
courtesy call to Hon. Nina Ricci Ynares, Governor of the Province of Rizal, where the Rizal
Provincial Sanitary Landfill is located. The courtesy meeting was attended by Vice-Governor
Reynaldo San Juan Jr., Roberto A. Estrada and representatives from the Regional
Environment and Natural Resources (RENRO) and Provincial Planning and Development
Office (PPDO). The Vice Governor suggested that the study should include the benefits that
the province and the LGUs will get should the WtE facility be built and starts operating.

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Figure II-17. Courtesy Call and Briefing on the IEC Campaign at Ynares Center
Complex, Antipolo Rizal

C. Focus Group Discussion

20. On August 4, 2023, the Consultants headed by Social Development Specialist Ms.
Erlinda Isla and the MMDA project team conducted a focus group discussion (FGD) in Brgy.
San Isidro, Rodriguez, Rizal. The FGD was attended by the Barangay Council, health
workers, youth representatives, women, senior citizens, teachers, persons with disabilities,
and members of other concerned organizations. The FGD includes the presentation of the
benefits of a WTE facility in a community, the Social, the Environmental Impact Assessment
and the potential location of the proposed WTE facility. Orientation and training of survey
team for the social assessment was also conducted after the IEC & FGD.

Figure II-18. Focus Group Discussion

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D. Meeting with Quezon City LEIPO

21. The MMDA has invited the Quezon City Local Economic Investment Promotions
Office (LEIPO) on April 25, 2023, to discuss the status of the Waste to Energy Project of
Quezon City.
22. Quezon City reps informed that the WtE Project for Quezon City is an unsolicited
proposal submitted by the Metropacific Investment Corporation (MPIC), in which the latter
was given the Original Proponent Status (OPS). The project proposal is still under
negotiation and will still undergo the Swiss Challenge.
23. The Consultant informed Quezon City reps that there is also a Pre-feasibility Study
on Quezon City Waste to Energy commissioned by Asian Development Bank (ADB) in 2016.

E. Meeting with ISWIMS

24. On June 29, 2023, the Consultants together with MMDA requested for a meeting
with Engr. Dennis C. Sandil, President of International Solid Waste Integrated Management
Specialist Inc. (ISWIMS) with the agenda to discuss the Rizal Provincial Sanitary Landfill
(RPSLF) as a potential site for WtE facility. Highlights of the meeting are enumerated below:

• ISWIMS informed us that they have been negotiating a bigger WtE and other
Renewable Energy project. However, their main problem is the substation of NGCP.

• ISWIMS advise that the potentials for RPSLF are: (1) All the industrial waste are
being brought to the RPSLF.

• ISWIMS advised that the power generated and can possibly sell the byproducts can
be sold to the 38 crashing plants within the 200 hectares.

• ISWIMS informed that the Montalban Methane Power Corporation (MMPC), a plant
that develops methane gas power from RPSLF, has its own substation with the
capacity of 15MW. ISWIMS added that the electricity that will then be produced by
the proposed WtE technology can be connected to their MMPC substation.

Figure II-19. Meeting with ISWIMS

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F. Meeting with Department of Energy

25. On June 7, 2023, the Consultants together with MMDA requested for a meeting with
DOE with the agenda to discuss the status, ongoing and future projects related to Waste to
Energy in the Philippines. The OIC Chief, Biomass Energy Management Division- Engr.
Romeo M. Galamgam, informed the Consultants and MMDA on the applicable Renewable
Energy Laws, among which is the Republic Act 9513- Renewable Energy Act of 2008 (An
Act Promoting the Development, Utilization and Commercialization or Renewable Energy
Resources and for other Purposes). Other highlights of the meeting are enumerated below:

 DOE invited the Consultants and MMDA to join the DOE sponsored Waste to
Energy Forum in Cagayan De Oro on June 15, 2023.

 MMDA informed that the agency has a Pyrolysis Facility in Vitas. However, this
facility is not yet operational due to pending issuance of permits from DENR.

 DOE informed that the FIT (feed in tariff) system has already stopped but it was
replaced by Green Energy Auction Program (GEAP).

 DOE expressed its appreciation on MMDA’s initiative to pursue waste to energy

project.

 DOE discussed the general incentives of renewable energy developers, which

include, among others: (1) income tax holiday for the 1st 7 years of operation, (2)
duty-free importation of RE machinery, (3) special realty tax rates on equipment and
machinery, (4) net operating loss carry-over and (5) corporate tax rate.

Figure II-20. Meeting with DOE Biomass Energy Management Division (June 7, 2023)

26. On July 13, 2023, the Consultants together with MMDA requested for another
meeting with DOE with the agenda to discuss the incentives and privileges for renewable
energy projects in the Philippines. The Senior Technical Staff, Biomass Energy
Management Division- Charisse Pascual informed the Consultants that as of the current
guidelines of Renewable Energy (RE), MSW is considered as Renewable Energy. DOE
stated that the effectiveness of the Income Tax Holiday (ITH) is for the first 7 years after the
commercial operation. For ITH, the request for endorsement is after one year of operation.
Other highlights of the meeting are enumerated below:

 DOE stated that zero VAT only applies to the locally bought materials that
are related for the construction development of the project. Duty-free
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importation on the other hand, applies on the equipment that are being
imported from outside the country.

 DOE advised MMDA to issue a certification to local contractor for the services of the
registered RE project. Upon submission to BIR, the local contractor will present the
endorsement from DOE and certification from DOE.

 DOE informed that for the Round 2 of the Green Energy Auction Program (GEAP),
WtE and Biomass have a different selling price, with WtE having a higher selling
price of 6.2689.

 DOE informed that they have a program: ER1-94 in which host community will
receive 1 centavo/kwh produce- 40% to province, 30% to municipality and 30% to
barangay.

Figure II-21. Meeting with DOE Biomass Energy Management Division (July 13, 2023)

G. Data Gathering

27. The MMDA provided the Consultants with relevant documents. Other important data
were gathered from concerned LGUs. Table II-1 shows the list of data and documents
collected and their sources.

Table II-1. List of Data Gathered

Documents / Data Gathered Data Source
1. Metro Manila 25-year Solid Waste Management Plan MMDA
2. Benchmark on WtE technologies MMDA
3. The Project for Capacity Development on Improving Solid Waste MMDA
Management through Advanced/Innovative Technologies in the
Republic of Philippines
4. Good Practice of SWM Other than WtE MMDA
5. Update on DENR Administrative Order on Waste-to-Energy MMDA
6. Waste To Energy in The Age Of The Circular Economy MMDA
7. Prospects of Waste to Energy Facilities in the Philippines MMDA
8. Comments and Recommendations on MMDA’s WACS2021 MMDA
9. Staff Appraisal Report on Establishment of Integrated Solid MMDA
Waste Disposal Facility (the “Project”)
10. Report: Conceptual Framework and Toolkit/s for Mainstreaming MMDA
Climate Change, Disaster Risk Management, and Resiliency in
the PPP Process

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Documents / Data Gathered Data Source

11. Proposed Investments on Solid Waste Management (SWM) MMDA
12. Considerations for Waste-to-Energy Solutions in Developing MMDA
Countries
13. Comprehensive Land Use Plan for the City of Navotas MMDA
14. Sanitary Landfill (SLF) Profile MMDA
15. Solid Waste Management (SWM) Facilities Location MMDA
16. Department of Justice Legal Opinion dated March 18, 2010 MMDA
17. Issuance of Notice to Proceed dated November 20, 2009 MMDA
18. NEDA Board Certification dated June 4, 2008, stating that the MMDA
Project had approved and confirmed the JANCOMICSI Solid
Waste Management Contract and its Amendment
19. NEDA Board Resolution dated June 3, 2008, approving the MMDA
Proposed amendment to the JANCOM - ICSI Solid Waste
Management Contract
20. Supplemental Agreement dated June 20, 2008, amending certain MMDA
provision of the BOT Contract
21. Supreme Court Decision GR No. 147465 dated January 30, 2002 MMDA
22. Current Waste Management Value Chain in the Philippines: MMDA
Status, Challenges, and Future Plans
23. Renewable Energy: Waste to Energy Technology Development MMDA
in the Philippines
24. Gap Analysis Report: Challenges in the Implementation of WtE in MMDA
the Philippines
25. Comprehensive Land Use Plan (CLUP) for the Municipality of Rodriguez LGU
Rodriguez, Rizal
26. Comprehensive Development Pan (CDP) for the Municipality of Rodriguez LGU
Rodriguez, Rizal
27. Comprehensive Land Use Plan (CLUP) for the Municipality of San Mateo LGU
San Mateo, Rizal
28. Comprehensive Development Pan (CDP) for the Municipality of San Mateo LGU
San Mateo, Rizal
29. Comprehensive Development Pan (CDP) for the City of Manila Manila LGU
30. Comprehensive Land Use Plan (CLUP) for the City of Manila Manila LGU
31. Renewable Energy Laws DOE
32. Socio-Eco Survey Kyong-ho/ EDCOP
33. Engineering Geological and Geohazard Assessment Report Kyong-ho/ EDCOP
34. Dry Waste Analysis and Characterization Study (WACS), 2023 MMDA
35. Wet Waste Analysis and Characterization Study (WACS), 2023 Kyong-ho/ EDCOP
36. Baseline Studies (Air, Groundwater, Surface Water) Kyong-ho/ EDCOP
37. Pictures of RPSLF ISWIMS

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Section III. Market Analysis

28. Rapid urbanization and population growth in the Asia-Pacific region have led to an
exponential increase in waste generation. This is particularly prominent in countries like
India, China, and Indonesia. As people move from rural to urban areas, consumption
patterns change, leading to higher levels of packaging and disposable goods. Consequently,
traditional waste management methods could not keep up with this pace and have become
increasingly unsustainable. For instance, land for landfilling has become scarce, making
WtE plants an attractive solution. WtE projects can not only manage the growing waste
volume but also contribute to urban development by providing an efficient and sustainable
energy source.

29. With economic development, population growth and urbanization, the demand for
energy has been rising across the region. While conventional energy sources are still
dominant, there's a growing recognition of the need to diversify the energy mix and
incorporate renewable sources. Waste-to-energy projects can play a vital role in this
diversification process by converting organic waste into usable energy. This is particularly
significant in regions where energy supply hardly meets the demand.

30. The region holds a significant potential for converting waste to energy and presents a
growing market for sustainable waste management solutions. The surge in waste
generation across many countries in the region makes traditional waste disposal methods
increasingly unsustainable. There is therefore a pressing need for alternative waste
management approaches.

31. Several countries in Asia Pacific have already recognized the potential of converting
waste to energy and have made significant investments in infrastructure and policy support.
For instance, Japan, South Korea, and China have been at the forefront of WtE
development, implementing advanced technologies and fostering a favorable regulatory
environment. Australia, Singapore, and Malaysia are also actively exploring and
implementing WtE solutions. Figure III-1 shows that there is an increasing market for WtE
facilities in Asia Pacific, which is projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate of
4.9%. Japan is the largest WtE market in Asia. In 2019, around 70% of the total waste it
produced was incinerated, including incineration with energy recovery. In South Korea, more
than 60% of renewable energy is derived from waste, with cheap production costs.
Producing energy using waste has emerged as the most efficient way a country can provide
itself with the desired renewable energy.

32. WtE technologies offer a promising solution by converting waste into valuable energy
resources. The Asia-Pacific region, with its abundant waste resources, can benefit from
harnessing the energy potential of waste. WtE technologies such as incineration,
gasification, and pyrolysis can help reduce the volume of waste sent to landfills, minimize
greenhouse gas emissions, and generate electricity or heat.

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Figure III-1. Asia-Pacific Waste-to-Energy Market Size, 2018-2029 (USD Billion)

Source: www.fortunebusinessinsights.com

33. The expected growth in the region’s WtE market is said to be partly due to the
prioritization of sustainable waste management practices and renewable energy generation
by governments. The increasing awareness of environmental concerns and the need to
reduce dependence on fossil fuels further contribute to the market's potential. However,
challenges such as technology selection, financing, regulatory frameworks, and public
acceptance need to be carefully addressed to unlock the full potential of WtE technology in
the region.

34. Growing energy demand accompanies economic development and urbanization. To

diversify the energy mix and incorporate renewable sources, WtE projects can be pivotal. By
converting organic waste into energy, these projects can offer a feasible solution, especially
in areas with energy supply deficits.

35. With the right policies, investments, and collaborations, the Asia-Pacific region can
leverage the potential of WtE technology to address its waste management challenges,
reduce environmental impact, and contribute to the transition towards a more sustainable
and circular economy.

36. In the Philippines, the same trends in urbanization, growth in population, and
economic development have led to the similar concerns on managing waste, and rising
demand for energy. The country's urban population has been steadily increasing, resulting
in more waste generated in cities. This has put pressure on existing waste management
systems, which are often inadequate to handle the rising waste quantities. WtE projects can
address these challenges by reducing waste volume and producing energy, thus providing a
dual benefit. With the country’s focus on sustainable development, incorporating WtE
initiatives aligns with its broader goals. However, the waste management landscape
presents numerous challenges (such as those cited above) which led to increasing waste
generation rates. Conventional waste management practices are becoming increasingly
unsustainable and pose significant environmental and health risks. In light of these
concerns, exploring WtE solutions as a sustainable and efficient alternative for waste
management may be worth exploring.

37. This market study aims to assess the potential for WtE development in the country,
particularly Metro Manila. This study seeks to provide valuable insights on waste
management, renewable energy, and sustainable development. It takes into account the
waste generation rates of LGUs in Metro Manila, the types and quantities of waste
generated, including municipal solid waste, industrial and agricultural waste, waste
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management infrastructure, landfill capacities, and waste disposal practices observed by

Metro Manila LGUs. The findings and recommendations inform policy makers and
implementers on environmentally sound waste management options and harness the
potential of waste as a valuable energy resource.

A. Metro Manila Solid Waste Volume and Disposal

38. Solid waste usually comes from residential, commercial, institutional, industrial and
other sources (street sweepings, dredging, etc.) within LGU premises. Waste sources
include houses and other dwellings like condominiums, subdivisions or apartment units,
which are labeled as residential sources of waste where waste is collected by the barangay
or LGU for disposal. Food establishments, markets, hotels and general merchandise shops
are categorized as commercial sources of waste.

39. Wastes from churches, offices, schools, parks and health-related establishments are
classified as institutional waste; wastes from manufacturing, agribusiness and related
services are categorized as industrial waste; and wastes from dredging, street sweepings,
and construction/demolition debris are called special waste.

40. Table III-1 shows the summary of waste generation capacities of the 16 cities and 1
municipality in Metro Manila. The table further delves into waste generation per LGU,
considering diversion rates and waste that can be converted into energy. A significant
proportion of waste has the potential for diversion and WtE applications.

Table III-1. Summary of the Waste Generation Capacities

of the Cities and Municipalities of NCR, 2022 (in tons)
Estimated Total Waste Waste Diversion Total Waste
LGU
Generation Processed Rate Disposed
1 Caloocan 350,908.00 138,928.00 39.59% 499,847.00
2 Las Pinas 133,693.00 37,756.00 28.24% 68,139.00
3 Makati 194,379.00 101,824.00 52.38% 292,169.00
4 Malabon 115,874.00 56,604.00 48.85% 85,498.00
5 Mandaluyong 105,057.00 71,508.00 68.07% 40,791.00
6 Manila 430,945.00 204,667.00 47.49% 618,297.00
7 Marikina 155,346.00 85,385.00 54.96% 253,713.00
8 Muntinlupa 102,955.00 9,581.00 9.31% 127,677.00
9 Navotas 47,887.00 26,864.00 56.10% 78,987.00
10 Paranaque 280,810.00 186,587.00 66.45% 269,294.00
11 Pasay 153,224.00 104,168.00 67.98% 109,319.00
12 Pasig 181,742.00 127,179.00 69.98% 167,815.00
13 Pateros 11,160.00 5,440.00 48.75% 5,080.00
14 Quezon 1,392,434.00 672,884.00 48.32% 90,555.00
15 San Juan 21,322.00 532.00 2.50% 42,012.00
16 Taguig 211,744.00 3,644.00 1.72% 172,273.00
17 Valenzuela 96,259.00 60,861.00 63.23% 181,245.00
Total 3,985,739.00 1,894,412.00 3,702,711.00
Source: MMDA (2023)

41. With continuous growth in population and the increasing waste generated per
person, demand for sanitary landfill and its alternative can be expected to rise accordingly,
as shown in Figure III-2 below. The population projection used in Figure III-2 is based on
the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA) 2020 Census of Population and Housing and does
not include the transient workers and tourists. Waste generation rate used is

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0.61kg/capita/day1.

Figure III-2. Effective Demand for Waste Disposal Facility

42. Table III-2 shows the collection and disposal practices observed in different LGUs in
Metro Manila. Various methods including procuring the services of private haulers and
disposal facilities are utilized, with details of disposal locations provided. On the collection of
wastes, all the LGUs except for Navotas make use of the services of private haulers. Waste
from Navotas is collected and transported by trucks provided by the LGU. In addition to the
services of the private haulers, the cities of Marikina, Valenzuela and Manila still utilize the
LGU’s trucks to collect and transport their waste.

Table III-2. Waste Collection and Disposal in NCR, 2023

LGU Collector Disposal Facility
Mandaluyong Private Hauler Rizal Provincial SLF
Pasig Private Hauler Rizal Provincial SLF
Marikina LGU / Private Hauler San Mateo SLF
San Juan Private Hauler Rizal Provincial SLF
Taguig Private Hauler Rizal Provincial SLF
Caloocan Private Hauler San Mateo SLF
Las Piñas Private Hauler Rizal Provincial SLF
Makati Private Hauler Rizal Provincial SLF
Malabon Private Hauler Navotas SLF
Muntinlupa Private Hauler Rizal Provincial SLF
Navotas LGU Navotas SLF
Parañaque Private Hauler Rizal Provincial SLF
Pasay Private Hauler Rizal Provincial SLF
Quezon City Private Hauler Rizal Provincial SLF
Pateros Private Hauler Rizal Provincial SLF
Valenzuela LGU / Private Hauler SMSLF
Manila LGU / Private Hauler Navotas SLF
Source: MMDA (2023)

1
Synthesized waste generation rates in the Philippines for the base year 2010. National Solid Waste Management Status
Report (2008-2018)
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43. The Navotas Sanitary Landfill has 2 components, the Vitas Marine Loading Station in
Tondo and the Navotas Landfill located in Tanza, Navotas City. The Vitas site is closest to
Caloocan, Malabon, Manila and Navotas, with less than 10km distance. These cities, except
for Caloocan, dispose their waste to Navotas Sanitary Landfill. The proximity to disposal
sites is important because the cost of transporting waste is a major expense in waste
processing, therefore, the closer distance would mean lesser cost for hauling of waste.

Table III-333333333333. Distance of LGU from Waste Disposal Sites, 2021

Town and Cities Vitas Site RPSLF SMSLF
1. Quezon City 16 16.5 13.3
2. Manila 9.6 26.9 22.3
3. Caloocan 5.6 12.25 14.7
4. Pasig 28 23.3 15.7
5. Taguig 23.2 30.6 23.2
6. Paranaque 27.8 35.9 28.6
7. Valenzuela 13 20.5 19.7
8. Las Pinas 30 40.5 33.3
9. Makati 19 28.3 21.8
10. Muntinlupa 44.5 42.5 34.5
11. Marikina 24 14.9 8.39
12. Pasay 16 31.1 24.8
13. Malabon 6 23.8 21.8
14. Mandaluyong 16 25.6 19.3
15. Navotas 6.3 25.9 29.9
16. San Juan 16 23.2 17.8
17. Pateros 24 27.5 20.1

B. Solid Waste Composition and Sources

44. A historical characterization of the kinds of waste produced in NCR for 1982, 1997,
2003, and 2015 shows a decreasing trend in generating paper and cardboard waste, food
and kitchen waste, glass, and metals (Table III-4). In contrast, the production of plastic
waste saw a significant increase over the same period, becoming the second most
produced waste in 2015. Food and kitchen waste consistently accounted for the bulk of the
waste generated, followed by plastic and paper, and cardboard waste. The composition of
wastes generated in 2021 appears to be consistent with the trend (Table III-5).

Table III-4. Composition of Wastes from 1982 to 2015 (in %), 2021
Items NorConsult JICA (1997) ADB (2003) SMEC (2015)
(1982)
Paper & cardboard 12.9 15.39 12.54 9.10
Food & kitchen waste 35.8 45.82 32.54 31.47
Textile 1.8 4.33 not given 6.62
Rubber & leather 1.6 0.8 not given not given
Yard waste 9.9 7.45 20.4 2.10
Metals 5.8 5.47 4.36 0.55
Glass 3.5 2.69 3.06 2.10
Plastic 6.9 15.6 24.74 16.41
Source: MMDA

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Figure III-3. Waste Composition in Table III-5. Waste Composition in Metro

Metro Manila, 2021 Manila, 2021
Waste Type Percentage
Kitchen waste 45%
Paper 17%
Plastic 16%
Grass & wood 7%
Metal 5%
Textile 4%
Glass 3%
Ceramic & stone 1%
Leather & rubber 1%
Others 1%
Source: Metro Manila Development Authority
Source: Metro Manila Development Authority (2023)

C. Metro Manila SLF Capacities and Actual Waste Accommodated

45. Three sanitary landfills (SLFs) are currently serving Metro Manila’s LGUs: those
located in Navotas, Rizal Province, and San Mateo. These SLFs have different capacities
and service different sets of LGUs in Metro Manila.

C.1. Navotas Sanitary Landfill (SLF)

46. This SLF services six LGUs and four offices. While its design capacity could
accommodate a large volume of waste at the outset, it is literally rapidly approaching its
capacity limit. Over 65% of the total daily waste delivered to this site comes from Manila,
followed by Paranaque and Malabon.

Table III-6. Navotas SLF Capacity

Address Barangay Tanza, Navotas City
As a controlled dumpsite: October 2002 to August 2006
Date opened
As Navotas SLF: August 28, 2006
Design capacity 41.12 has
Remaining capacity 4.71 million cu.m. (0.92 million tons)
Remaining life span 1 year 9 months from January 2023
Others Access the facility via Vitas Marine Loading Bay, Pier 18 Manila
Source: MMDA (2023)

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Table III-7. Actual Waste Disposed of at Navotas SLF, 2022

Ave. Vol / day
TOTAL
LGU (cu.m) 365 days
Trips Volume (cu.m.) Volume (tons)
1. Quezon City - S.O. 2,723 40,550.05 8,110.01 111.10
2. Manila 180,283 2,052,934.93 410,586.99 5,624.48
3. DPS Manila 11,616 111,105.23 22,221.05 304.40
4. Malabon 15,957 299,243.68 59,848.74 819.85
5. Navotas 34,963 276,455.98 55,291.20 757.41
6. Parañaque 19,857 356,472.99 71,294.60 976,64
7. PRCMO 520 3,908.02 781.60 10.71
8. MMDA SP. OP. 795 8,375.06 1,675.01 22.95
9. P. Station 382 4,031.06 806.21 11.04
10. DPWH - Dolomite 30 148.38 29.68 0.41
SUBTOTAL 267,126 3,153,225.38 630,645.08 8,638.97

C.2. New San Mateo Sanitary Landfill

47. Table III-8 and Table III-9 indicate that this SLF is better than Navotas SLF with a
few more years of life but clearly fast approaching its capacity limit. Given this, Caloocan,
Valenzuela, Marikina and Parañaque will have to find other means to deal with their waste.

Table III-8. New San Mateo Rizal Province SLF Capacity

Profile Details
Address Sitio Mabilog, Brgy. Pintong Bukawe,
San Mateo, Rizal
Date opened February 1, 2018
Design capacity 45 has
Remaining capacity 25.91 million cu.m. (5.182 million tons)
Remaining life span 5 years from January 2023
Source: MMDA (2023)

Table III-9. Actual Waste Disposed of at New San Mateo SLF, 2022
Ave. Vol / day
TOTAL
LGU ( cu.m. ) 365 days
Trips Volume (cu.m.) Vol (tons)
1.Caloocan 64,544 1,749,465.26 349,893.05 4,793.06
2.Valenzuela 25,178 634,358.14 126,871.63 1,737.97
3.Marikina 29,838 887,994.32 177,598.86 2,432.86
4.Parañaque 19,874 585,739.64 117,147.93 1,604.77
SUBTOTAL 139,434 3,857,557.36 771,511.47 10,568.65
Source: MMDA (2023)

C.3. Rizal Province Sanitary Landfill (SLF)

48. This SLF services the most number of LGUs and has a longer remaining service life
(i.e., 10 years) than the other two landfills. This period, however, may be considered
relatively “short” as decisions for alternatives can take many years before they are approved
and implemented. (For one, a number of WtE proposals have been under consideration
since 2016.)

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Table III-10. Rizal Province SLF Capacity

Profile Details
Address Sitio Lukutang Munti, San Isidro,
Rodriguez, Rizal
Date opened As Montalban SWDF: Jan 2002 to Sept 2007
As RPSLF: Sept 1, 2007 to present
Design capacity 50 has.
Remaining capacity 32.55 million cu.m. (6.51 million tons)
Remaining life span 10 years 3 months from January 2023
Distance from MMDA 33.1 km
Source: MMDA (2023)

Table III-11. Actual Waste Disposed of at Rizal Province SLF, 2022

TOTAL Ave. Vol / day
LGU
Trips Volume (cu.m.) Vol (tons) ( cu.m.) 365 days
1.Quezon City 63,703 2,376,392.05 475,278.41 6,510.66
2.San Juan 5,084 147,040.98 29,408.20 402.85
3.Pasig 18,412 587,352.00 117,470.40 1,609.18
4.Pateros 731 17,779.75 3,555.95 48.71
5.Taguig 24,872 602,955.73 120,591.15 1,651.93
6.Mandaluyong 6,013 142,769.23 28,553.85 391.15
7.Makati 51,429 1,022,590.15 204,518.03 2,801.62
8.Pasay 15,704 382,617.24 76,523.45 1,048.27
9.Las Piñas 10,174 238,487.97 47,697.59 653.39
10.Muntinlupa 18,257 446,870.40 89,374.08 1,224.30
SUBTOTAL 214.379 5,964,855.50 1,192,971.10 16,342.07
Source: MMDA (2023)

49. There may be potential to expand SLF but with increasing value of land in sites close
to Metro Manila, private developers will have to consider the alternative uses which may
generate more value. Development and expansion of sites for SLFs will be facing the
challenge of increasing the opportunity cost of land with other competing uses such as
subdivisions, or even memorial parks.
D. Waste Disposal Technologies, Waste Generation and Disposal in Other Countries

50. The WtE market in the Asia-Pacific region is projected to expand because most
governments have prioritized undertakings in sustainable waste management and
renewable energy generation. Environmental awareness and the need to reduce fossil fuel
dependence have contributed to the market's growth potential.

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Figure III-4. MSW Incinerated with Energy Recovery & Number of Thermal WtE plants,
by Region, 2019

Source: UNEP (2018)

51. The global WtE market is segmented on the basis of technology and region. Based
on technology, the market is divided into: (a) thermal, (b) biochemical, and (c) others. The
thermal process involves recycling of energy from municipal solid waste (MSW) at high
temperatures. Thermal technology includes several processes such as combustion or
incineration, gasification, and pyrolysis. The major difference among these technologies is
the amount of oxygen and temperature involved in the process that leads to the conversion
of waste to energy. The incineration segment is anticipated to register a significant growth
rate in the next decade. Increase in waste generation significantly drives the demand for
incineration on a global scale. As the incinerators can treat all kinds of waste, this process
appears to be highly preferred than the other thermal waste treatment technologies.

52. Anaerobic digestion technology has been widely accepted in biogas production. The
growing trend of electricity production through biomass will likely result in the dominance of
biochemical technology in the global WtE market. In 2018, the institutions in the European
Union (EU) agreed to enforce a new Renewable Energy Directive for the next decade,
including a legally binding EU-wide target of 32% for renewable energy by 2030, in which
the biogas sector will undoubtedly contribute to achieving this goal. For thermochemical
technology, incineration holds a significant share of WtE technology compared with other
thermochemical technology such as thermal technology. This trend is expected to continue
due to the relatively low technology costs, market maturity, and high efficiency of about
25%. In addition, incineration is suitable in urban and rural areas and can convert all types
of waste.

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53. Waste-to-Energy (WtE) technologies encompass thermochemical and biochemical

processes designed to harness energy from urban waste streams, yielding electricity,
steam, and fuels. On a global scale, approximately 216 million tons of municipal solid waste
(MSW) are incinerated annually, with around 15 percent of this incineration involving energy
recovery. Notably, thermal WtE methods account for 29 percent and 25 percent of MSW
incinerated in the Asia Pacific and Europe, respectively (as shown in Figure III-4). However,
in most regions around the world, landfilling and open dumping persist as primary waste
disposal methods, constituting more than 50 percent of the waste treatment landscape, with
the exception of one. For instance, in Africa and Latin America and the Caribbean, over 90
percent of collected waste finds its final destination in landfills or open dumps, as reported
by UNEP in 2018.

54. WtE technologies have the capacity to reduce the initial waste volume by as much as
90 percent, contingent on the waste composition and the utilization of the byproducts. These
WtE facilities offer a two-fold advantage: first, they provide an environmentally sound means
of managing and disposing of waste; and second, they generate clean power. The growing
adoption of WtE as a technique for solid and liquid waste disposal, alongside electricity
production, has significantly mitigated the environmental ramifications of municipal and solid
waste management practices. This includes a marked reduction in greenhouse gas
emissions and associated environmental impacts.

55. Table III-12 shows a comparison of the cost of collection and disposal by type of
technology and income class. Compared to an SLF, a WtE plant may still cost higher per
ton. Challenges such as technology selection, financing and viability, regulatory frameworks,
and public skepticism must be overcome to fully unlock the potential of WtE technology in
the region. Table III-13 provides a more detailed comparison of the key technologies. The
table highlights the profiles of key waste disposal technologies, including incineration with
energy recovery, gasification, pyrolysis, composting, and anaerobic digestion. These
technologies are discussed based on major products, waste inputs, pollution control
requirements, and costs per ton.

56. A comparative analysis of these technologies helps guide decision-making and

technology selection for specific contexts.

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Table III-12. Waste Generation, Cost of Collection and Disposal

by Practice and Income Class
World Bank Project Data Low Income Lower Upper High
(Nominal Date 2006) Countries Middle Middle Income
Income Income Countries
Income (GNI/capita) 2006 US$ < 876 876-3,465 3,466-10,725 > 10,725
Waste generation (kg/capita/year) 220 290 420 780
Collection coverage (% of 43 % 68 % 85 % 98 %
households served)
Cost of collection and disposal (US$/ton)
Collection 20-50 30-75 40-90 85-250
Sanitary landfill 10-30 15-40 25-65 40-100
Open dumping 2-8 3-10 ΝΑ ΝΑ
Composting 5-30 10-40 20-75 35-90
Waste-to-energy (WtE) ΝΑ 40-100 60-150 70-200
incineration
Anaerobic digestion ΝΑ 20-80 50-100 65-150
Source: UNEP (2019)
Note: All estimates are for comparative purposes only and are not indicative of actual costs at any particular
local site. Costs for reduction, reuse and recycling are not included in this table.

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Table III-131313131313131313131313. Profiles of Key Waste Disposal Technologies

Type of technology Incineration with Gasification Pyrolysis Composting Anaerobic digestion
energy recovery
Technology Direct combustion of waste Partial oxidation of waste Thermal degradation of Aerobic bioconversion of Biodegradation of (readily
Description between 750 and 1100 ° C between 800 and 1200 ° C waste between 300 and organic wastes. degradable) organic
in the presence of oxygen. in the presence of a 1300 ° C in the absence of wastes in the absence of
controlled amount of oxygen. oxygen, with anaerobic
oxygen. microorganisms.
Major Products Produces steam for Produces synthetic gas for Produces liquid fuel for Produces compost which Produces biogas and
electricity and/or heat further combustion or further combustion or can serve as a soil digestate. Digestate can be
generation in a boiler or conversion to chemical conversion to chemical conditioner, mitigate composted for use as a
steam turbine. Can feedstock. feedstock. erosion, sequester carbon soil conditioner or
generate heat or electricity in soil; can be used in land dewatered and used as a
or combined heat and reclamation and as a final low calorific value refuse-
power. cover for landfills. derived fuel.
Waste Input Mixed MSW or refuse- Only suitable for relatively Separated organic fraction Separated organic fraction
derived fuel. homogeneous waste of MSW, food waste, or of MSW, food waste,
streams such as wood other solid organic waste. animal/human excreta, or
waste, agricultural Suitable in treating liquids and sludge. Less
residues, sewage sludge, materials high in lignin suitable in treating
and plastic waste such as (woody). materials high in lignin
wood waste. (woody).
Volume Reduction * 75-90 % 75-90 % 50-90 % 85-95% 45-50 %
Pollution Control High Medium Medium Low Low - medium
Requirement
Cost Per Tonne 95-190 95-190 95-190 0-70 65-120
(In US Dollars) * For centralized facilities on For centralized facilities on For centralized facilities on For small-scale For centralized facilities on
a moderately large scale. a moderately large scale. a moderately large scale. composting. At a pilot site a moderately large scale.
run in Phnom Penh, Cost depends on subsidies
Cambodia, for example, for renewable energy.
the cost can be based on
the value of the end
product.
Scale of Plant Available on a small to Available on a small to Available on a small to Available on a small scale Available in decentralized
large scale. A centralized large scale. large scale. (i.e., in households small-scale digesters
large-scale plant is more engaged in composting, (including on-farm
common. and in communities digesters), and large-scale
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Type of technology Incineration with Gasification Pyrolysis Composting Anaerobic digestion

energy recovery
engaged in digesters for the organic
vermicomposting), or on a fraction of MSW.
centralized, large scale
(window, aerated static
pile, in - vessel).
Extent Of Use Widely applied in Europe, Not widely applied and Not widely established for Widespread in high-income Widespread use for non-
Japan and the United only available in small MSW. countries. Asia has had a MSW and increasing use
States. Increasing scale. Commercial long tradition of making for clean organics from
application in developing gasification plants in Japan and using compost. separate collection of
countries. and the Republic of Korea MSW, including using
have been in operation for anaerobic digestion
20 years with pretreated followed by composting.
waste as input.
General Applicability Suitable for mixed MSW Potential for wood Not established yet in High potential, particularly Small-scale anaerobic
but the waste quality and gasification technology developed or developing in developing countries digesters are used to meet
composition in developing countries. with a high organic fraction the heating and cooking
countries may not be of MSW. Not yet needs of individual rural
suitable without specific widespread due to communities.
pretreatment such as pre- operating costs and the
drying. A district heating need for source
system is not common in separation. Severe
low-income countries. environmental impacts
such as methane
emissions, odor, leachate,
bioaerosols, particulate
matter, etc. have to be
assessed and kept
technologically under
control during operation.
Source: UNEP (2019)

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E. WtE Projects in the Pipeline in the Philippines

57. The Asia-Pacific region has been quite receptive to the adoption of WtE technology,
opening up a promising market for sustainable waste management solutions. Countries
such as Japan, South Korea, China, Australia, Singapore, and Malaysia have had
substantial investments in WtE infrastructure, recognizing its significant environmental and
economic benefits.

58. Metro Manila, like the other regions of the country, has faced mounting waste
management and energy demand challenges. WtE projects, aligned with sustainable
development goals, offer a viable solution by reducing waste volume and generating energy.
It is clear that more local governments have seriously considered putting up WtE plants and
have encouraged private companies dealing with the business of renewable energy using
WtE technology. The following are examples of WtE projects in Quezon City (QC), Davao
City, Cebu City, and Clark, Pampanga at various stages of development.

59. Quezon City. The consortium of Metro Pacific Investments Corporation (MPIC),
Covanta Energy, and Macquarie Group Limited was granted original proponent status in
2017 by the QC government for its proposed Php15 billion WtE project22 expected to deliver
42 megawatts (MW) of renewable energy generated from 3,000 tons/day (tpd) of solid waste
(SW). According to GlobalData, the project is currently at the permitting stage and
construction will likely start in 2025; it is expected to commence commercial operation in
2026.3

60. In 2016, it was projected that QC’s Payatas landfill would exhaust its waste disposal
capacity within 3 to 5 years (ADB 2016). At that time, the landfill was already receiving 1,700
tpd of municipal solid waste (MSW) from the city. To meet the requirement of 3,000 tpd, the
city would have to accept SW from other LGUs. The WtE facility has been considered as the
most viable means of waste disposal given the scarcity of land allocated to landfills.

61. QC is also the first city in the Philippines to process methane gas from solid waste
disposal. Many years back, the government set its sights on the Payatas dump site,
transforming it into a controlled waste disposal facility. In 2002, it collaborated with the
Philippine National Oil Corporation (PNOC) to set up a 100-kilowatt pilot methane power
plant at the Payatas Controlled Disposal Facility (PCDF). The project was launched in 2004.

62. In 2007, it forged an agreement with a private energy company – Pangea Green Energy
Philippines, Inc. – regarding the capture, collection, processing, and flaring of landfill gas
(LFG), including the conversion of methane into electricity. The current capacity of the plant
is 1.5 megawatts generating a monthly average of 40,000 KWh. The total average of CO 2
reduction per annum is 116,339 metric tons. Cumulatively, the project mitigated 795,054.44
CO2 from March 2008 to January 2018.

63. Davao City. A WtE project has been proposed by Nippon Steel & Sumikin Engineering
Co, Ltd. to the city government in regard to generating 9.73 MW from 600 tpd of SW. A
study conducted in 2016 recommended a transfer of Japanese technology for WtE systems

2 https://www.rappler.com/business/165370-quezon-city-mpic-covanta-macquarie-waste-energy-project/

3 Per GlobalData Power Intelligence Center. (2023). https://www.power-technology.com/data-insights/power-plant-profile-

quezon-waste-to-energy-plant-philippines/ [accessed 1 August 2023].

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through "incineration by grate stoker furnace" and "gasification". These technologies have
been adopted worldwide and have proven to be highly effective in pollution control and
volume reduction of municipal solid wastes (with a reduction rate of over 80% to 90%).

64. Cebu City. A Php4.8 billion WtE project generating 18MW from 800 tpd of SW is
expected to provide electricity to about 40,000 households and give the city an annual
power sales revenue of Php24 million. In September 2022, the city government signed a
joint venture agreement (JVA) with New Sky Energy Inc. for the construction of a WtE facility
that could process 800 tons of garbage per day to generate electricity. The total SW sent to
the landfills was already 600 tpd in 2022. Under the agreement, a WtE plant will be
constructed on a six-hectare piece of land; the company will operate the facility for 40 years
before handing it over to the city. According to the environmental technology verification
(ETV) report by the Department of Science and Technology (DOST), New Sky’s WtE
technology can achieve a waste volume reduction rate of 91.48%.

65. Clark, Pampanga. The Metro Clark Waste Management Corporation (MCWMC) and
Plambeck Emirates announced in January 2023 a $250 million proposal to upgrade its
sanitary landfill into a WtE facility that "will utilize waste as fuel" by producing 35 MW. The
facility is expected to process 2,000 tons of solid waste daily and reduce by up to 70% the
volume of waste to be disposed of in MCWM’s landfill in Clark. (Plambeck Emirates is a joint
venture between Plambeck Germany and the royal family of Abu Dhabi. Plambeck Germany
is a publicly listed firm with extensive experience in renewable energy projects.)

66. The table below presents a list of WtE projects recently awarded by the Department of
Energy (DOE) and the proponent companies.

Table III-14. WtE Projects Awarded by DOE as of June 2023

Potential Installed
Island / City / Company
Region Province Project Name Capacity Capacity
Grid Municipality Name
(Mw) (Mw)
Luzon NCR Quezon City 1.5 MW Pangea Green 0 1.5
Payatas Energy
Landfill Generation
Methane Facility
Recovery and Philippines, Inc
Power
Luzon CAR Benguet Baguio City 6.597-MW PNOC – 6.6 0
Baguio Waste- Renewables
to-Energy Corporation
Plant Project
Luzon I Pangasinan Laoag 6 MW Waste- Green Atom 6 0
to-Energy Renewable
Power Plant Energy
Project Corporation
Luzon III Pampanga Angeles City 11.1 MW W2W Angeles 11.1 0
Waste-to City, Inc.
Energy Power
Plant Project
Luzon III Pampanga Mabalacat 12 MW Waste- Green Atom 12 0
to-Energy Renewable
Power Plant Energy
Project Corporation
Luzon IV-A Rizal Rodriguez 8.19 MW Montalban 0 8.19
Landfill Methane Power
Methane Corporation

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Potential Installed
Island / City / Company
Region Province Project Name Capacity Capacity
Grid Municipality Name
(Mw) (Mw)
Recovery and
Power
Generation
Facility
Luzon Rizal Rodriguez 350 MT/day Green 0 0
Refuse- Alternative
Derived Fuel Technology
Processing Specialist, Inc.
Plant
Luzon IV-B Puerto 5.22 MW AustWorks 5.22 0
Princesa Waste-To- Corporation
Energy Power
Plant Project
Visayas VII Cebu Naga City 300 MT/day FDR-Integrated 0 0
Refuse- Resource
Derived Fuel Recovery
Generation Management,
Facility Inc.

F. Conclusions

67. This feasibility study underscores the urgent need for sustainable waste management
solutions in Metro Manila. The potential of WtE technology is worth exploring given the
growing waste volume in the region and SLFs approaching limits. Adopting WtE
technologies can contribute to waste reduction, energy generation, and environmental
sustainability. However, careful consideration of technological, economic, and environmental
factors is essential to ensure successful project implementation.

68. From the experiences in Asia and the rest of the world, there is an increasing trend in
WtE investment largely driven by demand factors such as increasing population,
urbanization and economic growth – these contribute to the escalating problem on solid
waste management against limited or scarce land. The Philippines is no different and this
problem is probably several times worse for Metro Manila, the most densely populated
region. This problem will not go away anytime soon and will remain unless local
governments exercise political will, and in the case of Metro Manila, the MMDA will act
decisively.

69. By adopting the right policies, fostering investments, and encouraging collaborations,
countries can harness the potential of WtE technology to drive sustainable waste
management, reduce environmental impact, and support the transition to a circular
economy.

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Section IV. Technology Assessment and Recommendation

70. This section describes the technology currently available and in use globally for the
treatment of MSW (such as thermal and organic treatment). It also provides information on
new and emerging technologies that may not have a proven track record, but which should
be considered in context with existing technologies.

A. Thermal Treatment Processes

71. The thermal treatment of solid waste is only one part of an integrated waste
management system. Thermal treatment plays a number of important roles in integrated
waste management:

• It reduces the volume of waste, thus preserving landfill space (Thermal treatment
does not replace the need for landfills as various residuals still need disposal.)
• It allows for the recovery of energy from the solid waste stream.
• It allows for the recovery of minerals and chemicals from the solid waste stream
which can then be reused or recycled.
• It destroys a number of contaminants that may be present in the waste stream.
• It reduces the need for the “long hauling” of waste.

72. In most jurisdictions, thermal treatment of waste is applied to manage the remaining
waste stream after source-separated diversion of recyclables and organics. Figure IV-1
presents a schematic diagram of how thermal treatment fits into a conventional waste
management system that includes source-separated recycling and organics diversion
components.

Figure IV-1. Schematic Diagram of the Role of Thermal Treatment in Waste

Management

73. WtE technology is typically used to manage a large volume of post-diversion residual
waste. The diversion of recyclables and organic materials often results in an overall increase
in the heat value of the remaining waste stream, rendering it suitable for potential use in
WtE applications.

74. Thermal treatment covers a range of technologies that extract energy from the waste
while reducing its volume and rendering the remaining fraction mostly inert. These
technologies can be generally grouped into two main categories: conventional combustion
and advanced thermal treatment.

75. Conventional combustion technologies include mass burn incineration and fluidized
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bed incineration, among other things. Mass burn incineration is the most common type of
WtE technology used worldwide. Figure IV-2 provides a simple flow diagram of a
conventional WtE approach.

Figure IV-2. Overview of Conventional WtE Technology

76. Advanced thermal treatment technologies include gasification, pyrolysis and plasma
gasification. These technologies tend to be less proven on a commercial scale and involve
more complex technological processes. Figure IV-3 provides a simple flow diagram of an
advanced thermal treatment WtE approach.

Figure IV-3. A Diagram of Advanced Thermal Treatment in WtE Technology

B. Current and Emerging Combustion and Thermal Treatment Practices and

Associated Control Technologies

77. This subsection contains literature and a market review of current and emerging
combustion and thermal practices and their associated emission control technologies. It
concisely summarizes the essence of state-of-the-art thermal treatment. A brief overview of
the range of technologies in the marketplace for which there are current operating facilities
is provided. Also noted is the stage of development of the technology (i.e., pilot or full-scale)
and the availability of supporting technical information.

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B.1. Conventional Combustion Figure IV-4. Conceptual Illustration of a Modern

Single-Stage Mass Burn Incinerator
78. The most common
conventional combustion approach is
called single-stage combustion or
mass burn incineration (sometimes
referred to as “grate-fired
technology”). Over 90% of WtE
facilities in Europe utilize mass burn
incineration technology with the
largest facility treating approximately
750,000 tpy. The following
paragraphs discuss the mass burn
combustion process. Figure IV-4
provides a conceptual illustration of
how a modern single-stage WtE
facility functions.

79. At a mass burn facility,

minimal pre-processing of MSW is
required. Normally, trucks carrying
refuse enter a building where they discharge their waste into a pit or bunker. From the pit,
the waste is transferred into a hopper by an overhead crane. The crane is also used to
remove large and non-combustible materials from the waste stream. The crane transfers the
waste into a waste feed hopper which feeds the waste onto a moving grate where
combustion begins.

80. Several stages of combustion occur in mass burn incinerators. The first step reduces
the water content of the waste in preparation for burning (drying and degassing). The next
step involves primary burning which oxidizes the more readily combustible material while the
subsequent burning step oxidizes the fixed carbon. In single-stage combustion, waste is
burned in sub-stoichiometric conditions, where sufficient oxygen is not available for
complete combustion. The oxygen available is approximately 30% to 80% of the required
amount for complete combustion which results in the formation of pyrolytic gases. These
gases are combined with excess air and combusted in the upper portions of the combustion
chamber which allows complete oxidation.

81. Mass burn technology applications provide long residence times on the grate(s)
which in turn results in good ash quality (i.e., less non-combusted carbon). Newer facilities
have greatly improved energy efficiency and usually recover and export energy as either
steam and/or electricity. Typical mass burn facilities have energy recovery efficiencies of
14% to 27% (assuming that the energy from combustion is being converted into electricity).
Higher energy recovery efficiencies are achieved through the recovery of heat either in
conjunction with or in lieu of electricity.

82. Mass burn facilities can be scaled in capacity anywhere from approximately 36,500
to 365,000 tpy per operating unit. These facilities generally consist of multiple modules or
furnaces and can be expanded through the addition of more units and supporting ancillary
infrastructure as required.

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83. Generally, it is preferred to design such facilities with multiple units allowing for
individual modules to be shut down for maintenance or if there is inadequate feedstock.
Multiple modules can often be accommodated on a single site with some sharing of
infrastructure (e.g., share tip floor, ash management areas, or stack). The capacity of a
mass burn incinerator is dependent upon the calorific value of the waste being treated. In
Europe, the normal maximum size of a facility is 280,000 tpy, assuming that the waste has a
calorific value of 11 MJ/kg. In recent years, the trend in Europe has been to build slightly
larger facilities.

84. Two other conventional combustion approaches are used to manage MSW but are
less common. These two other conventional approaches are modular, two-stage and
fluidized bed combustion.

B.1.1. Modular, Two-Stage Combustion

85. In modular, two-stage combustion, waste fuel is combusted in a controlled starved

air environment in the first chamber. Off-gases are moved into a second chamber where
they are combusted in an oxygen-rich environment. The heat generated in the second stage
is fed into a heat recovery boiler. Ash is generated in the first stage and is managed in a
similar manner as that from moving-grate systems (mass burn incineration). Figure IV-5
provides a schematic diagram of a two-stage incinerator. It should be noted that two-stage
incinerators are sometimes referred to as a type of gasification technology. However, they
are not true gasifiers and are therefore normally classified as conventional combustion
technology.

Figure IV-5. Schematic Diagram of a Two-Stage Incinerator

B.1.2. Fluidized Bed Combustion

86. In fluidized bed combustion, waste fuel is shredded and sorted, and metals are
separated in order to generate a more homogenous solid fuel. This fuel is then fed into a
combustion chamber, in which there is a bed of inert material (usually sand) on a grate or

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distribution plate. The inert material is

maintained in a fluid condition by air Figure IV-6. Schematic Diagram of a
blowing upwards through it. Waste fuel is Fluidized Bed Incinerator
fed into or above the bed through ports
located on the combustion chamber wall.

87. Drying and combustion of the fuel

take place within the fluidized bed, while
combustion gases are retained in a
combustion zone above the bed (the
freeboard). The heat from combustion is
recovered by devices located either in the
bed or at the point at which combustion
gases exit the chamber (or a combination
of both). Surplus ash is removed at the
bottom of the chamber and is generally
managed in a similar fashion as bottom
ash from a moving grate system (mass
burn incineration). Figure IV-6 provides a
schematic diagram of a fluidized bed
incinerator.

88. Both two-stage and fluidized bed

combustion approaches can be used to
manage MSW. However, for fluidized bed applications, the waste must be processed into a
more homogenous feed. Both processes generally are more complex than single-stage
mass burn incineration. For that reason, generally when considering conventional
combustion systems in planning processes, single-stage combustion systems are usually
assumed.

B.1.3. Batch Combustion

89. In addition to mass burn, two-stage and fluidized bed incineration, there are other
incinerators referred to as batch waste incinerators that are capable of treating a variety of
wastes including MSW. Batch waste incinerators are those that operate in a non-continuous
manner (i.e., they are charged with waste prior to the initiation of the burn cycle, and the
door remains closed until the ash has cooled inside the primary chamber). Batch waste
incinerators tend to treat smaller amounts of waste than other conventional approaches.
(They are usually sized between 50 and 3,000 kg per batch.) They are also typically utilized
in remote locations where landfill alternatives and/or wildlife concerns associated with
landfills are present.

90. Batch waste incinerators normally utilize dual chamber-controlled air technology
(similar to two-stage combustion but simpler). In batch incinerators, waste (which is normally
pre-mixed) is charged into the primary chamber by the operator. The initial heat required to
ignite the waste is supplied by a burner which shuts off once combustion becomes self-
sustaining. Controlled amounts of under fire air are introduced through holes in the primary
chamber and as combustion gases are created, they move to the secondary chamber where
combustion is completed with the air of additional over-fire air or a secondary burner.

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91. Batch waste incinerators do not typically utilize heat recovery or air pollution control
equipment but are still capable of meeting stringent emissions limits if they are designed and
operated in a proper manner.

B.1.4. Summary of Conventional Combustion Approaches

92. Conventional combustion incineration facilities that treat MSW produce unwanted
emissions to air during the combustion of waste materials. Over the years, the amount of
harmful by-products produced has been greatly reduced due to the increased sophistication
of the combustion and operational controls for such facilities. Emissions that are produced
during combustion are reduced using Air Pollution Control (APC) systems which remove
unwanted contaminants such as trace metals and various acid gases from the flue gas
produced. Generally speaking, there are three main types of APC systems used at
conventional combustion facilities that treat MSW, namely Dry, Wet-Dry, and Wet systems.

B.2. Gasification of MSW

93. Gasification is the heating of organic waste (that is, MSW) to produce a burnable gas
(syngas) which is composed of a mix of primarily H2 and CO along with smaller amounts of
CH4, N2, H2O and CO2. The syngas produced can then be used off-site or on-site in a
second thermal combustion stage to generate heat and/or electricity. Gasifiers are primarily
designed to produce usable syngas.

94. There are three primary types of gasification technologies that can be used to treat
waste materials, namely fixed bed, fluidized bed and high temperature gasification. Of the
three types of gasification technologies, the high temperature method is the most widely
employed on a commercial scale. The waste passes through a degassing duct in which the
waste is heated to reduce the water content of the waste (drying and degassing) and is then
fed into a gasification chamber/reactor where it is heated under suitable conditions to
convert the solid fuel to syngas. Oxygen is injected into the reactor so that temperatures of
over 2,000°C are reached. The amount of oxygen required is just enough to maintain the
heat that is necessary for the process to proceed. The high temperature causes organic
material in the MSW to dissociate into syngas. The syngas is processed to remove water
vapor and other trace contaminants, so that it can be used for power generation, heating or
as a chemical feedstock.

95. The Thermoselect technology (which is licensed to JFE Environmental Solutions

Corp. of Japan and Interstate Waste Solutions of the United States) is one gasification
technology used to treat MSW, as shown in the Figure IV-7 below.

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Figure IV-7. Conceptual Diagram of a High-Temperature Waste Gasifier

96. Gasification facilities require APC systems to reduce unwanted emissions to air,
although the APC approach will vary based on how the syngas is processed as discussed
below. Gasification systems and mass burn systems are not directly comparable as the
point in the process where combustion takes place differs, as does the APC approach.
Although gasification systems generally appear to have (or are reported to have) somewhat
lower stack emissions than mass burn WtE plants, these results are based on testing from
pilot-scale facilities, not actual commercial-scale operations. Stack emissions test results
from the Japanese facilities discussed above were not available when this report was being
completed.

97. There are two key differences between APC systems for gasification systems and
conventional mass burn combustion: first, some gasification approaches focus on cleaning
of the syngas prior to combustion, so that emissions control is based on the control of
syngas quality; second, based on the composition of the syngas, it may be directly
combusted and may have some form of a more conventional APC system. However, these
systems may be sized smaller and/or may not require certain APC components that would
normally be necessary for a conventional approach.

B.3. Plasma Arc Gasification

98. Plasma arc gasification uses an electric current that passes through a gas (air) to
create plasma which gasifies waste into simple molecules. Plasma is a collection of free-
moving electrons and ions that is formed by applying a large voltage across a gas volume at
reduced or atmospheric pressure. The high voltage and a low gas pressure, causes
electrons in the gas molecules to break away and flow towards the positive side of the
applied voltage. When losing one or more electrons, the gas molecules become positively
charged ions that transport an electric current and generate heat.

99. When plasma gas passes over waste, it causes rapid decomposition of the waste
into syngas. The extreme heat causes the inorganic portion of the waste to become a
liquefied slag. The slag is cooled and forms a vitrified solid upon exiting the reaction
chamber. This substance is a potentially inert glassy solid. The syngas is generally
combusted in a second stage in order to produce heat and electricity for use by local
markets. In some cases, alternative use of the syngas as an input to industrial processes
has been proposed.

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100. Currently, plasma arc gasification is not commercially proven to treat MSW. The
primary reason appears to be the high capital and operational costs for such facilities. The
wear on the plasma chamber is very high and to keep the process operating, redundant
plasma chambers are needed.

101. MSW combustion is undertaken by a traditional grate-fired WtE facility with a back-
end ash melter. The downstream ash melter is operated by JFE and consists of two, 36
tonne per day units. Melting of the ash is undertaken by a plasma arc, operating at
approximately 2,000°C. The melted ash is water quenched. The total amount of vitrified
residues represents 50% by weight of the incoming ash. Approximately 1/3 of the material is
used for construction purposes and the other 2/3 is used as landfill cover.

102. The process consumes significant energy, generally producing net energy of only
100 kW per tonne of incoming ash, due to the limited fraction of remaining carbon left in the
ash which limits the production of any syngas and thus limits energy production. Note: most
ash management processes are net consumers of energy.

B.4. Pyrolysis

103. Pyrolysis is the thermal decomposition of feedstock at a range of temperatures in the

absence of oxygen. The end product is a mixture of solids (char), liquids (oxygenated oils),
and syngas (consisting of CO2, CO, CH4, H2). The pyrolytic oils and syngas can be used
directly as boiler fuel or refined for higher quality uses such as engine fuels, chemicals,
adhesives, and other products. The solid residue is a combination of noncombustible
inorganic materials and carbon.

104. Pyrolysis requires thermal energy that is usually applied indirectly by thermal
conduction through the walls of a containment reactor since air or oxygen is not intentionally
introduced or used in the reaction. The transfer of heat from the reactor walls occurs by
filling the reactor with inert gas which also provides a transport medium for the removal of
gaseous products.

105. Issues identified in relation to pyrolysis include:

• Low energy outputs

• The requirement for a properly sealed reaction chamber for safe operation. The
pyrolysis process is highly sensitive to the presence of air. Accidental incursions
of air can result in process upsets and increase the risk of explosive reactions.

C. Emerging Combustion and Thermal Treatment Technologies

106. With more proven technologies such as mass burn, the evolution of technology has
focused on improving combustion and emissions performance through design adjustments,
such as new grate design and improved combustion air management systems. Significant
achievements associated with more conventional technologies include low-NOx burners,
improved efficiency, heat exchangers, waste heat recovery systems, and newly developed
equipment for wet scrubbing and activated carbon absorption.

107. A selected list of some emerging combustion and thermal treatment technologies is
discussed herein. While there are other emerging technologies, the following represents
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technologies that are being developed (i.e., preliminary development, test facilities or
commercial scale proposals) in North America. The information has been made available
from technology vendors and generally is yet to be verified by independent parties.

C.1. Gasplasma

108. The gasplasma process is used by Advanced Plasma Power, a United Kingdom-
based company, which operates one small-scale, demonstration plant. The gasplasma
process uses waste feedstock to produce clean hydrogen-rich syngas and Plasmarok™, a
vitrified recyclate, which reportedly can be used as a building replacement or replacement
aggregate.

109. The gasplasma process is designed for post-diversion materials (i.e., those that
cannot be recycled or composted). Although it can operate with a variety of feedstock, it
operates most efficiently when treating a prepared SRF. Advanced Plasma Power utilizes
three different technologies: fluidized bed gasification, plasma arc treatment and a power
island.

110. The gasifier operates at a temperature of approximately 900°C. At this temperature,

the material is thermally broken down into syngas. The plasma arc treatment “cracks” the
dirty syngas coming out of the gasifier. The cracking process breaks the molecular structure
of the syngas and reforms it into a simpler structure, thereby producing a hydrogen-rich fuel
gas. The hydrogen-rich fuel gas is cooled and further cleaned before being fed into the gas
engines at the power island. It is claimed that the electrical generating efficiency reaches
35% to 40%.

111. The fluidized bed gasifier used in the gasplasma process produces char and ash
(approximately 10%-15% of the feedstock), this material is recovered in Plasmarok™.
Plasmarok™ is stated as being an environmentally stable material that can be reused as a
building aggregate (in the UK). The vendor claims Plasmarok™ significantly reduces the
amount of residue requiring landfilling; from 60,000 tonnes of SRF, 450 tonnes of activated
carbon from the gas scrubbers requires landfilling (over 99% reduction).

C.2. Thermal Cracking Technology (Fast Pyrolysis)

112. Graveson Energy Management (GEM) uses traditional petrochemical industry

technology to convert MSW into clean synthetic gas. A GEM facility employing thermal
cracking technology has been operating in Romsey, England since 1998. It can process up
to 1,680 tonnes per day of RDF that has been ground to less than 2-mm particle size and
dried to 5% moisture. Thermal cracking is also described as “fast pyrolysis” as it involves
rapid heating of the waste fuel in the absence of oxygen.

113. In thermal cracking, prepared waste material is fed into the oxygen-free chamber.
The chamber has stainless steel walls that are heated to 850°C. The waste material is
instantly heated and thermally cracks to syngas in a matter of seconds. Syngas entering the
Gas Filtration system is further filtered to remove finer particles and is cooled rapidly from
1,500°C to less than 400°C to prevent the formation of dioxins and furans. A small portion of
the clean syngas is used to heat the GEM Converter, which reduces the need for fossil
fuels. The remainder of the syngas can be used in boilers, engines, or turbines for
generation into energy. Mineral solids are produced as a residual, typically 8%-10% for
domestic waste.
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C.3. Thermal Oxidation

114. Zeros Technology Holdings uses an Energy Recycling Oxidation System that can
reportedly dispose of all classifications of waste. Zeros claims no emissions are produced in
the process and other effluents can be sold as products or reintroduced into the system.
These claims, however, have not been supported by independent verification. The system is
closed and uses pure oxygen for the oxidation process, as opposed to ambient air. The
oxidation process used by this technology was originally developed for oil spill remediation.
Several projects are in various stages of development; however, there is currently no Zeros
facility in operation.

115. Zeros combines six different technologies in its process: rotary kiln; gasification
(Oxy-Fuel Technology); Rankine Cycle Technology; Fischer-Tropsch Fuels Technology;
Gas Capture Technology; and Clean Water Technology. The gasification-oxidation process
is a two-stage process using limited oxygen and high temperature. The system gasifies the
fuel source to produce primarily carbon monoxide and hydrogen. This synthetic gas forms
the building blocks for the transformation to liquid fuels such as diesel using the Fischer-
Tropsch technology.

C.4. Waste-to-Fuels Technology

116. Approaches to transform waste into fuels are generally based on the concept that
rather than using the syngas produced through gasification as a direct energy source, the
syngas can be used as a feedstock to generate various liquid fuels that could then be used
off-site.

117. Enerkem indicates Alberta will reduce its carbon dioxide footprint by more than six
million tons over a 25-year period, while producing 36 million liters of ethanol annually
through the use of this facility.

118. Enerkem converts urban biomass, agricultural residues and/or forest residues into
biofuels by means of a four-step process:

• Pretreatment of the feedstock which involves drying, sorting and shredding of the
materials.
• Feedstock is fed into the gasifier. The bubbling fluidized bed gasifier converts the
residues into synthetic gas and operates at a temperature of approximately 700°C.
• Synthetic gas cleaning and conditioning, which includes the cyclonic removal of
inerts, secondary carbon/tar conversion, heat recovery units, and reinjection of
tar/fines into the reactor.
• Conversion of syngas into biofuels.

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D. Summary of Major Thermal Treatment Technologies

Conventional Combustion
Characteristic Mass Fluidized Two- Gasification Plasma Pyrolysis
Burn Bed Stage Gasification
Applicable to Yes No Yes No No No
unprocessed MSW,
with variable
composition
Commercially proven Yes Yes Yes Commercially No No
system, with relatively proven to a
simple operation and limited degree,
high degree of more complex
reliability than combustion;
less reliable and
very costly
Reasonably reliable Yes No Yes Limited data. Limited data. Limited data.
set of performance Operational Operational Operational
data problems have problems problems have
been have been been
documented. documented documented.

E. Potential Discharges from Thermal Treatment

E.1. Air Emissions

E.1.1. Overview of Potential Emission Constituents

119. Table IV-1 lists the main sources of air emissions from WtE facilities.

Table IV-1. Main Sources of Key Substances of Concern Released from WtE Facilities
Substances Comments and Main Sources

Particulate matter Present in flue gas as fine ash from the incineration process entrained in
(including PM10, the flue gas. There can also be fugitive releases of dust from waste storage
PM2.5 and ultrafine areas and ash management if good operational controls are not in effect.
[nanoparticles])
Present in flue gas as a result of incomplete combustion of waste. e.g., if
CO spontaneously evaporating or rapid-burning substances are present, or
when combustion gas mixes with the supplied oxygen is poor.
Present in flue gas as both thermal and fuel NOx. Fuel NOx originates from
NOx the conversion of nitrogen contained in the waste while thermal NOx results
from the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen from the combustion air. In
WtE technology, the proportion of thermal NOx is often much greater than
fuel NOx.
Present in flue gas where sulfur is present in the waste stream. Common
SO2 sources of sulfur in the waste stream are: waste paper, drywall (or gypsum
plaster) and sewage sludge.

Principally arises from SNCR. Modern MSW incinerators have low

N2O combustion-originated N2O but, depending on the reagent, emissions can
result from SNCR, especially when urea is used as the reducing agent.

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Substances Comments and Main Sources

Normally not generated at all as long as combustion is carried out under

Methane (CH4) oxidative conditions. May arise from the waste bunker if waste is stored for
a long time resulting in anaerobic digestion.

Metals (Heavy Predominantly found in flue gas as particulate matter usually as metal
metals and oxides and chlorides. A portion can also be found in bottom ash, fly ash and
compounds other sorbent. The proportion of each metal found in the particulate entrained in
than Hg and Cd) Sb, the flue gas versus that found in the bottom ash, is usually reflective of the
As, Pb, Cr, Cu, Mn, volatility of the metal.
Ni, V, Sn,
Predominantly found in flue gas in gaseous form or bound to entrained PM.
Common sources of cadmium in WtE facilities are electronic devices
(including capacitors), batteries, some paints and cadmium-stabilized
Cd plastic. Other sources include hazardous wastes including effluent
treatment sludges and drummed waste from metal plating works. It should
be noted that BC is actively removing sources of cadmium from the waste
stream with the electronic product stewardship program, and battery
recycling.
Predominantly found in flue gas in gaseous form or bound to entrained PM.
Originates from MSW containing batteries, thermometers, dental amalgam,
Hg fluorescent tubes, and mercury switches. High quantities of fish/seafood in
the waste stream can also lead to mercury emissions. Also found in bottom
ash, fly ash and sorbents. There are programs in place to remove mercury
from the waste stream such as: Canada Wide Standards for Dental
Amalgam Waste, and fluorescent light recycling product stewardship in BC.

VOCs (often Predominantly found in flue gas from the incineration of organic waste.
presented as TOC) There is also some potential for fugitive releases from waste storage areas.

PAHs Principally found in flue gas as products of incomplete combustion. Also

found in bottom ash, fly ash and sorbents.

Predominantly found in flue gas from most municipal waste streams and
Dioxin like PCBs some industrial wastes. Low levels of PCBs are found in most municipal
waste streams. Higher concentrations in some hazardous waste streams.
Also found in bottom ash and APC residue.
Predominantly found in flue gas, as a result of the recombination reaction of
Dioxins and furans carbon, oxygen and chlorine (de novo synthesis). May also be found in low
levels in the incoming waste stream. Also found in boiler ash, bottom ash,
fly ash and sorbents.
Ammonia Predominantly found in flue gas where SNCR is used to control NOx. May
be present as a result of overdosing or poor control of reagents.
Predominantly found in flue gas from wastes containing chlorinated organic
HCl compounds or chlorides. In municipal waste, approximately 50% of the
chlorides come from PVC plastic (used for household sewerage pipes).
Predominantly found in flue gas. Originates from fluorinated plastic or
HF fluorinated textiles in MSW and a variety of fluorinated compounds found in
household hazardous waste.

120. Like other combustion processes, WtE facilities can release small quantities of a
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broad spectrum of compounds into the atmosphere. Air pollutants and other substances of
concern make up only a small fraction of these compounds. Typical substances of concern
that are emitted from WtE facilities and often subject to regulatory limits include:

• Total particulate matter (including PM10, PM2.5 and ultrafine [nanoparticles])

• Products of incomplete combustion: CO and organic compounds (TOC, VOCs,
organic matter)
• Acidic substances: SOx, NOx, HCl and HF
• Heavy metals: Hg, Cd, Tl, Pb, As, Ni, Co, Cr, Cu, V, Mn, Sb
• Organics: dioxins and furans
121. Common or Criteria Air Contaminants (CACs) typically found in the atmosphere are
PM, SOx, NOx, VOCs and CO. Background information pertaining to each of the emitted
WtE air pollutants of concern is provided below.

a. Particulate Matter

122. Particulate matter (PM) consists of solid and/or liquid particles that are suspended in
the air column. PM is typically grouped into the following categories based on their
aerodynamic diameter (in micrometers [µm]):

• Total Particulate Matter (TPM), consisting of all size fractions

• Coarse PM, less than 10 µm (PM10)
• Fine PM, less than 2.5 µm (PM2.5)
• Ultrafine PM, less than 0.1 µm (PM0.1)

123. In human physiology, coarse particles (those between 2.5 and 10 µm in diameter)
are efficiently trapped and removed. They are either filtered out by the hair in the nose or by
impacting on and sticking to moist surfaces in the upper respiratory tract. Coarse particles
are mainly fine crustal elements. Coarse particles fall out of the atmosphere relatively
quickly due to gravity and removal by precipitation.

124. Fine particles (those less than 2.5 µm in diameter) are able to penetrate deeper into
the respiratory tract. Because of this property, fine particles are believed to be responsible
for most adverse health effects associated with particulate matter exposure. Fine particles
include very fine crustal elements and secondary particles that are essentially ultrafine
particles that have formed into larger particles by a variety of physical and chemical
processes (e.g., nucleation, condensation, coagulation). Fine particles persist in the
atmosphere for long periods and travel long distances because they are relatively stable,
and their size makes them less susceptible to gravitational settling.

125. Canadian and American regulatory agencies have air quality objectives for PM10
and more recently PM2.5 based upon concentrations in air (in micrograms per cubic meter
[µg/m3]).

126. Ultrafine particles (PM0.1) range in size from 0.1 to less than 0.01 µm in diameter
(100 to <10 nanometer [nm]). Ultrafine particles are relatively short-lived (minutes to hours)
owing to the rapidity of the physical and chemical processes noted above.
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b. Carbon Monoxide

127. Carbon monoxide is a colorless, odorless gas. As a product of incomplete

combustion, emissions sources include fossil fuel and wood combustion. Motor vehicles,
industrial processes, and natural sources (fires) are some common sources.

c. Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)

128. Volatile organic compounds are organic substances of concern (carbon chains or
rings that also contain hydrogen) that have high enough vapor pressures under normal
conditions to significantly vaporize and enter the earth’s atmosphere (i.e., with a vapor
pressure greater than 2 mm of mercury [0.27 kPa] at 250°C or a boiling range of between
60° and 250°C) excluding methane.

129. Individual jurisdictions have varying definitions for VOCs that may be tailored to the
specific regulatory context in which the definition is applied. These gaseous organic
substances are products of incomplete combustion. For WtE facilities, generally total organic
carbon (TOC) or total non-Methane organic carbon (TNMOC), which is largely comprised of
VOCs, is measured continuously in flue gas as being representative of the mass of VOC
emissions. This is necessary as there are a myriad of species of VOCs that may be present
in extremely small concentrations within the flue gas and monitoring of individual species is
not possible.

d. Sulfur Dioxide

130. Sulfur dioxide is a colorless gas with a distinctive pungent sulfur odor. It is produced
in combustion processes by the oxidation of sulfur compounds, such as H2S, in fuel. At high
enough concentrations, SO2 can have negative effects on plants and on animal health,
particularly with respect to their respiratory systems. Sulfur dioxide can also be further
oxidized and may combine with water to form the sulfuric acid component of acid rain.

131. Anthropogenic emissions comprise approximately 95% of global atmospheric SO2.

The largest anthropogenic contributor to atmospheric SO2 is the industrial and utility use of
heavy oils and coal. The oxidation of reduced sulfur compounds emitted by ocean surfaces
accounts for nearly all of the biogenic emissions. Volcanic activity accounts for much of the
remainder.

e. Oxides of Nitrogen

132. Nitrogen oxides are produced in most combustion processes, and almost entirely
made up of nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). Together, they are often referred to
as NOx. Nitrogen dioxide is an orange to reddish gas that is corrosive and irritating. Most
NO2 in the atmosphere is formed by the oxidation of NO, which is emitted directly by
combustion processes, particularly those at high temperature and pressure, such as internal
combustion engines.

133. Nitric oxide is a colorless gas with no apparent direct effects on animal health or
vegetation at typical ambient levels. The concentration of NO2 is the regulated form of NOx.
External combustion processes, such as gas-fired equipment and motor vehicles, are
primary sources of anthropogenic NOx emissions. The levels of NO and NO2, and the ratio
of the two gases, together with the presence of certain volatile organic compounds (VOCs)
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from motor vehicle emissions, solvent use and natural sources, and sunlight are the most
important contributors to the formation of ground-level ozone.

134. Anthropogenic emissions comprise approximately 93% of global atmospheric

emissions of NOx (NO and NO2). The largest anthropogenic contributor to atmospheric NOx
is the combustion of fuels such as natural gas, oil, and coal. Forest fires, lightning, and
anaerobic processes in soil account for nearly all biogenic emissions.

f. Acid Gases

135. Acid gases are those gaseous contaminants which contribute to the formation of
acidic substances in the atmosphere. In combustion, acid gases of concern include sulfur
dioxide (SO2), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), hydrogen chloride (HCl) and hydrogen fluoride
(HF).

g. Heavy Metals

136. Heavy metals are usually carried on particulate matter and occur naturally or can be
emitted through anthropogenic sources (i.e., combustion). The concern for human and
ecological health varies with each metal as well as its mobility through various
environmental pathways. Some metals (such as mercury) have toxic effects if inhaled,
ingested or absorbed through skin. Typical metals emitted as a result of MSW combustion
include cadmium, thallium, chromium, arsenic, mercury and lead. Semi-volatile metals
include lead or cadmium whereas mercury and thallium are highly volatile and vaporize
readily.

h. Dioxins and Furans

137. Dioxins and furans are organic compounds with a chemical structure that contains
two benzene rings and up to eight chlorine atoms. They can be created as an undesired by-
product of chemical processes such as the manufacture of pesticides, or chlorine bleaching
of pulp. Dioxins and furans can also be produced under certain conditions within combustion
processes in which chlorine is present in the fuel burned, or where poor combustion
operating conditions can result in de novo synthesis (as discussed below). Normally, a well-
functioning incinerator facility will destroy dioxins and furans within the combustion zone.
The reference dioxin isomer is 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). Other isomers
are usually expressed in terms of equivalents of TCDD. TCDD is almost insoluble in water,
slightly soluble in fats and more soluble in hydrocarbons.

138. Dioxins and furans (referred to as de novo synthesis) may form in catalytic reactions
of carbon or carbon compounds with inorganic chlorine compounds over metal oxides (e.g.,
copper oxide) during the waste incineration process. These reactions generally take place in
the temperature range between 250° and 400°C which occurs as the flue gas cools after
leaving the combustion zone of the incinerator. Modern incinerators are designed to ensure
that the length of time flue gas spends in that temperature range is minimized so as to
reduce the possibility of de novo synthesis of dioxins/furans and to control and destroy
dioxin and furan in the emission before discharge.

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E.1.2. Point Source Emissions

139. Point source emissions result from a single point such as the emissions exhausted
via a stack or vent, i.e., a single point source into the atmosphere. Point source emissions
are usually the most significant emission source (in terms of annual mass releases) for
combustion activities at WtE facilities. APC equipment (e.g., scrubbing units, fabric filters
[bag house]), as described further in this report, are incorporated into the exhaust system
before they are discharged into the atmosphere and control the release of pollutants. Point
source emissions at a WtE facility are those that contain the treated exhaust from the
process. Typically, it is this exhaust stream that is monitored for compliance with regulatory
limits.

E.1.3. Fugitive Emissions

140. Fugitive emissions are those that are not released from a point source such as a
stack, but rather from an area-based source. Typically, fugitive emissions are uncontrolled,
or are controlled on an as-needed basis, such as through the use of dust suppression
techniques in dry conditions. Fugitive emissions from WtE facilities, including dust, odor and
VOCs, are largely minimized by maintaining the WtE facility under negative pressure, using
indoor facility air for combustion. Some examples of areas with potential for fugitive
emissions and applicable mitigation measures are as follows:

141. The loading and unloading of transport containers. To mitigate fugitive emissions
from receiving areas, these areas are usually fully enclosed, and the air from these areas is
drawn into the combustion process, keeping the waste-receiving area under negative
pressure.

142. Storage areas (e.g., bays, stockpiles, etc.) for waste and residual materials. As noted
above, mitigation includes enclosing these areas and using the air from these locations as
sources for combustion air.

143. Transferring material between vessels (e.g., movement of materials to and from
silos, transfer of volatile liquids such as select liquid fuels). Filters are commonly added on
silos for lime and other dusty materials.

• Conveyor systems, which are usually enclosed.

• Pipework and ductwork systems (e.g., pumps, valves, flanges), which are
maintained to prevent accidental losses.
• Abatement equipment bypass, which must be designed to allow for retention of any
accidental emissions.
• Accidental loss of containment from failed plant and equipment.
• Oil and ammonia storage tanks, which require appropriate preventative maintenance
and other practices to ensure containment.
144. Generally, the regulation of potential fugitive emissions from a WtE facility is
addressed through the approval of the site-specific design and operations plans for the
facility and the issuance of the required permits for the facility operation, including specific
terms and conditions that reflect the requirements for design and operation.

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E.1.4. Factors Affecting Airshed Impacts

145. The addition of a new emission source within an air shed has the potential to impact
ambient air quality. The potential impacts are a function of a number of factors:

• Discharge Characteristics. The increase in mass loading to an airshed of

contaminants of concern from a new facility has the potential to degrade ambient air
quality. The greater the discharge rate, the greater the potential risk. Air pollution
control systems are specifically designed to reduce the discharge of these
constituents such that the impact is considered acceptable. The temperature and
velocity of the discharge also can affect the effect on airshed quality. Generally,
hotter and higher velocity discharges will disperse further from the point of discharge,
effectively reducing ambient concentrations of the constituents of concern. The
chemical reactivity of the constituents in the discharge will also determine the fate
and behavior in the ambient air. Stable compounds and small particulate may remain
suspended in the airshed for a long time, whereas unstable compounds or large
particulate will experience a shorter residence time in the ambient air.

• Airshed Characteristics. The dispersion and physical/chemical reactions of

constituents are governed by the characteristics of the airshed. Topography, latitude,
temperature, prevailing wind direction and preexisting emissions all affect the
dispersion of a discharge, and therefore affect the fate and behavior of the
constituents in the atmosphere. Some airsheds are affected by a combination of
factors. For example, the lower Fraser Valley is a complex airshed, with confining
mountains forming a basin around the river valley, prevailing winds that transport the
air mass up and down the valley, seasonal “sea breeze‟ effects that result in a daily
reversal of wind direction, and a photochemical sensitivity to NOx and volatile
hydrocarbon emissions that react with sunlight to form elevated concentrations of
low-level ozone.

E.2. Liquid Effluents

146. In addition to emissions to air, some WtE facilities also generate an effluent
discharge. Whether or not an effluent discharge is produced depends on the type of APC
system used as well as other design parameters. Effluent management is more often
required for WtE facilities that include wet scrubbers as a component in the APC train (i.e.,
facilities with a wet APC train). Facilities that use other alternatives to control acid gases (as
discussed in Section IV) generally are designed as zero effluent discharge facilities. If they
are likely to generate any effluent, it would typically include stormwater and/or sanitary
wastewater which can easily be managed by conventional stormwater and wastewater
control systems.

147. Water is used at WtE facilities for various processes and effluent may result from any
of the following sources:

• APC process wastewater – normally from wet flue gas treatment (dry and semidry
systems do not typically give rise to any effluent) although not all wet systems
produce effluent that needs to be discharged from the facility (as discussed further
below).
• Wastewater from collection, treatment and (open-air) storage of bottom ash – not

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usually discharged but used as water supply for wet de-slaggers.

• Other process wastewater streams – e.g., wastewater from the water/steam cycle
resulting from the preparation of boiler feed water and from boiler drainage. In many
cases, this water can be reused in the incineration and APC treatment process as
make-up water and does not result in actual discharge from the facility.
• Sanitary wastewater (e.g., toilets and kitchens).
• Stormwater originates from precipitation falling on surfaces such as roofs, service
roads and parking lots and is usually discharged directly to storm sewers, though
may receive passive or active treatment if stormwater management is in place.
Storm water may also be generated at waste unloading areas if these areas are
uncovered. Such stormwater would usually be segregated from other sources and
treated prior to discharge.
• Used cooling water (e.g., cooling water from condenser cooling).

148. WtE facilities that utilize dry or semidry APC systems are often designed with zero
wastewater discharge. This is accomplished via the reuse of wastewater produced by a
facility. For example, facilities that utilize semidry APC systems can reuse boiler blowdown
and reject water from the boiler as scrubber slaking and dilution water. As mentioned
previously in this report, semidry and dry APC systems are the most common type used in
North America.

149. WtE facilities that utilize wet APC systems can also be designed as zero wastewater
discharge facilities but require a wastewater treatment system that allows the effluent
resulting from the wet scrubbers to be reused within the facility. The wastewater resulting
from wet flue gas treatment contains a wide variety of contaminants including heavy metals,
inorganic salts (sulfates) and organic compounds (including dioxins/furans).

150. There are three main alternatives for the treatment or reuse of wastewater from wet
flue gas treatment systems:

• Physical/chemical treatment – This is based on pH-correction and sedimentation.

With this system, a treated wastewater stream containing some dissolved salts must
be discharged if not evaporated using one of the two evaporation processes listed
below.
• In-line evaporation of process wastewater – This takes place by means of a semidry
system (e.g., for systems that use wet and semidry APC systems). In this case, the
dissolved salts are incorporated into the residue of the APC system. There is no
discharge wastewater other than that evaporated with the flue gases.
• Separate evaporation of wastewater – The evaporated water is condensed but can
be discharged (or reused) without special measures.

151. As noted above, the physical/chemical treatment and separate evaporation methods
may result in a potential effluent discharge from the facility.

152. Table IV-2 provides an example of the composition of untreated effluent from MSW
incinerators that utilize wet flue gas treatment systems. Typical contaminant concentrations

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following treatment are also indicated.

Table IV-2. Composition of Effluent from MSW Incinerators that Utilize Wet Flue Gas
Treatment Systems
Average Typical Effluent Range of Effluent
Parameter Units Before Discharge Values Discharge Values from
Treatment from Dutch MSW Austrian MSW
Incinerators Incinerators
pH – – – 6.8 – 8.5
TOC mg/l 73,000 – 4.3 – 25
Sulfate g/l 4,547 – <1.2
Chloride g/l 115,000 – 7 – <20
Fluoride mg/l 25,000 – <0.006 – <10
As mg/l – 0.01 <0.003 – <0.05
Hg mg/l 6,200 0.005 <0.001 – <0.01
Pb mg/l 250 0.1 <0.01 – <0.1
Cu mg/l 100 0.02 <0.05 – <0.3
Zn mg/l 690 0.2 <0.05 – <0.5
Cr mg/l 170 0.03 <0.05 – <0.1
Ni mg/l 240 0.03 <0.05 – <0.5
Cd mg/l 8 0.05 <0.001 – <0.05
Sn mg/l – 0.05 0.06
Mo mg/l – 1 –
Tl mg/l – – <0.01 – 0.02

E.2.1. Physical/Chemical Treatment

153. Figure IV-8 illustrates a typical configuration of a physical/chemical treatment unit for
scrubber wastewater.

Figure IV-8. Schematic Illustrating Physical/Chemical Treatment of Wastewater from a

Wet APC System

154. The process consists of the following steps:

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• pH neutralization – Normally, lime is used resulting in the precipitation of sulfites

and sulfates (gypsum).
• Flocculation and precipitation of heavy metals and fluorides – These take place
under the influence of flocculation agents (poly-electrolytes) and FeCl3; additional
complex builders can be added for the removal of mercury.
• Gravitation (precipitation) of the formed sludge – This takes place in settling
tanks or in lamellar separators.
• Dewatering of sludge – This is normally achieved through dewatering filter
presses.
• End-filtration of the effluent (polishing) – This is done via sand filters and/or
activated carbon filters, removing suspended solids and organics such as
dioxins/furans (if activated carbon is used).
155. In addition to the process steps listed above, facilities may also apply:

• Sulfides for heavy metal removal

• Membrane technologies for removal of salts
• Ammonia stripping (if SNCR is used to control NOx)
• Separate treatment of wastewater from the first and last steps of the scrubber
system (allowing for the production of high quality gypsum)
• Anaerobic biological treatment to convert sulfates into elemental sulfur
E.2.2. In-line Evaporation of Wastewater

156. With this treatment option, the wastewater is reused in the process line in a spray-
dryer. The wastewater containing soluble salts is first neutralized and then injected into the
flue gas stream. The water evaporates and the remaining salts and other solid pollutants are
removed in the dust removal step of the APC train (e.g., bag filter). The neutralization step
can be combined with flocculation and the settling of pollutants, resulting in a separate
residue (filter cake). In some systems, lime is injected into the spray absorber for gas pre-
neutralization.

157. This method is employed only at facilities that utilize spray dryers and wet scrubbers.
A spray dryer has a function similar to that of a spray adsorber (used in semidry APC
systems). The main difference between the two is that the spray dryer uses wastewater from
the wet scrubber (instead of lime) after the wastewater has been neutralized. Figure IV-9
presents a schematic diagram of in-line evaporation of wastewater.

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Figure IV-9. Schematic Diagram Illustrating In-line Evaporation of Wastewater

E.2.3. Separate Evaporation of Wastewater

158. In this process, wastewater is evaporated using a steam-heated evaporation system.

Wastewater is fed into a storage tank where it is heated (using heat supplied via a heat
exchanger). The heat acts to partially evaporate the liquid out of the storage tank. The un-
evaporated liquid flows back to the storage tank while the vapors produced by evaporation
eventually cool down resulting in a clean condensate which can be discharged directly from
the facility. As evaporation continues, the salt concentrations in the liquid rise, resulting in
crystallization of the salts which can be separated in a decanter and collected in a container
and disposed of in a landfill.

159. Figure IV-10 displays a two-stage process with two evaporators installed, where the
input of heat into the second evaporator is the vapor from the first evaporator (which results
in less energy demand).

Figure IV-10. Schematic Diagram Illustrating Separate Evaporation of Wastewater

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E.2.4. BAT for Effluent Management

160. As discussed in Section IV.F.2 effluent management is more often required for WtE
facilities that include wet scrubbers as a component in the APC train, (i.e., facilities with a
wet APC train).

161. The following effluent treatment and operational parameters for wet APC systems
are considered (BAT)

• The use of on-site physical/chemical treatment of effluent prior to discharge to

achieve at the point of discharge from the effluent treatment plant (ETP) effluent
concentrations within the range identified in Table IV-3.
• The separate treatment of the acid and alkaline wastewater streams arising from
scrubber stages when there are particular drivers for additional effluent discharge
reduction, and/or where HCl and/or gypsum recovery is to be carried out.
• The recirculation of wet scrubber effluent within the scrubber system so as to reduce
scrubber water consumption and in general the recirculation and reuse of
wastewater arising from the site (i.e., using boiler drain water for reuse in the wet
scrubber).
• The provision of storage/buffering capacity for effluents to provide for a more stable
treatment process.
• The use of sulfides or other mercury binders to reduce mercury in the treated
effluent.
• The assessment of dioxin and furan buildup in the scrubber and adoption of suitable
measures to prevent scrubber breakthrough of these contaminants.
• When SNCR is used, the ammonia levels in the effluent may be reduced using
ammonia stripping and the recovered ammonia recirculated for use in the SNCR.

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Table IV-3. BAT Associated Operational Emissions Levels for Discharges of

Wastewater from Effluent Treatment Plants Receiving APC Scrubber Effluent
BAT Range in mg/L
Parameter Sampling and Data Information
(unless stated)
10 – 30 (95%) Based on “spot daily‟ or 24-hour flow proportional
Total Suspended Solids sample
10 – 45 (100%)
Based on “spot daily‟ or 24-hour flow proportional
Chemical Oxygen Demand 50 – 250
sample
pH 6.5 – 11 Continuous measurement

Hg and its compounds 0.001 – 0.03 Based on monthly measurements of a flow

proportional representative sample of the
Cd and its compounds 0.01 – 0.05 discharge over a period of 24 hours with one
Tl and its compounds 0.01 – 0.05 measurement per year exceeding the values
given, or no more than 5% where more than 20
As and its compounds 0.01 – 0.15 samples are assessed per year.
Total Cr levels below 0.2 mg/L provide for
Pb and its compounds 0.01 – 0.1
control of Chromium VI.
Cr and its compounds 0.01 – 0.5 Sb, Mn, V and Sn are not included in Directive
2000/76.
Cu and its compounds 0.01 – 0.5 Average of six-monthly measurements of a flow
Ni and its compounds 0.01 – 0.5 proportional representative sample of the
discharge over a period of 24 hours.
Zn and its compounds 0.01 – 1.0
Sb and its compounds 0.05 – 0.85
Co and its compounds 0.005 – 0.05
Mn and its compounds 0.02 – 0.2
V and its compounds 0.03 – 0.5
Sn and its compounds 0.02 – 0.5
PCDD/F (TEQ) 0.01 – 0.1 ng TEQ/L

162. As discussed in Section IV.F.2, not all WtE facilities that utilize wet APC systems
actually produce effluent discharge.

E.3. Solid Wastes

163. Waste incineration leads to weight and volume reduction of wastes. The solid wastes
generated by WtE facilities will vary based on the design of the plant and can consist of:
reject wastes (removed prior to combustion), bottom ash, metallic scrap, APC residues, slag
(depending on the facility design), filter cake from wastewater treatment, gypsum, and
loaded activated carbon. These material streams are discussed briefly below.

E.3.1. Reject Waste

164. The MSW stream commonly includes various materials that should not enter the
combustion chamber as they will not efficiently combust due to their size and composition
(e.g., metal appliances) or because they could cause damage within the combustion unit
(e.g., propane tank).

165. Depending on the design of the WtE facility, there will be a specified range of
materials that will be identified as unacceptable for combustion. Generally, screening and
removal of these materials will take place on the floor of the reception building as each load
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of material is emptied onto the tipping floor/bunker. In addition, operators who manage the
loading of the combustion chambers also remove certain materials when they are observed
in the loading process. Generally, approximately 2% of the waste received at a WtE facility
will be rejected and removed for alternate disposal. In addition, depending on the length of
the scheduled or unscheduled downtime associated with plant maintenance, it is possible
MSW would have to be redirected to alternate disposal.

E.3.2. Bottom Ash

166. Bottom ash is the mineral material left after the combustion of the waste. Bottom ash
is a heterogeneous mixture of slag, metals, ceramics, glass, unburned organic matter and
other noncombustible inorganic materials, and consists mainly of silicates, oxides and
carbonates. Typically, bottom ash makes up approximately 20% to 25% by weight or 5% to
10% by volume of the original waste. At most incineration facilities, bottom ash is
mechanically collected, cooled and magnetically or electrically screened to recover
recyclable metals. The remaining residue is either disposed of at a landfill, or alternatively, it
may be used as a construction aggregate substitute. In some cases (e.g., gasification) the
mineral material left after combustion of the waste is generated as a slag, but is generally
managed in a similar fashion as bottom ash.

E.3.3. Recycling of Metals

167. Most WtE facilities include equipment to remove ferrous metals from the bottom ash.
Recovery of nonferrous metals (primarily aluminum) has also become more common.
Depending on the composition of the incoming MSW stream, recovered metals can
represent up to 10% of the input tonnage to the WtE facility. Generally, WtE facilities can
recover approximately 80% of ferrous and 60% of nonferrous metals present in the bottom
ash. Separated metallic scrap is either delivered to a scrap dealer or returned to the steel
industry.

E.3.4. Primary APC Residues

168. APC residues are the residues resulting from the APC system and other parts of
incinerators where flue gas passes (i.e., superheater, economizer). APC residues are
usually a mixture of lime, fly ash and carbon and are normally removed from the emission
gases in a fabric filter baghouse.

169. APC residues contain high levels of soluble salts, particularly chlorides, heavy metals
such as cadmium, lead, copper and zinc, and trace levels of dioxins and furans. The high
levels of soluble, and therefore leachable, chlorides primarily originate from polyvinyl
chloride (PVC) found in MSW. Typically, APC residues make up approximately 2% to 4% by
weight of the original waste. Generally, APC residues are managed separately from bottom
ash as they are often classified as a hazardous waste. Common practice for APC residue
management is to stabilize or otherwise treat these residues and/or to dispose of them at a
hazardous waste facility.

E.3.5. Other APC Residues

170. Other residues generated by APC systems generally consist of used reagent
materials (e.g., activated carbon) or residues recovered through effluent treatment. The
generation of these other APC residues is dependent on the APC design. In general, the
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filter cake from wastewater treatment is heavily charged with Hg, Zn and Cd. In most cases,
it must be managed as a hazardous waste and treated or disposed of at secure hazardous
waste facilities. For WtE facilities that use activated carbon in their APC train, it has become
more common to combust the loaded activated carbon together with waste.

F. Organic Treatment Practices

F.1. Introduction

171. Tropical regions have very high biomass productivity compared to other regions.
Large amount of biomass waste is generated every year by agricultural, forestry, food, and
other industries. As a result, there is an opportunity to improve the sustainability of energy
production in tropical regions by converting this locally abundant biomass waste into
bioenergy products using anaerobic digestion. Presently, due to increasing demand and
shortage of fossil fuels, the interest of people all over the world has shifted to biogas energy
sources.

172. Being the third largest component of municipal solid waste, 30 million tons of food
waste is produced annually. Less than 3% is treated and the rest is disposed of in landfills.
The most promising method for the generation of methane gas from organic matter is the
high rate of anaerobic digesters. For best results, the anaerobic digester must be monitored
regularly with the passage of time. It is a controlled process that effectively produces 60%
methane, 40% carbon dioxide, and highly nutritive digestate. Generally, three main
reactions, i.e., hydrolysis, acetogenesis, and methanogenesis complete this process.

173. The most prominent method to determine the composition of food waste is to carry
out household waste composition analysis. There is no international standard method yet
established for household waste composition analysis. Currently, food waste either goes to
animal farms as feedstock or to landfills in most cities. Serious health threats associated
with food waste as animal food stock have attracted much public attention. Food waste
landfills have created serious environmental problems.

174. Anaerobic digestion is extensively acceptable as an efficient process to treat and

utilize food waste because it has proven to be a promising method for waste reduction and
energy recycling. Landfilling is a dangerous process because the leachate containing
organic and inorganic contaminants poses a risk of groundwater contamination.
Greenhouse gases must be collected. Many countries all over the world have started
recycling wastes and have developed waste management infrastructure programs. In
Canada, 50% of the wastes are recycled under such programs.

175. Biochemical methane potential (BMP) assay was developed to show the ultimate
conversion and methane yield of organic substrate for various feedstocks. According to
relevant literature, co-digestion of food waste with manure can increase methane production
up to 67% to 294%. It is induced because co-digestion of manure with food waste increases
the buffering capacity and maintains the pH. Various studies are available regarding source
selection of food waste and sludge for anaerobic digestion process. Biodegradability and
biomethane potential are determined by molecular analysis and BMP test. By such
pretreatment process, it was concluded that canteen and restaurant waste showed very high
methane potential. The methane yield for restaurant and canteen waste was reported as
675 NmlCH4/g VS and 571–645 NmlCH4/g VS, respectively. The methane percentage has
increased to 47%.
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176. Excess high loading rate of sludge with low organic waste always causes failure in
the anaerobic process with low methane yield. To sort out this problem, mild thermal
pretreatment is used. To reduce the use of chemicals for maintaining the pH, manure and
meat-based products or other nutrient-rich materials can be used. The most complex
problem about landfilling of any waste is the transport of organic containments. Such effect
can be predicted by a modeling approach. Food waste leachate can be easily handled by
the biological process to derive economical and environmental benefit by increasing
methane yield to 70%. The treatment period entirely depends upon HRT, OLR, and other
design considerations.

F.2. Handling and Pretreatment

177. Organic material from plants and animals used as food is by its very nature easily
digestible in the relatively uncomplicated human alimentary canal. Our food contains very
little lignin, and much of our fiber intake has been milled in the food preparation process. It is
therefore not surprising that food waste from domestic and catering establishments is readily
digestible in an AD plant without any pretreatment other than particle size reduction. The
latter should be undertaken in any case, as a step to facilitate effective pathogen destruction
downstream. Typically, source-separated food waste fed to a single-stage mesophilic
digester will show a VS destruction of greater than 85%. The extent to which any form of
pretreatment will be viable from a financial or energy perspective is thus limited. This is
because pretreatment techniques generally employ either: (i) energy-intensive mechanical
or thermal processes aimed at exposing and increasing the surface area of the feedstock
and making it more accessible to microbial attack; or (ii) materials-intensive
chemical/biochemical methods to ‘dissolve’ the nonbiodegradable structural components
that protect the more degradable components. There are, however, a considerable number
of research papers reporting the results of pretreatment techniques, albeit normally on a
small scale, and with mixed results. Techniques considered include:

• Physical and mechanical pretreatments such as chopping, grinding, milling and

ultrasound
• Physico-chemical and chemical pretreatments including use of chemicals such as
alkalis, acids and ozone
• Thermal pretreatments including use of heat and hot water
• Biological and enzymatic pretreatments using specialized microorganisms and
enzyme treatments

178. In the case of domestic food waste, pretreatments should be considered with caution
as the effect of biodegradability enhancement procedures may be limited, negligible or even
negative! The latter is possible as pretreatment may also result in detrimental effects
through the formation of refractory/toxic compounds and the removal of organic material,
both of which counteract any positive benefits. An example is heating treatment, which can
bring about Maillard reactions in substrates containing proteins and carbohydrates, resulting
in the formation of melanoidins. In another case autoclaving of food waste reduced methane
yield simply because proteins were denatured, making them less susceptible to enzyme
attack. A slight positive benefit was that the biogas H2S content was also reduced, as the
sulfur remained locked up in the protein. An initial aerobic composting stage to promote
rapid hydrolysis and enzyme production is likely to result in a net decrease of organic
material available for methane production.
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F.3. Pretreatment Options

179. Where it is necessary to apply pretreatments, they can be divided into 3 main types:
sorting, separation, and homogenization.

180. Sorting. The first step of pretreatment is to remove nonbiodegradable and inert
materials that can negatively affect downstream processes or digestate quality. Ideally, this
should happen at source, and the effectiveness of a collection scheme in removing
unwanted materials will determine what sorting is required at the treatment plant. Most AD
plants, irrespective of the collection system, will have at least visual inspection of the
incoming material to protect the plant from damage to downstream equipment and
processes. Where gross contamination is a regular problem, larger items of paper, plastic,
textiles and metals may be manually sorted.

F.3.1. Homogenization

181. Homogenization is an important procedure to promote degradation and prevent

clogging, settling or formation of floating layers inside the digester. The first step is size
reduction, using shredders and screw cutters, or mills for drier types of material. For ease of
pumping and mixing, the chopped material may then be converted into a slurry using
macerator pumps and recycled digestate before direct feeding to the digester.

182. Homogenization of food waste is generally simpler than processing of co-mingled

OFMSW or biowastes, where the addition of water may be required to reach a suitable dry
matter content for contaminant removal using densitometric techniques.

F.3.2. Pasteurization and Pathogen Reduction

183. Food waste may contain a wide range of pathogens. As a result of the emergence of
bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) and the catastrophic impacts of foot and mouth,
swine fever and other animal diseases, the European Commission has introduced
regulations to control the end use and disposal of animal by-products (ABPR) (EC
1069/2009 and 142/2011). These cover food waste, which falls under different categories
depending on its origin. In the EU, only materials in categories 2 and 3 can be processed
through anaerobic digestion, with most food waste falling under category 3. With the
exception of some category 2 materials, all food waste must be treated to meet a minimum
standard in terms of pathogen indicator organisms.

184. In general, this has to be achieved in a two-stage process which involves particle
size reduction followed by heat treatment and biological stabilization, for which anaerobic
digestion is a suitable process. The degree of treatment depends on both the temperature
and the holding time. Sterilization can be achieved by at least 20 minutes of exposure at a
core temperature of more than 133°C and an absolute steam pressure of no less than 3
bars; this is required for some category 2 materials. Category 3 food processing waste
requires particle size reduction to 12 mm and heat treatment for 60 minutes at 70°C;
whereas catering wastes (including household food waste) can be treated in a number of
ways provided they meet an end-of-process microbiological standard. In addition to specific
process requirements, there is also a requirement to implement strict hygiene controls to
prevent bypass between potentially contaminated incoming ABP material and the final
digestate product.

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185. These requirements are onerous and may add considerably to both the capital and
operating costs of running an anaerobic digester, yet the direct and indirect costs of a major
animal health incident fully justify this precautionary approach.

F.4. Anaerobic Digestion Systems

186. The mono-digestion of food waste has so far found its greatest popularity in the UK
where there are now 94 plants producing biogas from mixed commercial and residential
food waste, the largest proportion of which is used to generate 218 MW of electricity in CHP
units. The Scandinavian countries have also been early adopters of food waste digestion,
with some interesting examples where biogas is used mainly as vehicle fuel. Food waste
digestion plants can also be seen in parts of Spain and Portugal. These plants are usually
operated at a ‘natural’ retention time, i.e., without addition of water or other liquids. Even
though the input material typically has a TS content of around 24%, the digesters are
operating at low solids concentrations in a ‘wet’ digestion process, since at approximately
85% VS degradation, the resulting TS concentration is less than 6%. As such, food waste
digestion is distinct from biowaste schemes in which the food component is comingled with
garden waste and sometimes with paper and card, giving a higher TS and lower digestibility
than for food waste alone. Biowaste collection is more common in central Europe and
requires either a ‘wet’ digester design in which water is recycled or added, or uses a plug
flow ‘dry‘ digestion system.

187. There are many historical reasons why different systems have developed, and each
has its advantages and disadvantages; but once an infrastructure is in place it is difficult and
costly to change. Thus, all technical options should be carefully evaluated early in the
planning process alongside any financial drivers, regulatory issues and opportunities for
nutrient recycling.

F.5. Anaerobic Digestion

188. Food waste not only contains molecular organic matter, but also contains various
trace elements. Currently, anaerobic digestion process has become an intensive field of
research, since the organic matter in the food waste is suited for anaerobic microbial growth.

189. In the anaerobic digestion process, organic waste is biologically degraded and
converted into clean gas. In most of the studies, the anaerobic digestion process is mainly
divided into four steps: hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis, and methanogenesis. The
process is divided into three steps: hydrolysis, acidogenesis, and methanogenesis but both
the approaches work on the same principle.

190. Anaerobic digestion is historically used by humans for waste management and
wastewater treatment. It is the biological process in which the biodegradation and
stabilization of complex organic matter in the absence of oxygen with a consortium of
microbes lead to the formation of energy-rich biogas. It is used to replace fossil fuel.
Because the residues of anaerobic digestion process are nutrient-rich, they are used as soil
amendment.

191. Anaerobic digestion is carried out at different temperature conditions called

mesophilic, thermophilic, and psychrophilic conditions. Many factors affect anaerobic
digestion. Acetogens and methanogens produce methane gas through hydrolysis,
acidogenesis, acetogenesis, and methanogenesis.
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Figure IV-11. Anaerobic Degradation Process

F.5.1. Hydrolysis

192. Complex organic molecules like proteins, polysaccharides, and fat are converted into
simpler ones like peptides, saccharides, and fatty acids by exoenzymes like cellulase,
protease, and lipase produced by hydrolytic and fermentative bacteria. End products are
soluble sugars, amino acids, and glycerol and long-chain carboxylic acids. Overall reactions
(1) are represented by the following equations:

(1)
C6H10O4→C6H12O6+H2OC6H10O4→C6H12O6+H2O

193. Hydrolysis is a relatively slow process and generally limits overall reaction. The
overall conversion of polymers into soluble monomers is catalyzed by enzymes known as
hydrolases or lyase like esterase, glycosidase, or peptidase. The major classes of anaerobic
bacteria that degrade the cellulose include Bacteroides succinogenes, Clostridium lochhadii,
Clostridium celobioporus, Ruminococcus flavefaciens, Ruminoccus albus, Butyrivibrio
fibrisolvens, Clostridium thermoculum, Clostridium stercorarium, and Micromonospora
bispora. Hydrolysis is carried out by a group of relative anaerobic bacteria of the genera of
Streptococcus and Enterobacterium.

F.5.2. Acidogenesis

194. In acidogenesis, the product of hydrolysis peptides, saccharides, and fatty acids are
converted into simpler molecules having low molecular weight like organic acids, alcohols,
carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and ammonium. The existence of oxygen and nitrates is
considered toxic and inhibits the anaerobic process. So, the presence of oxygen-removing
bacteria is vital to remove the oxygen and facilitate anaerobic conditions. During the
acidification process, pH reduces to 4. By-products like ammonia and hydrogen sulfide are
also produced. Overall reaction is represented by the following equations (2 and 3):

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(2)
C6H12O6→2CH3CH2OH+2CO2C6H12O6→2CH3CH2OH+2CO2
(3)
C6H12O6→2CH3CHOHCOOHC6H12O6→2CH3CHOHCOOH

195. The acid-phase bacteria belonging to facultative anaerobes use oxygen accidentally
introduced into the process, creating favorable conditions for the development of obligatory
anaerobes of the following genera: Pseudomonas, Bacillus, clostridium, Micrococcus, or
Flavobacterium.

F.5.3. Acetogenesis

196. In acetogenesis, the product of acidogenesis is converted into acetic acid, hydrogen,
and carbon dioxide by acetate bacteria. Before methanogenesis acetic acid is formed,
chemoautotrophic, acetogenesis is produced by acetate from hydrogen and carbon dioxide.
Overall reactions (4), (5), and (6) are shown as:

(4)
CH3CH2COOH+2H2O→CH3COOH+CO2+3H2CH3CH2COOH+2H2O→CH3COOH+CO2+3H2

(5)
CH3CH2CH2COOH+2H→2CH3COOH+2H2CH3CH2CH2COOH+2H→2CH3COOH+2H2

(6)
CH3CH2OH→CH3COOH+2H2CH3CH2OH→CH3COOH+2H2

197. The first three steps are collectively known as acid fermentation. In this process, no
organic matter is removed from the liquid phase but is converted to a substrate for further
methanogenesis. In this process, the acetate bacteria including those of the genera of
Syntrophomonas and Syntrophobacter convert the acid-phase products into acetates and
hydrogen which may be used by methanogenic bacteria. Bacteria like Methanobacterium
suboxydans account for the decomposition of pentanoic acid to propionic acid, whereas
Methanobacterium propionicum accounts for the decomposition of propionic acid to acetic
acid.

F.5.4. Methanogenesis

198. In this final step of anaerobic digestion, the products of acetogenesis are converted
into methane gas by two groups of microbes known as acetoclastic and hydrogen-utilizing
methanogens. The acetoclastic methanogens convert acetate into carbon dioxide and
methane. Hydrogen-utilizing methanogens reduce hydrogen and carbon dioxide into
methane. The former process is dominant, producing about 70% of methane in anaerobic
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digestion because hydrogen is limited in the anaerobic process.

199. The overall reaction (7), (8), and (9) of methane production is described by the
following chemical reactions:

(7)
CH3COOH→CH4+CO2CH3COOH→CH4+CO2
(8)
2CH3CH2OH→CH4+2CH3COOH2CH3CH2OH→CH4+2CH3COOH
(9)
4H2+CO2→CH4+2H2O4H2+CO2→CH4+2H2O

200. During CH4 formation process, the coenzyme M and F420 play important role. They
convert CO and formate into CH4. The examples of methanogens found in all anaerobic
digestion processes are Methano bacterium, Methano thermobacter, Methano brevibacter,
Methano sarcina, and Methano saeta. Conversions of complex organic compounds to CH4
and CO2 are possible owing to the cooperation of four different groups of microorganisms
as presented in Table IV-4. These microorganisms may be counted among primary
fermentation bacteria, secondary fermentation bacteria, and two types of methanogens
belonging to domain Archaea. These microorganisms occur in the natural environment and
fulfill various roles during the process of anaerobic degradation of wastes.

Table IV-4. Conversions of Complex Organic Compounds to CH4 and CO2 by Four
Different Groups of Microorganisms
S. No. Microorganisms Electron donor Electron Product Reaction type
acceptor
1 Methanogenic bacteria Organic carbon Organic carbon CO2 Fermentation
2 Syntrophic bacteria Organic carbon Organic carbon H2 Acidogenesis
3 Acetogenic bacteria Organic carbon/H2 CO2 CH3COOH Acidogenesis
4 Methanogenic bacteria Organic carbon/H2 CO2 CH4 Methanogenesis

F.5.5. Characteristics of Substrate (F) and Inocula (S) Reported in Literatures

201. The composition of food waste depends upon eating habitats, cultivation, and
availability. The food waste mainly comprises rice, vegetables, meat, egg, bread, roti, etc.
The presence of high moisture content in food waste (Table IV-5) indicates its high
biodegradability. The characterization of substrate and inocula is vital before feeding the
digester. TS (total solid) and VS (volatile solid) are mostly measured according to the
Standard Methods (APHA, Citation, 2005). pH is determined using a pH meter. Chemical
oxygen demand (COD) is measured using COD ampoules and a spectrophotometer. Total
Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) is analyzed using a Kjeldahl apparatus, and total ammonia (free
ammonia and ionized ammonia) content is determined by the Kjeldahl method without the
destruction step.

F.5.6. Uses of Gas and Impacts

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202. The gas generated from different sources is becoming the priority of energy sectors
throughout the world. The gas generated is used to run vehicles or used as lighting and for
cooking.

203. According to a Xuereb report, the production of electricity from biogas accounts for
0.5% of the total electricity output; the digester gas is used as fuel for boilers, internal
combustion engines and pumping water in treatment plants. Furthermore, the residues
obtained after biogas production are used as manure.

204. In addition to gas production, anaerobic digestion of different wastes may be helpful
in solid waste management as it reduces the volume of waste and stabilizes it. The positive
impact of anaerobic digestion is gas production and solid waste management. Millions of
tons of solid waste are produced from agriculture, industries and municipal sources. The
rate of generation is greater than the rate of degradation under natural conditions. According
to Yu, Tay, and Fang (2001), 1MT of grass waste may release 50–110 carbon dioxide and
50–140 of methane. It will increase the global temperature to 1%–2% per year (IPCC,
2007). Greenhouse gas produced by organic friction of municipal solid waste must be
collected to reduce global warming.

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Table IV-5. Characterization of Substrates and Inoculums by Prominent Researchers study

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F.5.7. Comparative Properties and Composition of Biogas

205. Before loading the digester, food waste must undergo pretreatment (Fabien, 2003;
Igoni et al., 2007). The digester is then fed with substrate and gas is produced by systematic
reactions. The gas produced is known as gobar gas (Mattocks, 1984), or digestion gas,
natural gas or sewage gas, depending upon the existing condition. The gas is colorless,
odorless, and flammable having calorific value between 4500 and 5000 kcal/m3 and burns
with blue flame if methane content is present.

Table IV-6. Properties of Biogas, Landfill Gas and Natural Gas

Properties Landfill gas Biogas Natural gas

Lower calorific value 16 MJ/Nm3, 4.4 MJ/Nm3, 6.5 kWh/Nm3, MJ/Nm3, 11kWh/ Nm3,
kWh/Nm3, 20 MJ/kg 48 MJ/kg
12.3 MJ/kg
Density 1.3 kg/Nm3 1.1 kg/Nm3 0.82 kg/Nm3
Relative density 1.1 0.9 0.63
Wobbe index, upper 18 MJ/Nm3 27 MJ/Nm3 55 MJ/Nm3
Methane number >130 >135 73
Methane 45 Vol.% 65 Vol.% 90 Vol.%
Methane, range 35–65 Vol.% 60–70 Vol.% 85–92 Vol.%
Heavy hydrocarbons 0 Vol.% 0 Vol.% 9 Vol.%
Hydrogen 0–3 Vol.% 0 Vol.% –
Carbon dioxide 40 Vol.% 35 Vol.% 0.7 Vol.%
Carbon dioxide, range 15–40 Vol.% 30–40 Vol.% 0.2–1.5 Vol.%
Nitrogen 15 Vol.% 0.2 Vol.% 0.3 Vol.%
Nitrogen, range 5–40 Vol.% – 0.3–1.0 Vol.%
Oxygen 1 Vol.% 0 Vol.% –
Oxygen, range 0–5 Vol.% – –
Hydrogen sulfide >100 ppm >500 ppm 3.1 ppm
Hydrogen sulfide, range 5 ppm 100 ppm –
Total chlorine as Cl− 20–200 Mg/Nm3 0–5 Mg/Nm3 –

Table IV-7. Approximate Biogas Composition in Anaerobic Digestion

Gas CH4 CO2 N2 H2 H2S O2 CxHy NH3 R2SiO

Concentration (%) 50–70 25–30 0–10 0–5 0–3 0–3 0–1 0–0.5 0–50

F.5.8. Design Consideration

206. While designing any treatment plant for the treatment of organic waste, factors like
characteristics of waste, environmental and economic conditions need to be considered.

a. Nature of Digester

207. Production of biogas from household waste is almost negligible because the current
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digesters are not capable of small-scale applications. As per the nature of feedstock,
digesters may be “low-tech” natural digesters, modern digesters, or low-cost community-
based digesters. However, according to Igoni et al., a large number of digesters are
available depending upon the nature of solids and operational factors. The digester may be
a covered lagoon, complex mixed digester (feedstock stock which contains < 2–10% solids),
and plug flow digester (suitable for feedstock stock which contains < 11–13% solids). Many
investigators use other digesters like high solid, batch system, continuous one-stage system
or continuous two-stage, or anaerobic sequencing batch reactor.

b. Temperature

208. Operating temperature is essential to the survival, optimum thriving of the microbial
consortia, and performance of anaerobic digestion. Anaerobic digestion can occur under the
two temperature ranges classified as mesophilic (25°–40°C) and thermophilic (50°–65°C).
Thermophilic conditions allow higher loading, yield, substrate digestion, methane production,
and pathogen destruction but gas-producing bacteria die due to toxins and small
environmental changes. These conditions reduce the retention time when bacteria need
higher retention time over 28 days to develop redox potential. Thus, they are harder to
maintain, reducing their commercial importance.

209. Anaerobic digestion process is temperature-sensitive. Higher temperature affects the

activity of hydrogenotrophic methanogens, and causes higher production of hydrogen and
spore-forming bacteria. Mesophilic conditions, on other hand, operate with robust microbial
consortia that tolerate environmental changes. Such digesters are stable and easier to
operate and maintain, and require lower investment cost allowing their attraction in
commercial scale. Disadvantages include high retention time and low biogas production.

c. Hydrogen Ion Concentration or pH Value

210. pH value of food waste is a very important factor as methanogenic bacteria are
sensitive to acidic environment by which growth and gas production are inhibited. The pH
value varies along the different stages of anaerobic digestion. The pH variation is caused by
volatile fatty acids, bicarbonates, alkalinity and CO2. Chemicals like NaOH and NaHCO3 are
used to maintain the pH value.

211. During acetogenesis, the pH value declines below 5 causing the mass death of
methogens. This would lead to acid accumulation and digester failure. Constant pH is vital
to starting the digestion, which is maintained by buffers like calcium carbonate or lime. The
methane-producing bacteria require neutral to slightly alkaline environment (pH 6.8–8.5).
The hydrolysis and acetogenesis occur at pH between 5.5 and 6.5, respectively. The pH
value for anaerobic digestion waste has been discussed by various researchers but optimal
range has been found around 7.0.

d. Composition of Food Waste

212. Knowledge regarding food waste is a vital design consideration in predicting efficient
design and biomethanization potential. The biomethanization of food waste depends upon
four main components: proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and cellulose. Highest methane yield
associated reactor having excess of lipids requires higher retention time. The methanation is
fast in the system with excess of protein followed by cellulose and carbohydrates (Table IV-
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8). Active sources of food waste include residential, commercial, and institutional
establishments, cafeterias, canteens, and lunch rooms.

213. Food waste is highly variable in nature based on component (carbohydrates, protein,
and lipids) and elemental (C, H, N, O) assessment. The value of protein and lipids is high in
meat, eggs, cheese, and fish as compared to bread, flour and potatoes which are rich in
carbohydrates. Vegetables are generally rich in carbohydrates except mushrooms and
spinach that are rich in protein. Fresh fruits are rich in carbohydrates but dry fruits are rich in
protein.

214. According to research, milk powder and legumes have various components.
Generally, legumes have higher content of carbohydrates and milk has higher lipid content.
It is evident that food waste varies among different sources. Two methods are widely used
for component composition analysis or overall assessment of food waste. One is based on
elemental (C, H, N, O) analysis and another on component (carbohydrates, protein, and
lipids) composition.

Table IV-8. Component Composition Assessment of Food Waste from Different

Origins ( Based on % of Dry Weight/Matter)
Food waste origin Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids References
Households 60.70 14.40 14.40 Hansen, Cour Jansen, Spliid,
Davidsson, and Christensen
(2007)
Urban (Markets, 78.20 16.90 4.90 Redondas et al. (2012)
households)
University dining halls 64.5 14.90 17.50 Ferris, Flores, Shanklin, and
Whitworth (1995)
Military facilities 56.79 17.50 22.00 Ferris et al. (1995)
Institutional 63.90 21.30 12.40 Yan et al. (2011)
restaurants

e. Organic Loading Rate

215. This refers to the biological conversion of capability of a reactor. It determines the
amount of volatile solids that is feasible as the input to the anaerobic digester. Overloading
may cause accumulation of fatty acids, acts as inhibitor, and results in low biogas yield. It
would cause proliferation of acidogenesis, decrease pH, and result in the mass death of
methanogenic bacteria. According to existing literature, optimal OLR and SRT are reported
as 22.65 kg VS/m3d (160 h) for hydrogen fermentation and 4.61 kg VS/m3d (26.67 d) for
methane fermentation digester.

f. Retention Time

216. This is defined as the time during which feedstock remains in the reactor. It is the
measurement of chemical oxygen demand and biological oxygen demand of interfluent and
the effluent material. There is optimal retention time for complete biological conversion, 12–
24 days for a thermophilic digester and 15-30 days for a mesophilic digester. It depends
upon the type of substrate, environmental conditions, and intended use of the digested
material. Parameters like organic loading rate, hydraulic retention time, and temperature
must be monitored to reduce instability of the digester.
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g. Mixing

217. This is an important operating factor for achieving digestion of organic matter. Mixing
is vital to achieving uniformity among the substrate concentration, temperature, and
environmental conditions to reduce the chance of scum formation and solid deposition.
Mixing is done by mechanical stirrers or by gas recirculation depending upon the total solid
concentration within the digester. However, excessive mixing can disrupt microbes, so slow
mixing is preferred.

h. Waste Particle Size

218. Particle size directly affects the decomposition of and calls for particle reduction by
crushing, gridding, and shredding. It increases surface area action for microbes and
ultimately improves the efficiency of the digester. The most widely used methods of
disintegration are mechanical grinding, ultrasound, microwave, thermal, chemical or their
combination, and biological pretreatment.

i. C/N Ratio

219. The ratio of C and N plays a crucial role in anaerobic digestion. The carbon acts as
energy source and nitrogen serves to enhance microbial growth. These two nutrients often
act as limiting factors. Optimum ratio is between 20 and 30. The gas production is low due
to high C/N ratio by rapid consumption of nitrogen. On the other hand, low C/N ratio causes
ammonia accumulation. pH value exceeds 8.5 that is toxic to methanogenesis. Optimum
C/N ratio can be achieved by mixing the substrate of low and high C/N ratio. It has been
found that conversion of carbon to nitrogen in the digestion process is 30–35 times faster,
so the ratio of C/N should be 30:1 in raw substrate.

220. Nitrogen is considered as a limiting factor and nitrogen sources like urea, bio-solids,
and manure could be used as supplements. C/N ratio between 20 and 30 provide sufficient
nitrogen for anaerobic process. C/N between 22 and 25 is best for anaerobic digestion of
fruit and vegetable wastes.

j. Cost

221. Cost consideration includes cost of waste processing, construction and maintenance,
obtaining substrate, and capital and operating costs, which are very important in the
selection of type and size of the digester. According to the Oregon State Department of
Energy, among three main types of digesters (i.e., batch, complete mix, and plug flow
digester), batch digester is the least expensive one.

k. Moisture Content

222. High moisture content usually facilitates anaerobic digestion; however, it is difficult to
maintain the same availability of water throughout the digestion cycle. Initially, water added
at a high rate is dropped to a certain lower level as the process of anaerobic digestion
proceeds. High water content is likely to affect the process performance by dissolving readily
degradable organic matter. Moisture content has a profound effect on anaerobic digestion.
In an experiment, the anaerobic process was carried out at different moisture levels, i.e.,
70% and 80%. It was found that the bioreactor, which was operated at 70% moisture

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content, produced more methane than the bioreactor which was operated at 80% moisture
content. However, the ratio of BOD and COD remained the same.

l. Pretreatment of Food Waste

223. The process in which food waste is prepared as feedstock for anaerobic digestion is
known as “pretreatment”. Usually, waste is found as a mixture of organic and inorganic
components. So, it would be ideal to segregate organic friction for the digestion process.

224. The pretreatment of feedstock involves the removal of nonbiodegradable materials.

Providing effective size and uniform feedstock material and removal of such material
decreases the quality of digestate. To shred and mix the food waste, mechanical methods
are used to lower the quality of digestate. Mechanical biological treatment can theoretically
reduce methane yield up to 40%–60%. Sometimes sterilization of substrate is also done.

225. Nowadays, trace elements are added as a supplement to food waste for stable and
successful digestion at a particular loading rate per day with high biogas yield. Selenium and
cobalt are key trace elements found effective in stabilizing digestion mainly during ammonia
formation. According to research, the recommended concentration of selenium and cobalt
for kitchen waste is around 0.16 and 0.22 mg/liter, respectively, for moderate organic
loading rate. It must be noted that the concentration of selenium greater than 1.5 mg/liter is
toxic to microbes needed in the digestion process.

G. Conclusion and Recommendation

G.1. Recommendation of technology

226. Technology was compared and reviewed according to WB's WtE decision matrix,
and the most suitable technology was selected. Also, since MBT was applied, it was
reviewed and considered to have an advanced waste management system.

G.1.1. Review of overall level of waste management

Table IV-9. Meaning of colors

GREEN YELLOW RED

The WtE technology is most probably More information and/or some The WtE technology is not suitable. It is
suitable improvements to local conditions may be strongly recommended to improve or
required for successful planning and change the specific local conditions
implementation of a WtE project

Table IV-10. Level of Waste Management (per World Bank)

Advanced waste Systematic waste collection Systematic waste collection Absence of systematic
management system which is organized. Some waste and disposal on landfill exist. waste collection, recycling
is based on waste streams fractions (e.g. tyres, Recycling is not organized and disposal
(e.g. biomass, hazardous recyclables, biomass) are systematically
waste, recyclables) exists directed towards recycling
1 and composting
Incineration Incineration Incineration Incineration
Co-processing Co-processing Co-processing Co-processing
Anaerobic digestion Anaerobic digestion Anaerobic digestion Anaerobic digestion
Landfill gas collection Landfill gas collection Landfill gas collection Landfill gas collection
Pyrolysis & Gasification Pyrolysis & Gasification Pyrolysis & Gasification Pyrolysis & Gasification
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227. By applying the Mechanical Biological Treatment (MBT) facility, the waste will be
separated to improve the calorific value and will make it appropriate for incineration
technology.

G.1.2. Review of composition of waste

Table IV-11. Composition of Waste (per World Bank)

Organic and non-organic MSW or separate collected MSW is regularly mixed with MSW is mixed with large
waste fractions are collected waste fractions are fractions of minerals or amounts of mineral and
separately. Hazardous and sometimes mixed with small hazardous waste hazardous waste
bulky mineral waste is fractions of mineral and
treated separately hazardous waste
2 Incineration Incineration Incineration Incineration
Co-processing Co-processing Co-processing Co-processing
Anaerobic digestion Anaerobic digestion Anaerobic digestion Anaerobic digestion
Landfill gas collection Landfill gas collection Landfill gas collection Landfill gas collection
Pyrolysis & Gasification Pyrolysis & Gasification Pyrolysis & Gasification Pyrolysis & Gasification

228. Incineration technology is suitable because the properties of waste before

pretreatment through MBT facilities are presumed to fall under the category of “MSW or
separate collected waste fractions are sometimes mixed with small fractions of mineral and
hazardous waste”.

G.1.3. Review of calorific value of MSW for thermal processes, organic content

Table IV-12. Calorific Value of MSW for Thermal Processes, Organic Content
(per World Bank)
The calorific value of MSW is The calorifc value of MSW is The calorific value of MSW is The calorific value of MSW
on average > 8 MJ/kg. on average between 7 and 8 <7 MJ/kg. High biomass is < 7 MJ/kg. The content
MJ/kg content with high average of inorganic fractions (e.g.
humidity ash, dust, sand, glass,
metals) is high.
3 Incineration Incineration Incineration Incineration
Co-processing Co-processing Co-processing Co-processing
Anaerobic digestion Anaerobic digestion Anaerobic digestion Anaerobic digestion
Landfill gas collection Landfill gas collection Landfill gas collection Landfill gas collection
Pyrolysis & Gasification Pyrolysis & Gasification Pyrolysis & Gasification Pyrolysis & Gasification

229. Incineration technology is suitable because the minimum calorific value expected
after natural drying and MBT pretreatment at the waste reception area is expected to be
about 11MJ/kg based on LHV (Based on WACS 2021). Actual Laboratory test results of
end-of-pipe for RPSLF indicated an LHV of 16MJ/kg, which rated higher than the anticipated
LHV in the WACS 2021 and is even twice the WB’s minimum heating value of 7-8 MJ/kg.

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G.1.4. Review of suitable waste quantities for WtE

Table IV-13. Suitable Waste Quantities for WtE Plants (per World Bank)
> 150,000 metric tonnes of 50,000 to 150,000 metric 10,000 to 50,000 metric < 10,000 metric tonnes of
suitable waste fractions are tonnes of suitable waste tonnes of suitable waste suitable waste fractions
available per year. fractions per year fractiions per year per year
Incineration Incineration Incineration Incineration
4
Co-processing Co-processing Co-processing Co-processing
Anaerobic digestion Anaerobic digestion Anaerobic digestion Anaerobic digestion
Landfill gas collection Landfill gas collection Landfill gas collection Landfill gas collection
Pyrolysis & Gasification Pyrolysis & Gasification Pyrolysis & Gasification Pyrolysis & Gasification

230. The daily intake of Rizal Provincial SLF is estimated at 3,270 tons per day or about
1,193,550 tons per year, which exceeds 150,000 metric tons/year of suitable waste fraction.
The sufficient volume of feedstock, highly suggest that incineration technology is
appropriate.

G.1.5. Review of efficient operation of waste facilities

Table IV-14. Efficient Operation of Waste Facilities (per World Bank)

Public and private actors are Public or private actors are Public actors have limited Neither public nor private
experienced in efficient experienced but require experience with WtE and actors have experience
running of waste capacity building to manage recruitment of qualified with the operation of WtE
management facilities, also WtE facilities efficiently national staff is difficult for systems
in cooperation public and private sector
5 Incineration Incineration Incineration Incineration
Co-processing Co-processing Co-processing Co-processing
Anaerobic digestion Anaerobic digestion Anaerobic digestion Anaerobic digestion
Landfill gas collection Landfill gas collection Landfill gas collection Landfill gas collection
Pyrolysis & Gasification Pyrolysis & Gasification Pyrolysis & Gasification Pyrolysis & Gasification

231. Incineration WtE plants are the most widely operated around the world and the
technical know-how and operational experience is far more advanced than the rest of the
WtE technologies. Though the Philippines can be considered as pioneering in the
incineration technology, the availability of operational experience is readily available in
neighboring countries within the Asian region. The other WtE technologies are still at their
latency and that they will pose higher risk of establishing them at the current conditions in
the Philippines. The science and engineering technologies behind the incineration WtE
technologies are designed with automation features that facilitate technology transfer and
mastery of management know-how.

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G.1.6. Review of additional transport time and distance for MSW to reach WtE plant

Table IV-15. Additional Transport time and distance for MSW to Reach a WtE Plant
(per World Bank)
Distance or transport time Transport time will increase Transport time will increase Additional transport
will hardly change compared <1 hour, additional distance >1 hour. Additional transport distance >200 km and rail
to the current situation <50km distance >100 km transport is not available.
Incineration Incineration Incineration Incineration
6
Co-processing Co-processing Co-processing Co-processing
Anaerobic digestion Anaerobic digestion Anaerobic digestion Anaerobic digestion
Landfill gas collection Landfill gas collection Landfill gas collection Landfill gas collection
Pyrolysis & Gasification Pyrolysis & Gasification Pyrolysis & Gasification Pyrolysis & Gasification

232. The proposed site for WtE is located within the vicinity of the RPSLF where the
feedstock for WtE will be sourced. Therefore, the transport time and distance for MSW to
reach a WtE plant will hardly change and hence, incineration technology is suitable.

G.1.7. Review of marketing and/or final disposal of process residues

Table IV-16. Marketing and/or Final Disposal of Processed Residues (per World Bank)
A market for process No market for process No market for process No market for process
residues exists. Hazardous residues, All process residues. Safe disposal residues and safe disposal
residues can be disposed of residues can be disposed of requires large transport of process residues cannot
safely at a controlled landfill safely at a controlled landfill distance. be made available
close to WtE plant. close to the plant.
7 Incineration Incineration Incineration Incineration
Co-processing Co-processing Co-processing Co-processing
Anaerobic digestion Anaerobic digestion Anaerobic digestion Anaerobic digestion
Landfill gas collection Landfill gas collection Landfill gas collection Landfill gas collection
Pyrolysis & Gasification Pyrolysis & Gasification Pyrolysis & Gasification Pyrolysis & Gasification

233. Since the WtE plant is to be built within the Rizal Provincial SLF, co-located within
the same compound, the processing of ash residues (e.g., direct landfill disposal) becomes
more convenient; accordingly, incineration technology is favourable and complements the
operations of the landfill.

G.1.8. Legal framework for WtE systems

Table IV-17. Legal Framework for WtE Systems/Facilities

A comprehensive legal A national legal framework National legal framework for The existing legal
framework which considers for WtE exists. Any WtE is non- or only partially framework forbids thermal
all types of WtE exists. Laws deficiencies on the level of existant. It can be ensured WtE or there are
are enforced & a national enforcement, ordinances that international standards indications that sufficient
waste management strategy and by-laws are being are respected in specific emissions standards
8 also covers WtE. addressed. projects. cannot be enforced.
Incineration Incineration Incineration Incineration
Co-processing Co-processing Co-processing Co-processing
Anaerobic digestion Anaerobic digestion Anaerobic digestion Anaerobic digestion
Landfill gas collection Landfill gas collection Landfill gas collection Landfill gas collection
Pyrolysis & Gasification Pyrolysis & Gasification Pyrolysis & Gasification Pyrolysis & Gasification

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234. Incineration is appropriate in the Philippines because the government has a

comprehensive legal framework that governs national waste management policies and
systems including operation of WtE plants using incineration technology.

G.1.9. Review of financing management of MSW

Table IV-18. Financing the Management of MSW (per World Bank)

Collection and disposal costs Collection and disposal costs The costs for collection and There is frequently a lack
of MSW are always fully of MSW are always fully disposal of MSW cannot be of financial means to cover
covered. Financial means to covered. Additional costs for covered on a regular basis operating costs of SWM
cover additional costs of WtE WtE might be difficult to services
are accessible, cover.
9 Incineration Incineration Incineration Incineration
Co-processing Co-processing Co-processing Co-processing
Anaerobic digestion Anaerobic digestion Anaerobic digestion Anaerobic digestion
Landfill gas collection Landfill gas collection Landfill gas collection Landfill gas collection
Pyrolysis & Gasification Pyrolysis & Gasification Pyrolysis & Gasification Pyrolysis & Gasification

235. The costs involved in operating WtE facilities are expected to be covered through
electricity sales, garbage fees, including further roles of the government in the overall
financing of the WtE. Incineration of MSW, therefore, is appropriate.

Table IV-19. Access to foreign currency of World Bank

Spare parts can be Most spare parts can be Key technology of the WtE No access to foreign
purchased locally. No purchased locally. Sales plant must be imported. currency
restriction on purchasing offices for spare parts to be Delays in access to
spare parts in foreign imported are locally available purchases in foreign
country currency.
10 Incineration Incineration Incineration Incineration
Co-processing Co-processing Co-processing Co-processing
Anaerobic digestion Anaerobic digestion Anaerobic digestion Anaerobic digestion
Landfill gas collection Landfill gas collection Landfill gas collection Landfill gas collection
Pyrolysis & Gasification Pyrolysis & Gasification Pyrolysis & Gasification Pyrolysis & Gasification

236. In the case of an incineration plant, some spare parts are expected to be procured
from overseas, but most of the equipment can be fabricated or more likely be purchased in
the Philippines, so incineration is applicable.

G.1.10. Review of access to energy end users of WtE facilities

Table IV-20. Access to Energy End Users of WtE Facilities (per World Bank)
WtE of RDF facilities are WtE or RDF facilities are WtE or RDF facilities located WtE or RDF facilities are
located close to an industrial located in an area with close to a large power located in an area which is
area with power and heat/ moderate heat demand. transmission network. No poorly connected to
gas demand. Good transport Good transport and energy heat demand in the area. energy consumers.
and energy infrastructure infrastructure exists.
11 exists.
Incineration Incineration Incineration Incineration
Co-processing Co-processing Co-processing Co-processing
Anaerobic digestion Anaerobic digestion Anaerobic digestion Anaerobic digestion
Landfill gas collection Landfill gas collection Landfill gas collection Landfill gas collection
Pyrolysis & Gasification Pyrolysis & Gasification Pyrolysis & Gasification Pyrolysis & Gasification
237. Since Rizal Provincial SLF is adjacent to Metro Manila, it is a suitable site for an
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incineration facility because it is easy to convey the generated power and the heat will be
used for internal purposes.

G.1.11. Review of incentives for low carbon energy generation

Table IV-21 Incentives for Low Carbon Energy Generation (per World Bank)
Economic incentives for low Economic incentives for low Introduction of economic No economics incentives
carbon heat and power are carbon electricity from waste incentives is most likely exist.
already successfully applied. are regulated by law but not within one year
yet applied.
12 Incineration Incineration Incineration Incineration
Co-processing Co-processing Co-processing Co-processing
Anaerobic digestion Anaerobic digestion Anaerobic digestion Anaerobic digestion
Landfill gas collection Landfill gas collection Landfill gas collection Landfill gas collection
Pyrolysis & Gasification Pyrolysis & Gasification Pyrolysis & Gasification Pyrolysis & Gasification

238. The Philippines is participating in international carbon reduction programs such as

the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and
Forest Degradation (REDD+). WtE qualifies as low carbon technology and economic
incentives for such technology were implemented in the past and can be revived.

G.1.12. Result by World Bank standards

239. Based on the Consultants’ thorough review of the applicability, practicality and
suitability of putting up WtE facilities, according to the WtE decision matrix of the WB, it is
concluded that incineration is the most suitable technology for this project.

H. Reasons for Selecting Stoker-Type Incinerators

H.1. What Stoker-Type Incineration Means

240. Stoker-type incinerators are the most popular types of WtE incineration systems
used in treating and managing MSW. The word “stoker” means “set of grates”. The input
waste is combusted as it gradually progresses downstream through the movement of
moveable grates. The combustion chamber is divided into three stages: “dry zone”,
“combustion zone” and “burn-out zone”. Even waste with high moisture content can be
efficiently combusted with an appropriate retention time in the dry zone, which is one of the
reasons why stoker-type incinerators are usually adopted for MSW. In the combustion zone,
a sufficient amount of air is supplied to burn combustibles. Unburned but combustible
residue is completely combusted in the burn-out zone. The design and operating conditions
of this three-stage combustion chamber must be adjusted appropriately according to the
amount and quality of waste.

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Figure IV-12. How a Stoker-Type Incinerator Works

H.2. Advantages of a Stoker-Type Incineration Facility

241. Stoker-type incineration has the following advantages:

• The investment and operating costs are relatively low.

• There is little fuel agitation in the combustion process and there is little fly ash
generation. (The fly ash load of the dust collector is relatively small.)
• There is a wide range of fuel characteristics.
• Operational life of the facility is long.

242. It is advantageous to the heat recovery method by waste heat boiler because stable
combustion is possible regardless of the size of incineration plant. The fluctuation of
combustion heat is small.

• It is possible to incinerate large-sized fuel without pretreatment.

• Among incineration technologies, it has the highest performance domestically and
internationally, and is technically stable and highly reliable.
• It relatively consumes less power than a fluidized bed.
• Operation is automated, easy and stable.

H.3. The Suitability of Stoker-Type Incineration

243. In the Philippines, waste segregation is not a norm -- all types of household waste,
including food waste, are mixed together. It is therefore considered that the application of
the bio-gasification technology would not be appropriate, as it is almost impossible to
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separate food waste from mixed waste using the mechanical biological treatment (MBT)
technology.

244. So, considering plant capacity, economic feasibility, environmental friendliness, and
technological reliability, stocker-type incineration is considered the most suitable technology.

H.4. Recommended Capacity for Stoker-Type Incineration

245. The recommended capacity of an incineration facility is presented in Table IV-22.

Table IV-22. Summary of Incineration Capacity

Section Unit Parameter
Incineration Facility per Unit Ton/day 250
Total Waste Treatment Ton/day 500 (2units x 250 ton/day)
Total Power Generation MWh 11MW (± 10%)
Area M2 50,000 (Total 2 units)

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Section V. Assessment and Selection of Sites for a WtE Facility

A. Site Assessment Considerations

246. Selecting an ideal site for a WtE facility requires carefully thought-out decisions
based on applicable criteria that take into account the following: strict compliance with
government and environmental regulations; the imperatives of choosing the most
appropriate tools, technologies and practices to build a viable business and sustain its
operation as an enterprise; and the demand of stakeholders for a comprehensive strategy
regarding the operation of a WtE facility and a responsible business model that they can live
with.

247. A study conducted by Wu et al. (2018) enumerated 6 factors that should be

considered in selecting a site for a WtE plant. These are: (1) production factors; (2) land
factors; (3) policy, economic and financial factors; (4) natural factors; (5) environmental
factors; and (6) social factors.

248. Production Factors. Production factors play an important role in a WtE plant’s
economic feasibility (Wu et al., 2018), which depends on capital expenditures (CapEx) and
operational expenditures (OpEx). These factors pertain not only to the volume of waste to
be used as feedstock but also the physical distance covering the transport of waste to the
facility.

249. Land Factors. The purchase of land is a primary consideration among those wishing
to invest in WtE plants, notably refuse power plants, which many highly developed cities
have built.

250. Policy, Economic and Financial Factors. With its low income and high
environmental risk, a WtE plant (as compared to a landfill) relies more on government
financial support. With respect to refuse incineration power generation, there are 3 ways by
which to attract investors and make the business succeed: high feed-in tariff, tax
preferences, and waste disposal subsidy.

251. Natural Factors. Theoretically, WtE plants have no limited service life. Since nature
can affect the state of municipal solid waste, the selection of a WtE plant site should be
influenced by natural factors. Wind condition determines the range and strength of pollutant
gas from a WtE plant. For example, if a plant is located downwind of the annual leading
wind direction, pollutant gas can reach farther areas and increase the risk of gas leakage.
Also, to avoid unnecessary business losses caused by flood disasters, an assessment of
the local hydrological conditions is essential.

252. Environmental Factors. Environmental factors to be considered in selecting a site

for a WtE facility involve 3 aspects: resource environment, living environment, and
ecological environment. First, compared to landfills, WtE plants can decrease the volume of
waste by 80% and the waste residual requires only a small area. Second, the construction
of WtE plants can reduce noise and stink, as well as air pollution thereby reducing the
discharge of pollutants such as carbon dioxide. Third, the construction and operation of a
WtE plant will significantly affect the local ecosystem.

253. Social Factors. The biggest obstacle to the establishment of a WtE plant is that
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nobody wants to live anywhere near it. The backlash is best understood in the context of the
social phenomenon known as NIMBY (short for “Not In My Backyard”) which signifies the
locals’ opposition to anything perceived to be undesirable in their neighborhood.

254. It is the Project Proponent’s job to positively influence the behavior and opinions of
dissenters and win their support. This can be done by making the oppositors understand
that the WtE facility will not only improve waste disposal and management at the community
level but will also create jobs and boost the local economy. The same argument will go a
long way in gaining the endorsement of local business owners and operators of nearby
industrial establishments.

255. At the start of the Project, MMDA has proposed 3 sites for a WtE facility. Based on
the Metro Manila 25-year Solid Waste Management Plan (Metro Manila Development
Authority (MMDA), 2022), these sites are found within the existing SLFs where the NCR’s
LGUs are currently disposing of their collected wastes. These include: (1) the Rizal
Provincial Sanitary Landfill; (2) the New San Mateo Sanitary Landfill; and (3) Smokey
Mountain located in Tondo, Manila. The proposed sites will be evaluated based on the
criteria for selecting sites for a WtE facility. Table V-1 summarizes the assessment of each
potential site based on the factors stated above.

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Table V-1. Summary of Site Assessment

Factors Rizal Provincial SLF San Mateo SLF Smokey Mountain
1. Production Factor 4,670 tons/day 3,020 tons/day 2,470 tons/day
2. Land Factor 7 has 16 has 6 has
3. Policy Factor Proposed site is within the controlled Proposed site is within the controlled Smokey Mountain used to be a large
area of the sanitary landfill, so area of the sanitary landfill, so dump site of decomposing waste made
constructing and operating the WtE constructing a WtE plant will not be up mostly of flammable substances. It
plant will not be incongruous to land incongruous to land use. cannot be ascertained, however, if the
use. ground is underneath the former dump
site and if it is safe and devoid of toxic
substances. Issues regarding noise, air,
and water pollution will crop up. The
area where the WtE plant is to be built
must be consistent with the Zoning
Ordinance and Comprehensive Land
Use Plan (CLUP) of Manila.
4. Natural Factor RPSLF is located in valleys. The site is SMSLF sits on a hill with no water A large part of Smokey Mountain rests
adjacent to a row of hills with disturbed source. A number of waste pickers on a hill while the rest lies on unstable
slopes. Long-term quarrying in the were spotted during the study team’s flat ground. Fresh air is dispersed by
surrounding mountainous area may visit though they were not numerous as the breeze coming from Manila Bay. It
interfere with the construction and those at the RPSLF. is surrounded by land features,
subsequent operation of the WtE plant. structures and amenities common in
urban areas (residential communities,
commercial establishments, industrial
factories and highways). It is bustling
with activities usually seen in port
areas. It is bordered by estuarine
waterways.
5. Environmental Migratory birds are a common sight at Patches of vegetation are found at Patches of vegetation are likewise
Factor RPSLF which is surrounded by SMSLF. There is no water body near it found in Smokey Mountain. The Project
mountains. No water body is found and accessible through Shotgun Road. Proponent should ensure that no waste
within 2km of the landfill. On rainy Birds and other fauna are not common will be dumped there – something that
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Factors Rizal Provincial SLF San Mateo SLF Smokey Mountain

days, its lower portion becomes flooded in the area. There are no sources of made a mountain out of tons of burning
and swollen; rainwater seeps into the pollution in areas adjacent to it. waste many years ago. Although the
soil. The landfill’s soil stability should be dump site has been closed since 1995,
investigated; it is vulnerable to flash it sits on unstable ground. Geologic and
flooding. If this site is chosen for a WtE environmental factors should be
facility, the process and cost of slope thoroughly considered.
stabilization must be thoroughly
studied.
6. Social Factor Residential communities are found SMSLF is an isolated area. It is about Some informal settlers have been living
about 1.0km from the RPSLF, which is 1.50km from the nearest communities. in Smokey Mountain, i.e., in the vicinity
surrounded by quarry facilities. There Waste pickers at this landfill are not as of NHA’s housing site. Houses can be
are about a thousand scavengers at numerous as those in RPSLF. seen on the east and west side. The
the site. Many families who make a construction of a WtE facility will
living from sifting through the landfill’s definitely earn the ire of environmental
rubbish are expected to lose their only groups. Worse, the surrounding areas
means of livelihood. A WtE facility built have been eyed as sites for mid-rise
inside the RPSLF is not expected, residential buildings.
however, to create a significant social
impact.
7. Economic Factor Power generated by the WtE plant at Power/electricity generated can be Power generated by the WtE plant can
RPSLF could be sold to nearby quarry readily sold to urban areas in San be readily sold to nearby industrial
operators as well as to adjacent Mateo. establishments at Pier No.4 or to the
communities. The current landfill cluster of residential buildings.
operator’s revenue, however, will be
significantly affected. Its business
model can be modified vis-à-vis the
construction of the WtE facility.
8. Elevation/Terrain Elevation = 95m Elevation = 375m Elevation = 28m
Topography. RPSLF is located in the Topography. SMSLF is located on the Topography. Smokey Mountain is
upper slopes of several tributaries and upper slopes of several tributaries and located on flat terrain with a 28-meter-
gullies. Flat to moderate slopes gullies. Flat to moderate slopes, high waste dump rising above the site.

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Factors Rizal Provincial SLF San Mateo SLF Smokey Mountain

(varying from 7% to 20%) are found. varying from 12.5% to 31.3%, are
The natural slopes are being altered by found. The natural slopes are being
human activities such as rock quarrying altered by human activities such as
and the construction of a landfill. rock quarrying and the construction of a
landfill.
9. Land availability Owned by Green Leap Corp. and Owned by San Mateo Sanitary Landfill Owned by Phil Ecology Systems
operated by the International Solid Corporation and operated by the Corporation.
Waste Integrated Management ISWIMS.
Specialist, Inc. (ISWIMS).

10. Geologic and Morphology. RPSLF is located on Morphology. SMSLF is located on Morphology. Smokey Mountain is
Geohazard Study rough terrain above several tributaries rough terrain above several tributaries located on flat terrain with a 28-meter-
(Quebral, 2023)4. and gullies. The natural slopes are and gullies. The natural slopes are high waste dump rising above the site.
affected by human activities such as affected by human activities such as Hydrology. It is sandwiched between
rock quarrying and the construction of rock quarrying and the construction of estuaries on the north and south
landfills. landfills. although there is no waterway cutting
Hydrology. RPSLF is located above Hydrology. SMSLF is located above through the site itself.
waterways. This may be advantageous waterways. This may be advantageous
in terms of fluvial hazards but issues in terms of fluvial hazards but issues
and concerns about contamination may and concerns about contamination may
arise. arise.

Geology. RPSLF is underlain by Geology. SMSLF are underlain by Geology. Smokey Mountain was once
competent volcanic rocks (of the competent volcanic rocks (of the underlain by recent deposits. Low SPT
Kinabuan Formation), which are being Kinabuan Formation), which are being N-values and shallow groundwater
quarried as rock aggregates. There is quarried as rock aggregates. There is levels are anticipated. There will be
no problem with bearing capacity, no problem with bearing capacity, concerns with respect to bearing
settlement, or liquefaction. They make settlement, or liquefaction. They make capacity, settlement, and liquefaction
good materials in terms of attenuation good materials in terms of attenuation potential. The deposits make poor

4
See full study in Appendix 1: Engineering Geological and Geohazard Assessment Report for Feasibility Study to Determine the Appropriate Waste to Energy (WtE) Technology in Metro Manila
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Factors Rizal Provincial SLF San Mateo SLF Smokey Mountain

of seismic waves. Being impermeable, of seismic waves. Being impermeable, foundation material in terms of
they make poor aquifers, although they make poor aquifers, although attenuation of seismic waves. Because
there might be no groundwater to there might be no groundwater to it lies along the coast of Manila Bay, it
contaminate. This also means that contaminate. This also means that is highly susceptible to tsunamis. It has
groundwater might not be a reliable groundwater might not be a reliable in fact experienced severe flooding.
water source for operation. Superficial water source if needed for operation. The Manila Trench located along the
deposits, if ever, will be in the form of Superficial deposits, if ever, will be in coast of Luzon is the only tsunami
thin residual soil, waste rocks, the form of thin residual soil, waste generator in the West Philippine Sea
embankment material, and domestic rocks, embankment material, and and is a near-source tsunami
waste. domestic waste. generator. The lead time between
tsunami generation and the time it hits
land will take only a matter of minutes.
The epicenter of an earthquake must
be in front of the mouth of Manila Bay
to trigger a tsunami. The site is
protected by reclaimed land with a low
elevation. It would take a catastrophic
event to impact the site.

Seismic Hazards. RPSLF is adjacent Seismic Hazards. SMSLF is Seismic Hazards. Smokey Mountain is
to the East Valley Fault which is a near- sandwiched between the West and underlain by recent deposits. Low SPT
source earthquake generator. It is East Valley Faults. Both faults are near- N-values and shallow groundwater
underlain by rock material that does not source earthquake generators. It is levels are anticipated. The underlying
liquefy. The rock foundations of RPSLF underlain by rock material that does not deposits are susceptible to liquefaction.
will not settle. liquefy. Neither will the rock foundation Smokey Mountain lies along the coast
of SMSLF settle. of Manila Bay, which is highly
susceptible to tsunamis. It has in fact
experienced severe flooding. The
Manila Trench, located off the west

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Factors Rizal Provincial SLF San Mateo SLF Smokey Mountain

coast of Luzon, is the only tsunami
generator in the West Philippine Sea
and is a near-source tsunami
generator. The lead time between
tsunami generation and the time it hits
land will take only a matter of minutes.
The epicenter of an earthquake must
be at the mouth of Manila Bay to trigger
a tsunami. The site is protected by
reclaimed land with a low elevation. It
would take a catastrophic event to
impact the site,

Slope-Related Hazards. RPSLF sits Slope-Related Hazards. SMSLF is Slope-Related Hazards. Smokey
on rough terrain and is dominated by located on rough terrain and is Mountain sits on flat terrain. The
rock slopes which tend to be more dominated by rock slopes which tend to stability of landfills is a different matter.
stable than soil slopes. There is no be more stable than soil slopes. There
morphological indication of landslides, is no morphological indication of
rockslides, or gully erosion. Rockfall landslides, rockslides, or gully erosion.
(e.g., falling of discrete boulders) is Rockfall (e.g., falling of discrete
possible. boulders) is likely.

Volcanic Hazards. There are no active Volcanic Hazards. There are no active Volcanic Hazards. There are no active
volcanos in the area. The site is safe volcanos in the area. The site is safe volcanos in the area. The site is safe
from volcanic hazards except ashfalls from volcanic hazards except ashfalls from volcanic hazards except ashfalls
experienced during the eruptions of experienced during the eruptions of experienced during the eruptions of
Mount Pinatubo and Taal Volcano in Mount Pinatubo and Taal Volcano in Mount Pinatubo and Taal Volcano in
1991 and January 2020, respectively. 1991 and January 2020, respectively. 1991 and January 2020, respectively.

Fluvial Hazards. RPSLF is located on Fluvial Hazards. SMSLF is located on Fluvial Hazards. Smokey Mountain is

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Factors Rizal Provincial SLF San Mateo SLF Smokey Mountain

upper slopes above waterways. No upper slopes above waterways. No bounded on the north and south by
fluvial hazards can affect this proposed fluvial hazards can affect this proposed estuaries. The site has low
site. site. susceptibility to flooding. It is the
waterways which are often flooded.

Coastal Hazards. RPSLF is not a Coastal Hazards. SMSLF is not a Coastal Hazards. Smokey Mountain,
coastal area. coastal area. which is located along the coast, is
protected by reclaimed land from storm
surges. CAMANAVA has been reported
to be subsiding due to groundwater
extraction. The site is likely affected by
subsidence which can induce flooding
and saltwater intrusion. Sea level rise is
only centimetric in scale. Coastal
erosion, aggradation and headland
erosion do not apply to Smokey
Mountain.

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B. Multi-Criteria Analysis (MCA) in Selecting a Site for a WtE Facility

256. One of the crucial steps in planning for the construction of a WtE facility is site
selection. A study titled “Site Selection of Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Plant using GIS
and Multi-criteria Decision Analysis” (Abushammala, Qazi, Fragg, Alazaiza, & Younes, 2022)
identifies 11 criteria that govern the selection of an ideal site for an incineration plant that
takes into account environmental, economic, and social issues and challenges. These
criteria are as follows:

1. Distance from sensitive land use. The noise, odor and emissions generated by an
incineration plant are inevitable. Such emissions are harmful to human health and for
that reason, the plant site should be situated away from inhabited zones and tourist
attractions (World Bank, 2000). This means that the farther the distance between
sensitive land use (residential areas, health and educational institutions, tourist
attractions, commercial establishments, mosques, etc.) and the incineration plant
site, the more enabled the plant operator/owner in mitigating the adverse impact of
nuisance factors.

2. Distance from protected areas. It is important to select a site with adequate

distance from nature reserves, flora and fauna, and sensitive ecosystems (like
wetland) so as not to disturb or affect the habitats of wildlife (especially valuable and
rare plant and animal species).

3. Distance from agricultural land. To avoid the deposition of pollutants on edible

crops and vegetation, the incineration plant site should be located away from
agricultural land. The suitability of the area increases as the distance between plant
site and agricultural land increases.

4. Distance from wadis/valleys. Ideally, incineration plants should not be located in

areas vulnerable to flooding to ensure the smooth transport of waste (WRAP, 2012).
Waste transport is often impeded during the rainy season when wadis can easily
overflow.

5. Distance from surface water. The plant site should be located far from surface
water to reduce the impact of eutrophication.

6. Distance from landfills. The transport of solid waste is a vital element of integrated
solid waste management that has its own environmental and economic problems like
pollution and fuel consumption. Solid waste transportation is responsible for a huge
portion of the operational cost of an incineration plant, which directly affects its
feasibility. It is important to minimize the cost of transportation by selecting a plant
site relatively closer to the potential solid waste source (World Bank, 2000; WRAP,
2012). Therefore, it is preferable to build a plant close to landfills that receive huge
amounts of solid waste on a daily basis to minimize transport costs and reduce air
pollution.

7. Distance from electricity grids. To minimize operational and construction costs

and ensure the proper use of produced electricity, the incineration plant should be
located close to an existing electricity grid.

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8. Distance from road networks. It is preferable to select a plant site near main roads
to ensure easy access and smooth transport of waste to the plant. This eliminates
the cost of constructing access roads leading to the plant.

9. Elevation. The site of an incineration plant should be in an area with low elevation.
An area with a high elevation has a direct impact on the fuel economy of the trucks
transporting solid waste to the plant site.

10. Terrain slope. Flatter areas are more suitable for the construction of incineration
plants as the technical feasibility of such areas is reduced with an increase in slope.

11. Distance from airports. Typically, WtE plants have chimney heights of 30–40 m
and should therefore be located beyond flight safety zones. A buffer zone of 7 km is
necessary for landfill sites. (The same distance should be observed by the proposed
WTC plant in this study.)

257. The above criteria were ranked according to importance and each criterion was
given a relative weight according to rank. Relative weight was computed using the following
formula:

Where:
wv - relative weight of criteria
Vs - criteria rank
Tr - the total rank value obtained from the sum of all ranks
258. The resulting relative weight of each criterion is shown in Table V-2.

Table V-2. Relative Weight of Each Criterion

Criterion Rank (Vs) Weight (wv)
Distance from sensitive land use 11 16.67%
Distance from landfills 10 15.15%
Distance from road networks 9 13.64%
Distance from valleys 8 12.12%
Elevation and terrain slope 7 10.61%
Distance from electricity grids 6 9.09%
Distance from agricultural land 5 7.58%
Distance from protected areas 4 6.06%
Distance from surface water 3 4.55%
Distance from airports 2 3.03%
Terrain / Slope 1 1.52%
Total (Tr) 66 100.00%

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Table V-3. Description and Grading Values Based on the Final Criteria
Restricted
Criteria 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
areas
Distance from sensitive
<500 m >500 Equal intervals of 200m span >2300
land use
Distance from protected
<1000 >1000 Equal intervals of 200m span >2800
areas
Distance from
<500 500-700 Equal intervals of 200m span >2300
agricultural land
Distance from
<500 500-600 Equal intervals of 100m span >1500
wadis/valleys
Distance from surface
<1000 >1000 Equal intervals of 100m span >1900
water
Distance from landfills >25,000 25,000-22500 Equal intervals of 2,500m span >2500
Distance from electricity 1000-
<200 >9000 Equal intervals of 1,000m span
grids 200
Distance from road
- >1800 Equal intervals of 200m span <200
networks
Elevation >360m 360 Equal intervals of 40m span 0-40
0
Terrain slope >45 >30-45 25- 20- 18- 15- 13- 10- 5-10 <50

Distance form airports >7000 7000-7200 Equal intervals of 200m span >8800
Occupied Derelict
Land availability
land land
Source: (Abushammala, Qazi, Fragg, Alazaiza, & Younes, 2022)

259. For this feasibility study, the manner by which a multi-criteria analysis (MCA) was
conducted was used for the selection of the most suitable site for a WtE facility.

C. Selecting the Most Suitable Site for a WtE Facility

C.1. Rizal Provincial Sanitary Landfill (RPSLF)

260. In the proposed site near RPSLF, the nearest identified community is a residential
area located just outside the gate of the RPSLF. It has a distance of about 1.0 km from the
potential site. The land is partially developed, however there is need to build an access road
stretching at least 0.75km. It is located in an industrial zone as defined in the
Comprehensive Land Use Plan.

261. The site is about 3.41km from the La Mesa Watershed.

262. An NGCP transmission line passes through the RPSLF. However, the nearest
electric substation is located in the Montalban Methane Corporation which is 1.5km from the
site.

C.2. San Mateo Sanitary Landfill (SMSLF)

263. The potential site for a WtE plant in San Mateo sits on NIPAS: Strict Protection Sub-
Zone (NSP-SZ) (San Mateo, 2021). Per the NIPAS Act, this is an area that has “…high bio-
diversity value which shall be closed to all human activity except for scientific studies and/ or
ceremonial or religious use by indigenous communities.”

264. The nearest identified residential community is 1.5km from the potential site. It is
situated on a hill which is 0.40km from a valley. The property can be accessed through a

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paved road from the San Mateo town proper.

265. The nearest electricity transmission grid is covered by the Meralco San Mateo
Substation which is 6.30km from the site. This would require the Project Proponent to shell
out Php334 million to connect to this power grid.

266. NAIA Terminal 3 is located about 25.30km from the site. (See Figure V-2.)

C.3. Smokey Mountain

267. The potential site for a WtE plant is found in the Smokey Mountain which is 8km
away from the Navotas Sanitary Landfill. The nearest identified community is the NHA
residential area which is 0.2km from the site. There are also some informal settlers residing
within the vicinity of the potential site. As per the Manila Zoning Map, the area is a high-
density, residential mixed-use zone.

268. The property is accessible via a road network that stretches 0.12km. Its distance
from the nearest surface water, the Navotas River, is about 0.12km.

269. The nearest electricity transmission grid is the Meralco Northport Substation which is
3.0km from the site. This would cost the Project Proponent about Php 156 million to connect
to this power grid.

270. Its distance from the nearest protected area, Intramuros, is approximately 4.5km.
NAIA Terminal 3 is located about 13.80km from the site. (See Figure V-3.)

271. Table V-4 summarizes the multi-criteria analysis for each site.

Table V-4. Summary of Values Per the Criteria for the 3 Potential Sites
Rizal San Mateo
Criteria Smokey Mountain
Data Source Provincial SLF SLF
Distance from sensitive
CLUP, Google Map 1.0km 1.50km 0.20km
land use
Distance from landfills CLUP, Google Map 0.40km 0.40km 8.00km- NSLF
Distance from road
CLUP, Google Map 0.75km 0.40 km 0.12km
networks
Situated in flat
Partly on a low hill
Distance from valleys CLUP, Google Map land near small 0.80 from valley
and partly flat area
hill
Elevation CLUP, Google Map 95m 374.9 28m
Distance from electricity
CLUP, Google Map 1.5km 6.30km 3.0km
grids
No agricultural No agricultural
Distance from No agricultural land
CLUP, Google Map land within the land within the
agricultural land within the vicinity
vicinity vicinity
Distance from protected 3.40km - La 4.50 - Fort
CLUP, Google Map NIPAS Area
areas Mesa Dam Santiago
Distance from surface 3.2km- Wawa
CLUP, Google Map 0.11km 0.12km
water River
Distance from airports CLUP, Google Map 32.30km 25.30km 13.80km
Terrain slope CLUP, Google Map 0-5% 12-31% Flat

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Figure V-1. Suitability Analysis Map for RPSLF

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Figure V-2. Suitability Analysis Map for SMSLF

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Figure V-3. Suitability Analysis Map for Smokey Mountain

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272. Using Table V-2 for the computation of relative weight and Table V-4 for the grading
values, the Consultants computed the score, weight and final score in percentage for each
potential site (See Table V-5).

Table V-5. Summary of Multi-Criteria Analysis for Each Potential Site

Rizal Provincial
Relative San Mateo SLF Smokey Mountain
Criteria SLF
Weight
Score Weight Score Weight Score Weight
Distance from sensitive
16.67% 3.5 0.58 6 1.00 0 0.00
land use
Distance from landfill 15.15% 10 1.52 10 1.52 6.8 1.03
Distance from road
13.64% 6.25 0.85 8 1.09 10 1.36
networks
Distance from valleys 12.12% 10 1.21 3 0.36 10 1.21
Elevation 10.61% 7.63 0.81 0 0.00 10 1.06
Distance from electricity
9.09% 10 0.91 4.7 0.43 8 0.73
grid
Distance from agricultural
7.58% 10 0.76 10 0.76 10 0.76
land
Distance from protected
6.06% 10 0.61 0 0.00 10 0.61
areas
Distance from surface
4.55% 0 0.00 10 0.45 0 0.00
water
Distance from airports 3.03% 10 0.30 10 0.30 10 0.30
Terrain Slope 1.52% 10 0.15 1 0.02 10 0.15
Total 100.00% 7.70 5.93 7.20
Percentage 77.0% 59.27% 72.12%

273. RPSLF has a score of 77.0%, followed by the Smokey Mountain (72.12%) and the
SMSLF (59.27%%).

274. Smokey Mountain’s disadvantage is that it is located very near sensitive land use. A
study conducted by Abushammala et al. (2022) reveals that the farther the distance
between sensitive land use and the site of the incineration plant, the more enabled the plant
operator/owner in mitigating the adverse impact of nuisance factors. Another disadvantage
of Smokey Mountain is its proximity to surface water. There should be considerable distance
between an incineration plant and surface water to reduce the impact of eutrophication
(Abushammala et al., 2022). Smokey Mountain is also located in a high-density, residential
mixed-use zone which may require waiver of zoning law.

275. The potential site at San Mateo Sanitary Landfill (SMSLF) is advantageous because
of its distance from sensitive land use. It is close to the sanitary landfill, is accessible via
Shotgun Road, and is far from agricultural land and surface water. The disadvantage
however, is that it is 6.30km away from the electricity grid. (This would translate to Php 334
million to connect to this power grid.) Another disadvantage that needs to be considered is
that the potential site is located in NIPAS: Strict Protection Sub-Zone (NSP-SZ). The site’s
topography, particularly the terrain slope, will require higher cost for land development.

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276. The potential site at Rodriguez Provincial Sanitary Landfill (RPSLF) is advantageous
because it is close to the active landfill which means transportation will cost less from source
of waste and for the disposal of generated ash. Its distance from a protected area is also an
advantage. There is also an available source of water which can be used for the operation
of the WtE facility. The site is near (1.5km) the Montalban Methane Corporation which has
its own electricity substation

277. The disadvantage is its distance from sensitive land use (1.0km).

278. Based on the above assessment of potential sites, MMDA selected the site at Rizal
Provincial Sanitary Landfill as the most suitable site for a WtE facility.

279. The proposed project site is immune to most hazards except for its susceptibility to
ground motion during earthquakes. A hazard assessment of the site is further detailed in
Section VII and Appendix 2 of this report.

280. The power generated in the WtE facility will also benefit the host LGU. The share of
the host LGU may be used to subsidize power supply to the residents. This is consistent
with the municipality’s infrastructure development goal to ensure adequate power supply in
the municipality. In 2012, about 36.14% of the households in Rodriguez had no access to
steady power supply (Municipality of Rodriguez Rizal, 2012).

D. National Solid Waste Management Commission Guidelines on Establishment of

WtE

281. In selecting the appropriate site for WtE, the Consultants have also considered the
NSWMC Resolution no. 669, Series of 2016 (Adopting the Guideline Governing the
Establishment and Operation of Waste to Energy Technologies for Municipal Solid Wastes)
issued by the National Solid Waste Management Commission (NSWMC). Section 5
(Operational Phase) of this Resolution listed down the conditions that must be met prior to
the registration of a WtE facility. Table V-6, shows the status of RPSLF in compliance with
the requirements of the NSWMC.

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Table V-666666666666. NSWMC Conditions in Selecting Site for WtE

Conditions that must be met prior to the Status of RPSLF in Compliance with NSWMC
registration of a WtE facility Requirements
The host LGU shall notify the Commission of any The host LGU- Rodriguez, Rizal has an updated
WtE facility that will be established within its 10-year solid waste management (2016-2026)5.
jurisdiction by submitting an updated 10-year solid Notification to the Commission must be done during
waste management plan. the Detailed Design Stage.
The WtE facility shall only be located at a site The host LGU- Rodriguez, Rizal has an updated
where the LGU is implementing an approved 10- 10-year solid waste management (2016-2026)6.
year solid waste management plan as provided in
Section 11 and 12 of RA 9003
All LGUs where solid waste feed stock to the All LGUS that disposes wastes to RPSLF has
facility will be originating from must have approved approved 10-year solid waste management plans.
10-year solid waste management plans. Refer to Table V-7 for the list of NSWMC
Resolution approving the 10-year SWMP of each
LGU.

A WtE facility shall be located at a site consistent RPSLF is located at an industrial zone7
with the land use plan of the LGU and must
always consider all environmental criteria on site
selection including buffer zone(s)
All necessary permits, registrations and other legal Permitting, registration and other legal requirements
requirements, such as compliance with the to be included during DED or pre-construction
requirements of PD 15868, must be secured prior phase.
to construction, set-up and operation of a WtE
facility.
Documentation for compliance with the To be included in the Environmental Impact
requirements of PD 1586 shall include an Statement (EIS).
environmental/health risk assessment.

Table V-7. NSWMC Resolution Approving the 10-year Solid Waste Management Plan
of LGUs that dispose Waste at RPSLF
LGU Period Covered NSWMC Resolution Number
1. Quezon City 2015-2024 Resolution No. 1074, Series of 2018
2. San Juan 2015-2024 Resolution No. 140, Series of 2015
3. Pasig 2015-2024 Resolution No. 170, Series of 2015
4. Taguig 2015-2024 Resolution No. 215, Series of 2015
5. Mandaluyong 2015-2024 Resolution No. 256, Series of 2015
6. Makati 2013-2023 Resolution No. 255, Series of 2016
7. Pasay 2015-2024 Resolution No. 258, Series of 2016
8. Las Pinas 2015-2024 Resolution No. 169, Series of 2015
9. Muntinlupa 2015-2024 Resolution No. 181, Series of 2015

5
NSWMC Resolution No. 263 Series of 2016
6
Ibid
7
Municipality of Rodriguez Comprehensive Land Use Plan 2012-2022
8
Presidential Decree 1586 - Establishing An Environmental Impact Statement System, Including Other Environmental
Management Related Measures and For Other Purposes
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Section VI. Waste Analysis and Characterization Study (WACS)

282. This section gives the detailed evaluation of the Waste Analysis and Characterization
Study (WACS) of Metro Manila considering the available WACS study, 10-year Solid Waste
Management Plan of each Metro Manila LGUs, and the Metro Manila Solid Waste
Management Master Plan. The data in these WACS with respect to sources/generators, as
obtained from the LGU’s SWM Plans as well as other WACS report, exclude transients,
tourists, and employees since they were also not included in the aforementioned secondary
data sources.

A. Waste Analysis and Characterization Study, 2021

283. In 2021, MMDA developed the Metro Manila 25-year Solid Waste Management
Master Plan, in which five (5) LGUs were selected for the conduct of WACS to represent the
whole of Metro Manila. Data on household and non-household wastes were obtained based
on established specifications in the WACS. Both Dry Season (May 17-25, 2021) and Wet
Season (July 5-July 28, 2021) studies were conducted. Notably, the biggest fraction of
wastes was biodegradable, and most of the LGUs (except Valenzuela and Marikina) were
reported to have contracted private haulers to collect their wastes. The findings of the
WACS are shown below.

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Table VI-1. Household and Non-Household Waste Composition of Five Selected LGUs,
(WACS Samples, 2021, MMDA)

Source: (Metropolitan Manila Development Authority, 2021)

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Figure VI-1. Composition of Wastes Generated by Households and Non-Households,

per Sub-component

Source: (Metropolitan Manila Development Authority, 2021)

284. Based on Figure VI-1 and with respect to the potential WtE feedstock of the
materials typologies, we can assume that half of the paper, plastic, other organics, textiles,
rubber/leather and other types of waste can be used. Kitchen waste, other organics and
yard/wood waste can be fed into the WtE plant. Accordingly, the household sources can
contribute around 80.66% of their waste. Laboratory analysis, however, showed that the
level or percentage of their suitability as waste to be processed by a WtE plant may not be
as high since only two (2) samples passed the WB standards (as indicated in the WACS
component of the Master Plan).

285. The salient results of the WACS (per MMDA) are summarized as follows:

 Among the five (5) selected LGUs in Metro Manila, Pateros and Makati produced the
highest average per capita generation (PCG) at 0.991 and 0.987 kg/capita/day,
respectively. Overall, the weighted average solid waste generation in Metro Manila
for 2021 was recorded at 0.829 kg/capita/day, and the projected total solid waste
generation for the five selected LGUs was estimated at 2,166,936 kg/day.

 On household waste generation, households in the high-income level generated

almost half at 48% of the total waste generation from LGU residents. Households in
the middle- and low-income groups generated almost similar amounts -- 27% and
25%, respectively.

 On non-household waste generation, the study found that non-household waste

came mostly from other waste sources such as street sweeping, construction and
demolition, and dredging of waterways, which made up 36% of the total volume of
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waste. One-fourth or 25% of this waste came from commercial establishments –

general merchandise, food establishments, hotels, markets, and 22% came from
institutions (offices, schools, churches, health-related establishments, and parks).
The smallest contributors of non-household waste were industries, whose share
stood at 17% since most of them were located outside the NCR.

 Waste generation from both household and non-household sources shows that
biodegradable waste accounted for 52% of total volume of waste. This was followed
by recyclables at 24%, residuals for outright disposal at 12%, residuals with potential
for recycling 8%, and special waste at 4%.

 Waste generation by source shows that the residential sector was the highest waste
generator at 51.83%. The commercial sector accounted for 23.65%, industrial sector
18.55%, institutions 5.80%, and others 0.17%. When the WACS was conducted in
2020 (when the government ordered lockdowns in Luzon at the height of the Covid-
19 pandemic), the restrictions on mobility significantly reduced waste generation –
airports, restaurants, and schools were closed, employees in public and private
offices started to work from home, and religious events and worship services in
churches were banned.

 An end-of-pipe (EoP) waste characterization was performed to identify the

classification of wastes for disposal to sanitary landfills. The results (Table VI-2)
show that waste generation acquired from the EoP study had an average bulk
density of 201.967 kg/m3. The results of this EoP analysis will be useful in updating
the LGUs’ 10-year SWMP and in making projections for the remaining LGUs in Metro
Manila.

 In determining the individual capacity to produce waste or waste generation per capita
(PCG), the study found that the weighted average PCG for the 5 LGUs was 0.829
kg/capita/day and the projected total solid waste generation for the five LGUs was
about 2,166,688 kg/day as shown in Table VI-3.

 Over the next 10 years, i.e., from 2021- 2030, it is expected that waste generation in
the 5 selected LGUs will increase to about 18.21%, assuming that economic growth
among the LGUs will remain at 2.4%.

 In determining the moisture content and calorific value from waste samples from five
pilot LGUs, the study shows that the two (2) out of nine (9) MC samples passed the
WtE requirement while the 7 samples failed the MC test. For the calorific value, all
the waste samples rated passed and were within the acceptable WtE standard,
which is at least 8,475 BTU/lb equivalent to 19,712.65 kilojoules/pound set by World
Bank for WtE systems. This indicates the there is a need to improve the quality of the
waste materials to serve as feedstock to WtE plants.

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Table VI-2. Average EOP Bulk Density, by LGU Waste Samples (5 LGUs, 2021)
City/Municipality
Particular Unit
Mandaluyong Makati Taguig Las Piñas Pateros Average
EoP Dry (kgs) 2,058.705 885.960 2,758.856 2,982.923 1,544.818 2,048.252
End of Pipe (Total)
EoP Wet (kgs) 2,712.534 2,347.385 2,621.440 3,076.544 1,597.002 2,470.981
Average (kgs) 3,414.972 2,059.653 4,069.576 4,521.195 2,353.319 3,283.743
Total
Average (Tons) 3.415 2.060 4.070 4.521 2.535 3.284
Average Bulk Density 182.197 184.229 205.177 247.033 191.200 201.967
Source: (Metropolitan Manila Development Authority, 2021)

Table VI-3. Per Capita Generation (PCG) From Samples (2021)

City/Municipality
Per Capita Waste Generation
Unit
rate (WGR) Mandaluyong Makati Taguig Las Piñas Pateros Average

Household Kg/Capita/Day 0.212 0.486 0.275 0.349 0.473 0.359

Non Household Kg/Capita/Day 0.385 0.505 0.515 0.430 0.514 0.470
TOTAL Kg/Capita/Day 0.597 0.991 0.791 0.779 0.987 0.829
Source: (Metropolitan Manila Development Authority, 2021)

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B. The 10-year Solid Waste Management Plan of LGUs

B.1. City of Caloocan

286. In Caloocan, garbage is collected door-to-door. Definite responsibilities have

been assigned to the city government regarding the collection of nonrecyclable
materials and segregation of biodegradable materials, and compostable and reusable
waste. City residents, on the other hand, are urged to properly segregate household
garbage to facilitate collection. One of the priorities of the present administration is the
strict implementation of RA 9003 and the establishment of MRFs in the city's 188
barangays.

Table VI-4. Quantity and Sources of Waste Disposed of in Caloocan in 2015

T otal W aste G en eration
( kg s/d ay) Waste Composition (kgs/day)
T otal
Major Sources Biod eg rad ab l Resid u al
Kg s./d ay P ercen tag e Recyclab le F or Disp osal S p ecial
e
S an d o b ag s T h in f ilm s Com p osite PP O T HE RS S u b T otal W aste

Resid en tial

District 1

Z on e 1 30,779.95 3.61% 15,249.83 7,259.77 828.95 106.81 476.34 752.76 2,834.43 4,999.30 3,034.92 8,034.22 236.12

Z on e 2 33,664.82 3.95% 16,679.13 7,940.20 906.65 116.82 520.99 823.32 3,100.09 5,467.86 3,319.37 8,787.23 258.25

Z on e 3 52,127.41 6.12% 25,826.37 12,294.80 1,403.88 180.89 806.71 1,274.84 4,800.25 8,466.57 5,139.79 13,606.36 399.88

Z on e 4 6,892.34 0.81% 3,414.79 1,625.63 185.62 23.92 106.66 168.56 634.69 1,119.46 679.59 1,799.05 52.87

Z on e 5 12,376.17 1.45% 6,131.73 2,919.05 333.31 42.95 191.53 302.68 1,139.68 2,010.15 1,220.30 3,230.44 94.94

Z on e 6 15,528.21 1.82% 7,693.41 3,662.49 418.2 53.88 240.31 379.76 1,429.95 2,522.10 1,531.09 4,053.19 119.12

Z on e 7 24,897.38 2.92% 12,335.33 5,872.31 670.53 86.4 385.31 608.9 2,292.72 4,043.85 2,454.90 6,498.75 190.99

Z on e 8 21,663.09 2.54% 10,732.91 5,109.47 583.42 75.17 335.25 529.8 1,994.89 3,518.54 2,135.99 5,654.53 166.18

Z on e 9 8,856.77 1.04% 4,388.06 2,088.96 238.53 30.73 137.07 216.6 815.59 1,438.52 873.28 2,311.80 67.94

Z on e 10 14,904.93 1.75% 7,384.60 3,515.48 401.41 51.72 230.67 364.52 1,372.55 2,420.87 1,469.63 3,890.50 114.34

Z on e 11 8,534.92 1.00% 4,228.60 2,013.05 229.86 29.62 132.08 208.73 785.95 1,386.25 841.55 2,227.79 65.47

Z on e 12 10,605.40 1.40% 6,130.04 1,919.80 367.9 44.901 166.245 193.241 19.765 792.053 1,761.01 2,553.07 2.494

Z on e 13 21,961.97 2.58% 10,880.99 5,179.96 293.04 76.21 339.88 537.11 2,022.41 3,268.65 2,463.89 5,732.54 168.48

Z on e 14 30,180.97 3.54% 14,953.07 7,118.50 812.82 104.73 467.07 738.11 2,779.27 4,902.02 2,975.86 7,877.88 231.53

S u b - T otal 292,974.33 146,028.87 68,519.48 7,674.13 1,024.74 4,536.13 7,098.94 26,022.25 46,356.19 29,901.17 76,257.35 2,168.62

% sh are District 1 34.40% 17.10% 8.00% 0.90% 0.10% 0.50% 0.80% 3.10% 5.44% 3.51% 9.00% 0.26%

District 2

Z on e 15 352,346.19 41% 149,522.18 92,322.62 8,151.45 1,941.78 7,383.02 5,630.49 30,206.82 53,313.55 56,390.89 109,704.43 796.96

Z on e 16 61,445.17 7% 26,074.97 16,100.02 1,421.52 338.62 1,287.52 981.89 5,267.73 9,297.28 9,833.93 19,131.21 138.98

S u b - T otal 413,791.36 175,597.15 108,422.63 9,572.96 2,280.40 8,670.54 6,612.38 35,474.54 62,610.82 66,224.82 128,835.64 935.94

% S h are District 2 48.58% 20.60% 12.70% 1.10% 0.30% 1.00% 0.80% 4.20% 7.40% 7.80% 15.10% 0.10%

S u b d ivision 50,414.98 19873.71 10214.76 620.24 781.47 23.9 580.97 886.29 2892.87 16723.29 19616.16 710.34

% S h are
5.92% 2.33% 1.20% 0.07% 0.09% 0.00% 0.07% 0.10% 0.34% 1.96% 2.30% 0.08%
S u b d ivision

S UB T O T AL HHs 757,180.66 341,499.73 187,156.88 17,867.33 4,086.61 13,230.57 14,292.29 62,383.08 111859.88 112,849.27 224,709.15 3,814.90

% S h are
88.90% 40.10% 22.00% 2.10% 0.50% 1.60% 1.70% 7.30% 13.10% 13.20% 26.40% 0.40%
Resid en tial

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Table VI-5. Quantity and Composition of Waste from Residential Sources, Caloocan City, 2015

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Table VI-6. Projected Quantity of Waste Generated, 2015-2024

Waste Gen/ Capita/day Projected Daily Waste Gen based
Year
based on WACS (kg/d) Population on Population (kg/d)
2015 0.5081 1,676,161 851,735.94
2016 0.5664 1,715,842 971,818.52
2017 0.5683 1,756,453 998,122.64
2018 0.5702 1,798,043 1,025,245.73
2019 0.5722 1,840,598 1,053,198.92
2020 0.5743 1,884,172 1,082,028.92
2021 0.5764 1,928,787 1,111,767.26
2022 0.5786 1,974,441 1,142,434.46
2023 0.5807 2,026,336 1,176,696.63
2024 0.5828 2,079,839 1,212,223.56

Table VI-7. Diversion Projections from 2015-2024

Waste WACS
Daily Waste (kgs/day
Gen/ Target Weight
Gen based
Capita/day Projected Waste to be
Year on
based on Population Diversion Diverted Bio Recyclable Residuals
Population
WACS % (kg/d) 45.59% 24.31% 15.08%
(kg/d)
(kg/d)
2015 0.5081 1,676,161 851,735.94 50.00% 425867.97 229519.76 122370.55 73977.66
2016 0.5664 1,715,842 971,818.52 55.00% 534500.18 288066.64 153585.35 92848.19
2017 0.5683 1,756,453 998,122.64 60.00% 598873.58 322760.42 172082.65 104030.51
2018 0.5702 1,798,043 1,025,245.73 65.00% 666409.73 359158.74 191488.75 115762.24
2019 0.5722 1,840,598 1,053,198.92 67.00% 705643.28 380303.50 202762.27 122577.51
2020 0.5743 1,884,172 1,082,028.92 72.00% 779060.82 419871.57 223858.35 135330.89
2021 0.5764 1,928,787 1,111,767.26 67.00% 744884.07 401452.16 214037.87 129394.04
2022 0.5786 1,974,441 1,142,434.46 70.00% 799704.12 430997.20 229790.08 138916.85
2023 0.5807 2,026,336 1,176,696.63 75.00% 882522.47 475631.80 253587.42 153303.25
2024 0.5828 2,079,839 1,212,223.56 84.60% 1025541.13 552711.11 294682.96 178147.07

287. It can be inferred from the tables above that biodegradables (45.59%) and residuals
(15.08%) or a total of 60.67% of the waste generated can serve as feedstock to a WtE plant.

B.2. City of Las Piñas

288. The study revealed that households and establishments were able to divert
40.7% of the total solid waste generated in Las Piñas. The city government has
spearheaded efforts to divert plastic waste to a plastic recycling facility where armchairs
and benches are recycled.

289. Kitchen waste accounted for 21.22% of the total waste generated while organic
waste accounted for 11.48%.

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Table VI-8. Waste Generation Rates of Las Piñas City’s Household

Waste Source Income Level Unit Generation Rate
High 0.5706
Kilograms Per
Residential Waste Medium 0.438
Person Per Day
Low 0.3815
Source: (Las Pinas City, 2014)

Table VI-9. Las Piñas City’s Daily Waste Generation

Daily Generation of Each Category
Waste Category Generation Source Daily Generation % Total
Residential Households 242,341.28 72.41
Restaurants 2,636.71 0.79
Commercial
Other Shops 71,977.47 21.51
Offices 322.74 0.10
Institutional
Schools 4,310.40 1.29
Industrial Industries 54.65 0.02
Markets Markets 12,718.46 3.80
Street Sweeping Streets 267.75 0.08
River Clean-Up Rivers/Creeks 66.94 0.02
Total 334,696.40 100.00
Source: (Las Pinas City, 2014)

290. Biodegradable waste (i.e., kitchen waste, yard waste, wood waste, and paper
waste such as cardboard and newspapers) accounted for 53.49% of the total waste
generated. Nonbiodegradable waste accounted for only 30.83% of the total. These
consisted of glass, plastics, leather/rubber, metals, and textiles (such as clothes and
rags). Assuming that half of the nonbiodegradables can be recycled, the potential
percentage of feedstock to be processed by a WtE plant is 68.90%.

291. Hazardous waste made up 0.30% only. Other wastes accounted for the
remaining 2.7%.

B.3. City of Marikina

292. The waste projection for Marikina for 2014 to 2023 is presented in Table VI-10.

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Table VI-10. Marikina City’s Daily Waste Generation

Waste Projection 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023
Population 525,141 531,128 537,183 543,307 549,501 555,765 562,101 568,509 574,990 581,545
Waste Gen. Rate (kg/person/day) 0.804 0.812 0.82 0.828 0.837 0.845 0.853 0.862 0.871 0.879
Daily Waste Generation (tons) 422.21 431.28 440.49 449.86 459.93 469.62 479.47 490.05 500.82 511.18
Annual Waste Generation (tons) 154,108 157,416 160,779 164,198 167,875 171,412 175,007 178,870 182,798 186,580
Source: (Marikina City, 2014)
Table VI-11. Volume of Waste Generated by Marikina by Source
Total Average Waste Amount Per
Category Of Waste (1) Generation Source (2) Unit (3) WGR (4) Quantity (5)
Day (4)X(5)

Residential Households kg/person/day 0.505 525,141 265,196.21

Commercial Restaurants kg/restaurant/day 5.862 1,011 5,926.48
Other Shops kg/shop/day 2.512 11,811 29,669.23
Institutional Offices kg/employee/day 0.276 4,221 1,165.00
Schools kg/person/day 0.031 121,393 3,763.18
Industrial Industries kg/industry/day 8.807 516 4,544.41
Market Stalls kg/stall/day 6.170 1,099 6,780.83
Street Sweeping Road kg/meter/day 0.223 471,477 105,139.37
Total Waste Generation Amount (kilograms/day) 422,184.71
Source: MMDA and Woodfields Consultants Inc

Table VI-12. Waste Generation Rate among Non-households in Marikina

Category Of Waste Generation Source Unit WGR
Restaurant kg/restaurant/day 5.862
Commercial
Other Shop kg/shop/day 2.512
Offices kg/employee/day 0.276
Institutional
Schools kg/person/day 0.031
Industrial Industries kg/industry/day 8.807
Market Stalls kg/stall/day 6.170
Street Sweeping Road kg/kilometer/day 0.223

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Table VI-13. Marikina Residential Waste Generation by Income Level

Generation rate
Waste Source Income Level
(kg/person/day)
High 0.643
Residential Waste Middle 0.643
(Household) Low 0.406
Source: MMDA and Woodfields Consultants Inc

Figure VI-2. Percentage of Total Generation Amount Per Category

Source: (Marikina City, 2014)

293. The pie chart above shows that households in Marikina City generated the largest
volume of waste in 2012.

Table VI-14. Household Waste Composition per Category

Income Level
Category Average
High Middle Low
Paper 22.63 24.87 16.18 20.86
Glass 5.34 1.31 2.12 1.70
Metal 3.57 2.48 1.39 1.99
Plastic 11.50 15.95 16.36 16.12
Kitchen Waste 16.87 21.03 14.57 18.04
Other Organic 4.99 1.00 4.96 2.84
Other Inorganic 1.44 4.65 2.90 3.83
Hazardous 0.47 0.64 0.51 0.58
Special 11.53 14.08 15.44 14.69
Yard Waste/ Wood 14.24 9.71 9.82 9.78
Textiles 1.52 3.58 9.18 6.15
Rubber/ Leather 5.87 0.66 5.83 3.06
Fiber Glass 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Others 0.04 0.05 0.72 0.36
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
Source: MMDA and Woodfields Consultants Inc

294. Table VI-14 shows that, on average, paper waste accounted for the largest volume
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of waste at 20.8%; kitchen waste made up the second largest volume at 18.04%. It can be
assumed that half of the paper, plastic, other organics, textiles, rubber/leather and other
wastes can be used as WtE plant feedstock. The same is true with kitchen waste, other
organics, and yard/wood waste. Accordingly, the household sources can contribute around
55.85% of their waste to the WtE plant.

Table VI-15. Overall Waste Generation of Marikina

%
Generation
Waste Category WGR Qty Amount Unit Waste
Source
Generation
Residential Waste Households 0.505 525,141 265,196.21 kg./person/day 62.82
Eatery (except kg/establishment/
Commercial Waste market areas) 5.862 1,011 5,926.48 1.40
day
Other Shops 2.512 11,811 29,669.23 kg/shop/day 7.03
Offices 0.276 4,221 1,165.00 kg/employee/day 0.28
Institutional Waste
Schools 0.031 121,393 3,763.18 kg/person/day 0.89
Industrial Waste Industries 8.807 516 4,544.41 kg/industry/day 1.08
Street Sweeping Streets/
0.223 471,477 105,139.37 kg/meter/day 24.90
Waste Roads
Market Waste Stalls 6.170 1,099 6,780.83 kg/stall/day 1.61
Total Waste Generation 422,184.71 kilograms/day 100.00
Source: (Marikina City, 2014)

295. Table VI-15 presents the percentage of waste generation for various source
categories. It indicates that half of the non-household and market waste can be used as WtE
feedstock. These figures mean that Marikina can contribute 42.03% of their waste to the
proposed WtE facility.

B.4. City of Manila

296. Manila has faced daunting challenges in managing and disposing of its solid
wastes. The city government reported that more than 2,000 tons of garbage were
collected per day in Manila as of 2019. A large volume of its waste is generally dumped in
the streets, canals, sewers, and waterways. Waste removed from waterways can be
used as feedstock for a WtE facility (aside from the fact that clearing these waterways
helps prevent flooding).

Table VI-16. Sources of Solid Waste in Manila

Quantity
Source Percentage
(kgs/day)
Residential 719,770 69.87
Commercial 265,030 25.73
Institutional 12,308 1.19
Industrial 1,989 0.19
Market 16,087 1.56
Street Sweeping 14,980 1.45
TOTAL 1,030,164 100
Source: (Manila City)

297. The city government has engaged the services of Phil Ecology Systems Corporation,
a waste management company, to collect solid waste in Manila.

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Table VI-17. Percentage of Waste Collected by Source

Source
Category Weighted Average
Household Non-household
Kitchen Waste 35.8 48.46 39.73
Yard Waste/Wood 1.59 1.24 1.48
Other Organic 10.49 4.44 8.67
Paper 8.75 9.72 9.04
Glass 2.65 4.57 3.17
Metal 2.41 1.88 2.25
Plastic 17.13 19.19 17.75
Textiles 1.62 3.25 2.11
Rubber/Leather 1.93 0.83 1.6
Other Inorganic 0.81 1.64 1.06
Special 0.1 0.04 0.08
Health Care 16.35 4.23 12.7
Others 0.38 0.32 0.36
TOTAL 100 100 100
Source: (Manila City)

Figure VI-3. Percentage Waste Composition

Source: (Manila City)

298. Biodegradable waste accounted for the largest percentage of solid waste at
50%. Recyclable waste accounted for 32% of the total percentage. Biodegradable and
residual waste and half of the recyclable waste (accounting for 71% of the total
percentage) can serve as WtE plant feedstock.

Table VI-18. Waste Generated by Non-households

Category of Waste Source Unit WGR
Industrial Industries Kg/industry/day 3.304
Market Stalls Kg/stall/day 2.151
Street sweeping Road Kg/km/day 174.739
Source: (Manila City)

Table VI-19. Waste Generated Per Day/Year

Data Unit Value
City Per Capita Generation Kg/capita/day 0.607
City Density Kg/cubic meter 153.46
Daily Waste Generation Tons/day 1,030.16
Annual Waste Generation Tons/year 376,008.40
Source: (Manila City)

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B.5. City of Makati

Table VI-20. Percentage of Waste Diversion

Base On Waste Diverted
Waste Genera- Total Waste % Of Type Of Total Volume % Of Waste
Type Of Waste Popula-tion Per Type Of
tion Per Capita Generated Waste Generated (Kgs) Diverted
2014 Waste
Recyclables 556,157 0.814 457,827.44 46.82 214,354.81 76,637.30 35.75%
Biodegradables 556,157 0.814 457,827.44 36.39 166,603.41 98,603.33 59.18%
Total Waste Diverted 46%
(Makati City)

Table VI-21. Average Waste Composition

Percent Composition (%)
Waste Category Commercial Institutional
Residen-tial Street Indus-
Other Market Average
Restau-rant Office Schools Sweeper trial
shops
Paper 15.93 14.16 28.22 39.08 43.83 22.13 23.77 8.77 29.81
Glass 1.76 4.92 4.07 0.24 0.89 4.07 0.00 0.40 2.02
Metal 2.18 0.80 2.09 5.76 0.68 0.41 1.19 0.63 2.10
Plastic 16.11 25.68 25.39 19.79 19.68 10.92 28.19 17.11 23.74
Kitchen Waste 33.76 47.74 19.58 12.40 20.83 2.06 22.95 52.74 24.70
Other Organic 2.61 0.00 1.22 6.03 0.08 0.00 3.32 6.51 2.13
Other Inorganic 3.32 0.37 0.19 0.07 1.88 7.75 0.00 0.06 0.50
Hazardous 0.33 0.00 0.33 0.00 0.00 0.13 0.00 0.35 0.07
Special 16.28 1.64 6.69 11.86 4.18 11.13 13.26 2.51 7.52
Yard waste/
4.81 3.38 4.02 3.72 6.92 37.63 5.77 1.99 4.76
Wood
Textiles 2.52 1.25 5.92 0.98 0.93 2.95 0.17 8.07 1.85
Rubber/
0.39 0.01 2.19 0.07 0.10 0.82 1.38 0.64 0.75
Leather
Fiber Glass 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02
Others 0.00 0.07 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.21 0.01
TOTAL 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.00 100.00 100.0 100.00
Source: (Makati City)
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Figure VI-4. Graph of Average Waste Table VI-22. Average Waste Composition
Composition
Waste Composition Percentage
Recyclables 46.82
Biodegradables 36.39
Residual 16.59
Special Waste 0.2
PCG 0.814
Source: (Makati City)

299. In Makati, recyclable waste made up 46.82% of the total percentage of waste
generated in 2012. The potential feedstock can be estimated by assuming that half of
the recyclable waste and all residual waste can be used, yielding a percentage of
around 76.39%.

B.6. City of Navotas

300. Data on waste generation in Navotas City in 2011 are listed in the tables below.

Table VI-23. Waste Generation Rate

Waste Generation Rate
Category Of Waste Generation Source Unit
(WGR)
Residential Waste Households kg/person/day 0.242
Restaurant kg/restaurant/day 16.806
Commercial
Other Shop kg/shop/day 1.757
Offices kg/employee/day 0.266
Institutional
Schools kg/person/day 0.016
Industrial Industries kg/industry/day 1.05
Market Stalls kg/stall/day 3.076
Source: MMDA/ City Environment & Natural Resources Office

Table VI-24. Major Source of Waste

Source of Waste Percentage
Households 75.69%
Market 1.37%
Industrial 0.47%
Institutions 2.08%
Commercial 20.40%
Source: MMDA/ City Environment & Natural Resources Office

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Table VI-25. Volume of Waste Generated by Sector (per 2014 WACS)

Total
Category of Generation
Unit WGR Quantity Average
Waste Source
WGA
Residential Households kg/person/day 0.242 256,955 62,077
Commercial Restaurants kg/restaurant/day 16.806 752 12,638
Other Shops kg/shop/day 1.757 2,328 4,090
Institutional Offices kg/employee/day 0.266 1,902 506
Schools kg/person/day 0.016 75,006 1,200
Industrial Industries kg/industry/day 1.050 366 384
Market Stalls kg/stall/day 3.076 364 1,120
TOTAL WASTE GENERATION AMOUNT (kilograms/day) 82,016
Source: MMDA/ City Environment & Natural Resources Office
301. Data gathered from the City Environmental and Natural Resources (CENRO)
reveal that residential areas produced 0.53 kg of waste per day in 2021. An average of
132.41 metric tons (MT) of waste was accumulated by households in the city’s 18
barangays. The bulk density of residential waste was recorded at 93.97 kg/m3 (referred
to as the measure of the bulk of the material and defined as the dry weight of waste per
unit volume). The findings of the WACS conducted by the city government in 2021 are
presented below.

Table VI-26. Results of 2021 WACS per Sector

Other Information Unit Value
Per Capita Waste Generation kg/per person/day 0.53
Daily Mass Of Garbage tons 82.02
Daily Volume Of Garbage cubic meter 837.69
Monthly Volume Of Garbage cubic meter per month 25,130.60
Yearly Volume Of Garbage cubic meter per year 305,755.60
Source
Category Average (%)
Household Non Household
Paper 10.72 23.76 17.24
Glass 1.24 0.61 0.93
Metal 2.02 0.99 1.51
Plastic 19.01 19.73 19.37
Kitchen Waste 43.27 28.07 35.67
Other Organic 0.87 0.19 0.53
Other Inorganic 2.06 8.51 5.29
Hazardous 0.15 0.15 0.15
Special 13.60 7.00 10.30
Yard Waste / Wood 2.99 5.66 4.33
Textiles 2.69 3.00 2.84
Rubber / Leather 0.91 1.76 1.34
Fiber Glass 0.01 0.12 0.07
Others 0.44 0.43 0.44

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Figure VI-5. Graph of Findings of WACS in 2021

Source: (Navotas City)

302. Around 68.52% of the wastes generated in Navotas City are potential WtE plant
feedstock based on the assumption that half of the paper and plastic waste and all kitchen
waste, organic and inorganic waste, yard waste/wood, textiles, and rubber/leather waste can
be used.

B.7. Parañaque City

303. The Parañaque City government likewise conducted a WACS in 2011. The study
found that biodegradable waste (51.5%) accounted for the largest percentage of waste,
while plastic and paper accounted for 21.1% and 17.7%, respectively. Collectively these
three components constituted 90.3% of the waste stream.

Figure VI-6. Waste Composition in Parañaque, 2011

Source: (Paranaque City)

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Table VI-27. Waste Composition in Parañaque, 2011

Type Material Percentage
Paper Cardboard, Paper, Newspaper, Office Paper 17.7
Glass Bottles, containers and other composites 3.2
Metal Tin metal cans, other ferrous metal, aluminum cans, other non- 3.1
ferrous, other composites
Plastic PET, film plastic, LDPE 21.1
Biodegradable/organic Food waste, yard waste, market waste 51.5
Other Non-Organic Rock, concrete, ceramics, bricks, stone, asphalt, soil, sand, ash, 2.5
fines (other composites)
Hazardous Paint, oil, oil litters, small batteries 0.8
Source: (Paranaque City)

Table VI-28: Waste Composition in Tons per Day (TPD), Parañaque, 2011
Type Waste Volume
Paper 84.2
Glass 15.2
Metal 14.8
Plastic 100.3
Biodegradable 244.7
Other Non-organic 12
Hazardous 3.8
TOTAL 475.0
Source: (Paranaque City)

304. Around 60.35% of the wastes can serve as WtE plant feedstock, assuming that half
of all paper and plastic wastes and all biodegradable wastes can be used.

B.8. City of Pasig City

305. The results of the WACS conducted by the Pasig City government in 2014 are
shown below.

Table VI-29. Household and Non-household Waste Composition, Pasig City

Category Source Average
Household Non-Household
Paper 15.84 21.10 18.47
Glass 3.63 2.77 3.20
Metal 2.29 1.54 1.91
Plastic 16.44 21.73 19.09
Kitchen Waste 33.13 33.82 33.47
Other Organic 2.82 5.76 4.29
Other Inorganic 0.19 0.21 0.20
Hazardous 0.05 0.05 0.05
Special 21.16 5.61 13.39
Yard Waste/ Wood 1.40 2.32 1.86
Textiles 2.31 4.44 3.37
Rubber/ Leather 0.48 0.56 0.52
Fiber Glass 0.00 0.00 0.00
Others 0.25 0.09 0.17
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00
Source: (Pasig City, 2015-2024)

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Figure VI-7. Average City Waste Composition in Pasig City

Source: (Pasig City, 2015-2024)

306. Kitchen waste accounted for the largest percentage of waste generated in Pasig
City. Around 62.29% of the total volume of waste in Pasig City is potential WtE plant
feedstock assuming that half of plastic and paper waste, and all kitchen, organic, yard/wood,
textile, rubber and leather wastes can be used.

B.9. Municipality of Pateros

307. Based on Pateros 10-SWM plan, the waste composition as shown below.

Figure VI-8. Average City Waste Composition in Pateros

Source: (Pateros , 2019-2028)

308. Recyclables accounted for the largest percentage of waste in Pateros (42.44%),
followed by biodegradable (35.81%) and residual waste (15.7%). Assuming that half of the
recyclable waste and all biodegradable and residual waste would serve as WtE plant
feedstock, the total percentage would be 72.71%.

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B.10. City of Taguig

309. The Taguig City government conducted a WACS in June 2014. The figures obtained
in the study were recomputed to combine the effect of the percentage (%) contribution and
arrive at the weighted average (as shown below).

310. Kitchen waste accounted for 41.58% of the total waste generated in Taguig City.
The sum of the cross-multiplication yielded 70.93% as potential feedstock. This is based
on the assumption that half of the paper, plastic, inorganic, special and other wastes,
and all kitchen, organic, yard/wood, textile, and rubber/leather wastes would be used.

Table VI-30. Waste Composition Taguig City

Percent Composition ( % )
Commercial
Waste
Category Residen- Restau- Other Institu- Indus- Street Market
Average
tial Rant Shops tional trial Sweeping
Paper 11.93 6.43 35.07 23.92 31.61 10.97 12.85 18.81
Glass 3.50 4.71 1.69 5.25 0.00 1.49 1.71 2.58
Metal 2.82 1.10 1.79 2.78 3.49 1.07 1.26 1.96
Plastic 15.88 24.61 36.03 30.02 19.48 13.53 15.58 23.58
Kitchen
43.17 56.25 12.39 17.80 21.94 5.96 4.50 31.19
Waste
Other
0.91 0.06 1.92 6.03 1.27 5.56 6.39 2.37
Organic
Other
1.14 0.51 0.03 1.23 4.39 0.00 0.00 1.05
Inorganic
Hazardous 0.64 0.00 0.00 4.03 0.96 0.10 0.12 0.82
Special 14.65 5.09 8.46 5.87 7.88 2.81 3.27 6.53
Yard
2.62 0.10 0.90 0.81 0.79 36.33 41.76 6.77
waste/wood
Textile 1.96 0.58 1.37 1.97 6.70 9.82 11.29 3.62
Rubber /
0.55 0.02 0.35 0.28 1.47 12.35 1.27 0.61
Leather
Fiber Glass 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Others 0.23 0.54 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.11
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
Source: (Taguig City)

B.11. Quezon City

311. In 2013, the Quezon City government through its Environmental Protection and
Waste Management Department (EPWMD) conducted a WACS in an effort to update the
data obtained from a study conducted in 2003. The results are summarized in the table
below.

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Table VI-31. Waste Composition in Quezon City

Type of Waste Percentage Percentages
Biodegradable 53.95%
Recyclable 20.30%
Plastic 9.64%
Paper 8.65%
Glass/Bottle 1.15%
Metals 0.86%
Residual 18.75%
Special Waste 7.00%
Total 100.00%
Source: (Quezon City)

312. Biodegradables accounted for 53.95% of the total waste generated in Quezon
City. Potential WtE facility feedstock is placed at 81.85%. This is based on the
assumption that half of the paper and plastic wastes, and all biodegradable and residual
wastes would be used.

B.12. City of Valenzuela

313. The Valenzuela City government’s WACS conducted by its Waste Management
Office (WMO) from June to August of 2012 revealed the following figures:

Table VI-32. Result of WACS (Household and non-household) in Valenzuela City

Recyclable Hazardous Biodegradable Residual
Residential 38% 1% 46% 15%
Market 9% 0 57% 35%
Commercial 48.50% 4.45% 31.14%
Institution 65.92% 4.58% 20.31% 9.18%
Industrial 59.16% 0.94% 29.59% 9.54 %
Source: (Valenzuela City)

314. Data on wastes generated by each sector were not indicated in the city’s SWM
Plan. Potential feedstock for the proposed WtE facility consists mainly of
biodegradables, residuals and partly recyclables. The sources of suitable feedstock,
aside from households and the city market, are industrial, institutional and commercial
establishments.

B.13. City of Malabon

315. The WACS conducted by the City of Malabon in May 2014 was collaborated by
the City Environment and Natural Resources Office and MMDA. The objective of the
study was primarily to determine the total daily amount and composition of waste
generated by the LGU. The study revealed the following figures:

Table VI-33. Waste Composition in the City of Malabon

Type of Waste Material Percentage
Biodegradable 41.94%
Recyclable 22.10%
Residuals with Potential for Recycling 22.50%
For Disposal 6.21%
Special 7.25%
TOTAL 100.00%

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316. Biodegradables accounted for the largest percentage of waste (41.94%).

Potential feedstock for the WtE facility is placed at 70.45%. This is based on the
assumption that half of the recyclable and residual waste, and all biodegradable waste
would be used.

B.14. City of Mandaluyong

317. A four-day WACS was conducted by the city government of Mandaluyong, with
financial assistance from the Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG)
and the technical support of the MMDA. The study was spearheaded by the City
Environmental Management Department (CEMD).

318. Biodegradable kitchen waste (33.47%) made up the biggest bulk of the total
volume of waste. The figures in Table VI-34 indicate that the percentile sum amounted
to 73.55% of potential feedstock for a WtE facility. This is based on the assumption that
half of paper, plastic, other inorganic, special and other types of wastes, and all kitchen
waste, other organics, yard waste/wood, textiles, and rubber/leather wastes would be
used.

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Table VI-34. Percentage Composition of Waste in Mandaluyong City, 2014

PERCENT COMPOSITION (%)
Waste Source
Commercial Institutional
Category Street Wt.
Residential Restau- Other Industrial Market
Office Schools Sweeping Ave
rant Shops
Paper 11.64 6.70 13.43 10.39 34.60 16.06 5.76 4.50 11.03
Glass 223 1.15 1.57 0.56 0.65 1.08 0.58 0.16 1.94
Metal 1.95 267 4.19 0.53 1.33 1.59 1.24 0.15 2.00
Plastic 17.21 13.78 19.38 15.41 27.97 18.52 15.41 11.76 16.74
Kitchen Waste 29.50 65.23 36.90 15.47 17.60 11.50 10.22 82.15 33.47
Other Organic 9.19 1.72 12.03 5.16 227 8.16 6.51 0.00 7.94
Other Inorganic 0.67 0.41 0.67 201 0.35 1.44 1.45 0.06 0.69
Hazardous 0.15 0.01 0.12 0.05 0.00 0.12 0.03 0.00 0.13
Special 17.91 1.86 1.40 1.60 272 233 0.16 0.04 13.96
Yard Waste/ Wood 3.68 6.06 1.65 44.82 2.52 20.17 15.89 0.1 2 5.24
Textiles 3.86 0.41 7.17 2.20 2.85 5.20 10.39 0.92 3.63
Rubber/ Lea the r 1.04 0.00 1 .49 1.35 0.06 1.19 1.42 0.13 0.91
Fiber Glass 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Others 0.95 0.00 0.01 0.45 7.06 1265 30.94 0.02 2.31
TOTAL 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100

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B.15. City of Muntinlupa

319. The Muntinlupa City government conducted a WACS in October 2011 to

determine the physical characteristics, composition and density of the city’s solid waste.
Such data would serve as inputs to the formulation of an effective solid waste
management plan. The study was conducted by its Environmental Sanitation Center
(ESC) and Solid Waste Management Board. The results of the study are summarized
below.

Table VI-35. Volume and Type of Waste Generated in Muntinlupa City, 2011
Type Material Description % Generation tons/day)

Cardboard, Paper Bags, Newspaper Office

Paper 15.22 41.77
Paper/High Grade, Mixed Paper

Glass Bottles, containers and other composites 2.97 8.15

Tin/ steel cans, other ferrous metal, aluminum cans,

Metal 3.16 8.67
other non-ferrous, other composites
PET, HDPE, Film plastic/LDPE, Other composites,
Plastic 26.53 72.80
Styrofoam, PVC
Food waste, yard/landscape, wood, other
Organic 43.39 119.07
composites
Rocks, concrete, ceramics, bricks, stone, asphalt,
Other
soil, sand, ash/charcoal, fines, textiles, rubber, fines 8.35 22.91
Inorganic
other composites

Hazardous Paint, Oil/Oil Filters, small batteries, other composite 0.22 0.60

Medical Waste, Electronic Appliances, other

Special Waste 0.15 0.41
composites

TOTAL 100% 274.41

Source: (Muntinlupa City)

320. Organic waste accounted for 43.39% of Muntinlupa’s total volume of waste. The
percentile sum amounted to 72.69% of potential feedstock for a WtE facility. This was
based on the assumption that half of the paper, plastic and special wastes, and all
organic wastes would be used.

B.16. City of Pasay

321. In line with Pasay City’s 10-Year Solid Waste Management Plan (2015-2024), a
WACS was conducted in October 2014. The city government sought the technical
assistance of the DILG, MMDA and a consulting firm in conducting the study. The
results of the study are presented below.

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Table VI-36. Types and Sources of Waste Generated in Pasay City, 2014
Source
Category Average (Percentage)
Household Non-household
Paper 11.10 21.79 16.44
Glass 3.46 2.28 2.87
Metal 1.42 1.40 1.41
Plastic 21.50 22.40 21.95
Kitchen Waste 32.50 36.67 34.58
Other Organic 0.88 1.01 0.94
Other Inorganic 1.37 1.60 1.49
Hazardous 0.30 0.48 0.39
Special 16.48 3.44 9.96
Yard Waste/ Wood 5.53 4.91 5.22
Textiles 3.35 1.96 2.66
Rubber/ Leather 1.89 1.31 1.60
Others 0.19 0.75 0.47
Total 100.00 100.00 100.00
Source: (Pasay City, 2015-2024)

322. Kitchen waste (organic) accounted for the largest percentage of waste at
34.58%, followed by plastic waste at 21.95%. The percentile sum was placed at
70.39%. This was based on the assumption that half of the paper, plastic, other
inorganic and special wastes, and all kitchen, organic, yard/wood, textile, and
rubber/leather wastes could be used as potential feedstock for a WtE facility.

B.17. City of San Juan

323. As part of the San Juan City’s Solid Waste Management Plan, a WACS was
conducted with funding from the MMDA. The results of the study are summarized
below.

324. Kitchen waste (biodegradable) made up the biggest percentage (26.60%) of the
total waste generated. The percentile sum was placed at 71.35%. This was likewise
based on the assumption that half of the paper, plastic, other inorganic and special
wastes, and all kitchen, organic, yard/wood, textile, and rubber/leather wastes could be
used as potential feedstock for a WtE facility.

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Table VI-37. Percentage Composition of Waste Generated in San Juan City

Percent Composition (%)

Commercial Institutional
Waste Category Street
Residential Other Industrial Market Average
Restaurant Office Schools Sweeping
Shops
Paper 11.41 15.09 20.68 18.23 21.09 7.54 18.94 9.77 15.34
Glass 2.57 2.19 7.54 2.72 3.32 2.13 0.56 0.57 2.7
Metal 1.85 1.75 1.88 0.84 3.7 0.65 0.73 0.18 1.45
Plastic 15.54 20.89 18.15 12.33 28.57 15.06 38.42 18.74 20.96
Kitchen Waste 44.13 44.08 21.71 14.33 11.62 4.83 34.89 37.24 26.60
Other Organic 4.31 0.04 6.68 7.99 0.07 4.95 1.95 26.03 6.50
Other Inorganic 0.75 0.17 4.58 1.05 0 17.19 1.27 0 3.13
Hazardous 0.7 0.27 3.04 0.13 0 0.11 0.68 0.02 0.62
Special 9.63 14.24 5.71 19.58 6.65 2.24 0.25 0.58 7.36
Yard Waste/ Wood 5.83 0.49 3.21 14.24 23.21 39.95 0.07 1.67 11.08
Textiles 2.23 0.32 4.14 4.48 0.65 4.77 1.52 0.86 2.37
Rubber/Leather 0.58 0.01 2.16 0.8 1.11 0.37 0.17 3.99 1.15
Fiber Glass 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.31 0.04
Others 0.48 0.46 0.52 3.27 0 0.2 0.55 0.03 0.69
TOTAL 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
Source: (San Juan City, 2015-2024)

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C. Preliminary Results of WACS

325. Sec. 17b of RA 9003 emphasizes that the WACS is an important component of 10-
year SWM plans. The data gathered from such a study (such as waste volume, waste
sources, generation rate and composition of waste) serve as important inputs to waste
management plans and programs aimed at (a) reducing the amount of waste generated, (b)
reusing, recovering and recycling identified materials with value, and (c) minimizing the
volume of waste needing treatment and/or disposal as well as the waste commonly ending
up in the waterways.

326. In 2003, the Asian Development Bank (ADB) published the results of a WACS in
Metro Manila. The MMDA commissioned a WACS for Metro Manila in 2014. In 2017, NEDA
conducted a WACS to study the appropriate WtE technology covering 178 LGUs along
Manila Bay. The MMFMP Component 2 involved the development of a 25-year SWM Master
Plan which necessitated a WACS for five (5) LGUs namely; Makati City, Mandaluyong City,
Taguig City, Las Pinas City, and Municipality of Pateros.

C.1.1. Dry WACS for the Remaining Twelve LGUs of Metro Manila, 2023

327. In a parallel project by another consulting firm9, WACS is being conducted for the
other twelve (12) LGUs of Metro Manila, following the approval of Resolution No. 1380
Series of 2020, prescribing the adoption of Guidelines on the Waste Analysis and
Characterization Study and its Related Manual, which was developed by the Environment
and Biotechnology Division of the Industrial Technology Development Institute, Department
of Science and Technology (DOST) and funded by JICA.

328. Emphasizing its timely relevance, this project encompasses updating the WACS for
Metro Manila LGUs serves to capture: (a) the NSWMC newly released WACS methodology
for highly urbanized cities; (b) 2020 population data for the 10-year SWM projection; and (c)
the changes in household waste generation as adaptation to the “new normal” caused by
the pandemic. Data-driven planning will enhance the IEC strategies employed by individual
LGUs, promote continuous improvement and efficiency towards accomplishing realistic
targets, and improve transparency and accountability among the LGUs.

329. The project involves the conduct of WACS based on the NSWMC adopted WACS
Guidelines for the following LGUs:

1. Quezon City 7. Marikina City

2. Caloocan City 8. Pasig City
3. Malabon City 9. Manila City
4. Navotas City 10. Pasay City
5. Valenzuela City 11. Paranaque City
6. San Juan City 12. Muntinlupa City

9
The lead firm conducting the WACS is TEST Consultants JV with CEST Incorporated.
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330. Additionally, the project also includes WACS at the end-of-pipe.

331. The Terms of Reference for the WACS project detail the required activities and
outputs which specifically mentions the (i) conduct of the 7-day WACS (wet and dry
seasons) with additional day/s necessary for dry runs; and (ii) conduct of End-of-Pipe WACS
(wet and dry seasons), including a Time and Motion Study from Source to the End-of-Pipe
and economic and environmental impact analysis on garbage transport.

332. The dry WACS sampling was conducted from May 11 to 16, 2023. Accordingly, as of
this writing, the consulting firm has shared the initial and preliminary results of the dry WACS
alone (as shown in Appendix 3. Results of Dry WACS 2023 for 12 LGUs). The tabulation
primarily shows percentage breakdowns for the 12 LGUs regarding various waste sources
as follows:

 Households
 Commercial
- General Merchandise
- Food Establishments
- Hotels
- Market
 Industrial
- Manufacturing
- Agribusiness
- Services

 Institution
- Offices
- Schools
- Churches
- Health Related
- Parks
- Street Sweeping

333. The preliminary results reveal the following:

• Biodegradables made up most of household waste in the 12 LGUs. Since most of

the waste might have lower ranges of heating/calorific values, this sector is not a
primary contributor of feedstock for thermal WtE plants.

• Biodegradables and recyclables accounted for the largest percentage of waste

collected from general merchandise establishments. Residual waste for disposal
made up a large percentage of waste in Marikina, Paranaque, Pasig and San Juan.
With the common understanding that high heating/calorific values are yielded by
recyclables, this sector may be a good source of feedstock for WtE plants.

• Biodegradable, recyclables, and residual waste for disposal made up a large

percentage of the total waste collected from food establishments. This indicates that
the sector can be a good source of WtE plant feedstock.

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• Biodegradables, recyclables, and residual waste for disposal made up the bulk of the
waste collected from hotels. Pasay and Pasig.

• Biodegradable waste comprised the largest percentage of waste collected from the
commercial market sector.

• In the industrial manufacturing sector, results show that Biodegradables and

recyclables accounted for a big percentage of waste collected from the industrial
manufacturing sector. This economic sector can be considered a major source of
feedstock for WtE plants.

• Biodegradables comprised the biggest bulk of waste collected from the industrial
business sector. Manila, Muntinlupa, San Juan, and Valenzuela yielded no values in
the WACS because these are highly urbanized cities.

• Biodegradables and recyclables accounted for the largest percentage of waste

collected from the industrial service sector of the 12 LGUs. These types of waste
make the sector a good source of WtE plant feedstock.

• Office waste consisted mainly of biodegradables and recyclables. Paper waste can
be recycled or used as feedstock for WtE plants.

• Biodegrables and recyclables made up most of the waste collected from schools.
This indicates that schools can be a good source of WtE plant feedstock.

• Biodegradables also made up the bulk of waste collected from churches, followed by
recyclables.

• Recyclables accounted for the largest percentage of waste collected from health-
related establishments (followed by residual waste for disposal in the LGUs covered
by the study, with the exception of Manila and San Juan. This indicates that health
care waste can be a good source of WtE plant feedstock since most recyclables
have high heating/calorific value. (In the subsequent stages, it is worth exploring
what materials abound under the “residual waste for disposal” category.

• Biodegradables comprised the largest percentage of waste collected in parks.

Among the 12 LGUs, Navotas City accounted for the highest percentage of
recyclables.

• Biodegradables made up the bulk of the waste collected by street sweepers in each
of the LGUs, with the exception of Malabon City where recyclables dominated the
list. Special waste was the second largest type of waste recorded in Pasay City.

• These preliminary results is depicted in the table below.

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Table VI-383838383838383838383838.Summary of Preliminary Result of Dry WACS for

12 LGUs, May 2023
Major Sector Subsector Types of Waste with High Percentiles
Households Residentials Biodegradables
Commercial General Merchandise Biodegradables and recyclables
Food Establishments Biodegradable, recyclables, and residual waste
Hotels Biodegradables, recyclables, and residual waste
Market Biodegradable
Industrial Manufacturing Biodegradables and recyclables
Agribusiness Biodegradables and recyclables (some LGUs have none)
Services Biodegradables and recyclables
Institution Offices Biodegradables and recyclables
Schools Biodegradables and recyclables
Churches Biodegradables
Health Related Recyclables
Parks Biodegradables
Street Sweeping Biodegradables

C.2. Result of EOP Wet WACS Sampling and Lab Analysis, 2023

334. The Wet WACS sampling was conducted by the Consultant (Kyong-Ho/EDCOP) on
July 25, 26 and 29, 2023 at the RPSLF. The results is shown in Table VI-39.

335. The Standard Guide for Sampling Waste Piles (ASTM D6009-19) was the basis for
the sampling methodology used during the end-of-pipe (EOP) wet WACS. The objective of
this activity was to simulate the waste that goes into the landfill which will be the feedstock
for the proposed WtE facility at the selected site, Rizal Provincial Sanitary Landfill.

336. Three (3) composite samples were collected for laboratory analysis and each
composite sample comprised of samples taken from five (5) randomly selected trucks that
arrived at the landfill site. Each randomly selected truck underwent sorting according to
different waste categories as prescribed by the Standard Test Method for Determination of
Unprocessed Municipal Solid Waste (ASTM D5231-92 [2016]). The summary laboratory
results are tabulated in the next table below.

337. Conclusion from the end-of-pipe waste samples:

• The largest percentage based on physical composition are residuals and

biodegradable wastes.

• The laboratory results showed that organic/food waste, paper, and plastic make up
majority of the end-of-pipe municipal waste.

• Calorific value ranges between 2,385 to 5,223kcal/kg or 9.9-21.8 MJ/kg (average:

3,824 kcal/kg or 16MJ/Kg) for the three (3) composite samples after drying. The
results meet the minimum expected calorific value of 1,673-1,912kcal/kg or 7-
8MJ/Kg (by WB); hence, based on the LHV incineration technology is suitable for
Metro Manila’s type of waste. The stoker incinerator enables drying to be done at the
initial zone, thereby incasing the heating value of the material feedstock prior to
actual combustion in the subsequent stages (combustion and burn-out (or post-
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combustion) zones).

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SummaryReport
of Municipal Waste Analytical Results Rev.2
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Project Title FEASIBILITY STUDY TO DETERMINE THE APPROPRIATE WASTE-TO-ENERGY (WTE) TECHNOLOGY IN METRO MANILA
Project Location Rodriguez, Rizal
Sampling Site Rizal Provincial Sanitary Landfill
Table VI-393939393939393939393939.Summary of Lab Result for EOP WACS, July 2023
Total High
Analytes Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Sulfur Nitrogen Chlorine Ash Low Heating Value
Moisture Heating Value
Lab Method EN 15104- EN 15104- Calculation ASTM E 775- EN 15104- ASTM E 776-1 ASTM E 790- ASTM E 830- ASTM E 711-
Calculation
2011 2011 15 2011 15 87(2004) 87(2004)
Lab Sample No. Sampling Date Sample ID Unit %wt %wt %wt %wt %wt %wt %wt %wt kcal/kg kcal/kg MJ/kg
As received 36.59 5.11 Note 1 13.34 0.11 1.76 0.46 35.34 7.29 3,640 3,173 13.28
MTP/2023/05959-01 2023-Jul-25 S1 Dry basis 56.58 7.9 20.64 0.17 2.72 0.72 0.00 11.27 5,640 5,223 21.85
As received 29.79 4.16 Note 1 14.26 0.06 0.72 0.17 45.54 5.30 2,971 2,494 10.43
MTP/2023/06154-01 2023-Jul-26 S2 Dry basis 54.70 7.64 26.19 0.10 1.32 0.31 0.00 9.74 5,455 5,062 21.18
As received 25.77 3.45 Note 1 21.54 0.05 0.37 0.14 44.51 4.17 2,819 2,385 9.98
MTP/2023/06155-01 2023-Jul-29 S3 Dry basis 46.43 6.22 38.83 0.09 0.66 0.26 0.00 7.51 5,080 4,760 19.92

Characterization Organic / Food Waste Paper Plastic Rubber / Leather Glass Metal Clothing Others

Lab Method ASTM D 5231-92(R16)

Lab Sample No. Sampling Date Sample ID Unit %wt %wt %wt %wt %wt %wt %wt %wt
MTP/2023/05959-01 2023-Jul-25 S1 As received 23.61 15.27 45.15 0.00 0.00 0.40 2.24 13.33
MTP/2023/06154-01 2023-Jul-26 S2 As received 39.22 29.49 18.37 0.00 2.68 1.29 3.19 5.76
MTP/2023/06155-01 2023-Jul-29 S3 As received 27.08 36.29 20.78 0.00 0.00 2.32 6.33 7.20

Notes:
1. Hydrogen in the moisture associated with the sample excluded in value report.
2. All samples were taken during the Wet WACS end-of-pipe sampling of the WACS Consultant of MMDA.

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Section VII. Engineering and Technical Study

A. Site Geology

A.1. Topography

338. The potential site in RPSLF is located on the upper slopes of several tributaries and
gullies. Slopes may be highly variable from flat to moderate. The natural slopes are being
altered by human activities such as rock quarrying and the construction of landfills (Figure
VII-1).

Figure VII-1. Extract from 1:50,000 scale Topographic Map of Angat Quadrangle

Note: Sheet 7272-IV corresponds to PNTMS 3230-IV.

A.2. Hydrology

339. The site is located above waterways. Although it is not particularly vulnerable to fluvial
hazards, concerns such as contamination of water are likely to be raised by
environmentalists.

A.3. Surperficial Deposits

340. An initial look at the potential site in RPSLF shows a dominance of rock slopes.
Superficial deposits, if ever, will be in the form of thin residual soil, waste rocks,
embankment material, and domestic waste.

A.4. Structural Features

341. A morphostructural interpretation of satellite imagery and the 1:50,000 and 1:10,000
scale NAMRIA topographic maps shows no active or potentially active fault traversing the
potential site for a WtE plant in RPSLF. This is consistent with all geologic and geohazard
maps of MGB and PHIVOLCS as well as the FaultFinder and HazardHunterPH applications.
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B. Hazard Assessment

B.1. Geologic Hazards

B.1.1. Seismic Hazards

342. Faulting. A morphostructural interpretation of satellite imagery and the 1:50,000 and
1:10,000 scale NAMRIA topographic maps shows no active or potentially active fault
traversing Potential Site in RPSLF. This is consistent with all geologic maps of MGB and
PHIVOLCS as well as the FaultFinder and HazardHunterPH applications.

343. Table VII-1 shows there were two major earthquake events that shook the area.
These temblors had magnitudes between 7.0 and 8.0. Eight other events occurred, i.e., with
magnitudes between 6.0 and 6.9. A total of 94 events had magnitudes between 5.0 and 5.9
and 606 events had magnitudes between 4.0 and 4.9.

Table VII-1. Magnitude Distribution of Earthquakes

within 100 Kilometers of Potential Site of RPSLF
Magnitude Number Percentage
7.0 to 8.0 2 0.28
6.0 to 6.9 8 1.13
5.0 to 5.9 94 13.24
4.0 to 4.9 606 85.35
Total 710 100.00
Source: Quebral, 2023

344. Slopes, foundations and structures will be subjected to seismic loading in case of a
major earthquake along any of the potential earthquake generators in the area. Fortunately,
the ground acceleration the property can experience can readily be estimated.

345. Design earthquakes are assumed using existing empirical relationships that relate
fault length, rupture length, displacement, and magnitude (Bonilla, 1984).

346. The Metro Manila Earthquake Impact Reduction Study (MMEIRS) Report jointly
prepared by the MMDA, PHIVOLCS and Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)
assigns design earthquakes to several faults in the area.

347. Results show peak ground acceleration values for design earthquakes for different
earthquake generators. The potential site can be susceptible to strong ground shaking
(Table VII-2).

Table VII-2. Estimated Site-specific Ground Acceleration Values

For Potential site at RPSLF
EQ generator M R PGA PGArock
West Valley Fault 7.2* 1.6 0.60g 0.36g
East Valley Fault 6.3* 2.8 0.51g 0.31g
Digdig Fault 7.9* 72.3 0.16g 0.10g
Infanta Fault 7.6* 46.5 0.21g 0.13g
A previously unknown fault 6.1 75.6 0.04g 0.03g

*Values adopted from MMEIRS report

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348. Nevertheless, the seismic provisions indicated in the Revised National Code of the
Philippines must be strictly observed and related requirements complied with.

349. PHIVOLCS has developed maps in relation to the assessment of geologic hazards to
which many parts of the country are susceptible. These maps can be accessed in its recent
publications such as:

 The Philippine Earthquake Model: A Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Assessment of the

Philippines and Metro Manila

 Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (2021) Spectral Acceleration

Maps of the Philippines: Maximum Considered Earthquakes (MCE) using
Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Assessment

350. Earthquake-induced Settlement. The potential site at RPSLF is underlain by rock

material. These basaltic rocks of the Kinabuan Formation will not settle. The landfills,
however, are likely to settle.

351. Earthquake-Induced Landslides. The subject of landslides in general is presented

later in the report. Considering that the West and East Valley Faults are near source
earthquake generators to the potential site, the likelihood of slope failure is great.

B.1.2. Mass Movement

352. The site is located near the RPSL. Aggregate quarries in the Kinabuan Formation
are observed in the vicinity from satellite imagery. There are no morphological indications on
satellite imagery of active or old landslides that risk reactivation. No rockslides or gully
erosion is observed. Rock slopes tend to be more stable than soil slopes. Nevertheless,
slope stability analysis must be conducted if any of the sites are selected

B.1.3. Volcanic Hazards

353. The Catalogue of Active Volcanoes in the Philippines and Distribution of Volcanoes
in the Philippines (developed by PHIVOLCS) show no active or potentially active volcano
around Metro Manila. The nearest active volcanoes are Mount Pinatubo in Zambales and
Taal Volcano in Batangas. The potential site is safe from all volcanic hazards except
ashfalls, which occurred when Mount Pinatubo and Taal Volcano erupted in 1991 and
January 2020, respectively.

Table VII-3. List of Geohazards

Geohazards Category Remarks
Seismic hazards
Faulting none No active fault traversing the site
Fault creep none No active fault traversing the site
Ground motion high VFS is a near-source EQ generator.
Liquefaction none The WtE plant is to be founded on rock material
EQ-induced settlement none The WtE plant is to be founded on rock material
Although foundations might be relatively stable, stability
EQ-induced landslide low
of landfill is a separate issue.

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Geohazards Category Remarks

Sinkhole collapse none Not underlain by limestone
Tsunami none Potential Site is not coastal
Seiche none Not applicable
Induced seismicity none Not applicable
Volcanic hazards
Lava flow none No nearby active volcano
Pyroclastic flow none No nearby active volcano
Lahar none No nearby active volcano
Debris flow none No nearby active volcano
Mudflow none No nearby active volcano
Experienced during the eruptions of Mount Pinatubo &
Ashfall low Taal Volcano in 1991 and 2020, respectively
Ballistic projectile none No nearby active volcano
Debris avalanche none No nearby active volcano
Phreatic explosion none No nearby active volcano
Volcanic quake none No nearby active volcano
Rockfall none No nearby active volcano
Gases none No nearby active volcano
Slope instabilities
Although foundation might be stable, stability of landfill is
Landslides low
a separate issue.
Rockfalls none No steep rock slopes
Rockslides none No indication per satellite imagery
Gully erosion none No indication per satellite imagery
Fluvial hazards
Inundation none No major drainage
Flash flood none No major drainage
Debris flow none No major drainage
Siltation none No major drainage
Bank erosion & channel
none No major drainage
migration
Scouring none No major drainage
Coastal hazards
Tsunami none Potential Site is not in coastal area
Storm surge none Potential Site is not in coastal area
Coastal erosion none Potential Site is not in coastal area
Aggradation none Potential Site is not in coastal area
Headland erosion none Potential Site is not in coastal area
Coastal flooding none Potential Site is not in coastal area
Saltwater intrusion none Potential Site is not in coastal area
Sea level rise none Potential Site is not in coastal area
Sinkholes none Not underlain by limestones
Subsidence none Potential Site is underlain by rock material

354. Appendix 2 shows the Engineering Geological and Geohazard Assessment

Report (EGGAR)

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C. Concept Design and Drawings of the WtE Plant and Facilities

C.1. Review of Incineration Technology

Table VII-4. Comparison of Simple Incineration and Fuel + Power Generation

Incineration
This project (fuel+power generation
Simple incineration
incineration)

• The low rate of recycling and valid • An increase in the recycling rate in
resource recovery rate the preselection of valid resources

• The low weight loss rate of landfill • Fuel increase through the drying of
waste target organic waste

• Low operating income; long • Reduction of landfill target amount

payback period of capital
investment costs • The possibility of shortening the
recovery time of facility investment
• A relative decrease of electricity and the effect of operating income
productivity and thermal efficiency vis-a-vis capital-friendly
in the incineration of municipal environment
waste containing organic matter

▼ ▼

355. This project maximizes power generation efficiency by turning waste into fuel by
applying Mechanical Biological Treatment (MBT) in consideration of increasing recycling
rates, maximizing operating profits, and minimizing environmental pollution.

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C.2. A similar case study in the South Korea

356. Waste incineration technology has been in use in many parts of the word.

357. In Korea, 37 large-capacity domestic waste treatment facilities with a treatment

capacity of 50 tons/day are already in operation. Of these, 14 are equipped with power
generation facilities and sell electricity to secure operating income.

358. Most Korean incineration facilities incinerate waste and generate waste heat, which
is used to heat nearby areas.

359. Some incineration facilities in South Korea include (1) a resource recovery facility in
Icheon and (2) a municipal waste incineration facility in Ulsan.

1) Resource recovery facility in Icheon, South Korea

360. Located in Hobeop-myeon, Icheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, the eastern area resource

recovery facility produces 8.2MW of electricity. The eastern Gyeonggi region (comprising
Icheon, Gwangju, Hanam, Yeoju, and Yangpyeong) generates 300 tons of waste which are
treated in a 2x 150 ton stoker-stype incinerator.

361. Currently, 3MW produced by this facility is consumed by incineration facilities and
community support centers. Of this figure, 0.4Mw is used to supply power to nearby flower
complexes, and the remaining 4.8MW is sold to Korea Electric Power Corporation (KEPCO).
It has an annual income of about 26 billion won.

Figure VII-2. Panoramic View of Resource Recovery Facility in Icheon, South Korea

362. Figure VII-3 shows the facility and system of the resource recovery facility in Icheon.

363. The imported waste is burned at a temperature of over 850℃ in a stoker-type

incinerator, and the secondary air pollutants generated pass through Selective Non-Catalytic
Reduction (SNCR), a semi-dry reactor, bag filter, and Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) to
emit only harmless gases.

364. Table VII-5 shows the current air pollutant emission standards in Korea and the
design standards for air pollutant emissions from the eastern region resource recovery
facilities. Table VII-6 shows the removal facilities for each air pollutant.
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Figure VII-3. Diagram of How Icheon’s Resource Recovery Facility Works

Table VII-5. Design Standards Governing Air Pollutants

Emitted from the Icheon Facility
Legal Standards Design Criteria
Division Mathematical Mathematical
2009 2013
Guarantee Expectation
SOx(ppm) 30 under 30 under 10 under 5 under
NOx(ppm) 80 under 70 under 50 under 30 under
HCl(ppm) 30 under 20 under 10 under 10 under
Air CO(ppm) 50 under 50 under 30 under 20 under
Pollutants NH3(ppm) 100 under 30 under 20 under 5 under
Dust(mg/S㎥) 30 under 20 under 10 under 5 under
Dioxine(ng-
0.1 under 0.1 under 0.03 under 0.01 under
TEQ/N㎥)

Table VII-6. Air Pollutant Treatment Technologies

Removal
Pollutants Contaminant removal method
facility

SNCR • Degradation activity of chlorine (Cl) by the urea solution

Activated
Dioxine Dioxins are adsorbed and removed by activated carbon.
carbon
• Secondary dioxin is adsorbed and removed by activated
Bag filter
carbon filtration layer in the non-responder.
• Removing NOx reductant (urea) by reaction at high
SNCR
temperature in the furnace area
NOx
• Removing NOx by ammonia and the reaction of the selective
SCR
reduction of a complex low-temperature catalytic
• Harmful acidic gases (HCl, SO, SOx, HF, etc.) are removed
SDR
Harmful acidic by slaked lime neutralization and absorption.
gases • Secondary acid gas is removed by filtration layer and
Bag filter
unreacted slaked lime

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Removal
Pollutants Contaminant removal method
facility
Activated
• Removal of heavy metals by activated carbon
carbon
Heavy metals • Removing the secondary adsorption of heavy metals by
Bag filter activated carbon filtration layer and unreacted activated
carbon
• The use of filter media with excellent surface dust collection
Dust Bag filter efficiency, acid resistance, and heat resistance is highly
recommended (Fiber+PTFE Membrane).

2) Municipal waste incineration Figure VII-4. Municipal Waste Incineration Facility

facilities in Ulsan, South Korea in Ulsan
365. The Metropolitan City
Municipal Waste Incineration
Facility was completed in May
2000 to process 400 tons/day of
household generated waste in
Ulsan. The facility processes 200
tons of waste/day x 2 stoker-type
incinerator. It is run by 44 people,
including management and
operations personnel working in 4
groups and 3 shifts. The facility
generates 1.5MW of electricity
during waste incineration. About
45 tons/hour of steam are supplied as a heat source to nearby industrial complexes after
it is used in the facility.

366. Figure VII-5 shows the system of the municipal waste incineration facility in Ulsan.

367. Incoming waste is burned at a temperature of over 950℃ (actual combustion

temperature 900~1,070℃) in a stoker-type incinerator, and secondary air pollutants
generated at this time are harmless through SDR, Bag Filter, SCR, and activated carbon
input facilities.

368. Table VII-7 shows the design criteria and operational performance for air pollutant
emissions of municipal waste incineration facilities in Ulsan.

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Figure VII-5. Current System of Household Waste Incineration at the Ulsan Facility

Table VII-7. Air Pollutant Emission Situation at the Ulsan Facility

Operational Standards
Legal Standards
Division (2011)
2009 2013 Unit 1 Unit 2
SOx(ppm) 30 under 30 under 1.27 1.19
NOx(ppm) 80 under 70 under 11.44 10.72
Air HCl(ppm) 30 under 20 under 2.27 2.36
Pollutants CO(ppm) 50 under 50 under 2.60 4.60
Dust(mg/S㎥) 30 under 20 under 2.21 2.36
Dioxin(ng-TEQ/N㎥) 0.1 under 0.1 under 0.0025 0.0015

C.3. Investigation of local applicable technology

C.3.1. Generation of wastes and characterization

a. Status of waste generation

369. Currently, domestic waste brought daily to the Rizal Provincial Sanitary Landfill is
estimated at 16,342.07 ㎥/day based on the specific gravity of 0.2 (ton/㎥). The volume of
waste is expected to reach about 3,268 tons/day.

370. If incombustibles, recyclables, and a number of foods are separated through the MT
facility, a throughput of about 1,665 tons/day is expected.

371. The incineration capacity was selected as 250 tons/day considering the initial
investment cost and the safety and reliability factors affecting the plant’s operation.

372. Given the location of the Rizal Provincial SLF, an incineration plant can have a total
processing capacity of 250 tons/day x 2 units and a total processing capacity of 500
tons/day.
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Table VII-8. Rizal Provincial SLF household waste carry-in amount

Ave. Volume/day
LGU Trips Volume (cu.m.)
(cu.m) 365 days
Quezon City 63,703.00 2,376,392.05 6510.66
San Juan 5,084.00 147,040.98 402.85
Pasig 18,412.00 587,352.00 1609.18
Pateros 731.00 17,779.75 48.71
Taguig 24,872.00 602,955.73 1651.93
Mandaluyong 6,013.00 142,769.23 391.15
Makati 51,429.00 1,022,590.15 2801.62
Pasay 15,704.00 382,617.24 1048.27
Las Pinas 10,174.00 238,487.97 653.39
Muntinlupa 18,257.00 446,870.40 1224.3
TOTAL 214,379.00 5,964,855.50 16,342.07
Source: MMDA, 2022

b. Investigating the properties of waste

373. The Feasibility Study will conduct a separate Waste Analysis and Characterization
Study using the end-of-pipe waste collected from the Rizal Provincial Sanitary Landfill. For
the time being, the Consultant will use the WACS 2021 findings for this feasibility study.

374. The physical composition of domestic waste in RPSLF was analyzed based on the
findings of the WACS 2021. Its chemical composition was analyzed using data from the
Ministry of Environment of South Korea.

Figure VII-6. Composition of wastes generated by households (per subcomponent)

1) Physical composition

375. Combustibles organic foods, vinyl, plastics, paper, robber, leather, wood, textile, etc.
and noncombustible items such as metal, glass, stone and ceramic items are classified by
conducting a conical quartering appearance survey.

376. Physical composition is essential for estimating calorific value and other types of
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chemical compositions.

2) 3 Components

377. The analysis of 3-component utilizes data obtained by investigating and analyzing
moisture and solids content, combustible and ash in accordance with the waste process test
method and standard method.

3) Ultimate analysis

378. Ultimate analysis utilizes data obtained by investigating and analyzing the six
elements: C (carbon), H (hydrogen), O (oxygen), N (nitrogen), S (sulfur), and Cl (chlorine).

379. In elemental analysis, C (carbon), H (hydrogen), N (nitrogen), and S (sulfur) are

simultaneously analyzed, and O (oxygen) is analyzed singly.

380. In the case of Cl (chlorine), it is analyzed using the ASTM D2361 standard, a method
for measuring Cl (chlorine) in coal and cokes.

4) Caloric Value

381. The term "caloric value (kcal/kg)" refers to the value obtained using Bomb
Calorimetry data or applying the Dulong Equation based on the ultimate analysis.

c. Establishing the characteristics of solid waste

(1) Physical composition

382. The physical composition of waste (per the WACS report conducted in 2021) is
divided into organic, paper, plastic, glass, metal, rubber and leather, clothing, etc. is shown
in the tables below.

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Table VII-9. Physical composition of waste before mechanical treatment (MT)

Table VII-10. Physical composition of waste after MT

(2) Chemical composition

383. The results of estimating the chemical composition of waste using data from South
Korea’s Ministry of Environment are as follows:

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Table VII-11. Chemical composition before MT

Table VII-12. Chemical composition after MT based on minimum moisture (37%)

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Table VII-13. Chemical composition after MT based on medium moisture (45%)

Table VII-14. Chemical composition after MT based on high moisture (55%)

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C.4. Appropriateness of system configuration according to waste characteristics

384. For the characteristics of the incoming waste and the quality of incinerated power
generation fuel required by the power plant, the conditions in relation to the criteria
governing the design and plan for each treatment process were reviewed.

C.4.1. Design criteria regarding waste properties

Table VII-15. Process design criteria of the properties of each waste

Waste Characteristics Reflected in the design
● Equalization operations (70mm and above)
size over 70mm ● Separation (less than 70mm, 150mm, 150mm more or
less
● Trommel separators and disk separators to be applied
to reduce clogging caused by high capacity and weight
moisture 45% under in sorting processes
● The application of manual screening for sorting organic
materials with high moisture content
● Applying a permanent magnet type selector for iron
metal 2% under metal sorting.
● Selection of foreign matter sorting of nonferrous metal.
● Application of manual sorting for sorting precursors
chlorine(Cl) 3% under
containing chlorine (Cl) components

Table VII-16. Conditions of power generation fuel

Fuel conditions
Division Unit
Design criteria
size mm More than 95% of the length over 400mm
Caloric Value
kcal/kg More than 2,300
(wet-low)
moisture wt% 55 under
wt%, Basis of
ash 20 under
dry
wt%, Basis of
chlorine 1.2 under
dry

C.5. Basic configuration process planning

C.5.1. MT facility

Figure VII-7. Process configuration of MT facility

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385. For incoming waste, waste that has gone through crushing and shredding is sorted
through a size separator. Waste that measures 150mm or larger goes through water
screening to sort out materials that contain PVC or high levels of chlorine that make
incineration difficult, as well as large debris.

386. Typically, when a size separator is used, clogging occurs and sorting efficiency
decreases when high-capacity materials are input. To address this issue, a size separator
with an anti-clogging system is selected for this facility. After sorting, remaining waste is
subjected to magnetic separation to remove ferrous materials before being sent to the
incineration facility.

387. Waste that is 40mm or larger and sorted through the secondary size separator is
sent to a storage tank for use as fuel for power generation along with waste that is 150mm
or larger. Waste that is 40mm or smaller is sent to a stabilization tank to remove moisture
and stabilize organic matter before being sent to the landfill for disposal.

C.5.2. Incineration power generation facilities

Figure VII-8. Configuration of the operation of Incineration power generation facilities

388. Incoming waste is incinerated in a furnace, where it is broken down into combustion
gases, incombustible residue, and bottom ash at high temperatures. Harmful combustion
gases generated during the incineration process are treated by making them pass through a
waste heat boiler, SDR, and bag filter to remove harmful substances before being
discharged into the atmosphere through a stack. The heat absorbed in the waste heat boiler
is used to produce steam, which is then sent to a steam turbine to generate electricity.

C.6. Treatment process

389. The treatment process will have 2 major components: (1) MT facility and (2)
incineration power generation.

C.6.1. Equipment of MT facility

390. Figure VII-9 shows the equipment used in the Mechanical Treatment (MT) facility

C.6.2. Incineration power generation facility

391. Figure VII-10 shows the incineration power generation facility process.

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Figure VII-9. Equipment used in the MT facility

ATM

Shredded
material
conveyor Bio-filter

Weighing
Manual sorting conveyor Magnetic
facility
separator-1

Over 150mm
WTE Plant

Receiving crane
area Percolation Trommel
pit Screen
Breaker &
crusher
Steel
collection
Landfill

Less than 150mm

box-1
waste

Magnetic Transfer conveyor

separator-2 for landfill waste

Feed conveyor
for disc screen

Disc Screen
Steel collection
box-2
Incinerator
Combustion air

Storage
Stabilization pit container for External
landfill waste disposal of
landfill waste

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Figure VII-10. Incineration power generation facility process

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C.6.3. Expected mass balance for 250 ton/day

Figure VII-111111111111111111111111. Mass balance for 250 ton/day

R1 A1 A2 G1 G2 G3 G4 G5
combustible bagfilter discharged
Parameter Wet dust LHV Capacity 1st combustion air 2nd combustion air Combustion gas Boiler discharged gas SDR discharged gas Exhaust gas (stack out)
substance gas
% % % kcal/kg kg/hr Nm 3/hr °C Nm 3/hr °C Nm 3/hr °C Nm 3/hr °C Nm 3/hr °C Nm 3/hr °C Nm 3/hr °C
High 37.00 5.57 57.43 3,290 10,417 42,077 60 18,033 30 69,011 1,030 69,434 200 71,459 167 72,204 160 72,204 160
Medium 45.00 4.91 50.09 2,855 10,417 37,368 60 16,015 30 62,791 985 63,214 200 65,166 166 65,911 159 65,911 159
Low 55.00 4.09 40.91 2,314 10,417 31,489 60 13,495 30 55,030 904 55,452 200 57,305 165 58,050 157 58,050 157

W1 AS D1 D2 D3 D C1 C2 C3 CA1 CA2 CA3 CA4

Boiler fly SDR fly Activated Compressed air for lime Compressed air for urea Compressed air for A/C Compressed air for B/F
Parameter SDR Cooling water Bottom Ash B/F fly ash 162.5 Lime slurry (15wt%) Urea (4wt%)
ash ash carbon spray spray spray pulsing
kg/hr °C kg/hr kg/hr kg/hr kg/hr kg/hr kg/hr °C kg/hr °C kg/hr Nm 3/hr °C Nm 3/hr °C Nm 3/hr °C Nm 3/hr °C
High 145.6 30.0 514.4 40.6 37.6 163.3 241.5 107.9 30 279.0 30 7.15 75 30 84 30.0 75 30.0 594 30
Medium 169.8 30.0 453.5 35.8 33.3 144.7 213.8 95.9 30 278.8 30 6.52 75 30 84 30.0 75 30.0 594 30
Low 187.0 30.0 377.7 29.8 28.3 123.1 181.2 82.1 30 279.0 30 5.73 75 30 84 30.0 75 30.0 594 30

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C.6.4. Expected heat balance for 250 ton/day

Figure VII-121212121212121212121212. Heat balance for 250 ton/day

R1 A1 A2 G1 G2 G3 G4 G5
combustible Sensible Heat of Boiler discharged bagfilter discharged Exhaust gas (stack
Parameter Wet dust LHV Capacity 1st combustion air 2nd combustion air Combustion gas SDR discharged gas
substance Heat Combustion gas gas out)
% % % kcal/kg kg/hr Mcal/hr Mcal/hr Mcal/hr °C Mcal/hr °C Mcal/hr °C Mcal/hr °C Mcal/hr °C Mcal/hr °C Mcal/hr °C
High 37.00 5.57 57.43 3,290.00 10,417.00 185.5 34,272 788 60 168 30 26,115 1,030 4,613 200 4,022.1 170 3,821.6 160 3,822 160
Medium 45.00 4.91 50.09 2,855.00 10,417.00 201.6 29,793 700 60 149 30 22,686 985 4,210 200 3,657.5 170 3,471.1 159 3,474 159
Low 55.00 4.09 40.91 2,314.00 10,417.00 221.7 24,063 589 60 126 30 18,128 904 3,705 200 3,204.3 170 3,029.4 157 3,029 157

W1 AS D1 D2 D3 D C1 C2 C3 CA1 CA2 CA3 CA4

Bottom Boiler fly SDR fly T otal fly supply suppply suppply CA for CA for CA for CA for B/F
Parameter SDR CW B/F fly ash
Ash ash ash ash heat of heat of heat of Lime Urea activated pulsing
Mcal/hr Mcal/hr Mcal/hr Mcal/hr Mcal/hr Mcal/hr Mcal/hr Mcal/hr Mcal/hr Mcal/hr Mcal/hr Mcal/hr Mcal/hr
High 15.1 45.3 3.2 1.7 6.8 11.6 3.2 8.4 0.1 0.7 0.8 0.5 5.5
Medium 14.3 39.9 2.8 1.5 6.0 10.2 2.9 8.4 0.1 0.7 0.8 0.5 5.5
Low 13.0 33.2 2.3 1.3 5.0 8.6 2.5 8.4 0.1 0.7 0.8 0.5 5.5
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C.6.5. Expected water/steam balance for 250 ton/day

Figure VII-131313131313131313131313. Water/steam balance for 250 ton/day

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C.7. Equipment Selection Process

C.7.1. Type of entrance zone

Table VII-17. Comparison of waste-sorting equipment

Division FLAT Bunker PIT Bunker

Summary

• A plan to supply waste to the

• A plan to store waste directly
waste input hopper using waste
dumped by waste vehicles
cranes in the form of an
Methods inside the tipping hall and to
underground structure capable
input waste using pay loaders or
of storing a certain amount of
wheel cranes.
waste.
• Increase in construction costs
• Excellent workability and simple because shelter underground
process site is inadequate
• Able to monitor and transport • Prevention of external odor
unsuitable waste through direct diffusion
Characteristics supervision driving during the • ∙Difficulties in monitoring driving
waste input process during waste input
• Easy to control and maintain the • When low-quality waste is
feeding rate introduced, it can be
• Takes up a large land area homogenized by agitation using
a crane.
Construction
Low High
costs

Required area High Low

◎(For waste input hopper of

◎(Entrance waste)
Selection incinerator)

• Selection of FLAT bunker for easy monitoring and removal of

Reason for inappropriate waste during waste intake
selection • Selection of PIT bunker for easy homogenization and mixing of waste
during the incineration waste input process

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C.7.2. MT Facility

392. The mechanical treatment (MT) facility is where the waste is received and sorted.
This whole facility is composed of 4 main pieces of equipment: (1) waste crane; (2) crusher;
(3) waste-sorting equipment; (4) metal screening equipment.

a. Waste Crane

393. This equipment is used to lift and transfer the waste from one place to another. For
the purpose of selection. Table VII-18 shows the comparison of waste crane.

Table VII-18. Comparison of waste crane

Division Articulated crane Overhead Crane

Summary

• As a fixed type, the

• Installed at the top of the waste storage
waste input range is
tank and moving forward, backward, left
Characteristics short
and right, mixing and inputting waste
• Easy and fast to
• Crane operation in the crane control room
operate
Selection ◎

b. Crusher

394. This equipment is used to reduce the size of the waste to desired size to make it
easier to process. For the purpose of selection, Table VII-19 shows the comparison of waste
crusher.

Table VII-19. Comparison of crusher

Low-Speed 2-Axis Shearing
Division Horizontal rotary crusher
Crusher

Summary

• Automatically lowers the

number of revolutions • Since the impact force at the
according to the load and time of crushing acts vertically,
Characteristics increases the output torque the vibration is rather large
• Low impact noise due to low • Horizontal axis structure is more
speed rotation and automatic stable than vertical structure
variable type
Selection ◎

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c. Waste-sorting equipment

395. This equipment is used to separate wastes according to material (organic, paper and
card, plastic, glass, metal, rubber and leather, nappies and clothing, etc.). Table VII-20
shows a detailed comparison of waste-sorting equipment.

Table VII-20. Comparative analysis of waste-sorting equipment

Diffuse Vibrating
Division Disk Separator Trommel Screen
Screen

Summary

Advantages • Sorting efficiency • Excellent effect of • Small initial

and excellent removing attached investment
dispersion effect substances by the impact • Excellent sorting
(up, down, left of disk rotation efficiency for small
and right) due to • Efficient separation of particles (relatively
vibration round organic and reduced efficiency
• Less land noncombustible materials for larger particles)
required (about • The possible size of the • Adjustment of
7m) eye by adjusting the sorting size
• Clogging is distance between the (according to the
reduced by disk axis size of the
vibration • There is no clogging perforation mesh) is
• Installation of a issue as it uses a disc- possible.
cover for dust type screen instead of a
prevention perforated mesh screen.

• Clogging is caused
• Small initial investment
by vinyl materials.
• High installation • The narrow range of
• The installation
height adjustment for the
length is long.
Disadvantages • Noise is greater. distance between disks
• Enclosing the entire
• High initial results in lower efficiency
rotating drum to
investment for separating
periodically remove
combustible materials.
the scattered dust
Construction
High Middle Low
costs
Operating
Middle Middle Low
costs
Required area Middle Middle High
Selection ◎ ◎
• Configuration of Trommel Screen and Disc Screen for Maximizing the
Reason for Organic and Noncombustible Sorting Efficiency of Incoming Waste
selection • Trommel screen: target waste (coarse waste)
• Disk screen: (organic matter, incombustible) small waste

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d. Metal screening equipment

396. This equipment uses magnetic force to sort out metal from other waste. Table VII-21
shows the comparison of metal-sorting equipment.

Table VII-21. Comparison of metal-sorting apparatuses

Division Magnetic Separator (belt) Magnetic Separator (drum)
.

Summary

• Installing a magnetic
• Sorting the magnetic drum
conveyor above and using
Principle while rotating on the outside of
magnetic force to float steel
the magnet fixed
pieces for sorting
• If the input material size is
• Adjustable distance to the belt
consistent, the sorting efficiency
conveyor, the magnetic field
will be higher.
exerts, and conveyor speed
Characteristics • Advantageous for sorting small
• Installing reinforcement plates
pieces of iron
on the belt to prevent belt
• Inefficient for sorting iron pieces
damage.
of various shapes
Construction
Middle High
costs
Operating
Low Middle
costs
Required area Low Middle
Selection ◎

C.7.3. Incineration facility

397. The incineration facility has 4 major components: (1) incineration equipment, (2)
pollution prevention equipment, (3) steam turbine and (4) cooling system.

a. Incineration Equipment

398. The incinerator is a mechanical equipment used to destroy waste by burning it at

extremely high temperatures, reducing the waste to bottom ash.

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Table VII-22.Comparative review of incineration type equipment

Division Stoker Fluidized Bed Rotary Kiln

Summary

• Large capacity can • Incineration • Easy maintenance

be processed. efficiency is better. with simple
• Mixed waste can be • Processing power structure
incinerated without per unit area of the • Capable of
pretreatment. incinerator is handling solid and
• State of incineration greater. liquid waste
due to changes in • Processing of the • Wide range of
the properties is content can waste applied waste
relatively stable. large amounts of • Continuous re-
Advantages • Utilization of high moisture. emission
energy • It is suitable for • Residence time
• Operation of the flame retardant adjusting the
incinerator is easy. waste. rotational speed
• It is a universal • Incidence • Stabilization
technology. reduction of NOx process
unnecessary;
incineration ash is
sintered.

• Difficult to apply in
large quantities • Requires the
• High possibility of air • Crushing and installation of the
pollutant emission pretreatment are secondary
• Incinerator size required. combustion
Weaknesses
• increases. • Continuous chamber
replenishment of • Low energy
fluid medium utilization
• Maintenance costs • Footprint is large.
high
Construction
Low High Middle
costs
Operating
Middle High Low
costs
Applicability
High Low Middle
for Waste
Required
Middle Low High
area
Utilization of
Middle High Low
energy
Selection ◎
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b. Selection of air pollution prevention system

399. Table VII-23 shows comparison of air pollution control facilities.

Table VII-23. Comparison of air pollution control facilities

Division Alt 1. Alt 2. Alt 3. Alt 4.
SNCR → SNCR → SDR
SNCR → SDR SDR → B/F
FLOW SDR → B/F → B/F 1 →
→ B/F → SCR
→ SCR SCR → B/F 2
Changwon, Ulsan,
Applied project in Daejeon,
Gwangmyeong Yongin, Mapo, Geoje
Korea Jeonju
, Pyeongchon Sangmu
Dioxins Changwon : Ulsan : Jeonju : Mapo :
(ng-TEQ/N㎥) 0.021~0.072 0.000~0.003 0.000~0.021 0.000~0.007
NOx of processing
SNCR SCR SNCR, SCR SNCR, SCR
facilities
Toxic acid gas
SDR, B/F SDR, B/F SDR, B/F SDR, B/F 1
processing facilities
Removal of heavy
B/F B/F B/F B/F 1, B/F 2
metal facilities
Removal of dust
B/F B/F B/F B/F 1, B/F 2
facilities
Economics High Middle Middle Low
Removal rate of
Middle High Middle High
pollutants
Selection ◎

c. Selection of Air Pollution Prevention Equipment

400. Table VII-24 and Table VII-25 show diagrams and images regarding options for the
removal of air pollution.

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Table VII-24. Nitrogen oxide (NOx) removal method

Selective Non-Catalytic Selective Catalytic Reduction
Division
Reduction (SNCR) (SCR)

Summary

• Applicable regardless of • High denitrification effect

exhaust gas composition • Inhibition of catalytic activity in
• Easy drug handling and the presence of dust, SOx, etc.
Characteristics safety • Lowers the denitrification effect.
• Easy operation and • Governed by legal regulations
maintenance due to simple due to the use of toxic
device substances (ammonia)
Selection ◎

Table VII-25. Harmful acid gas (HCl, SOx) removal method

Division Semi-Dry Reactor (SDR) Wet Scrubber

Summary

• HCl: 96% or more, SOx: 95% • HCl: 99% or more, SOx: 96% or
or more more
Characteristics
• No slaked lime supply facility • Excellent acid gas removal
required, no wastewater efficiency, wastewater generation

Selection ◎

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Table VII-26. Scattering dust removal method

Division Bag filter Electrostatic precipitator

Summary

• Most installation performance

• High removal effect of
secondary harmful gases, • Dust removal efficiency is dry.
dioxins and heavy metals • Highest installation cost
Characteristics
• Can serve as a reactor by • Requires special materials that
combining a semi-dry reaction are resistant to corrosion
tower and an activated carbon
spray facility
Selection ◎

Table VII-27. Filter cloth material

Division Fiber Glass+Teflon Ryton+Tef.Coating Polymide(P84)
Application
260℃ 240℃ 100℃
Temperature
Air
3 ~ 21 m/min 4 ~ 19 m/min 2 ~ 9 m/min
permeability
Selection ◎

d. Selection of a steam turbine

401. The heat generated during the incineration process turns water into steam in a
boiler. The high-pressure steam will then turn the blades of a turbine generator to produce
electricity. Table VII-28 shows a comparison between the back pressure turbine and the
condensing turbine.

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Table VII-28. Comparison of the Black Pressure and Condensing Turbines

Division Back pressure turbine Condensing turbine

Composition of a
turbine

The steam discharged from the In the condenser, increase the

outlet of the steam turbine is vacuum at the outlet of the turbine
low-pressure steam (0.2~2.0 (500 to 8,000 mmH2O) so that
Characteristics kg/cm2.G) above the steam can sufficiently expand in the
atmosphere, and the discharged turbine. It is a turbine type with high
steam can be used for process power generation efficiency by
and cogeneration. increasing the thermal drop.
• Utilization purpose of the • Outlet vapor pressure is for
form back pressure turbine power production format (sub-
outlet steam pressure is atmospheric).
Type higher than atmospheric • Temperature of the condensate
pressure. is about 50 ~ 70℃.
• Temperature of the
condensate is about 90℃.
• Structure is simple.
• Cheaper installation costs
Advantages • High power production
• Easier to maintain and
operate
• Complex structure
• Electricity production is • Installation costs high
Weaknesses
less. • Difficult maintenance and
operation
Construction costs Low High
Operating costs Low Low
Required area Low Middle
Selection ◎
Reason for
High power generation efficiency
selection

e. Cooling system

402. Table VII-29 shows a comparison between 2 cooling systems adopted in WtE plants.

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Table VII-29. Comparison of Cooling System

Condenser (water cooling
Division Condenser (air cooling system)
system)

Summary

• Complex process and difficult

to maintain.
• Simple process and easy
• Slightly small installation area
maintenance
• Difficulty in securing nearby
Characteristics • Large installation area
water (suitable for nearby sites
• Does not require water.
such as sewage treatment
• Produces some noise
plants)
• Low noise

Power • 500kWh • 132kWh

Water • 1,573㎥/day •
• Cooling Tower
• Air Cooling Condenser(1ea) =
Area (1,000RT×7ea)+
700㎡
• Exchanger(1ea) =500㎡
Selection ◎

C.8. Characteristics of major applied facilities

C.8.1. MT facility

403. Table VII-30 summarizes the characteristics of the major equipment used in a
mechanical treatment facility.

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Table VII-30. Major Equipment Used in an MT Facility

Division Characteristics Summary

• Applying a device for recognizing vehicles

entering and exiting (RF-Card method)
• Applied flat bunker (waste reception area)
Plat bunker
• Secure storage capacity that exceeds the
processing capacity for 2 days (waste entry
point)
• Collect waste with a pay loader and put it into
an excavator with a crane.
• Breaking is performed by two flat 2-axis
Bag opener
cutters.
• The entire amount of waste is sealed and
transported.
• Breaking and crushing of imported waste by
rotation of two shafts (dimension differential,
rotation differential) equipped with special
Crusher cutters (blades)
• Low speed operation, strong cutting power and
low noise
• Energy saving effect with low load

• Easy to sort high moisture waste.

Trommel
• Easy to remove non-combustible materials.
screen
• Easy maintenance

• Adoption of disc screen to prevent clogging

caused by bag and vinyl-containing waste
Disk
among small particle waste
separator
• Adoption of a suitable method for waste with
high moisture content fluctuations

• Selection of materials with high moisture

content and materials containing a large
amount of Cl.
• When solid fuel is used as an auxiliary fuel, it
Manual sorter
is selected by repair for the preliminary
removal of PVC and chlorine (Cl)-containing
substances, which are dioxin-inducing
substances.

• Improve the quality of waste input to

Magnetic incineration facilities and remove
separator incombustibles in advance through pre-sorting
of metals after sorting

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C.8.2. Incineration facility

404. Table VII-31 summarizes the characteristics of the major equipment used in an
incineration facility.

Table VII-31. Major Equipment Used in an Incineration Facility

Division Characteristics Summary
• Capable of treating large amounts of
waste
• Mixed waste can be incinerated without
pretreatment.
Incineration
• The incineration state is relatively stable
according to the change in properties.
• Adoption of incinerator with high energy
utilization rate and low NOx generation
• Adoption of high-temperature and high-
pressure boilers suitable for the
characteristics of waste heat utilization
Waste heat and maximization of power generation in
boiler incineration facilities
• Setting waste heat boiler steam
conditions considering economic
feasibility and maintainability
• Urea water spray to remove NOx
generated in the high-temperature area
of the incinerator.
SNCR
• Increase reaction efficiency by spraying
diluted urea solution and securing
reaction residence time

• Adoption of facilities capable of stably

removing acid gases (SOx, HCl)
SDR • Reduction of chemical consumption by
uniform mixing of combustion gas and
slaked lime slurry

• Adsorption and removal of dioxin and

heavy metals by injection of activated
Bag Filter carbon
• Selection of high-quality filter cloth for
fine dust collection

• Maximize power generation by selecting

Steam turbine
a high-efficiency steam turbine

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D. Site Development

D.1. Conceptual Design Drawings

405. Conceptual design drawings of the proposed WtE facility are in Appendix 4

D.2. Fast Facts About the Proposed WtE Plant

Table VII-32. Facts about the WtE Plant

Part Detail
• Feasibility Study to Determine the Appropriate Waste to Energy (WtE)
Project Name
Technology In Metro Manila
Location • Rizal Provincial Sanitary Landfill San Isidro, Rodriguez, Rizal.

Area • 7 Ha

Facility Capacity • 250 ton/day + (250 ton/day in the future)

D.3. Mechanical

D.3.1. WtE plant layout plan

406. There shall be a linearization of incineration facilities from the waste entry point
considering waste entry and management space.

407. Related devices shall be arranged by function to maximize operational efficiency and
improve device performance.

408. This site will utilize 7 ha of land owned by ISWIMS.

409. It is recommended that construction be done in 2 phases.

410. Figure VII-14 shows the layout of the facility and flow of traffic (waste carry-in vehicle
route, carry-out vehicle and ash carry-out vehicle route).

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Figure VII-141414141414141414141414. WtE Plant Layout at the RPSLF Site

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D.3.2. Overall plant layout direction

Table VII-33. WtE plant basic direction

Basic direction
• Arrangement of machines according to process flow, such as
incinerator, combustion gas cooling and etc.
• Intensive arrangement adjacent to related equipment such as air
1st Floor
compressor room and chemical storage room
• Minimizing noise and vibration by arranging noise and vibration
generating devices such as manned blowers in a separate room
• Integrated arrangement of electrical facilities in the electric room and
2nd Floor
MCC room, and arrangement of the large waste shredder room
3rd Floor • Arrangement of flue Gas Treatment System
4th Floor • Arrangement of flue Odor Remove System
5th Floor • Arrangement of crane control room and tour route

D.3.3. Vehicle movement plan

411. The vehicle movement plan will consider the waste input movement including
entrance, weighing stand, etc. This will take into account the circulation system for general
incineration facilities and the flow of entry/exit to surrounding facilities. The vehicle
movement plant is shown in Figure VII-14.

D.3.4. Mechanical layout plan

a. General arrangement basic direction

Figure VII-15. MT facility general arrangement – 1st floor

Part Detail

1st Floor
(FL. ± 0m)

Refer to Appendix 4 drawing no. WtE-MT-001 for larger image.

Wheel Loader, Crusher, Crane, Trommel Screen, Magnetic Separator,
Equipment
Conveyor, Disc Screen, Agitator

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Figure VII-16. Incineration facility general arrangement – B1, B2 floor

Part Detail

B1 Floor
(FL. -6m)

Refer to Appendix 4 drawing no. WtE-IN-001 for larger image.

Service Waster Storage, Pump Room, Wastewater Storage,
Equipment
Bottom Ash Storage, Sludge Storage

Figure VII-17. Incineration facility general arrangement – 1st floor

Part Detail

1st Floor
(FL. ± 0m)

Refer to Appendix 4 drawing no. WtE-IN-002 for larger image.

Incineration Room, Turbine Room, MCC Room, Chemical Room, Laboratory
Equipment
room, Air Compressor Room, Lime Slurry Room

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Figure VII-18. Incineration facility general arrangement – 2nd floor

Part Detail

2nd Floor
(FL. + 5m)

Refer to Appendix 4 drawing no. WtE-IN-003 for larger image.

Bottom Crane Control Room, TMS Room, MCC Room, Electric Room, Control
Equipment
Room

Figure VII-19. Incineration facility general arrangement – 3rd floor

Part Detail

3rd Floor
(FL. ± 10m)

Refer to Appendix 4 drawing no. WtE-IN-004 for larger image.

Equipment Flue Gas Treatment Room, Warehouse, Office Room, Meeting Room

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Figure VII-20. Incineration facility general arrangement – 4th floor

Part Detail

4th Floor
(FL. + 18.4m)

Refer to Appendix 4 drawing no. WtE-IN-005 for larger image.

Equipment Odor Remove Room, Office Room, Meeting Room

Figure VII-21. Incineration facility general arrangement – 5th floor

Part Detail

5th Floor
(FL. ± 25m)

Refer to Appendix 4 drawing no. WtE-IN-006 for larger image.

Equipment Waste Crane Control Room, Crane Electric Room, Tour Load

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Figure VII-22. Incineration facility general arrangement – Rooftop

Part Detail

Rooftop
(FL. + 30m)

Refer to Appendix 4 drawing no. WtE-IN-007 for larger image.

Equipment -

b. Elevation general arrangement basic direction

Figure VII-23. MT facility elevation general arrangement – 1st floor

Part Detail

1st Floor
(FL. ± 0m)

Refer to Appendix 4 drawing no. WtE-MT-002 for larger image.

Wheel Loader, Crusher, Crane, Trommel Screen, Magnetic Separator,
Equipment
Conveyor, Disc Screen, Agitator

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Figure VII-24. Incineration facility Cross Section (A-A)

Part Detail

B1 Floor
(FL. -6m)

Refer to Appendix 4 drawing no. WtE-IN-008 for larger image.

Waste Storage, Incineration Room, Turbine Room, Pump Room,
Equipment
Air Compressor Room, Flu Gas Treatment Room

412. Conceptual Design drawings are shown in Appendix 4.

c. Considerations for general arrangement

Table VII-34. Key consideration for general arrangement

Elevation arrangement of Layout considering Arrangement of power
major facilities maintenance facilities and control room
ㆍCentral arrangement of main ㆍSecuring equipment transport ㆍConsidering maintenance
facilities, arrangement around space, maintenance space, convenience, electrical room
auxiliary facilities and maintenance circulation and central control room are
ㆍLinear arrangement according ㆍEntrance to take out placed up and down
to the process flow incinerator room equipment ㆍEmergency generator room

Chemical storage and

Arrangement of the basement
incineration ash treatment Other facilities
floor
facility
ㆍArrangement of waste storage ㆍDuct, piping pressure loss
ㆍEasy maintenance by
tank, water supply facilities, minimized equipment
arranging slaked lime storage adjacent arrangement
etc. on the basement floor
room on the 1st floor
ㆍSeparate and spaced ㆍSecuring the shortest
ㆍArrangement of fly ash
arrangement of process water maintenance flow
storage and delivery space at
storage tank and living water ㆍSeparate room for noise and
the rear of the 1st floor
storage tank vibration devices

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D.4. Civil Works

D.4.1. Site development plan

a. Basic direction

413. This will include planning the access roads and site elevation that will allow for
smooth access and connectivity with existing roads. The site development plan will take into
consideration the harmony with the surrounding area and smooth drainage plan.

b. Key considerations

Table VII-35. Key consideration for civil Arrangement

Maximization of site utilization and consideration of accessibility to
Efficiency of land use
urban planning roads
Minimizing the extension of rainwater and wastewater pipelines by
Minimizing repair flow
arranging treatment facilities
Minimizing maintenance flow and unification of facility maintenance
Ease of maintenance
flow

D.4.2. Drainage Plan

414. The drainage plan will consider the natural downflow of rainwater. This will include
pipeline planning considering surrounding topographical conditions, facility layout, and
premises piping.

D.4.3. Water Supply plan

415. The water supply plan will be designed in consideration of the population and water
supply requirement for the operation of the WtE facility.

D.5. Architectural Consideration

D.5.1. Direction of the plan

Table VII-36. Direction of the plan

Cleanliness Efficiency Economics

• Promote minimization of cut soil.

• Simplify movement.
• Establish nature-friendly • Plan according to topography
• Establish one-way traffic
facilities. and topography
line.
• Building an eco-friendly • Implement an energy-saving
• Integrate and clarify
image plan by actively introducing
similar facilities zone
• Block odor and noise natural lighting and natural
separation
ventilation

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D.5.2. Considerations when building a WtE facility

416. Architectural considerations in building a WtE facility include:

• The spatial composition of the building focuses on creating an optimized space

considering the facility’s characteristics.

• Establishment of a building plan that can project the image of a clean facility and
reduce the spread of secondary pollution.

D.5.3. Building layout plan

• Establishment of harmonious layout plan through analysis of business site status.

• Establishment of an optimal layout plan that meets site conditions in consideration of

regionality, environment, and functionality.

• Establishment of a nature-friendly layout plan by minimizing topographical damage

through a compact facility layout plan

• Establishment of a reasonable vehicle traffic line plan with a one-way circular flow
plan

D.5.4. Building detail plan

Figure VII-252525252525252525252525. MT facility plan arrangement – 1st floor.

• Increased process efficiency through serial arrangement from receipt to sorting.

• Efficient application of building area considering machine arrangement
• Refer to Appendix 4 drawing no. WtE-MT-001 for larger image.

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Figure VII-262626262626262626262626. Incineration facility plan arrangement – B1, B2

floor

• Intensive layout of storage tanks and facilities on the basement level prior to the
mechanical process
• Promote fundamental exclusion of odor diffusion by arranging odor generating
facilities underground.
• Refer to Appendix 4 drawing no. WtE-IN-001 for larger image.

Figure VII-272727272727272727272727. Incineration facility plan arrangement – 1st

floor

• Promoting reasonable space planning by integrating related facilities through

zoning plan
• Installation of front rooms and application of sound-absorbing materials to

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prevent odor and noise diffusion.

• Refer to Appendix 4 drawing no. WtE-IN-002 for larger image.
Figure VII-282828282828282828282828. Incineration facility plan arrangement – 2nd
floor

• Arranged on the same floor as the control room and electrical room for easy
maintenance.
• Installation of elevators to enhance convenience in management of space
• Refer to Appendix 4 drawing no. WtE-IN-003 for larger image.

Figure VII-292929292929292929292929. Incineration facility plan arrangement – 3rd

floor

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• Improvement of health by arranging resting areas and exercise facilities for

workers
• Complex composition of welfare facilities for workers considering the
characteristics of the operating organization (shower rooms, restrooms, etc.)
• Refer to Appendix 4 drawing no. WtE-IN-004 for larger image.
Figure VII-303030303030303030303030. Incineration facility plan arrangement – 4th
floor

• Arrangement of offices and on-site manager offices for various types of office
work
• Install odor removal equipment to remove odors in the facility.
• Refer to Appendix 4 drawing no. WtE-IN-005 for larger image.

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Figure VII-313131313131313131313131. Incineration facility plan arrangement – 5th

floor

• Maximizing the lighting effect in the storage tank by installing a roof light window
on the top of the crane operating space
• Installation of a preliminary space for tours (installation of a tour window)
• Refer to Appendix 4 drawing no. WtE-IN-006 for larger image.
Figure VII-323232323232323232323232. Incineration facility plan arrangement –
Rooftop

.
• Prevents accumulation of oxides such as fly ash by applying highly corrosive
roofing materials
• Securing maintainability and safety by installing safety ladders considering roof
maintenance

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• Refer to Appendix 4 drawing no. WtE-IN-007 for larger image.

E. Project Cost

417. Project costs consist of Building Construction Cost, Equipment Cost, Site
Development Cost and Indirect Cost. The indirect costs are calculated as percentages of the
calculated Direct Cost (DC).

418. The following are the respective formulas to derive the indirect cost components: (i)
Contingency Cost= 5% of Construction Cost; (ii) Engineering Cost=7% of Direct Cost, which
includes the Detailed Engineering Design, Construction Management and Independent
Consultants; and (iii) Project Management= 0.5% of Construction Cost. We note that cost
estimates at the feasibility study stage have an accuracy of 15-30%. Tax (VAT, import
duties, etc.) shall be 12% of the sum of the Direct Cost.

Table VII-37 for a summary of Project costs.

E.1. Direct Cost

419. The direct cost consists of the following cost elements:

E.1.1. Material Cost

420. The material cost inputs considered for this analysis are sourced from the latest
DPWH Construction Material Price Data.

421. The cost of materials includes processing, crushing, stockpiling, loading, royalties on
quarries, taxes, hauling cost, wastage or losses and others.

E.1.2. Equipment Cost

422. The operated rental rates per hour of the construction equipment will be adopted
based on the Association of Carriers and Construction Equipment Lessors (ACEL), Inc.
Equipment Rental Rates, 26th Edition. Rental rates include maintenance cost, fuel, lubricants
and wages of the equipment operator.

423. Minor equipment and tools that are not reflected in ACEL 26th Edition will be taken
from the latest rental rate schedule of the Department of Public Works and Highways
(DPWH) Bureau of Equipment (BOE).

E.1.3. Labor Cost

424. Labor costs will be based on the latest Daily Minimum Wage Rate in Region 4 issued
by the Department of Labor and Employment. It includes salaries/wages and fringe benefits,
such as vacation and sick leave, and benefits provided under the Workmen's Compensation
Act.

E.1.4. List of Equipment in the WtE Facility

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a. Incineration Facility

Mechanical:

1. Waste receiving & feeding facility

2. Incineration facility
3. Boiler & accessories
4. Flue gas treatment facility
5. Steam turbine generation facility
6. Air supply & exhaust facility
7. Water supply & drainage facility
8. Wastewater treatment facility
9. Ash handling facility
10. Piping & steel structure
11. Deaerator
12. Incineration facility
13. Condensate pump
14. Semidry reactor
15. Bag filter
16. Selective noncatalytic reduction
17. 1’st forced air fan
18. 2’nd forced air fan
19. Combustion air pre-heater
20. Induced air fan
21. Stack
22. Waste receiving & feeding facility
Electrical:

1. Electrical, I&C Facility

b. Pre-treatment system (MT)/Recycling Sorting Facility

Mechanical:

1. Trommel screen
2. Breaker & crusher
3. Disc screen
4. Cranes
5. Magnetic separators
6. Manual sorting conveyor
7. Transfer conveyors
8. Stabilization Bath Agitator
Electrical:

1. Electrical, I&C Facility

E.2. Indirect Cost

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425. Mark-ups on the estimated direct cost or costs that are not directly involved in the
execution of work will be classified as “Indirect Cost/s”. Indirect costs include the contractor’s
contingencies, engineering and project management cost which are expressed as
percentages of the direct costs. The indirect costs will be composed of the following:

E.2.1. Engineering Cost

426. Engineering costs include the services fee for the Detailed Engineering Design
(DED) and Construction Supervision (CS), and the fees of Independent Consultants (IC).
Seven percent of the sum of direct cost covers the Engineering Cost.

E.2.2. Project Management Cost

427. Project Management cost refers to the expenses associated with monitoring and
controlling the Project. This cost is incurred to ensure that the Project is completed
successfully, on time, and within budget. 0.5% of the Direct Cost covers the Project
Management Office (PMO) cost.

E.2.3. Contingencies

428. Contingencies are defined as specific provisions for unforeseeable cost elements
within the defined project scope. This is important where experience relating estimates and
actual costs has established that unforeseeable events are likely to occur. Contingency
analysis of cost estimates is a useful aid to successful project implementation. Allowances
for contingencies are an integral part of the estimation process. However, contingencies
applied to the construction cost estimates are specifically for direct construction-related
costs.

429. A 5% of the Direct Cost is set to cover the physical contingency for unforeseen
issues, and price contingency for the increase of prices of materials.

E.2.4. Tax Component

430. Tax (VAT, import duties, etc.) shall be 12% of the sum of the Direct Cost.

Table VII-37. Summary of Project Cost.

Item
Description Total Amount (Php)
No.
DIRECT COST
A. BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
A.1 Incineration Facility 680,445,000.00
A.2 Recycling Sorting Facility 201,600,000.00
Total of A 882,045,000.00
B. EQUIPMENT
B.1 Incineration Facility 2,614,976,708.00
Pre-treatment system(MBT)/Recycling Sorting
B.2 556,039,677.00
Facility
Total of B 3,171,016,385.00
C. SITE DEVELOPMENT
C.1 Civil works, Fence, Earthworks, Water Supply, Electricity
254,793,550.00
Transmission Line, Landscape, Access Road

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Total of C 254,793,550.00
Total of A+B+C 4,307,854,935.00
D. INDIRECT COST
D.1 Contingency, 5% of A,B,C 215,392,747.00
D.2 Engineering (DED, CS, IC), 7% of A,B,C 301,549,846.00
D.3 Project Management, 0.5% 21,539,275.00
D.4 Tax (Vat, import duties, etc.), 12% of A,B,C 516,942,593.00
Total of D 1,055,424,461.00
E. Land Acquisition Total of E 70,000,000.00
TOTAL PROJECT COST (A+B+C)+D+E 5,433,279,396.00

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Section VIII. Financial Analysis

A. Methodology

431. The financial evaluation for the Project intends to determine whether the revenues
that will be generated will be sufficient to allow the recovery of funds used to implement the
Project and to cover all expenses incurred from its operation. The main indicator of financial
viability for a government project is the financial internal rate of return (FIRR). The project is
considered viable if the computed FIRR is at least equal to weighted average cost of capital
(WACC) used for the implementation of the project.

432. The methodology first evaluates the viability of the project by itself before looking into
possible financing and operating strategies. Costs and revenues are estimated in 2023
prices and converted to current prices by using an annual inflation rate of 3% per annum.

433. While it is assumed that the operator of the existing landfill (where the proposed WtE
facility will be built) will also be the operator of said facility, the assessment evaluates the
viability of the enterprise as a separate facility.

434. The assessment then explores three modes of implementation and operation of the
Project; (1) the Government will finance, construct and operate the facility; (2) the private
sector will participate in the construction of the facility and then operate it when completed;
and (3) the Government will build the facility and the private sector will operate it.

B. Development Cost

B.1. Disbursement Schedule

435. The total cost of the project as estimated by the Engineering and Technical Study
and presented by Table VII-37 amounts to Php5,433 million expressed in 2023. The site will
be developed and the facility will be built over a period of five years (inclusive of the conduct
of the detailed design) starting in 2025 and ending in 2029. This evaluation converts the
project costs to current prices by assuming an annual inflation rate of 3% per annum. The
resulting total cost of the project in current prices is Php 6,015.51million.

436. The annual disbursement of funds is based on the proposed implementation

schedule of development work as stipulated in the Technical Study. The resulting annual
disbursement of funds is shown in Table VIII-1.

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Table VIII-111111111111. Annual Disbursement of Funds (in Php million)

Components Total 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029

1. Site Development 254.79 - 63.70 63.70 63.70 63.70

2. Civil Works 882.05 - 220.51 220.51 220.51 220.51
3. Equipment 3,171.02 - 792.75 792.75 792.75 792.75
4. Physical Contigencies 215.39 - 53.85 53.85 53.85 53.85
Sub-Total, Direct Costs 4,523.25 - 1,130.81 1,130.81 1,130.81 1,130.81
6. Land Acquisition 70.00 70.00 - - - -
7. Detailed Design 129.24 129.24 - - - -
8. Supervision 172.31 - 43.08 43.08 43.08 43.08
9. PMO 21.54 4.31 4.31 4.31 4.31 4.31
10. Physical Contingencies,for Items 6-8 - - - - - -
Sub-Total, Indirect Costs 393.09 203.54 47.39 47.39 47.39 47.39
11. VAT 516.94 - 129.24 129.24 129.24 129.24
TOTAL PROJECT COST (in constant 2023 prices) 5,433.28 203.54 1,307.43 1,307.43 1,307.43 1,307.43
12. Increase in Costs due to Inflation
Price Contingencies, for Direct Costs 495.76 - 68.87 104.86 141.93 180.11
Price Contingencies for Indirect Csots 26.88 6.11 2.89 4.39 5.95 7.55
Increase in VAT 59.49 - 8.26 12.58 17.03 21.61
TOTAL PROJECT COST (in current prices) 6,015.41 209.65 1,387.45 1,429.27 1,472.34 1,516.70

B.2. Options for Financing and Operating the WtE Facility

B.2.1. Government to Finance the Implementation of the Project

437. Because the proposed WtE plant will be a public facility, the national or local
government will provide funds (through GAA) for most of components of the Project such as
site development work, civil works, VAT, etc., while the acquisition of equipment will be
financed through ODA. Based on the financing strategy and the weighted average cost of
capital (WACC) of the Project, the calculated WACC is 5.33%.

Table VIII-222222222222. Financing Plan and Cost of Funds

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The loan terms assumed are as follows:

Onetime front-end fee 0.250%
Commitment fee 0.250% on undisbursed balances
Interest Rate 6.8%
Repayment period 15 years
Repayment starts on the 5th year from start of implementation
Interest charges during construction are paid once they are due

438. Adding finance charges and interest during construction (IDC), the project cost then
increases to Php 6,657.63 million. The annual disbursement of equity and borrowing
including finance charges is presented below. Government funding is estimated at Php
2,963.13 million while the ODA loan is estimated at Php 3,694.50 million. Annual loan
amortization for 15 years is estimated at Php 400.53 million.

Table VIII-3. Annual Disbursement of Funds By Source

(Amounts in Php million)
Total 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029
Equity, Devt Cost 2,320.91 209.65 504.37 519.69 535.48 551.73
Land 72.10 72.10
Site Dev 296.86 70.96 73.09 75.28 77.54
CW 1,027.66 245.64 253.01 260.60 268.41
DE 133.11 133.11 -
Supervision 191.20 - 45.70 47.07 48.49 49.94
PMO 23.56 4.44 4.57 4.71 4.85 4.99
VAT 576.43 0.00 137.50 141.82 146.27 150.85
Equity, Finaning Charges 642.22 76.31 126.66 188.02 251.23
front-end fee 9.24 9.24
Commitment Fee 14.20 7.03 4.75 2.41
IDC 618.78 60.05 121.90 185.61 251.23
Total GOP Equity 2,963.13 209.65 580.68 646.35 723.50 802.96
Borrowings
Equipment 3,694.50 883.08 909.58 936.86 964.97
Total Proj Cost, Before Finance Charges 6,015.41 209.65 1,387.45 1,429.27 1,472.34 1,516.70
Total Proj Cost incl. IDC and fin. charges 6,657.63 209.65 1,463.76 1,555.92 1,660.36 1,767.93

B.2.2. The Project as a Hybrid PPP Project

439. An issuance of the PPP Governing Board allows and defines a Hybrid PPP project
as one where the Government and the private sector collaborate in financing and
implementing an infrastructure project. For the proposed WtE project, it is assumed that the
private sector will be responsible for the acquisition of equipment and will also operate the
facility once it is completed. On the other hand, the Government through its own funds and
with ODA assistance, will finance and construct all the other components of the project.

440. The total project cost for the private sector is estimated at Php 4,972.72 million. The
annual disbursement schedule is presented in Table VIII-4.

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Table VIII-444444444444. Annual Disbursement Schedule, Private Sector

(Amounts in Php million)
Component 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 Total
Incineration Facilty 768.80 768.80 768.80 768.80 3,075.21
Pre-treatment system(MBT)/Recycling Sorting Facility 139.01 139.01 139.01 139.01 556.04
Physical Contingencies 45.39 45.39 45.39 45.39 181.56
Price Contigencies 55.29 84.18 113.94 144.59 397.99
VAT 115.57 119.04 122.61 126.29 483.51
First Year O&M - - - 278.44 278.44
Total Project Cost, Private Sector 1,124.06 1,156.42 1,189.75 1,502.52 4,972.76

441. For the private sector, the financing plan and cost of funds are shown in Table VIII-5.

Table VIII-555555555555. Financing Plan and Cost of Funds, Private Sector

Amount, Cost of Weighted
Source of Funds % of cost
Phpmillion Funds Cost
Equity 30% 1,491.83 15% 4.5%
Borrowings 70% 3,480.93 8% 5.6%
WACC 10.10%

442. Based on recent public-private partnership (PPP) projects in the infrastructure sector,
private sector proponents require a return on equity (ROE) of at least 15%. Furthermore, the
current cost of borrowing from commercial banks is 8% with a loan amortization period of
ten years.

443. Considering the above loan terms, the annual amortization for the loan is estimated
at Php518.76 million for a period of ten years starting 2030. Interest during construction
(IDC) and finance charge due upon loan approval will be financed by (additional) equity from
the private sector. The total project cost including bank charges then increases to Php
5,106.59million.

444. The annual disbursement of funds by source is presented below.

Table VIII-666666666666. Annual Disbursement of Funds, Private Sector (in Php

million)
Source of Funds Total 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029
Equity, for Equipment + 1st yr O&M 1,491.83 337.22 346.93 356.93 450.76
Plus: Finance Charges 10.44 10.44
. Commitment Fee 123.39 67.35 47.11 8.92
IDC 663.46 62.95 127.71 194.33 278.47
Total Equity, incl Finance charges 1,625.66 415.01 394.04 365.85 450.76
Borrowings 3,480.93 786.84 809.50 832.83 1,051.76
Total Proj Cost Incl finance Charges 5,106.59 1,201.86 1,203.54 1,198.68 1,502.52

B.2.3. The Project to be Financed and Constructed by the Government and The Private
Sector Operates the Project Upon Completion

445. One scenario assumes that the Government will finance the construction of the
proposed WtE facility. Once the facility is ready for operation, the private sector then comes
in to operate and manage it. The operator will collect the revenues and will also be
responsible for its operation and maintenance. The operator is also required to make

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available an amount equal to the initial O&M cost to make sure that funds are readily
available for the operation and maintenance of the WtE facility.
446. On the other hand, the Government will construct the WtE facility and provide funds
for its construction in the form of government equity and ODA funds, as presented in Table
VIII-3 above.

C. Annual Operation and Maintenance Costs

447. The Technical Study estimated the various items for the annual operating and
maintenance costs and expressed in 2023 prices. These annual costs are converted to
current prices by assuming an annual inflation rate of 3%. On the first year of operation, the
cost of O&M will be Php 278.44 million and will be Php602.85 million by the year 2050, the
21st year of operation. The annual estimates of O&M cost for selected years are presented
in Table VIII-7 below.

Table VIII-7. Annual Operating and Maintenance Costs

(in Php million)
Cost Item 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
Personnel expenses 90.03 104.37 120.99 140.26 162.60
Material expenses 16.53 19.17 22.22 25.76 29.86
Operating expenses 134.88 156.36 181.27 210.14 243.61
Maintenance expenses 24.70 28.63 33.19 38.48 44.61
Replacement Cost - 64.16 74.38 86.22 99.96
Insurance Premium 12.30 14.26 16.53 19.16 22.21
Total O and M Costs 278.44 386.94 448.57 520.02 602.85

D. Projected Annual Revenues

448. The Project is expected to generate revenues in the form of tipping fees, and the sale
of power generated by the WtE facility to the national grid. The proposed facility will have a
capacity of 250 tons per day generating 5.5 MW of power. The Project is assumed to start
operation by 2030 and will operate for 330 days a year to allow maintenance period of 35
days per year.

D.1. Revenues from Tipping Fees

449. This evaluation assumes a tipping fee of Php1,600 per ton for the year 2023. It is
assumed to increase by 3% yearly but increases will be effective once every 3 years so that
in the first year of operations, the tipping fee will be Php1,968 per ton. Table VIII-8 shows
the resulting level of tipping fee for selected years and the corresponding revenues derived
from tipping fees.

Table VIII-888888888888. Projected Annual Revenues from Tipping Fees

2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
Tons per Year 82,500 82,500 82,500 82,500 82,500
Tipping Fee, P/ton 1,968 2,150 2,568 3,066 3,350
Total Revenues, Phpmillion 162.34 177.40 211.82 252.93 276.38

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D.2. Revenues from Generated Power

450. The proposed facility will be designed to generate 5.5MW of electricity, with
fluctuations of +/- 5% therefore there is an average output of about 5.2 MW. Further, the
facility will use about 30% of the generated electricity such that 3.66 MW, or 87,780 kwh
(3.66MW X1000 X 24 hrs) will be available for sale to the electricity distributor or the grid
within the vicinity of the facility.

451. Electricity sales are estimated based on a tariff of Php 6.6 per kwh, (2023 level) and
also assumed to increase by 3% every year, with the increase effective once every 3 years.
By the year 2030, the selling price of generated electricity will be Php8.12 per kwh, and will
be Php13.82 per kwh by the year 2050. The projected revenues from the sale of power for
selected years is presented in Table VIII-9.

Table VIII-999999999999. Projected Annual Revenues from Generated Power

2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
Generated Power for Sale, kwh 87,780 87,780 87,780 87,780 87,780
Selling Price, P/kwh 8.12 8.87 10.59 12.65 13.82
Total Revenues, Phpmillion 235.13 256.94 306.80 366.33 400.30

E. Results of the Evaluation

E.1. Financial Internal Rate of Return (FIRR)

452. The annual stream of costs and revenues for the estimation of the FIRR is presented
in Table VIII-10. below. The evaluation does not consider the financing costs incurred for the
financing of the implementation of the project.

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Table VIII-101010101010101010101010. Financial Internal Rate of Return (Amounts in

Php million)

453. The calculated FIRR for the Project is negative at 3%, hence the Project is financially
non-viable with respect to the three financing options discussed above. Investments poured
into the development of the Project will not be recovered. However, the table also shows
that net revenues during operations are positive, suggesting that revenues generated by the
project will be sufficient to cover annual operating and maintenance costs.

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E.2. Government to Finance the Implementation of the Project, and Operate the Project

454. The resulting projected cash flows during operations for selected years is presented
in Table VIII-11. For the first 15 years of operations, revenues will be sufficient to cover
operating and maintenance costs. However, loan amortizations will result in cash deficits
during this period.

Table VIII-111111111111111111111111. Projected Annual Cash Flows During

Operations,
(In Php million)
2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 2054
Inflows
Revenues from Tipping Fees 162.34 177.40 211.82 252.93 276.38 330.01
Revenues from Generated Power 235.13 256.94 306.80 366.33 400.30 477.98
Total Cash Inflows 397.48 434.33 518.62 619.26 676.68 807.99
Outflows
Operating and Maint Costs 278.44 386.94 448.57 520.02 602.85 566.01
Loan Amortizations 400.53 400.53 400.53 - - -
Total Cash Outflows 678.96 787.47 849.10 520.02 602.85 566.01
Net inflows due to Operations -281.49 -353.14 -330.48 99.23 73.83 241.98

E.3. Private Sector to Finance the Acquisition of Equipment, and Operate the Project

455. One scenario assumes that the private sector will finance the acquisition of the
equipment and then operate the WtE facility as well. The projected annual cash flow during
operation is presented in Table VIII-12 below, which shows that revenues will be sufficient to
cover operating and maintenance costs. However, because loan amortizations have to be
settled, there will be a cash deficits during the 10-year amortization period. Moreover, the
resulting RORe for the private sector is negative. Hence private companies would not be
receptive to the proposed project.

456. To make the Project attractive to prospective investors, subsidies during the loan
repayment period should be extended to them. Estimated annual subsidies during loan
amortizations will be in the amount of Php800 million for the first 5 years of operation and
another Php700 million for the next 5 years. With these annual subsidies, Return on Equity
(ROE) is 15%.

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Table VIII-121212121212121212121212. Projected Annual Cash Flows during

Operations Private Sector
(In Php million)
2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 2054
Inflows
Revenues from Tipping Fees 162.34 177.40 211.82 252.93 276.38 330.01
Revenues from Generated Power 235.13 256.94 306.80 366.33 400.30 477.98
Total Cash Inflows 397.48 434.33 518.62 619.26 676.68 807.99
Outflows
Operating and Maint Costs 278.44 386.94 448.57 520.02 602.85 566.01
Loan Amortizations 518.76 518.76 -
Total Cash Outflows 797.20 905.71 448.57 520.02 602.85 566.01
Net inflows During Operations -399.72 -471.37 70.04 99.23 73.83 241.98
Subsidies from GOP 800.00 700.00
Net Inflows with Subsidies 400.28 228.63 70.04 99.23 73.83 241.98

E.4. GOP to Develop the Project, and Private Sector to Operate the Project

457. A possible scenario would be that the government would develop the project and
encourage the private sector to operate the facility. This would be a contractual
arrangement, i.e., a service contract, and hence no loan amortizations would be paid. The
operator would be likewise required to make funds available, sufficient to support O&M
costs for the first year of operation in the amount of Php278 million. Revenues are projected
to be sufficient enough to cover operating and maintenance costs. Under this scenario, the
operator would share a portion of the revenues to the government in the amount of Php80
million annually for the entire study period.

458. While there will be cash deficits for some years (corresponding to years when some
parts of the equipment will be replaced), accumulated cash will be sufficient to finance these
deficits. The resulting rate of return on equity (ROE) is 15%. Table VIII-13 below presents
the annual cash flows for select years.

Table VIII-13. Annual Cash Flows (with the Private Sector as Operator)
(In Php million)
2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 2054
Inflows
Revenues from Tipping Fees 162.34 177.40 211.82 252.93 276.38 330.01
Revenues from Generated Power 235.13 256.94 306.80 366.33 400.30 477.98
Less: Share of GOP 80.00 80.00 80.00 80.00 80.00 80.00
Total Cash Inflows 317.48 354.33 438.62 539.26 596.68 727.99
Outflows
Operating and Maint Costs 278.44 386.94 448.57 520.02 602.85 566.01
Total Cash Outflows 278.44 386.94 448.57 520.02 602.85 566.01
Net inflows During Operations 39.04 -32.61 -9.96 19.23 -6.17 161.98
Cumulative Net Inflow 39.04 150.22 371.78 677.29 1,073.70 1,612.94

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F. Conclusions

459. The results of the evaluation suggest that because the Project is highly capital
intensive, it is not financially viable. Should the Government decide to allow private sector
participation, the former should be ready to provide subsidies to the latter. Engaging the
private sector for the operation of the facility only will enable the government to share in the
revenues derived from the project.

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Section IX. Economic Evaluation

460. The proposed site of the WtE facility is a kilometer away from the Rizal Province
Sanitary Landfill (RPSLF) where a residential area is found immediately outside its gate.
The land is partially developed and will need an access road stretching at least 0.75km.

461. The site is supposed to be located in an industrial zone as defined in the

Comprehensive Land Use Plan. The site is about 3.30km from the La Mesa Watershed. An
NGCP transmission line passes through the RPSLF while the nearest power substation is
located in the Montalban Methane Corporation, about 1.5km from the site.

462. The close proximity of the proposed WtE facility to the RPSLF means lower costs of
transporting generated ash. One advantage of the proposed site is its distance from the
protected area. The disadvantage is its proximity to a residential community. There is also
available surface water which can be used for the operation of the WtE facility.

463. The generated power in the WtE facility is expected to benefit the host LGU. The
share of the host LGU may be used to subsidize the power supply to the residents. This is
consistent with the municipality’s infrastructure development goal to ensure adequate power
supply. In 2012, about 36.14% of the households in Rodriguez had no access to steady
power supply (Municipality of Rodriguez Rizal, 2012).

464. This economic assessment determines the viability of the proposed WtE facility and
seeks to put forth options for Metro Manila. This study estimates the net economic benefits
of the WtE option in terms of three measures (ADB Guidelines for the Economic Analysis of
Projects, 2017):

a. The economic internal rate of return (EIRR) which should be equal to or higher than
the social discount rate of 10%;

b. The economic net present value (NPV) which should be greater than zero; and

c. The benefit-cost ratio (B/C) which should at least be equal to 1.0 for a project to be
considered economically acceptable.

A. Economic costs

465. The assumptions for the economic cost estimation are as follows:

a. All costs are in 2023 constant prices and use the exchange rate of $1.00 = Php54.0
(or the average for the year);

b. The assets created are assumed to have a 20-year lifespan upon Project completion.

c. Economic costs of capital works and operation and maintenance (O&M) are
calculated from the financial cost estimates, with price contingencies, and taxes and
duties excluded except for physical contingencies.

d. Power will be generated by the WtE plant and sold through the Philippine Electricity
Market Corporation (PEMC);
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e. 10% is used with regard to the economic opportunity cost of capital; and

f. All costs, including capital works and O&M, are valued using the domestic price
numeraire; unskilled labor is adjusted by a shadow wage rate factor of 0.6 and
tradeable inputs, to be adjusted by a shadow exchange rate factor of 1.2.

B. Project benefits

466. WtE projects promote more efficient and sustainable waste management practices
by emphasizing waste reduction, recycling, and energy recovery as part of an integrated
waste management strategy. At present, the domestic waste brought daily to the Rizal
Provincial Sanitary Landfill is estimated at 16,342 ㎥/day based on the specific gravity of 0.2
(ton/㎥). The volume of waste is expected to reach 3,268 tons/day. If incombustibles,
recyclables, and food waste are separated at the material recovery facility (MRF), a
throughput of about 1,665 tons/day can be expected.

467. Considering the initial investment requirement, the safety and reliability factors
affecting the plant’s operation, the plant is to have an incineration capacity of 250 tons/day.
In the proposed project site near the Rizal Provincial SLF, a WtE facility can be constructed
with a total incineration capacity of 250 tons/day. Over time, there is a possibility for
expansion by adding another unit with the same capacity.

468. The economic benefits are defined based on the selected site and design and
Project components specified. Components under the “with project intervention” scenario
include the following:

a. All costs are in 2023 constant prices and use the exchange rate of $1.00 = Php54.0
(or the average for the year).

b. The tons-per-day WtE plant will be close to the landfill for safe disposal of air
pollution control residues and non-marketable bottom ashes.

c. Institutional capacity will be enhanced to operate and manage the WtE plant
efficiently. Public awareness regarding acceptance of the WtE facility and the
reduce-reuse-recycle concept will be generated. The WtE facility will be built far
enough from residential communities.

469. Non-incremental benefits. Non-incremental benefits include reduced health

expenditures for residents near the project area. These benefits are defined as savings in
health expenses because of reduction in diseases related to improper handling of solid
waste (e.g., parasitic and/or vector diseases, intestinal nematode infections, and lower
respiratory diseases) through Project intervention. Specifically, this is calculated as the
average per capita annual health expenditure multiplied by the incidence of diarrheal
diseases, skin diseases, parasitic and/or vector diseases, and respiratory-related diseases
caused by the existing solid waste disposal system.

470. Data on the incidence of diseases which can be linked to solid waste disposal
system came from the socioeconomic survey conducted in this study in communities near
the proposed site in Rodriguez, Rizal.

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Table IX-1 shows the annual incidence of different types of illnesses of the respondent
households for the past year. The 2020 population for Rodriguez was projected for 2023
assuming a modest annual growth of 2%.

Table IX-1. Illnesses of households in the past year

Kind of Illness Frequency Percentage
Illness attributable to solid waste disposal system 17 17%
Asthma 1 1%
Cough 4 4%
Diarrhea 4 4%
Diarrhea, and upper respiratory infection 3 3%
Upper respiratory infection 5 5%
Other illness 59 59%
None 24 24%
Total 100 100%
Source: WtE Socioeconomic Survey, 2023

471. Tipping fees. Tipping fees, also known as gate fees or disposal fees, are charges
that waste generators or haulers pay to dispose of their waste at a landfill, waste transfer
station, or waste-to-energy (WtE) facility. These fees are typically assessed based on the
weight or volume of waste being disposed of and are intended to cover the costs associated
with waste management and disposal services.

472. Tipping fees serve several purposes: (1) cost recovery for operational and
maintenance costs, including landfill construction and maintenance, waste handling,
environmental monitoring, and compliance with regulatory requirements for waste
management facilities; (2) infrastructure investment contributing to financing new waste
management infrastructure, such as the development of state-of-the-art landfills or WtE
facilities; these investments are essential to modernizing waste management practices and
improving environmental sustainability; (3) incentives for waste reduction with waste
generators reducing waste, promoting recycling and waste diversion; higher tipping fees can
make landfill disposal less economically attractive.

473. Tipping fees can vary widely depending on factors such as geographic location, the
type of waste being disposed of, the level of waste diversion and recycling efforts in the
area, and the specific waste management facility. These fees are an important component
of waste management economics and play a role in influencing waste disposal behavior and
environmental sustainability.

474. A tipping fee of PhP 1,600 per ton of waste is assumed in this study.

475. Incremental benefits. Incremental benefits that can be derived from the
construction of a WtE facility include: (i) reduction in the land required for disposal and
extension of the lifespan of existing landfills as volume of waste is significantly reduced; and
(ii) sales of by-products from the processed waste (i.e., electricity, bottom ash, and metals
generated from the WtE plant). Item (i) is considered an incremental benefit because under
a “without project intervention” scenario, the existing landfill may not be sufficient to
accommodate the increasing volume of solid waste in 10 years’ time. Once it starts
operation, the WtE plant is expected to generate 5.5 megawatt-hours (MWh) of electricity
and generate revenues from 3.66 MWh annually, and tons of by-products which can be
monetized.
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476. Another incremental benefit considered was the employment multiplier effect due to
the WtE project. To determine this economic impact, estimates of income or employment
multiplier for utilities, specifically, a WtE project is used. Since no official estimates are
available at the sub-national level, we use the estimated income or employment multiplier
for Region 3 by Cororaton et al., (2021). This study reported a 0.25 employment multiplier
for utilities.10 This estimate was then multiplied by the total annual spending on labor to
establish the employment impact of the project.

477. Environmental impacts. The environmental benefits of WtE projects are contingent
on the adoption of advanced and environmentally responsible technologies, stringent
regulatory controls, and proper operational practices. Well-designed and well-managed WtE
facilities can play a vital role in achieving sustainable waste management and reducing the
environmental impact of waste disposal.

478. Specifically, a WtE project can bring the following benefits: (1) reduction in landfilling
as WtE facilities can significantly reduce the amount of waste that needs to be sent to
landfills; this helps conserve valuable land resources and mitigates environmental hazards
associated with landfills, such as groundwater contamination and methane emissions, a
potent greenhouse gas; (2) greenhouse gas emission reduction by capturing and converting
methane emissions from landfills into energy and by offsetting the use of fossil fuels for
energy generation, contribute to lower carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions; (3) air pollution
control with modern WtE technologies incorporating advanced emission control systems that
effectively capture and treat pollutants (including particulate matter, sulfur dioxide (SO2),
nitrogen oxides (NOx), and heavy metals), produce cleaner air quality, and reduce health
risks in nearby communities.

479. Unquantified benefits. Other benefits that were not quantified due to the
unavailability of data are environmental benefits discussed above. If quantified and added to
the estimates, these benefits will make the WtE project more economically viable.

C. Estimation of Economic Internal Rate of Return

480. The EIRR takes into account the economic benefits of the project based on the value
of incremental and non-incremental benefits. The benefits include the economic values from
generated power, tipping fees, health benefits, and the employment multiplier attributable to
the project compared to the economic costs. The project yields a net present value (NPV) of
PhP 1.366 billion, an EIRR of 13.57% and a benefit cost ratio of 1.28. Overall, the economic
benefits are greater than the economic costs of the Project.

10
Cororaton, C., A. Inocencio, M. Mena, L. Florece, H. Ongkiko, A.D. Inocencio, and A. Capiato. 2021. Tourism Agglomeration
for Region 3- I-O Analysis. Report submitted to NRO3 and NEDA Central Office.
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Table IX-2. Economic Costs and Benefits in PhP million (Base Case)
Power Tipping Health Employment Total Capital O&M Total
Year Net Benefits
Revenue Fee Benefits Multiplier Benefits Expenses Expenses Costs
2025 0 194 0 194 -194
2026 0 1201 0 1201 -1201
2027 0 1237 0 1237 -1237
2028 0 1274 0 1274 -1274
2029 0 1312 0 1312 -1312
2030 211 132 679 14 1036 208 208 828
2031 211 132 679 14 1036 208 208 828
2032 211 132 679 14 1036 208 208 828
2033 211 132 679 14 1036 208 208 828
2034 211 132 679 14 1036 253 253 783
2035 211 132 825 14 1182 208 208 974
2036 211 132 825 14 1182 208 208 974
2037 211 132 825 14 1182 208 208 974
2038 211 132 825 14 1182 208 208 974
2039 211 132 825 14 1182 253 253 929
2040 211 132 1003 14 1360 208 208 1152
2041 211 132 1003 14 1360 208 208 1152
2042 211 132 1003 14 1360 208 208 1152
2043 211 132 1003 14 1360 208 208 1152
2044 211 132 1003 14 1360 253 253 1107
2045 211 132 1219 14 1576 208 208 1368
2046 211 132 1219 14 1576 208 208 1368
2047 211 132 1219 14 1576 208 208 1368
2048 211 132 1219 14 1576 208 208 1368
2049 211 132 1219 14 1576 253 253 1323
EIRR 13.57%
ENPV 1,366
B/C
1.28
ratio

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D. Risk and Sensitivity Analysis

481. A sensitivity analysis was carried out to assess impacts on economic viability if
actual project costs will be higher and/or expected project benefits will be much lower. The
analysis considers a 10% increase in capital and O&M costs, a 10% reduction in expected
benefits, and a combination of the first two scenarios. The sensitivity indicators are
calculated using these potential variations in project costs and benefits.

482. As shown in Table IX-3, the Project would be viable under the first scenario with a
10% higher cost. Under the second and third scenarios, the Project will still have a positive
net present value and an EIRR that is more than the 10% hurdle rate. However, the benefit-
cost ratio is lower than 1, meaning the costs exceed the benefits. However, it is possible that
if the environmental benefits discussed above are quantified, the economic viability of
Scenarios 2 and 3 will improve.

Table IX-3. Sensitivity Analysis

Percentage Change
Scenarios
10%
Scenario 1: Increase in Cost
NPV (PhP million) 874
Benefit Cost Ratio 1.16
EIRR (%) 12.15%
Scenario 2: Decrease in Revenue
NPV (PhP) 738
Benefit Cost Ratio 0.20
EIRR (%) 12.00%
Scenario 3: Scenario 1 + Scenario 2
NPV (PhP) 245
Benefit Cost Ratio 0.19
EIRR (%) 10.63%

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Section X. Environmental Assessment and Initial Environmental Examination (IEE)

A. Scope and Objectives

456. This section aims to assess the environmental concerns on the establishment of A
WtE facility in for Metro Manila. As provided in the TOR, an environmental risk assessment
(as well as the formulation of schedule of monitoring of environmental impacts) needs to be
undertaken. The process is also in line with the prerequisites of the Philippine EIS System
or PD 1586 and the World Bank policy on environmental safeguards.

B. Environmental Assessment

B.1. Project Screening and Scoping

483. Project screening determines whether the Project is covered or not by the Philippine
EIS System.

484. Pursuant to DENR Administrative Order No. 2019-21, otherwise known as

“Guidelines Governing Waste-to-Energy Facilities for the Integrated Management of Solid
Wastes”, WtE projects, regardless of the power generating capacity, are now covered by the
Environmental Impact Statement System and are required to secure an Environmental
Compliance Certificate (ECC). With the target capacity of 200 tons of wastes/day, an IEE
Checklist through an EMB Online Application is required (Table X-1). Subsection X.D
provides the IEE Checklist for the establishment of WtE facilities for Metro Manila.

Table X-1. EMB Online Application Requirement

Project Description Category A: ECP Category B-Non-ECP
EIS EIS IEE Checklist
Waste-to-Energy-Power >30MW or >1,140 Tons >10MW but <30MW, or >1MW but <10MW, or
Projects per day feedstock >380 Tons per day but >38 Tons per day but
not <1,140 Tons per day <380 Tons per day
feedstock feedstock

485. Scoping, on the other hand, identifies the most significant issues/impacts of the
proposed project through baseline data gathering and assessment of such impacts.

486. The following sections present the outcome of the overall site assessment and
recommendations to avoid or mitigate the impacts of establishing and operating the WtE
facility. Otherwise, such impacts should be minimized, or parties affected by them should be
compensated.

B.2. Baseline Environmental Conditions

487. Land, air, water and people are characterized using the information gathered from
the site visit, interviews of stakeholders with the use of structured questionnaires, and
sampling and analysis of air, noise and water.

488. Locations of sensitive receptors were identified within the 1km radius of the proposed
site for the WtE plant. Applicable environmental parameters were tested. Details of the
baseline monitoring are shown below.
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Table X-2. Coordinates of Baseline Sampling Locations

Baseline Conditions Coordinates Sampling Date
Air (AQ1) 14.764472 , 121.158989 July 28-29, 2023
Air (AQ2) Near GW1 August 11- 12, 2023
Surface Water (SW1) 14.77519 , 121.15992 August 10, 2023
Surface Water (SW2) 14.77422 , 121.16045 August 10, 2023
Surface Water (SW3) 14.76832 , 121.16502 August 10, 2023
Surface Water (SW4) 14.76510 , 121.15566 August 10, 2023
Ground Water (GW1) 14.77379 , 121.16953 August 10, 2023
Ground Water (GW2) 14.76443 , 121.15895 August 10, 2023

Figure X-1. Location of Sampling Points for Baseline Conditions

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Figure X-2. Surface Water Sampling Figure X-3. Surface Water Sampling
Location 1 Location 2

Figure X-4. Surface Water Sampling Figure X-5. Surface Water Sampling
Location 3 Location 4

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Figure X-6. Ground Water Sampling Figure X-7. Ground Water Sampling
Location 1 Location 2

Figure X-8. Air Sampling Location 1 Figure X-9. Air Sampling Location 2
Coordinates: 14.764472, 121.158989
(beside GW2)

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B.2.1. Baseline for Water Quality

489. Groundwater and surface water quality tests (Table X-3) were conducted on 10
August 2023. The samples taken from Brgy. San Isidro, Rodriguez, Rizal show an
exceedance of Hexavalent Chromium. This can be attributed to leachates from the landfill
contaminating the water resources in the area. Other contaminants such as nickel,
vanadium, and zinc were also present (but in small amounts) in samples taken from the
upstream section of the river; samples taken from the downstream section show a slightly
larger amount of these contaminants. The presence of cadmium and mercury in the
upstream and downstream sections was found to be within the DENR-EMB Standard for
Class B/C Water.

Table X-3. Laboratory Results for Baseline of Water Quality

B.2.2. Baseline for Ambient Vibration

490. Ambient vibration is the recording, evaluation and interpretation of the vibration
behavior of a structure under ambient influences without artificial excitation. Noise
monitoring is also included in this report, measured from the microphone attached to the
vibration meter.

491. Ground vibration can be caused by construction, equipment or blasting, etc.

Seismographs can be used to measure and record ground vibration. It is measured in terms
of Peak Particle Velocity (PPV) and the units are in mm/s. PPV refer to the movement within
the ground of molecular particles and not surface movement. Ground vibration on a building
or structure should be measured outside the structure and at the ground level. The
displacement value in mm refers to the movement of particles at the surface.

Table X-4. Laboratory Result for Ground Vibration

Station Velocity (mm/s) Average Velocity Average Noise Average Zero
(mm/s) (VbB) Frequency (Hz)
AQ1 1.721 0.585 99.9 49.6
AQ1 1.625 0.765 99.6 20.7

492. For Station 1- Saguingan Station, there are forty-eight 48 recorded events. The
highest reading is 1.721 mm/s averaging 0.585 mm/s/ Frequent passing of light to heavy
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vehicles from time to time was observed, with moderate to heavy rainfall around 1051H-
1101H. These are the ground vibration components that primarily contributed to the
measured vibration level at this Station.

493. For Station 2-Sitio Anginan Station, there are twenty-five (25) recorded events. The
highest reading is 1.625mm/s, averaging 0.765 mm/s. Passing of motorcycles and other
vehicles (light and heavy) from the access road contributes to the data gathered during
monitoring.

494. All values, including the highest, have no effect on the structural integrity of the
station in terms of vibration for all the measured events in the 2 sampling points.

495. For the noise measurement, at Station 1- Saguingan Station, the recorded average
is 99.9VdB with zero crossing frequency of 49.6 Hz while at Station 1- Anginan Station, the
recorded average is 99.6 VdB with zero crossing frequency of 20.7Hz.

496. All stations were compared to the standard based on the proposed land use.
Sampling sites are classified as Category III Non-engineered concrete and masonry (no
plaster).

497. As observed from the results, all of the highest readings per station are within the
standard limit of construction vibration criteria that is based on the FTA-VA-90-1003-06
Table 12.3

Table X-5. Transit Noise and Vibration Federal Transit Administration (FTA) Standards
PPV PPV Approximate
Building Category
(mm/sec) (mm/sec) Lv*
I. Reinforced-concrete, steel or timber
12.7 0.5 102
(no plaster)
II. Engineered concrete and masonry
7.62 0.3 98
(no plaster)
III. Non-engineered timber and masonry
5.08 0.2 94
buildings
IV. Buildings extremely susceptible to
3.04 0.12 90
vibration damages
*RMS velocity in decibels (VdB) re 1micro-inch second
Source: FTA-VA-90-1003-06 Table 12.3

B.2.3. Baseline for Air Quality

498. Table X-7 shows the Ambient Air Analytical results.

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Table X-6. Air and Noise Sampling and Vibration Monitoring Field Data

Table X-7. Ambient Air Analytical Results

Note:
Note 1: Sampling period of eight (8) hours for O3, HCl, and CO. The rest are sampled for 24 (twenty-four) hours.
*Values detected are below the laboratory’s Method Detection Limit
-No standard limit of Pb, Cd, and Hg for 24-hour duration. No standard limit of HCl for 8-hour duration.
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499. The results of the air sampling and analysis for the sampling locations demonstrated
that the ambient concentrations of NO2, SO2, TSP, PM10, CO and O3 are within the
standards stipulated in the IRR of the Philippine Clean Air Act. However, there are no
existing limits for metals such as Pb, Cd and Hg for 24-hour duration. WHO global air quality
guidelines of 2007 and 2021 focus only on particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), ozone,
nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide.

500. Pursuant to Republic Act 8749, concentration of Pb, Cd and HCl per averaging time
below can be evaluated further during the DED stage.

Table X-8. National Ambient Air Quality Standards

Parameter Value/Sampling Duration
Pb 1.5 μg/Ncm (3 months) Per National Ambient Air
1.0 μg/Ncm (1 year) Quality Guideline Values
Pb 20 μg/Ncm (30 minutes) Per National Ambient Air
Cd 0.01 mg/Ncm (30 minutes) Quality Standards for Source
HCl 200 mg/Ncm (30 minutes) or specific air pollutants from
0.13 ppm (30 minutes) Industrial Sources/
Operations
Source: RA 8749 (Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999)

Note: 1 μg (Micrograms) = 0.001 mg (Milligrams); Ncm = Volume of gas at a standard

temperature and pressure.

Table X-9. Measured Noise Level Analytical Results

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501. The results of noise level measurement were compared to the standards based on
the proposed land use within the sampling location. Both sampling locations are considered
as Category A (Section which is primary used for Residential Area).

502. As observed from the table, the Max values (dBA) were only read momentarily and
will not affect the results in general. The median noise values for both stations (all time
zones) exceed the standard limits based on the NPCC Memorandum Circular No. 002
Series of 1980

B.3. Environmental Setting

503. San Isidro, Rodriguez, Rizal. A location map is shown in Figure X-10.

Figure X-10. Proposed Site for the WtE Facility

B.4. Impact Assessment and Mitigation Measures

504. The potential impacts of the Project on the environment are presented below:

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Table X-10. Potential Impacts of the Project on the Environment

and Proposed Mitigation Measures
Potential Impacts Mitigation
Inconsistency with CLUP • Project proponent should ensure compliance with the zoning
ordinance.
Geology/Geohazards • Engineering Geological and Geohazard Assessment/Geotechnical
Studies should be conducted. Findings should be considered during
the DED.
• Adequate and appropriate slope and erosion protection as well as
soil conservation measures should be undertaken in sloping areas.
Impacts on flora and fauna • A location with less impact on flora and fauna should be selected.
• DENR requirements particularly on affected trees and possible
fauna should be complied with.
Water ponding; flooding • Hydrological investigation should be conducted as input to
DED/Drainage Plan preparation.
Generation of wastes/air and • RA 9003 (Ecological Solid Wastes Management Act), RA 8749
water pollution (Clean Air Act), RA 9725 (Clean Water Act), RA 6969 (Toxic
Substances and Hazardous and Nuclear Wastes) should be
complied with.
• National Ambient Air Quality Standards and Effluent Standards
should be adhered to.
• Appropriate air and water pollution control facilities should be put
up. Pollution Control Officer should be designated to take charge of
waste management, air and water pollution control, and to
periodically report to DENR-EMB.
On-site health and safety • A health and safety plan should be formulated and implemented.
• Contractor and subcontractors should abide by Health and Safety
laws.
Natural and man-made events: • Site conditions (e.g., wind, geohazards, flooding vulnerabilities, etc.)
land subsidence, earthquakes, should be appraised in regard to the final selection of the location
flooding, typhoons, fire, and and design of the WtE facility. A disaster risk reduction and
other natural disasters management plan should be mapped out and coordination efforts
should be initiated. Emergency and evacuation plans should be
formulated.

505. During the operation of the facility, considerable exceedance on the limit for pollution
may increase potential adverse health impacts. Literature states that poorly fed WtE facilities
may emit concentrated toxins with serious potential health risks, such as dioxins/furans and
heavy metals. Poorly designed as well as aging of the facility will also affect operational
efficiencies. These factors if not appropriately addressed will result to non-compliance with
pollution regulations and may lead to closure of the plant. Development of manual of
operation is necessary for the effectiveness and efficiency of the WtE system and sustain its
designed life.

B.5. Institutional Arrangement

506. The players with respect to the implementation of environmental impact, institutional
arrangements and responsibilities are presented below.

B.5.1. Construction Phase

Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA)

507. The MMDA is the implementing agency responsible for the establishment of the WtE
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facility. It will undertake project activities using its existing institutional setup. The MMDA will
have the added responsibility of ensuring that all parties involved in this Project, the
Contractors most especially, will abide by their respective responsibilities (including
environmental and social monitoring, evaluation and reporting) as stipulated in the EMP.

508. The Project Director (PD) at MMDA will be responsible for overall guidance, internal
coordination, discussion and resolution of project matters with counterparts in other
government agencies. The project manager (PM) to be designated by MMDA will provide
day-to-day support to the PD and will have the responsibility of ensuring that the Project
Operation Manual (POM) is adhered to, environment and social activities are implemented,
all consultants follow their terms of reference and delivery schedule, project activities are
carried out on schedule and within budget, and financial management reports are submitted
on time.

MMDA’s Social and Environment Officers (SEO)

509. MMDA will assign a Social and Environment Officer and at least one Social
Specialist who will be responsible for ensuring the efficient execution and management of
the Project’s social and environment components by exercising oversight functions, doing
document reviews, conducting site visits, regularly interacting with the contractor,
construction supervisors, workers, local authorities, and local communities.

510. The assigned environmental and social specialists are tasked to supervise the
contractors’ compliance with their contractual obligations, duties and responsibilities which
entail actual visits to the project location at least once a month during the project’s
construction phase. Upon completion of each site visit, the SEO will prepare a Monitoring
Report that puts emphasis on problematic issues, and the timeline for their resolution. It is
recommended that the SEO hold regular monthly meetings with the Project Manager,
contractor and Consultants.

511. The SEO will report to the PM and PD and work under the guidance of the PM. The
MMDA SEO and social specialist are expected to work harmoniously with their counterparts
from the Consultants’ group. The SEO will be responsible for:

a) implementing and monitoring the performance of environment and social mitigation

measures;
b) identifying and screening key environmental issues that will be included in the final
scoping report;
c) monitoring the implementation and impacts of environmental and social activities
being carried out by the Consultants; and
d) providing monthly reports to the PM and PD.

Supervision Consultant

512. The Supervision Consultant will be responsible for construction supervision,

equipment installations, implementation monitoring, as well as project performance
monitoring and evaluation of the WtE facility. It is expected that the Supervision Team will
have at least one Environment and Social Officer as part of the team. The Supervision
Team’s Environmental and Social Specialist(s) will be responsible for:

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a) supporting the MMDA PMO by conducting capacity building/training programs,

providing inputs to guide the development of work plans, producing monitoring and
progress reports, conducting site visits, etc.;
b) leading the drafting of required environment and social documents;
c) ensuring minimum disruption/damage to the environment and communities at the
project site by making sure, through regular monitoring of the impacts of construction
work, that the contractors' methodology is in sync with the safeguards specified in the
EMP, and assisting the MMDA PMO in preparing monthly progress reports;
d) regularly monitoring the contractor’s environmental and social accomplishments vis-
a-vis the specific deliverables and schedule set down in the EMP; and
e) preparing Environmental and Social Monitoring Reports including Project Progress
reports;

Civil Works Contractor

513. The contractor shall be responsible for implementing most, if not all, the measures
recommended in the EMP pertaining to the mitigation of the Project’s environment and
social impacts. The contractor may also be assigned responsibilities linked to other
documents such as the Resettlement Plan and the Gender Action Plan. The contractor
shall:

a) designate a full-time Environment Health and Safety Officer who will be responsible
for the development and implementation of occupational safety and health
enhancement protocols in the project location;
b) prepare and submit a management plan for review by the Consultants for approval
by MMDA and the WB on how the contractor will comply with the EMP (Contractor’s
EMP – CEMP) and other project documents if required (RAP, GAP, etc);
c) provide sufficient funding and human resources for the implementation of the EMP;
d) ensure proper and timely implementation of required pre-construction and
construction mitigation measures specified in the EMP; and
e) implement additional environmental and/or social mitigation measures as necessary.

B.5.2. Operation Phase

514. The duties and responsibilities of the Pollution Control Officer (PCO) shall include the
following:

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1. Ensure the project’s compliance with the requirements of PD 1586, RA 6969, RA

8749, RA9003, RA 9275, their respective implementing rules and regulations
(IRRs), and other pertinent rules and regulations.
2. Identify significant environmental aspects and impacts of the establishment’s
operational activities and recommend appropriate mitigation measures in the
formulation/preparation and/or review of the Environmental Management Plan
and Contingency Plan.
3. Attend to all permit and registration requirements prior to the construction,
installation, or operation of pollution sources and control facilities.
4. Ensure the proper performance, operation, and maintenance of the following
environmental management facilities or systems that will be installed in the
facility such as:
• wastewater treatment facilities
• air pollution control devices referred to in DAO 2000-03
• hazardous waste management storage areas (permanent or
temporary)
• solid waste segregation/management facilities (i.e., MRFs, sanitary
landfills and composting facilities, etc.)
• environmental monitoring devices such as continuous emission
monitoring systems, air monitoring stations, effluent flow
metering/measuring devices, groundwater monitoring wells, and
other environmental monitoring devices.

5. Ensure that hazardous wastes disposed of off-site are covered by a Permit to

Transport. (Each transport is covered by a Hazardous Waste Manifest duly
signed by the transporter and TSD facility and with the corresponding Certificate
of Treatment (COT) duly signed by the TSD facility. Copies of the signed
Hazardous Waste Manifest and COT shall be submitted to the concerned EMB
Regional Office in accordance with DENR Adm. Or. No. 2004-36.)
6. Ensure that transport vehicles are properly operated and maintained. (This
requirement is applicable only to hazardous wastes transporters.)
7. Ensure that Treatment Storage and Disposal (TSD) facilities for hazardous
wastes are properly operated and maintained. (This requirement is applicable
only to operators of TSD facilities for hazardous wastes.)
8. Monitor compliance with the requirements specified in the Environmental
Compliance Certificate and the commitments stipulated in the Environmental
Management and Monitoring Plans or Environmental Performance Report and
Management Plans, and include the same in the Compliance Monitoring Report
(CMR).
9. Monitor activities pertaining to the installation or construction of pollution source
and control facilities to ensure compliance with the National Emission Standards
for Source Specific Air Pollutants and National Ambient Air Quality Standards
and report monitoring results to DENR as part of the Self-Monitoring Report
(SMR).

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10. Monitor activities pertaining to the operation and maintenance of pollution control
facilities to ensure compliance with the Effluent Standards and report monitoring
results to DENR as part of the SMR.
11. Monitor the use of chemicals, especially those listed under the Priority Chemicals
List (PCL) and those with Chemical Control Orders (CCO) and the generation of
solid and hazardous wastes. Monitoring data shall be submitted as part of the
SMR and the PCL Compliance Certificate.
12. Report in writing within twenty-four (24) hours from the occurrence of any of the
following environmental incidents to the concerned EMB Regional Office, as the
case may be:
• breakdown of any pollution source and/or control facility or
monitoring instruments; or
• release (e.g., leaks, spills, etc.) of chemicals or hazardous wastes to
environmental media
13. Report in writing within twenty-four (24) hours from securing of the results of
laboratory analysis or from online monitoring instruments any exceedance of
effluent and/or emission standards.
The Report covering Items 14 and 15 above shall include the following:
• Date/time of the incident, cause(s) of the incident, and a description
of the incident detailing the following:
• Estimated amount of chemicals or hazardous wastes, emissions
and/or effluents released to the receiving environment; and
• Interim/contingency measures to mitigate any potential negative
impacts.
14. Coordinate regulatory programs and activities with the city/provincial/ municipal
governments (if applicable).
15. Initiate and intensify environmental management activities including an
awareness campaign within their organization.
16. Participate in multi-partite monitoring team activities and meetings, where
applicable.
B.6. Environmental Management Plan

515. The IEE report includes an Environmental Management Plan (EMP), which contains
the proposed mitigation measures for anticipated environmental impacts and an
environmental monitoring plan that includes provisions on human and financial resources
required for its implementation. For purposes of consistency, the EMP to be implemented is
the EMP presented in the IECC Checklist.

C. Environmental Monitoring Plan

516. Monitoring is the method of ensuring mitigation measures are being implemented
effectively. Depending on the requirements, it may be performed monthly, quarterly and
semiannually.

517. Monitoring of environmental quality due to the project should be started as early as
the preconstruction stage. This is referred to as baseline monitoring, which will be carried
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out again during the construction and operation phase. The parameters, location and
frequency for each stage of the Project are presented in Table X-11.

Table X-11. Environmental Quality Schedule of Monitoring

Environmental Risk Schedule of Monitoring
Parameters Location Frequency
Preconstruction phase
(by MMDA through the FS
Consultants)
Air/noise pollution Total suspended particulates TBD Once during FS stage
(TSP), PM10, NOx, CO, furans,
dioxins, noise
Surface water pollution BOD, OG, temperature, color, TBD Once during FS stage
TSS, pH, DO, FC, TC
Groundwater contamination BOD, OG, temperature, color, TBD Once during FS stage
(if applicable in the area) TSS, pH, DO, FC, TC
Construction phase
(by Contractor)
Air/noise pollution Total suspended particulates TBD Start of construction work
(TSP), PM10, NOx, CO, furans,
dioxins, noise
Surface water pollution BOD, OG, temperature, color, TBD Quarterly or as needed
TSS, pH, DO, FC, TC
Groundwater contamination BOD, OG, temperature, color, TBD Quarterly or as needed
(if applicable in the area) TSS, pH, DO, FC, TC
Operation phase
(by MMDA)
Air/noise pollution Total suspended particulates TBD Quarterly or as needed
(TSP), PM10, NOx, CO, furans,
dioxins, noise
Surface water pollution BOD, OG, temperature, color, TBD Quarterly or as needed
TSS, pH, DO, FC, TC
Groundwater contamination BOD, OG, temperature, TBD Quarterly or as needed
color, TSS, pH, DO, FC, TC

518. On the review of the ECC Application submitted to DENR-EMB, a final

Environmental Monitoring Plan (EMP) will be used for actual project monitoring.

D. Initial Environmental Examination

519. Appendix 5 shows the Initial Environmental Examination for the WtE project
following the DENR-EMB Outline.

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Section XI. Social Assessment

A. Introduction

520. The WtE potential site at the Rizal Provincial Sanitary Landfill will not directly affect
any structure or household and thereby no displacement or resettlement will be required.
However, there are structures found along the road and are distanced from each other for
about 100m-200m. Although the landfill itself is secured and fenced off. There are residents
living just outside the site but close to the landfill. Majority of these residents derived their
income from the landfill.

521. While land acquisition does not necessarily require the displacement of people
occupying or using the land, it may have an effect on the living standards of people who
depend on resources located in, on, or around that land. In this case, it may affect the
livelihood of people who live, work, or otherwise depend on the land acquired.

522. Since part of the social safeguard policy is to ensure that people who are physically
or economically displaced as a result of a project ends up no worse off and preferably better
off- than they were before the project was undertaken, there is a need to determine the host
community’s socio-economic conditions as basis for the planning of appropriate mitigating
measures to enhance or replace lost assets of the project affected people.

523. In as much as there were no households that will be directly affected by the project,
the conduct of the socio-economic and perception survey was conducted randomly to 100
respondents from 4 sitios of the barangay where the landfill is located. The respondents
were from Sitio Lukutang Maliit, Lukutang Malaki, Gatche and Bambarin, all from Brgy. San
Isidro

524. Appendix 6 shows the Socioeconomic Survey Questionnaire.

B. Socio-Economic Survey Results Figure XI-1. Gender of

Respondents
B.1. Demographic Data

B.1.1. Gender

525. Majority of the respondents were female as

represented by 71% while the rest of the 29% were male.
(Figure XI-1).

B.1.2. Number of Household Members

526. Average number of household members were 4 as signified by (21%), followed by 3

household members (18%). Only one of the respondents has 11 household members.
Those who were alone by themselves were represented by 4%.

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Table XI-1. Number of Household Member

Number of Household Members Frequency Percentage
1 4 4%
2 16 16%
3 18 18%
4 21 21%
5 17 17%
6 15 15%
7 4 4%
8 2 2%
9 2 2%
11 1 1%
Total 100 100%

B.1.3. Relationship of Respondent to Household Head

527. Majority of the respondents are the spouses comprising 35% while the head of
household comprised 30%.

Table XI-2. Relationship of Respondent to Head of Household

Relationship of Respondent to Head of Household Frequency Percentage
Spouse 35 35%
Head of household 30 30%
Live-in partner 33 33%
Stepdaughter 1 1%
Grandchild 1 1%
Total 100 100%

B.1.4. Age of Respondents

528. Among the respondents, 25% were between 18 and 30 years old. Another 22% were
within the age range of 31-40. The age ranging from 41 to 50 were represented by 21%.
The elderly group represented by ages 51 to 60 and above were represented by 16%.
(Figure XI-2 and Table XI-3.
Figure XI-2. Age of Respondent
Table XI-3. Age of Respondent
Age of Frequency Percentage
Respondent 16%
18 - 30 25 25% 25% 18 - 30
31 - 40 22 22% 31 - 40
41 - 50 21 21% 41 - 50
16%
51 - 60 16 16% 51 - 60
Above 60 16 16% Above 60
Total 100 100% 22%
21%

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B.1.5. Marital Status

Figure XI-3. Marital Status

529. The majority of the respondents were 6% Married

common law partners (43%), followed by 6%
those who were married (39%). A few Separated
39%
respondents were widows (6%), while those Common Law
who were separated (6%), and those who Partner
Widow
were single (6%) (Figure XI-3). 43%
Single
6%

B.1.6. Residence of Respondents

530. The survey was conducted between August 4 and 8, 2023 on four (4) Sitios that are
near the Rizal Provincial Sanitary Landfill, the proposed WtE site location. Majority of the
respondents are from Sitio Lukutang Maliit with 65%, followed by Sitio Lukutang Malaki at
30%, and a few of the respondents are from Sitio Gatche and Sitio Bambanin.

Table XI-4. Residence of Respondent

Residence of Respondent (Sitio) Frequency Percentage
Lukutang Maliit 65 65%
Gatche 3 3%
Bambanin 2 2%
Lukutang Malaki 30 30%
Total 100 100%

B.1.7. Birthplace

531. Among the respondents, 12% are from Aklan Province, 10% are from Rizal, 10% are
from Metro Manila, while the rest are from different provinces all over the Philippines.

Table XI-5. Birthplace of Respondent

Birthplace of Respondent Frequency Percentage
Rizal 14 14%
Aklan 12 12%
Metro Manila 10 10%
Rizal 9 9%
Leyte 4 4%
Masbate 4 4%
Albay 3 3%
Camarines Sur 3 3%
Capiz 3 3%
Iloilo 3 3%
Negros Oriental 3 3%
Bicol 2 2%
Camarines Norte 2 2%
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Birthplace of Respondent Frequency Percentage

Northern Samar 2 2%
Nueva Vizcaya 2 2%
Zambales 2 2%
Samar 2 2%
Agusan del Norte 1 1%
Agusan del Sur 1 1%
Bataan 1 1%
Bulacan 1 1%
Cebu 1 1%
Eastern Samar 1 1%
Isabela 1 1%
Metro Manila 1 1%
Masbate 1 1%
Mindoro 1 1%
Camarines Sur 1 1%
North Cotabato 1 1%
Palawan 1 1%
Pangasinan 1 1%
Quezon 1 1%
Quirino 1 1%
Southern Leyte 1 1%
Tarlac 1 1%
Isabela 1 1%
Zamboanga 1 1%
Total 100

B.2. Level of Educational Attainment

532. Respondents who are elementary graduates are represented by 16%, followed by
12% who have reached 4th grade. Those who graduated from high school are represented
by 10 %. Only 1% have completed a college course.

Table XI-6. Level of Educational Attainment

Level of Educational Attainment Frequency Percentage
No Formal Education 2 2%
Grade I 3 3%
Grade II 6 6%
Grade III 8 8%
Grade IV 12 12%
Grade V 4 4%
Grade VI 7 7%
Grade 7/1st Yr HS 4 4%
Grade 8/2nd Yr HS 9 9%
Grade 9/3rd Yr HS 3 3%
Grade 10/4th Yr HS 6 6%

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Level of Educational Attainment Frequency Percentage

Grade 12 2 2%
3rd Year Tech/Voc 1 1%
2nd Year College 2 2%
3rd Year College 1 1%
4th Year College or higher 1 1%
Post Grad w/ units 1 1%
Elementary Graduate 16 16%
High School Graduate 10 10%
College Graduate 1 1%
Not stated 1 1%
Total 100 100%

B.3. Employment and Income

B.3.1. Work or Occupation

533. The large percentage of respondents (37%) are housewives. The second larger
group that comprised 25% are the scavengers, while 16% are businessmen (including
SMSEs).

Table XI-7. Work or Occupation of Respondent

Work or Occupation of Respondent Frequency Percentage
Housewife 37 37%
Scavenger 25 25%
Businessman (including SMSEs) 16 16%
Dependent (OSY, Senior Citizen, Infant, PWD) 6 6%
Employed (Public/Private) 3 3%
Launderer 2 2%
Driver 2 2%
Student 2 2%
Street Sweeper 1 1%
Charcoal Maker 1 1%
Stick Maker 1 1%
Collector 1 1%
Elected Barangay Official 1 1%
Unemployed 1 1%
Not stated 1 1%
Total 100 100%

B.3.2. Monthly Income

534. Among the respondents, 40% or the majority has no regular monthly income. 26%
earn between PhP 1,000 and PhP 4,999 monthly, and 17% earn between PhP 5,000 and
PhP 9,999 monthly.

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Table XI-8. Monthly Income

Monthly Income Frequency Percentage
None 40 40%
Less than 1,000 6 6%
1,000-4,999 26 26%
5,000-9,999 17 17%
10,000-14,999 4 4%
15,000-19,999 3 3%
20,000-24,999 2 2%
30,000 and above 1 1%
Not stated 1 1%
Total 100 100%

B.3.3. Household Expenditures

a. Monthly Expenditure

535. Majority or 45% of respondents have a monthly average expenditure between PhP
1,000 and PhP 5,000.

Table XI-9. Average Monthly Expenditure of Household

Average Monthly Expenditure of Household Frequency Percentage
PhP 500 or less 1 1%
PhP 500 - 1,000 4 4%
PhP 1,000 - 5,000 45 45%
PhP 5,000 - 10,000 39 39%
PhP 10,000 -15,000 8 8%
PhP 15,000 - 20,000 2 2%
PhP 20,000 and above 1 1%
Total 100 100%

b. Existing Loan

536. Only 17% of the respondents have an existing loan (Figure XI-4).

537. Among those with existing loans, the majority or 47% of the purpose is for food
(Table XI-10).
Figure XI-4. Respondents with
Table XI-10. Purpose of Loan Existing Loan
Purpose of Loan Frequency Percentage
Food 8 47%
Children's needs 1 6% 17%
Capital for business 1 6%
House repair 1 6%
Tuition fee 2 12% 83%
Basic needs (not enough budget) 4 24%
Total 17 100%
NO YES
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538. Majority of the source of loans are the local store or tienda (24%), neighbor (24%), or
Bombay (24%).

Table XI-11. Source of Loan

Source of Loan Frequency Percentage
Local store (Tienda) 4 24%
Neighbor 4 24%
Bombay or 5/6 4 24%
Lending 2 12%
ASA Foundation 1 6%
Cooperative 1 6%
Sibling 1 6%
Total 17 100%

B.3.4. Average Monthly Savings

539. 86% or majority of respondents said they are not able to save monthly.

Table XI-12. Average Monthly Saving of Household

Average Monthly Saving of Frequency Percentage
Household
None 86 86%
PhP 200 or less 1 1%
PhP 500 or less 3 3%
PhP 1,000 or less 4 4%
PhP 2,500 or less 4 4%
PhP 5,000 or less 1 1%
PhP 10,000 or less 1 1%
Total 100 100%

B.3.5. Business Entity

a. Business Classification

540. The majority of the respondents, or Figure XI-5. Business Classification

80% have no business (Table XI-13). 15%

Single
Table XI-13. Business Classification 5% Proprietorship
Business Frequency Percentage Partnership
Classification
None 80 80% Family
Business
Single 16 16%
Proprietorship
Partnership 1 1%
80%
Family Business 3 3%
Total 100 100%

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541. Among those with businesses, the Figure XI-6. Nature of Business
majority are classified as sole proprietors, 5% are
in partnerships, and 15% are in a family business. 10%
(Figure XI-5) 5% Sari Sari Store

10% Carinderia/Res
b. Nature of Business taruant
Barbeque
542. Among the nature of businesses, 75% own Shop
a sari-sari store, 10% run a carinderia or restaurant
business, 10% have piggery business, and 5% 75%
own a barbeque business. (Figure XI-6)
Figure XI-7. Business License
c. Business License

543. In terms of business license, 65% of No license

respondents have their barangay clearance, 30% 5%
do not own a business license, and only 5% have 30%
Barangay
the mayor's permit. (Figure XI-7) Clearance
65% only
d. Years of Business Operation Mayor's
Permit
544. For the years of business operation, the
majority or 45% have been in operation between 1 and 3 years. 15% have been in operation
between 6 months and 1 year, 15% in 6 months or less, and 10% between 5 and 10 years.

Table XI-14. Years of Business Operation

Years of Business Operation Frequency Percentage
6 months or less 3 15%
6 months to 1 year 3 15%
1 to 3 years 9 45%
3 to 5 years 1 5%
5 to 10 years 2 10%
10 to 20 years 1 5%
20 to 50 years 1 5%
Total 20 100%

e. Number of Employees

545. Majority or 95% of businesses has no Figure XI-8. Number of Employees

employee while 5% has one employee. (Figure 5%
XI-8)
No employee
One

95%

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f. Average Monthly Sale

546. The majority, or 38% of the business have an average monthly sale of less than or
equal to PhP 5,000, followed by the 33% whose
Figure XI-9. Average Monthly Sale
average sale is less than or equal to PhP
1,000. 14% have an average sale of less than or Less than or equal
equal to PhP 10,000, 10% have a monthly sale 5% to PhP 1,000

of less than or equal to PhP 20,000 on average, 10%

Less than or equal
and the remaining 5% average PhP 30,000 or 33% to PhP 5,000

less monthly. (Figure XI-9) 14%

Less than or equal
to PhP 10,000

g. Average Annual Sale Less than or equal

to PhP 20,000

547. Majority or 29% of businesses reach PhP 38% Less than or equal
20,000 on average annual sale, while only 5% to PhP 30,000

average above PhP 300,000 on annual sale.

(Figure XI-10)
Figure XI-10. Average Annual Sale
Less than or equal
h. Livelihood Rehabilitation to PhP 10,000
5% 9%
Less than or equal
to PhP 20,000
548. Should the proposed project affect their 19%
Less than or equal
livelihood, 32% of the respondents recommended to PhP 50,000
that there should be provision of livelihood or 29%
Less than or equal
source of income, while 15% said they should be 19%
to PhP 100,000

relocated and also be provided livelihood. (Table Less than or equal

to PhP 300,000
XI-15) 19% Above PhP
300,000

Table XI-15. Recommendation to keep livelihood

Recommendation to keep livelihood Frequency Percentage
Provision of livelihood / source of income 32 32%
No idea 22 22%
Relocation and provision of livelihood / source of income 15 15%
Not applicable 9 9%
Relocation to a safe and clean environment 8 8%
Housing provision 4 4%
Aid from the LGU 6 6%
Discontinue the project 4 4%
Total 100 100%

549. Respondents were asked what skill or trade they would be interested in to turn into a
livelihood and were allowed multiple answers. The majority identified cooking and baking
(20%), followed by sewing (15%), and 11% of respondents identified entrepreneurship as a
skill they'd be interested in learning. (Table XI-16)

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Table XI-16. Other Skills or Trade of Respondent

Other skills or trade respondent is interested to Frequency Percentage
learn to turn into a livelihood
Cooking / baking 44 20%
Sewing 32 15%
Entrepreneurship 25 11%
Massage therapy 17 8%
Carpentry 13 6%
Hair styling / cosmetology 12 6%
Driving 11 5%
No idea 10 5%
Welding 9 4%
Dental assistance 7 3%
Electronics Technology 7 3%
Automotive 6 3%
Vender 6 3%
Construction / masonry 5 2%
Not applicable 5 2%
Computer programming 3 1%
Nursing 3 1%
Technician 3 1%
Total 218 100%

B.4. Residency

B.4.1. Reason for Moving to Present Address

550. Among the reasons cited as to why the respondents moved to their current place of
residence, majority of them claimed due to the proximity to their work location (29%). Some
moved in order to be closer to relatives (23%) or because of marriage (22%). (Table XI-17)

Table XI-17. Reason for moving to present address

Reason for moving to present address Frequency Percentage
Proximity to workplace 29 29%
Proximity to relatives 23 23%
Marriage 22 22%
Bought own property 8 8%
Relatively low cost of living 7 7%
Place of birth 5 5%
Relocated / House was sold or demolished 3 3%
Other - not specified 1 1%
Property given by family/relative 1 1%
House was sold/demolished 1 1%
Total 100 100%
B.4.2. Length of Residency

551. A large percentage of the respondents (43%) have been living in the area for over 20
years. Those who’ve lived in the area for 20 years or less comprised 29% while those who
have been staying for 10 years or less comprised 20%. (Table XI-18)

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Table XI-18. Years of Residency

Years of Residency No. of Respondents Percentage
2 years or less 4 4%
10 years or less 20 20%
20 years or less 29 29%
Above 20 years 43 43%
Above 50 years 4 4%
Total 100 100%

B.4.3. Household Type

552. For the types of households, the nuclear type is the majority at 80%, followed by the
extended type at 15%, and the remaining 5% is the singular household. (Table XI-19)

Table XI-19. Household Type

Household Type No. of Respondents Percentage
Singular 5 5%
Nuclear 80 80%
Extended 15 15%
Total 100 100%

Figure XI-11. Member of 4Ps or

Financial Aid Sector

B.5. Organizational Affiliation

12%
Yes
B.5.1. Membership in 4P’s or Other Sectors Providing
Financial Assistance No

88%
553. Majority of the respondents, comprising 88%, including
their household members are not members of any sectors
providing financial assistance. Nevertheless, there are 12% households who declared being
members of the 4Ps. (Figure XI-11).

B.5.2. Ethnicity Figure XI-12. Ethnicity

1% Tagalog
554. Among the respondents, the Tagalogs 8%
comprises the majority at 47%, followed by 7% Cebuano/Bisaya
1%
Bisaya at 27%. The rest are either Ilocano, Ilocano
Bicolano or Waray. Only one respondent is a 9%
47% Kapampangan
Kampampangan and one is an Ilonggo. (Figure
XI-12) Bicolano

Waray
B.5.3. Religion 27%
Ilonggo

555. Majority of the respondents at 62% are

Roman Catholics. Some are Seventh Day Adventists (16%) and Born-Again Christians
(10%). The rest belong to the Iglesia ni Cristo (7%), Islam (3%), Jerusalem (1%), and
Church of Jesus Christ LDS (1%). (Table XI-20)
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Table XI-20. Religion

No. of
Religion Percentage
Respondents
Roman Catholic 62 62%
Islam 3 3%
Seventh Day Adventist 16 16%
Iglesia ni Cristo 7 7%
Born Again Christian 10 10%
Jerusalem 1 1%
Church of Jesus Christ LDS 1 1%
Total 100 100%

B.6. Housing And Resource

B.6.1. House Ownership

556. Majority of the respondents (62%) own their house. The 21% live with their relatives,
9% are caretakers of the house they live in, the 6% live in a house owned by others, and the
remaining 2% are either renting, boarding or bed spacing.

Table XI-21.Type of House Ownership

Type of House Ownership No. of Respondents Percentage
Owned 62 62%
Living with Relatives 21 21%
Rent/Board/Bedspace 2 2%
Caretaker 9 9%
Other Property Owner/Landlord 6 6%
Total 100 100%

B.6.2. Type of Housing Unit

557. Almost all or 97% of the respondents live in single detached or bungalow type of
housing, 2% live in row housing, while one respondent lives in a two-storey house.

Table XI-22. Type of Housing Unit

Type of Housing Unit No. of Respondents Percentage
Singe Detached/Bungalow 97 97%
Two-Storey 1 1%
Row House 2 2%
Total 100 100%

B.6.3. Type of Roofing Material

558. In terms of the different roofing materials of the houses of respondents, majority of
houses or 24% have roofing made of light materials, followed by concrete or heavy
materials at 22%. Some use salvaged or makeshift materials for their roofing (20%). Sharing
equal percentage of 14% are those made of mixed with mostly light materials and mixed
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with mostly salvaged materials. The least type of roofing at 6% are those mixed with mostly
heavy materials.

Table XI-23. Type of Roofing Material

Type of Roofing Material No. of Respondents Percentage
Concrete / Heavy Materials 22 22%
Light Materials 24 24%
Salvaged / Makeshift Materials 20 20%
Mixed materials, mostly heavy 6 6%
Mixed materials, mostly light 14 14%
Mixed materials, mostly salvaged 14 14%
Total 100 100%

B.6.4. Type of Wall Material

559. Majority of wall materials among the households are made of light materials
comprising 37% of respondents. Others are made of mixed materials. Only one
respondent’s house looks like a shed with no wall.

Table XI-24. Type of Wall Material

Type of Wall Material No. of Respondents Percentage

Concrete / Heavy Materials 19 19%

Light Materials 37 37%
Salvaged / Makeshift Materials 7 7%
Mixed materials, mostly heavy 4 4%
Mixed materials, mostly light 15 15%
Mixed materials, mostly salvaged 17 17%
No wall 1 1%
Total 100 100%

B.7. Health and Nutrition

B.7.1. Sickness in the Past Year

560. This section shares information on whether the respondent or any member of their
household got sick over the past year. A large percentage of respondents (23%) reported
zero sickness over the past year. While 27% reported that their household only got sick
once. On the other hand, 25% claimed that their household only got sick twice in a year. A
group (11%) reported having sick five times over the past year.

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Table XI-25. Sickness in the Past Year

Number of times respondent or any
member of household got sick in the past No. of Respondents Percentage
year
0 23 23%
1 27 27%
2 25 25%
3 10 10%
4 2 2%
5 11 11%
6 1 1%
7 1 1%
Total 100 100%

B.7.2. Medical Treatment Facility

561. As expected, based on answers from the preceding data, 23% among respondents
have not sought treatment from any medical facility. Whereas 29% of respondents sought
for medical treatment at San Isidro Health Center, 13% made use of home remedy only.

Table XI-26.Medical Treatment Facility

Medical Treatment Facility No. of Respondents Percentage
Barangay Health Center 8 8%
Barangay Health Center, and Private Clinic 1 1%
Herbal/Alternative medicine 2 2%
Home remedy 13 13%
Home remedy, and Barangay Health Center 1 1%
Home remedy, and San Isidro Health Center 8 8%
Municipal/City Health Office / RHU 2 2%
Not applicable 23 23%
Private Clinic 2 2%
Private Hospital 1 1%
Private Hospital, and Public Hospital 1 1%
Public Hospital 4 4%
Quezon City General Hospital 1 1%
San Isidro Health Center 29 29%
Ynarez Hospital 4 4%
Total 100 100%

B.7.3. Source of Medicine

562. Majority or 32% of respondents get their medicines from the Barangay Health Unit
(BHU). It is closely followed by those who source from the Barangay Pharmacy at 31%. A
group that comprise 23% of respondents source their medicines from either the BHU,
Barangay pharmacy, or pharmacy.

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Table XI-27. Source of Medicine

Source of Medicine No. of Respondents Percentage
Barangay Health Unit 32 32%
Barangay pharmacy 31 31%
Barangay pharmacy, and Barangay Health Unit 1 1%
Barangay pharmacy, and herbal meds (home) 2 2%
Herbal meds (home) 2 2%
LGU 4 4%
Local stores 2 2%
Not applicable 1 1%
Pharmacy 1 1%
Pharmacy, and Barangay pharmacy 1 1%
Pharmacy, Barangay pharmacy, and Barangay
Health Unit 23 23%
Total 100 100%

B.7.4. Kind of Illness

563. The majority of the respondents at 39% identified fever as the most common among
the many kinds of illness. The 24% reported to have not experienced any illness.

Table XI-28. Kind of Illnesses

Kind of Illness Frequency Percentage
Asthma 1 1%
Cough 4 4%
Diabetes 1 1%
Diarrhea 4 4%
Diarrhea, and upper respiratory infection 3 3%
Dizziness 1 1%
Fever 39 39%
Fever, and cough 2 2%
Fever, and flu 5 5%
Fever, and UTI 1 1%
Gall stones 1 1%
Goiter 1 1%
High blood pressure 2 2%
Liver problem 1 1%
None 24 24%
Rheumatoid arthritis 1 1%
Stroke 1 1%
Thyroid problem 1 1%
Tuberculosis 1 1%
Ulcer 1 1%
Upper respiratory infection 5 5%
Total 100 100%

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B.9. Educational Facility Figure XI-13. Educational Facility in

the Barangay
B.9.1. Educational Facility in Barangay

564. On the availability of schools or educational No

facilities in the barangay, 90% answered positively while 10%
10% responded negatively (Figure XI-13). Yes
No
B.9.2. Types of Educational Facility Yes
90%
565. The largest percentage of respondents (22%)
mentioned the presence of a public elementary school in
the barangay. 14% responded the existence of a daycare/pre-school and a public
elementary school. 10% responded there was no educational facility in the barangay.

Table XI-29. Educational Facilities within Barangay

Availability of Schools / Educational Facilities within Barangay Frequency Percentage
All 11 11%
All except college 2 2%
ALS 1 1%
Daycare/Pre-school 1 1%
Daycare/Pre-school, ALS 1 1%
Daycare/Pre-school, and Public Elementary 14 14%
Daycare/Pre-school, Private Elementary, and Public Secondary 1 1%
Daycare/Pre-school, Private Elementary, Public Secondary, Public College 1 1%
Daycare/Pre-school, Public and Private Elementary 3 3%
Daycare/Pre-school, Public and Private Elementary through Secondary, and
2 2%
Vocational
Daycare/Pre-school, Public Elementary and Secondary 10 10%
Daycare/Pre-school, Public Elementary through College, and Vocational 10 10%
None 10 10%
Public Elementary 22 22%
Public Elementary and Secondary 11 11%
Total 100 100%

B.9.3. Distance of Nearest School to Household

566. In terms of the distance of the nearest school to their house, 53% being the majority
responded that it is within 10 meters. 11% of respondents claimed the schools are located
close enough or within walking distance from their residence. The farthest distance is
estimated by 12% to be about 6 km from their houses to the nearest school.

Table XI-30. Distance of Nearest Educational Facility

Distance of Nearest Educational Facility to Household Frequency Percentage
No nearby school 11 11%
Within 10 meters 53 53%
Within 50 meters 5 5%
Within 2 kilometers 19 19%
Within 6 kilometers 12 12%
Total 100 100%

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B.9.4. Members of Household Attending School

567. The majority (40%) of respondents do not have any household members attending
school. 27% of respondents have one of their household members attending school. One
respondent answered having the most or 6 members attending school in their household.

Table XI-31. Number of Household Members Attending School

Number of Household Members
Frequency Percentage
Attending School
None 40 40%
One 27 27%
Two 10 10%
Three 12 12%
Four 6 6%
Five 4 4%
Six 1 1%
Total 100 100%

B.9.5. Attendees in the Elementary School Level

568. On the number of household members attending elementary school, majority or 58%
of respondents answered there are none in their household, 29% have one member in their
household, and one respondent answered there are 5 members in their household attending
elementary school.

Table XI-32. Number of Household in Elementary Level

Number of Household Members in the Frequency Percentage
Elementary Level
None 58 58%
One 29 29%
Two 8 8%
Three 3 3%
Four 1 1%
Five 1 1%
Total 100 100%

569. In terms of location, 39% of respondents answered that the elementary school is in
the same barangay, and 3% said the school is in another barangay within the municipality.

Table XI-33. Location of Elementary School

Location of Elementary School Frequency Percentage
Within the same barangay 39 39%
Other barangay within the municipality/city 3 3%
Not applicable 58 58%
Total 100 100%

570. Among those with elementary students in the household, majority or 25% take the
motorcycle or tricycle to get to school, 15% just walk to school, and 2% ride the bicycle.

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Table XI-34. Transportation to Elementary School

Transportation to Elementary School Frequency Percentage
None or walking distance 15 15%
Bicycle 2 2%
Motorycle / Tricycle 25 25%
Not applicable 58 58%
Total 100 100%

B.9.6. Attendees in the Secondary School Level

571. The majority, or 68% of respondents have no secondary school students in their
household.

Table XI-35. Number of Household Members in the Secondary Level

Number of Household Members in the Secondary Level Frequency Percentage
None 68 68%
One 19 19%
Two 9 9%
Three 3 3%
Four 1 1%
Total 100 100%

572. The majority of respondents (27%) with secondary school students in their
household said that the location of the secondary school is just within the same barangay.

Table XI-36. Location of Secondary School

Location of Secondary School Frequency Percentage
Within the same barangay 27 27%
Other barangay within the municipality/city 4 4%
Other municipality/city 1 1%
Not applicable 68 68%
Total 100 100%

573. The most common mode of transportation to the secondary schools is by motorcycle
or tricycle (24%).

Table XI-37. Transportation to Secondary School Frequency Percentage

Transportation to Secondary School Frequency Percentage
None or walking distance 6 6%
Bicycle 1 1%
Motorcycle / Tricycle 24 24%
Private vehicle 1 1%
Not applicable 68 68%
Total 100 100%

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B.9.7. Attendees in the Tertiary School Level

574. The majority (88%) of the respondents do not have members in their household who
attend tertiary school.

Table XI-38. Number of Household Members in the Tertiary Level

Number of Household Members in the Tertiary Level Frequency Percentage
None 88 88%
One 9 9%
Two 2 2%
Three 1 1%
Total 100 100%

575. More of the respondents answered that the location of the tertiary schools where
their household members go to are in other municipality or city.

Table XI-39. Location of Tertiary School

Location of Tertiary School Frequency Percentage
Within the same barangay 4 4%
Other barangay within the municipality/city 2 2%
Other municipality/city 6 6%
Not applicable 88 88%
Total 100 100%

576. Motorcycle or tricycle is the most common mode of transportation for household
members who attend tertiary school.

Table XI-40. Transportation to Tertiary School

Transportation to Tertiary School Frequency Percentage
None or walking distance 2 2%
Motorcycle / Tricycle 6 6%
Jeepney 1 1%
Train (MRT/LRT) 2 2%
Bicycle 1 1%
Not applicable 88 88%
Total 100 100%

B.10. Sanitation And Waste Management

B.10.1. Type of Toilet Facility

577. Majority of respondents or 76% have water-sealed, sewer septic tank type of toilet
facility in own home that is for exclusive use of their household. 8% have the same type of
facility but share it with another household. The rest use open pit, directly dumps to the river
or anywhere, or on the field.

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Table XI-41. Type of Toilet Facility of Household

Type of Toilet Facility of Household No. of Respondents Percentage
Water-sealed, sewer septic tank, used exclusively by
76 76%
household
Water-sealed, sewer septic tank, shared with another
8 8%
household
Open pit 5 5%
Direct to the river 5 5%
Dumps anywhere 3 3%
Field 3 3%
Total 100 100%

B.10.2. Method of Waste Disposal

578. Burning is the practice of majority or 44% of respondents. 15% dump at Lukutang
Maliit dumpsite, 13% dispose through garbage collection, the rest have a mix or combination
of various disposal methods.

Table XI-42. Method of Garbage Disposal of Household

Method of Garbage Disposal of Household No. of Respondents Percentage
Garbage collection 13 13%
Burning 44 44%
Burying 7 7%
Compost pit 1 1%
Dumps anywhere 2 2%
Dumpsite in Lukutang Maliit 15 15%
Dumpsite in Gatchi 4 4%
Bambanin Landfill 2 2%
Garbage collection and burying 1 1%
Garbage collection, burning, and burying 1 1%
Garbage collection, burning, and compost pit 1 1%
Garbage collection, burning, burying, and compost pit 1 1%
Burning and burying 5 5%
Burning, burying, and compost pit 1 1%
Dumpsite 2 2%
Total 100 100%

B.10.3. Frequency of Garbage Collection

579. Majority of the respondents at 64% answered that garbage is not collected in their
area. 18% responded garbage is collected once a week.

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Table XI-43. Frequency of Garbage Collection

Frequency of Garbage Collection No. of Respondents Percentage
None 64 64%
Daily 7 7%
Once a week 18 18%
Twice a week 6 6%
Thrice a week 1 1%
Twice a month 4 4%
Total 100 100%

B.10.4. Practice of Waste Segregation Figure XI-14. Practice of Waste

Segregation at Home

580. Majority of the respondents or 61% practice

waste segregation at home while the 39% do not.
No
B.11. Basic Services, Utilities, and Other Resources 39% Yes
Yes No
B.11.1. Primary Source of Drinking Water 61%

581. Spring is the water source of majority of

respondents at 56%. Deep well as source comprised
33%. 6% of the respondents purchased from vendors
or refilling stations (Figure XI-15). Figure XI-15. Primary Source of Drinking
Water

B.11.2. Problems in Supply of Drinking

Barangay/Municipal
Water 3% water system
1%
Pitcher/Manual pump
582. Majority of the respondents or 69%
said they have no problem with their drinking Deep well
33%
water supply. 12% identified having murky Shallow well
56%
water during the rainy season. 8% answered
there is scarcity during the dry season. Other 1%
Water vendors/Refilling
stations
problems were potability concern (4%), dirty 6%
Spring
water from faucet (3%), unavailability of
spring water source during floods (2%), water
interruptions (1%), and water delivery (1%).

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Table XI-44. Supply of Drinking Water Problems

Supply of Drinking Water Problems No. of Respondents Percentage
None 69 69%
Water interruptions 1 1%
Dirty water coming out of faucet 3 3%
Potability concern 4 4%
Murky water during rainy season 12 12%
Scarcity during dry season 8 8%
Problem with water delivery 1 1%
Cannot get water from spring during flood 2 2%
Total 100 100%

Figure XI-16. Primary Source of

Electricity
B.11.3. Primary Source of Electricity Electric power line /
6%3% 7%1% MERALCO
3% Common metering
583. Solar energy was identified by 80% of
respondents as their primary source of electricity. Tapping with
Only 7% source from electric power line and 1% neighbor
Solar
source from common metering (Figure XI-16).
Battery
B.11.4. Primary Source of Cooking Fuel 80% Candle

584. Majority or 72% use wood as their primary

cooking fuel source. 24% use LPG, 3% use charcoal, and 1% uses kerosene (Figure XI-17).
Figure XI-17. Primary Source of
Cooking Fuel
1%
B.12. Communication Services
24%
B.12.1. Mobile Phone Ownership LPG
Charcoal
585. Majority of respondents (77%) affirmed 3%
Wood
that either they and/or members of their
Kerosene
household own a mobile phone while the 72%
remaining 23% said they do not own one (Figure
XI-18).

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B.12.2. Stability of Signal of Mobile Service Figure XI-18. Own Mobile Phone
Among Any of the Household Member

Provider

586. On the stability of mobile signal, majority of No

23%
the respondents at 33% answered that there is no
signal most of the time. 30% answered that their Yes
mobile signal is sometimes stable, and 14% No
answered they have stable signal. The remaining
Yes
23% are those without mobile phones (Figure XI- 77%
19).

B.12.3. Primary Source of Internet Connection at Home

587. Majority or 42% of respondents

answered they have mobile data connection at Figure XI-19. Stability of Signal of Mobile
home, 15% connect through a shared internet Service Provider
service provider, 13% have their own internet 14% Yes
service provider, and the remaining 30% do not 23%
have connection to the internet at home (Figure Sometimes
XI-20).
None most of
30% the time
B.12.4. Social Media and Online Platforms in
Household Not applicable
33%
588. Majority of the respondents have
accounts in Facebook account and/or
Messenger. 41% claim they have both Figure XI-20. Primary Source of Internet
Facebook and Messenger. 26% answered they Connection at Home
have a Facebook account. On the contrary,
21% have no social media account or use any 13% Own internet
online platform. service provider
30%
15% Shared internet
service provider
Mobile data
connection
No internet
connection
42%

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Table XI-45. Social Media / Online Platforms in the Household

Social Media / Online Platforms in the Household No. of Respondents Percentage
None 21 21%
Facebook account 26 26%
Facebook Messenger 10 10%
Viber 1 1%
Email, and Facebook Messenger 1 1%
Facebook account and Messenger 41 41%
Total 100 100%

B.12.5. Computer Ownership Figure XI-21. Own computer / laptop

among any of the household member
589. Most of the respondents (91%)
responded that none in their household has a Yes
functioning desktop computer or laptop. Only 9%
9% said they have their own desktop
computer or laptop (Figure XI-21). Yes
No

No
91%

B.12.6. Information or News Source

590. Majority which comprises a quarter of the respondents source their information from
the radio. 20% source their information from social media, 10% from the television, 14%
from their neighbors, and the remaining in smaller percentages are from a mix of different
sources.

Table XI-46. Source of information / news

Source of information / news No. of Respondents Percentage
TV 10 10%
Radio 25 25%
Social media 20 20%
Neighbor 14 14%
TV and neighbor 1 1%
TV and social media 7 7%
TV, social media, and neighbor 2 2%
TV, radio, social media, and neighbor 1 1%
Radio and social media 6 6%
Radio and neighbor 7 7%
Radio, social media, and neighbor 5 5%
Social media and neighbor 2 2%
Total 100 100%

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B.13. Community Problems

B.13.1. Issues and Concerns with Surroundings

591. Among the respondents, majority (39%) have no concern or issue with their
surroundings. 19% complain about the unpleasant odor from the landfill, 10% has concern
on air pollution, another 10% mentioned about pollution due to garbage siege.

Table XI-47. Issues and Concerns with Surroundings

Issues and Concerns with Surroundings Frequency Percentage
Air and water pollution 3 3%
Air pollution 10 10%
Air pollution and unpleasant odor from landfill 9 9%
Deforestation 1 1%
Garbage siege 1 1%
No concern 39 39%
Pollution due to garbage siege 10 10%
Solid waste, air and water pollution 1 1%
Unpleasant odor from landfill 19 19%
Unpleasant odor from landfill and unsanitary surrounding 2 2%
Unsanitary surrounding 1 1%
Water pollution 2 2%
Water pollution and garbage siege 1 1%
Water pollution and unpleasant odor from landfill 1 1%
Total 100 100%
592. Among the possible solutions identified by the respondents, 14% mentioned proper
waste segregation, garbage collection and disposal, 7% said there should be improvement
on the dumpsite or sanitary landfill, and 7% suggested to either stop the dumping of
garbage in their area or transfer the landfill location.

Table XI-48. Possible solutions for issues and concerns with surroundings
Possible solutions for issues and concerns with surroundings Frequency Percentage
Clean the surroundings 1 1%
Concern and attention by politicians 6 6%
Decrease water pollution due to improper waste disposal 1 1%
Improve the dumpsite / sanitary landfill 7 7%
Mitigate unpleasant smell from landfill 2 2%
No idea 10 10%
No solution 2 2%
Not applicable 45 45%
Prevent burning of garbage 2 2%
Proper waste segregation, garbage collection, and disposal 14 14%
Stop deforestation 1 1%
Stop dumping of garbage in our area / transfer landfill location 7 7%
Waste-to-Energy technology 1 1%
Water connection from Maynilad 1 1%
Total 100 100%

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Table XI-49. Possible solutions for issues and concerns with surroundings
Possible solutions for issues and concerns with surroundings Frequency Percentage
Clean the surroundings 1 1%
Concern and attention by politicians 6 6%
Decrease water pollution due to improper waste disposal 1 1%
Improve the dumpsite / sanitary landfill 7 7%
Mitigate unpleasant smell from landfill 2 2%
No idea 10 10%
No solution 2 2%
Not applicable 45 45%
Prevent burning of garbage 2 2%
Proper waste segregation, garbage collection, and disposal 14 14%
Stop deforestation 1 1%
Stop dumping of garbage in our area / transfer landfill location 7 7%
Waste-to-Energy technology 1 1%
Water connection from Maynilad 1 1%
Total 100 100%

B.13.2. Issues and Concerns with the Figure XI-22. Issues and Concerns with Local
Local Economy Economy
3% 2% 5%
593. Most of the respondents or 90% Distance and/or
availability of market
do not have issues or concerns about or source of goods
the local economy. The remaining Lack of job opportunity
mentioned the lack of job opportunity or or livelihood
livelihood (5%), slow development
None
progress (3%), and distance and/or
availability of market or source of
goods (2%) (Figure XI-22). Slow development
progress
594. Among the solutions mentioned 90%

for issues and concerns on the local

economy, 7% identified the need for additional job opportunities, and 1% answered about
implementation of planned projects for the improvement of living conditions.

Table XI-50. Possible solutions for issues and concerns with local economy
Possible solutions for issues and concerns with local economy Frequency Percentage
Additional job opportunities 7 7%
Implement planned projects for improvement of living conditions 1 1%
Not applicable 92 92%
Total 100 100%

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B.13.3. Health

595. Most respondents (77%) have no issue or concern in relation to health. The distance
or availability of a health center was identified by most respondents with issues and
concerns on health at 13%.

Table XI-51. Issues and Concerns with Health

Issues and Concerns with Health Frequency Percentage
Availability of / far from health center 13 13%
Far from hospital 1 1%
Hardly receive aid in times of calamities 3 3%
Health and sanitation 1 1%
No concern 77 77%
No idea 1 1%
Not much attention and concern from government 1 1%
Roadways need improvement 1 1%
Unpleasant odor from landfill 1 1%
Unsanitary surrounding 1 1%
Total 100 100%

596. Some possible solutions identified by respondents for health issues and concerns
were provision of a nearby health center (14%), attention by government to take action and
implement solutions (3%), and provision of livelihood programs and/or seminars (1%).

Table XI-52. Possible solutions for issues and concerns with health
Possible solutions for issues and concerns with
Frequency Percentage
health
Attention by the government for solutions on health
3 3%
problems
Livelihood program and seminars 1 1%
No idea 1 1%
Not applicable 81 81%
Provide a nearby health center 14 14%
Total 100 100%

B.13.4. Sanitation

597. In terms of sanitation, 85% responded with no issue or concern. Among those with
issue or concern, 6% identified garbage siege and 3% mentioned about the proximity of
their home being too close to the landfill site.

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Table XI-53. Issues and Concerns with Sanitation

Issues and Concerns with Sanitation Frequency Percentage
Garbage siege 6 6%
No concern 85 85%
Too close to the dumpsite / landfill 3 3%
Unavailability of proper toilet facilities 1 1%
Unpleasant odor from landfill 1 1%
Unsanitary surrounding 4 4%
Total 100 100%

598. Among respondents who shared issues and concerns on sanitation, 5% thought of
housing provision far away from the dumpsite location as possible solution, 4% answered
proper waste segregation and disposal, and 1% identified proper toilet facility in each
household as a possible solution.

Table XI-54. Possible solutions for issues and concerns with sanitation
Possible solutions for issues and concerns with
Frequency Percentage
sanitation
Housing provision far from dumpsite 5 5%
No idea 5 5%
Not applicable 85 85%
Proper toilet facilities in each household 1 1%
Proper waste segregation and disposal 4 4%
Total 100 100%

B.13.5. Education Figure XI-23. Issues and Concerns with

Education
599. A large percentage of respondents
do not relate with any concern on 2%
No concern
education (51%) while those who have
members in their household who are 23% Not applicable
23%
currently studying comprise 23% of
respondents who said they have no Roadway needs
1% improvement
concern or issue about education. Among Too far from school
those with issues or concern on
education, 23% responded that the Transporation of
51%
schools are too far from their area (Figure students
XI-23).

600. Among possible solutions identified by respondents with issues or concerns,

provision of educational facility near their area took the biggest percentage at 13%, followed
by provision of free transportation for students at 4%, and school service availability also at
4%. The 3% suggested the increase in transportation service, 1% answered the need to
lower transportation fare, and another 1% identified the need for a daycare center near their
area.

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Table XI-55. Possible solutions for issues and concerns with education
Possible solutions for issues and concerns with
Frequency Percentage
education
Free transportation for students 4 4%
Lower transportation fare 1 1%
More transportation service 3 3%
Not applicable 74 74%
Provision of daycare center near our area 1 1%
Provision of educational facility near our area 13 13%
School service 4 4%
Total 100 100%

B.13.6. Housing Figure XI-24. Issues and Concerns with

Housing
5%
601. Majority of respondents at 73% No concern
said they have no concern on housing. 14%
Among those with issues or concerns, 1% No housing
14% responded that they do not own a provision
7%
permanent home, 7% mentioned about
the lack of housing provision, 5% Not own lot
property
mentioned the lack of safety and
73%
stability of their house structure, and Not own
one responded said they do not own permanent house
the lot property where they live.

602. For those with issues and concerns with housing, 20% of respondents answered free
or low-cost housing provision as a possible solution. 5% of respondents answered that the
government must give attention to housing problems and provide solutions such as housing
provision, and the least at 2% identified that they must be relocated to a better environment.

Table XI-56. Possible solutions for issues and concerns with housing
Possible solutions for issues and concerns with
Frequency Percentage
housing
Free / low-cost housing provision 20 20%
Given attention by government on housing provision/concern 5 5%
Not applicable 73 73%
Relocation to better environment 2 2%
Total 100 100%

Figure XI-25. Issues and Concerns with

B.13.7. Social Welfare Social Welfare
3% 1%1%1%
603. Most respondents or 94%, do not Difficulty in getting
health check
have issues or concerns on their social
Financial concern
welfare. Among those with concerns or
issues, 3% responded there is no help Livelihood concern
provided, 1% has difficulty getting health
checks, 1% mentioned financial concern, No concern

94% No help provided

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and 1% identified livelihood concerns.

604. On possible solutions for issues or concerns with social welfare, 4% of respondents
answered that the government must provide help, 1% mentioned free livelihood training
programs like pastry making, and 1% identified the provision of health center near their
area.
Figure XI-26. Possible solutions for issues
and concerns with social welfare

B.13.8. Infrastructure 1%1% Not applicable

4%
605. Majority of the respondents Government to
(56%) identified road problem as their provide help in our
concern. The rest of the respondents barangay or area
(44%) had no issues or concerns with Free livelihood
training programs
infrastructure. like pastry making
Provide health
606. Several possible solutions were center near our
94%
suggested by the respondents, but the area
biggest percentage is the immediate
Figure XI-27. Issues and Concerns with
repair or improvement of roadways
Infrastructure / Road
(36%). The 9% suggested proper and
regular maintenance of roads, and 6%
mentioned renovation and construction
No concern
of strong or at-standard concrete
roadways.
Road problem
44% (heavily damaged,
56%
dusty, muddy
roads)

Table XI-57. Possible solutions for issues and concerns with infrastructure / road
Possible solutions for issues and concerns with
Frequency Percentage
infrastructure / road
Construction of strong bridge 1 1%
Cooperation between and among constituents and LGU
1 1%
for improved roadways
Elevate the roads 1 1%
Fix or improve crushers at quarry plants 1 1%
Government funding for road improvement 1 1%
Immediate fixing or improvement of roads 36 36%
Not applicable 44 44%
Proper and regular maintenance of roads 9 9%
Renovation and construction of strong (at/above
6 6%
standard) concrete roads
Total 100 4%

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B.13.9. Order and Security

607. Almost all the respondents (97%) do not have issue or concern with the order and
security in their area. Only 2% identified the lack of peace and order and 1% stated that it is
dangerous at night.

Table XI-58. Issues and Concerns with Order / Security

Issues and Concerns with Order / Security Frequency Percentage
Dangerous at night 1 1%
Lack of peace and order 2 2%
None 97 97%
Total 100 100%

608. Respondents with concern suggested improvement in security (2%) and monitoring
of barangay (1%) as possible solutions.

Table XI-59. Possible solutions for issues and concerns with order / security
Possible solutions for issues and concerns with
Frequency Percentage
order / security
Improved security 2 2%
Monitoring of barangay 1 1%
Not applicable 97 97%
Total 100 100%

B.13.10. Flooding

609. The 65% of respondents, being the majority, have no concern with flooding. The
30% identified frequent flooding as an issue, 2% shared their concern on floods that come
from the river, 2% shared their concern on flooding whenever it rains, and 1% mentioned
about strong current during heavy rains and it floods.

Table XI-60. Issues and Concerns with Flooding

Issues and Concerns with Flooding Frequency Percentage
Flood from the river 2 2%
Floods when it rains 2 2%
Frequent flooding 30 30%
No concern 65 65%
Strong current during heavy rains and it floods 1 1%
Total 100 100%

610. From those with issues and concerns, respondents identified some possible
solutions such as the construction of a strong bridge (17%), de-clogging and improvement of
the drainage system (5%) and cleaning up of the river and preventing garbage dumping in
the waterways (3%) among many others.

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Table XI-61. Possible solutions for issues and concerns with flooding
Possible solutions for issues and concerns with
Frequency Percentage
flooding
Clean up the river and prevent dumping of garbage 3 3%
Construction of strong bridge 17 17%
Declog and improve the drainage system 5 5%
Dike construction/improvement 1 1%
Elevation of roads 2 2%
No idea 2 2%
Not applicable 65 65%
Relocate to a higher location 1 1%
Remove the quarry sites / stop quarry operations 2 2%
Renovation and improvement of roads 2 2%
Total 100 100%

B.13.11. Others

611. There is only 1 respondent who shared an issue or concern on other matters, and it
is about the need to construct a bridge. There was no suggested possible solution to this
concern.

Table XI-62. Other Issues and Concerns

Other Issues and Concerns Frequency Percentage
Construct a bridge 1 1%
None 99 99%
Total 100 100%

B.14. Calamity and Climate Change

B.14.1. Ambient Temperature

612. The majority of the respondents (49%) stated there is no change in ambient
temperature in the past 5 years. 28% responded that the ambient temperature increased
while 4% said it decreased.

Table XI-63. Describe the ambient temperature over the past 5 years
No. of
Describe the ambient temperature over the past 5 years. Percentage
Respondents
Increasing. Why? 28 28%
Decreasing. Why? 4 4%
No change. 49 49%
No idea. 19 19%
Total 100 100%

613. The majority of those who answered that there is increase in ambient temperature
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attributed it to climate change.

Table XI-64. Reason for increase in ambient temperature

No. of
Reason for increase in ambient temperature Percentage
Respondents
Air pollution due to burning of garbage 7 25%
Garbage (increase) 1 4%
Climate change 13 46%
No idea 6 21%
Typhoon 1 4%
Total 28 100%

614. For the 4% who mentioned there has been decrease in ambient temperature, they
attributed it to new technologies, explosion of mountains or quarrying activities, and erosion.

Table XI-65. Reason for decrease in ambient temperature

No. of
Reason for decrease in ambient temperature Percentage
Respondents
New technology that decreases pollution 1 25%
Explosion of mountains / Quarrying 2 50%
Erosion of mountain 1 25%
Total 4 100%

B.14.2. Water Supply

615. Majority of respondents (66%) said there has been no change in water supply for the
past 5 years. The 11% answered there has been an increase while 4% said otherwise.

Table XI-66. Describe the water supply in your area over the past 5 years
Describe the water supply in your area over the past 5 No. of
Percentage
years. Respondents
Increasing. Why? 11 11%
Decreasing. Why? 4 4%
No change. 66 66%
No idea. 19 19%
Total 100 100%

616. Among those who answered there is increase in water supply, majority or 64% said
they have no idea, 27% identified frequent rains or typhoons as the reason, while 9%
mentioned deforestation as the reason.

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Table XI-67. Reason for increase in water supply

Reason for increase in water supply No. of Respondents Percentage

No Idea 7 64%

Frequent rains / Frequent typhoons 3 27%

Deforestation 1 9%

Total 11 100%

617. For those who answered that there is decrease in water supply, they identified water
scarcity, increasing population, and deforestation as the reasons.

Table XI-68. Reason for decrease in water supply

Reason for decrease in water supply No. of Respondents Percentage
Water scarcity 2 50%

Too many users / Increasing population 1 25%

Deforestation 1 25%

Total 4 100%

Figure XI-28. Earthquake Experience in

the Past 5 Years

B.14.3. Earthquake

618. The majority or 80% of the respondents No

20%
said they experienced earthquake in the past 5
years. Yes
No

Yes
80%

B.14.4. Drought Figure XI-29. Drought Experience in the Past

5 Years
619. The majority, or 71% of the
respondents said they experienced drought in the
past 5 years.
No
B.14.5. Fire 29% Yes
No
620. The majority, or 86% of the respondents Yes
said they did not experience any fire-related 71%
incident or calamity in their area in the past 5
years (Figure XI-30).

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B.14.6. Flood
Figure XI-30. Fire Experience in the Past
621. Majority or 77% of the respondents 5 Years
said they experienced flood or flash flood in their
Yes
area in the past 5 years (Figure XI-31).
14%

Yes
B.14.7. Typhoon No
No
622. Almost all or 94% of the respondents said 86%
they experienced at least four typhoons or weather
disturbances in their area in the past year. The rest
of the respondents answered they experienced
one (2%), two (1%), and three (3%) typhoons or Figure XI-31. Flood/Flash Flood
weather disturbances in the past year. Experience in the Past 5 Years

Table XI-69. Number of Typhoon(s) or Weather

Disturbances Experienced in the Past Year No
23%
Yes
Number of Typhoon(s) or
Weather Disturbances No. of No
Percentage
Experienced in the Past Respondents Yes
Year 77%
One 2 2%
Two 1 1%
Three 3 3%
Four or more 94 94%
Total 100 100%

B.14.8. Evacuation

623. The majority of the respondents (83%) said they did not evacuate from their
residence over the last 5 years due to calamity or
personal reasons (Figure XI-32). Figure XI-32. Temporary Transfer
or Evacuate from Residence Over
624. The 17% who said they had to temporarily the Past 5 Years
transfer or evacuate from their residence identified
several different places of evacuation. 4% answered
Yes,
farm with no specific name of location, 2% said they
17%
went to the evacuation center, and 2% identified
Yes
farm at Sitio Lukutang Malaki among the many
No
other places.
No,
83%

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Table XI-70. Place of Evacuation

Place of Evacuation No. of Respondents Percentage
Evacuation Center 2 12%
Kasiglahan sa Pamantasan 1 6%
Covered Court 1 6%
Center 1 6%
Luop Hoa Office 1 6%
San Isidro Elementary School 1 6%
Brgy. San Isidro 1 6%
Mountain / Higher elevation 1 6%
Neighbor 1 6%
Farm 4 24%
Farm at Sitio Lukutang Malaki 2 12%
Everlasting Site 1 6%
Total 17 100%

Figure XI-33. Respondents have

625. In case of disaster, 77% has no emergency "Go Bags."

response kit or Go Bags.

23%
626. From those with Go Bags, contents were
identified and among the most common content, the YES
flashlight or emergency light was the most common at NO
19%, followed by cellphone and medicines with both
77%
the same percentage at 14%. Extra clothes and water
share the same commonality at 11%, and 10% of
those with Go Bags claim they have first aid kits.

Table XI-71. Content of Go Bags

Percentage of Commonality of this
Content of Go Bags Frequency
Go Bag Content
First aid kit 9 10%
Flashlight / emergency light 18 19%
Face shields 1 1%
Facemasks 2 2%
Alcohol 8 9%
Medicine 13 14%
Extra clothes 10 11%
Non-perishable food 5 5%
Water 10 11%
Cellphone 13 14%
Powerbank 2 2%
Batteries 3 3%
Total 94 100%

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B.15. Membership in Organization Figure XI-34. Awareness on

Existing Associations or
Organizations
627. Only 45% of the respondents are aware of
existing organizations or associations in their
barangay.
Yes, No
45%
628. The following is the list of associations or No, Yes
organizations identified by the respondents: 55%

1. Bambanin Farmers Association

2. HOA
3. Scavengers Association
4. Lukutang Maliit Association
5. Ilaya Farmers Figure XI-35. Anyone in the
6. Street Sweeper household a member of any
7. Blue Rock Lagoon Association Inc. barangay organization or
8. Ilaya River Lagoon Association Inc. association
9. Samahan ng Magsasaka
10. Ilaya Malaki Farmers Association
Yes
11. Senior Citizen Organization 21%
12. Solo Parent No
13. PWD
Yes
14. Kababaihan
15. Guardians Organization No
16. Makabagong Kababaihan ng Rodriguez Rizal 79%
17. Samahang Ilaya Group
629. Only 21% of respondents are members of or
has a household member who is a member of any barangay organization or association.

630. The following are the organizations or associations where the respondent or their
household member belong to and majority or 29% belong to the Scavengers Association.

Table XI-72. Organization or Association of the household member

Organization or Association of the household member Frequency Percentage
Scavengers Association 6 29%
HOA 1 5%
Lukutang Maliit Assoc. 4 19%
Bambanin Farmers Association 5 24%
Ilaya Farmers 1 5%
Blue Rock Lagoon Association Inc. 4 19%
Total 21 100%

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B.16. Travel to Work Figure XI-36. Main Mode of Transportation

to Work
631. For their transportation to work, the
majority or 43% only walk, while 17% use the Not applicable
motorcycle or tricycle.
17%
632. Though only a few of the respondents 40% None /
answered that they take a motorcycle or tricycle Walking
to travel to work, the majority walk to work and distance
some of the respondents answered with the Motorcycle /
average duration of their walk to their place of 43% Tricycle TODA
work. For the average duration of travel, 29%
take about an hour to make it to work.

Table XI-73. Average Duration of Travel

Average Duration of Travel Frequency Percentage
Not applicable 40 40%
Walking distance 16 16%
5 to 10 min 9 9%
Within 20 min 4 4%
About an hour 29 29%
About 2 hours 2 2%
Total 100 100%

B.17. Waste Management

633. Half of the respondents said that the garbage being produced by their household is
biodegradable. 28% said they produce residual waste, and 14% said they produce non-
biodegradable waste.

Table XI-74. Garbage Being Produced by Household

Garbage Being Produced by Household Frequency Percentage
Biodegradable 50 50%
Non-biodegradable 14 14%
Residual 28 28%
Hazardous 1 1%
Biodegradable and non-biodegradable 1 1%
Biodegradable and residual 3 3%
Non-biodegradable and residual 3 3%
Total 100 100%

B.18. Availability of Dumpsite or Sanitary Landfill

634. Most respondents (68%) answered that they live near a dumpsite or sanitary landfill.

635. In terms of the distance of their house to a dumpsite or sanitary landfill, the majority
or 34% are located within 5 meters, while 30% said they are not near the landfill.

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Table XI-75. Distance from House of Nearest Sanitary Landfill / Dumpsite

Distance from House of
Nearest Sanitary Landfill / Frequency Percentage
Dumpsite
Not applicable 30 30%
Within 5 meters 34 34%
Within 10 meters 1 1%
Within 100 meters 5 5%
Within 1km 11 11%
Within 3km 7 7%
More than 3km 12 12%
Total 100 100%

636. Many of the respondents (51%) said that the sanitary landfill or dumpsite does not
affect their household (Figure XI-37).

637. Among those who are affected by the proximity of their house to the landfill, the
majority said they are affected by the unpleasant smell.

Figure XI-37. Does the Table XI-76. If YES, how does it affect your household?
sanitary landfill or dumpsite
affect your household? If YES, how does it affect your
Frequency Percentage
household?

Unpleasant smell 33 67%

Unpleasant smell and presence of

No Yes Yes 14 29%
flies
51% 49%
No Unpleasant smell, presence of
2 4%
flies and mosquitos

Total 49 100%

C. Gender And Development Survey Results

638. The Philippine Constitution of 1987 and Philippine Plan for Gender and Development
(PPGD) 1995-2025 lays out development goals and strategies that will make gender equity
innate in public programs and policies. This perspective plan ensures that women-friendly
policies can take root and flourish despite the barriers posed by traditional attitudes and
stereotyping.Goal No. 1 of the PPGD promotes the increased economic empowerment of
women through implementation of the following strategies: (1) Enhancement of sustainable
access to capital, market, information, technology, and technical assistance; (2)
Enhancement of employment and livelihood skills of women, particularly in high-value-
adding industries and agricultural activities; (3) Establishment of an enabling environment
that will ensure the effective implementation of policies for the protection of women workers;
(4) Increase in women’s awareness of their economic rights and opportunities; and (5)
Strengthening of women’s representation in economic decision-making bodies.
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639. Women and the disadvantaged or disabled group should play important roles in the
development activities, particularly in community-initiated activities, participation in decision
making and resolving community issues and negotiating for options that best suit their
community needs. Their participation in micro-enterprise, health and education are visible at
the household and community level. Many women contribute to the family income and
majority are employed in the informal sector.

C.1. Gender Roles

C.1.1. Decision Making in the Following Household Matters

a. Work or Source of Income / Livelihood

640. In terms of decision making on work or source of income or livelihood, the majority of
the respondents (75%) answered that it is being done by the husband while 8% said it is by
the wife.

Table XI-77. Work or Source of Income / Livelihood

Role Frequency Percentage
Husband 75 75%
Adult child 2 2%
Wife 8 8%
Huband and wife 7 7%
Self-support (unmarried) 2 2%
Single mother 3 3%
Relative 1 1%
Nephew 2 2%
Total 100 100%

b. Household Needs

641. For the household needs, 43% of respondents said it is being decided by the wife,
while 39% said it is decided by the husband.

Table XI-78.Household Needs

Role Frequency Percentage
Husband 39 39%
Widow 1 1%
Wife 43 43%
Huband and wife 8 8%
Self-support (unmarried) 2 2%
Single mother 3 3%
Not applicable 2 2%
Adult son (married) 1 1%
Nephew 1 1%
Total 100 100%

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c. Financial Matters

642. In terms of financial management, 63% of respondents answered that it is done by

the wife, 19% said it is done by the husband, while 8% said it is done by both husband and
wife.

Table XI-79. Financial Matters

Role Frequency Percentage
Husband and wife 8 8%
Husband 19 19%
Wife 63 63%
Widow 1 1%
Self-support (unmarried) 2 2%
Single mother 3 3%
Not applicable 2 2%
Adult son (married) 1 1%
Nephew 1 1%
Total 100 100%

d. Budgeting for the Family

643. For budgeting for the family, the majority of respondents (84%) answered it is done
by the wife, and 5% said it is by the husband.

Table XI-80. Budgeting for the Family

Role Frequency Percentage
Wife 84 84%
Husband 5 5%
Widow 1 1%
Self-support (unmarried) 2 2%
Single mother 3 3%
Husband and wife 3 3%
Adult son (married) 1 1%
Nephew 1 1%
Total 100 100%

e. Education of Children

644. For the education of children, the majority of the respondents or 56% identified the
wife who makes the decision, while 11% identified the husband.

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Table XI-81. Education of Children

Role Frequency Percentage
Husband 11 11%
Not applicable 26 26%
Wife 56 56%
Single mother 3 3%
Husband and wife 3 3%
Adult child 1 1%
Total 100 100%

f. Attendance to PTA

645. In terms of PTA attendance, the majority of respondents or 60% answered that it is
the wife who attends to this matter, while only 7% said it is the husband.

Table XI-82. Attendance to PTA

Role Frequency Percentage
Wife 60 60%
Not applicable 28 28%
Husband 7 7%
Single mother 3 3%
Husband and wife 1 1%
Adult child 1 1%
Total 100 100%

g. Transport

646. On transport matters, 36% of the respondents said it is the husband who decides,
while 32% answered it is the wife.

Table XI-83. Transport

Role Frequency Percentage
Husband 36 36%
Wife 32 32%
Not applicable 21 21%
Husband and wife 4 4%
Self-supporting (unmarried) 2 2%
Adult son (married) 1 1%
Single mother 2 2%
Adult child 1 1%
Nephew 1 1%
Total 100 100%

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h. Household Maintenance

647. In terms of household maintenance, majority or 57% of respondents identified the

wife as the one who tends to this and 28% identified the husband.

Table XI-84. Household Maintenance

Role Frequency Percentage
Wife 57 57%
Husband 28 28%
Not applicable 5 5%
Single mother 3 3%
Husband and wife 4 4%
Adult son (married) 1 1%
Adult child 1 1%
Self-supporting (unmarried) 1 1%
Total 100 100%

i. Community Involvement

648. On matters of community involvement, 59% of the of the respondents said it is the
wife who makes decisions, while 6% said it is the husband.

Table XI-85. Community Involvement

Role Frequency Percentage
Husband 6 6%
Not applicable 29 29%
Wife 59 59%
Single mother 2 2%
Husband and wife 3 3%
Adult child 1 1%
Total 100 100%

j. Membership to Organizations

649. In terms of memberships to organizations, many of the respondents (39%) identified

the wife as the one who tends to this, while 10% said it is the husband.

Table XI-86. Membership to Organizations

Role Frequency Percentage
Wife 39 39%
Husband 10 10%
Not applicable 45 45%
Husband and wife 3 3%
Single mother 2 2%
Adult child 1 1%
Total 100 100%

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k. Loan Application
Table XI-87. Loan Application
650. When it comes Role Frequency Percentage
to loan application,
Husband and wife 8 8%
among respondents
who have this concern, Not applicable 70 70%
19% said it is the wife Wife 19 19%
who makes decisions
Husband 3 3%
on this, 8% answered
it is both the husband Total 100 100%
and wife, and 3% said
it is the husband.

C.1.2. Domestic Table XI-88. Cooking

Activities Role Frequency Percentage
Wife 78 78%
a. Cooking Children 1 1%
Not applicable 2 2%
651. Majority or 78%
Self-support (unmarried) 2 2%
of the respondents
Husband and wife 8 8%
identified the wife as
Husband 7 7%
the one who does the
Single mother 1 1%
cooking.
Parents and child/ren 1 1%
Total 100 100%

b. Washing Table XI-89. Washing Clothes

Clothes Role Frequency Percentage
Wife 86 86%
652. In terms of
Adult child 1 1%
washing clothes, the
Widow 1 1%
majority of the
Self-support (unmarried) 2 2%
respondents (86%) said
Husband and wife 3 3%
it is the wife who does
this activity. Husband 4 4%
In-law 1 1%
Single mother 1 1%
Parents and child/ren 1 1%
Total 100 100%

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c. Cleaning the Table XI-90. Cleaning the House

Role Frequency Percentage
House
Wife 83 83%
653. The majority, or Adult child 1 1%
83% of the respondents Widow 1 1%
said it is the wife who does Self-support (unmarried) 2 2%
the cleaning of the house. Husband and wife 7 7%
Children 3 3%
Not applicable 2 2%
Parents and child/ren 1 1%
Total 100 100%
d. Fetching Water
Table XI-91. Fetching the Water
654. The majority, or Role Frequency Percentage
40% of the respondents Husband 40 40%
answered that it is the
Wife 27 27%
husband who fetches
Widow 1 1%
water, while 27% said it is
Grandchild 1 1%
the wife.
Children 5 5%
Husband and wife 5 5%
Not applicable 18 18%
Self-support (unmarried) 1 1%
Single mother 1 1%
Parents and child/ren 1 1%
Total 100 100%

e. Gathering Fuel
Table XI-92. Gathering Fuel
655. Though 73% of Role Frequency Percentage
the respondents Husband 22 22%
answered that gathering Not applicable 73 73%
fuel is no longer
Husband and wife 1 1%
applicable to them, for
those who still do, 22% Wife 3 3%
is the majority and is Children 1 1%
done by the husband. Total 100 100%

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f. House Repair Table XI-93. House Repair

Role Frequency Percentage
656. For house Husband 70 70%
repair, 70% of the
Not applicable 14 14%
respondents answered
it is done by the Children 3 3%
husband. Wife 9 9%
Husband and wife 2 2%
Self-support
1 1%
(unmarried)
Single mother 1 1%
Total 100 100%

g. Child or Adult Care or Caring for the Sick

657. In terms of child Table XI-94. Care for the Sick

or adult care or caring for
Role Frequency Percentage
the sick, the majority of
the respondents (67%) Wife 67 67%
said it is the wife who Children 1 1%
does. Not applicable 20 20%
Husband 6 6%
Husband and wife 3 3%
In-law 1 1%
Single mother 1 1%
Nephew 1 1%
Total 100 100%
C.1.3. Different Kinds of Support in Household

a. Physical

658. In terms of Table XI-95. Physical Support in the Household

physical support, the Role Frequency Percentage
majority of the Father 28 28%
respondents identified the
Mother 30 30%
mother (30%) as the one
being sought by the Not specified 22 22%
household, next is the Father and mother 12 12%
father (28%), but 12% Male non-relative 1 1%
answered it is both
Female relative 3 3%
parents.
Mother and sister 1 1%
Male relative 2 2%
Female non-relative 1 1%
Total 100 100%

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b. Financial
Table XI-96. Financial Support in the Household
659. For financial
Role Frequency Percentage
support, 43% of
Father 43 43%
respondents answered it
Mother 18 18%
is the father whom the
household depends on, Male relative 5 5%
18% answered it is the Father and mother 12 12%
mother, 12% answered it Not specified 11 11%
is both parents. Female relative 8 8%
Brother and sister 1 1%
Sister 1 1%
Brother 1 1%
Total 100 100%
c. Spiritual
Table XI-97. Spiritual Support in the Household
660. For spiritual Role Frequency Percentage
support, the majority Father and mother 15 15%
of the respondents
Father 5 5%
(46%) said it is the
Mother 46 46%
mother whom the
Not specified 24 24%
household depends
on, 24% did not Male relative 4 4%
specify, while 15% Brother and sister 1 1%
said it is both Male and female relatives 1 1%
parents. Male non-relative 1 1%
Male and female non-relatives 1 1%
Female non-relative 1 1%
Brother 1 1%
Total 100 100%
d. Emotional
Table XI-98. Emotional Support in the Household
661. In terms of
emotional support, the Role Frequency Percentage
majority or 50% of Father and mother 22 22%
respondents identified
Mother 50 50%
the mother as source of
emotional support of Not specified 22 22%
the household, 22% Female relative 1 1%
said it is both parents, Male relative and non-
1 1%
yet 22% did not specify. relative
Male relative 1 1%
Male non-relative 1 1%
Female non-relative 1 1%
Brother 1 1%
Total 100 100%

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C.2. Summary And Recommendation

662. Since the women has multi-faceted tasks, their participation is crucial in the program
and the project as a whole. They have as much right as men to participate in projects which
profoundly affect their lives.

663. The disadvantaged group on the other hand should also not be denied of their right
to participate and be consulted in the project activities. Facilities to secure their safety
should be incorporated in the project design.

664. As a policy, Gender and Development shall adopt gender mainstreaming as a key
strategy for promoting gender equity and ensuring participation of women and that their
needs are explicitly addressed in the decision-making process for development activities.
For projects that have the potential to have substantial gender impacts, a gender plan will be
prepared to identify strategies to address gender concerns and the involvement of women
and other vulnerable groups in the design, implementation, and monitoring of the project.

D. Results of the Perception Survey Figure XI-38. Awareness of the

Proposed Project
D.1.1. Awareness of the Proposed Project
Yes,
665. The majority, or 89% of the respondents are 11%
not aware of the proposed project. (Figure 119) Yes

666. For the 11% who are aware, 36% of them No

learned about the proposed project from the project
No, 89%
employees, while 27% learned from the barangay
officials.

Table XI-99. Source of information about the Proposed Project

Source of information about the
Frequency Percentage
Proposed Project
Project employees 4 36%
Barangay assembly 1 9%
Barangay / municipal officials 3 27%
Neighbor / friends 1 9%
Radio 2 18%
Total 11 100%

667. In terms of preferred source of information regarding the proposed project, majority
of respondents (30%) said they would prefer the project employees as the source, 21%
want to learn from the barangay or municipal officials, while another 21% prefer learning
from the barangay assembly.

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Table XI-100. Preferred source of information regarding the Proposed Project

Preferred source of information
Frequency Percentage
regarding the Proposed Project
Radio 16 12%
Television 10 7%
Family member 1 1%
Neighbor / friends 6 4%
Barangay assembly 29 21%
Barangay / Municipal officials 29 21%
Project employees 41 30%
Social media 5 4%
Not applicable 1 1%
Total 138 100%

D.1.2. Perception Towards the Proposed Project

668. Among the positive or beneficial impacts that the proposed project may bring,
respondents identified multiple effects and one of the most common is employment for some
local residents (22%), followed by solving of the garbage siege problem (17%), and revenue
to the barangay/municipality/ province (15%).

Table XI-101. Perceived Positive (Beneficial) Effects / Impacts

Perceived Positive (Beneficial) Effects / Impacts Frequency Percentage
Employment for some local residents 63 22%
Industrialization of the community 9 3%
Revenue to the barangay/municipality/province 43 15%
Assisting community projects/development 31 11%
Community solidarity 16 6%
Solve garbage siege 49 17%
Reduce fossil fuel consumption 24 9%
Improve tourism 31 11%
No idea 8 3%
No comment 7 2%
Total 281 100%

669. Possible adverse effects were also identified by the respondents and the most
common responses are health hazard signified by 18% and air pollution also at 18%.
Environmental impacts from ash disposal or emission of smoke were also identified by 6%,
as well as flooding as mentioned by 13%.

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Table XI-102. Perceived Negative (Adverse) Effects / Impacts

Perceived Negative (Adverse) Effects / Impacts Frequency Percentage
No negative/adverse effect 1 0%
Soil erosion 35 11%
Flooding 40 13%
Decrease in ground water resources 7 2%
Environmental impacts from ash disposal or emission of
50 16%
smoke
Environmental impacts from transport and/or storage
32 10%
process of the technology
Health hazard 56 18%
Peace and order hazard 13 4%
Water pollution 9 3%
Air pollution/odor pollutants 56 18%
Noise pollution 14 4%
No idea 1 0%
No comment 4 1%
Total 318 100%

670. The respondents were asked for their Figure XI-39. Opinion about the Project
opinion on the proposed project and 57%
said that it will help the community and local
residents a lot, 27% answered they have no Will help the
community and
opinion or do not know yet, while 16% said local residents a
27%
that it will help but not much (Figure XI-39). lot
Will be able to
help but not much
57%
16%
Don’t know yet /
D.1.3. Aspirations No opinion

671. The majority, or 82% of the

respondents, will consider the Figure XI-40. Consideration to Work with the
opportunity to work for the project if given Project
the opportunity. 16% will not consider the
opportunity and 2% are not yet sure. 2%

16%
672. The majority of the participants (68%) Yes
said that they will consider the opportunity to
No
work on the project because it will be a
source of income. Not sure

82%

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Table XI-103. Reason for considering work opportunity from the Project
Reason for considering work opportunity from the Project Frequency Percentage
Income source 68 68%
To help / provide for the family 7 7%
Closer proximity of source of livelihood 6 6%
Maybe not 1 1%
No idea 14 14%
Reduce financial problem among local residents 2 2%
Improve way of living 1 1%
Need more information 1 1%
Total 100 100%

673. Among the many suggested community development projects needed by the
community, 39% of the respondents answered that the skills training for source of livelihood
is needed by their community and 11% answered there should be job opportunities.

Table XI-104. Community Development Projects the Community Needs

Community Development Projects the Community Needs Frequency Percentage
Road improvement 11 9%
Job opportunities 13 11%
Skills training that can provide source of livelihood 47 39%
No idea 19 16%
Tree planting / reforestation 1 1%
Electrification 5 4%
Any program that can improve way of living 4 3%
Free education 2 2%
Waste segregation 1 1%
Livelihood programs for women / single mothers 2 2%
Livelihood programs for seniors 2 2%
Promote tourism 2 2%
Potable water source 5 4%
Housing 3 2%
Relocation 2 2%
Telecommunication signal 1 1%
Drainage improvement 1 1%
Total 121 100%

D.1.4. Attitude Towards the Proposed Project

674. The majority of the respondents, or 84% answered that they will support the
establishment of the project, 13% said they are not yet sure, while 3% said they will not
(Figure XI-41).

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675. For those supporting the project, the Figure XI-41. Support the
majority or 46% answered that the project will establishment of the Project
provide livelihood or job opportunities, 13% said it
will aid local residents, and another 13% believe it 3% 13%
will be for the development of the community
(Table XI-105). Yes
No
676. For those who are not supporting the
Not sure
project, 67% said they have no idea or have no
84%
comment on it, while 33% said there is no
assurance of job opportunity (Figure XI-42).

Table XI-105. Reason for supporting the Project

Reason for supporting
Frequency Percentage Figure XI-42. Reasons for not
the project
For the development of the supporting the Project
11 13%
community
Aid for local residents 11 13%
Provide livelihood / job
39 46%
opportunities
Decrease unpleasant odor
and provide job 3 4% 33%
opportunities to locals
Solution to garbage siege 6 7%
Cleaner environment and 67%
2 2%
better health
Better well-being for the
1 1%
next generation
No idea / no comment 8 10%
Relocation 1 1% No idea / no comment
As long as there is no
2 2% No assurance of job opportunity
damage to the community
Total 84 100%

E. Stakeholders Engagement

677. The involvement of the stakeholders in the WtE project is a key strategy to win
support for the project, gain commitment to the project, and ultimately increase the chances
for sustainability after the project has been completed. Their participation is important
because it develops an environment of trust by allowing the voices of the stakeholders to be
heard and their issues to be known, making them accountable to the project. It also
increases the stakeholders’ sense of ownership motivating them to sponsor the project,
which ultimately leads to sustainability.

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Figure XI-43. Stakeholder Engagement Principles and Strategies

F. Monitoring and Evaluation

678. A system of monitoring and evaluation should be in place to provide project

implementers with feedback on the effectiveness of the project implementation from the
physical progress, the disbursement of funds, the effectiveness of public
consultation/participation activities and the sustainability of development efforts among
affected communities. The end goal of monitoring is to identify problems and successes as
early as possible to allow timely adjustment of implementation arrangements.

679. The scope of monitoring shall include implementation schedule, community

participation, and grievance resolution. Qualitative monitoring shall be done by conducting
focus group discussions and interviews with key informants.

G. Other potential strategies for community engagement

680. Encouraging community engagement or involvement specifically for projects

involving waste products may not be as acceptable or enticing to the general public as we
may want it to be. The public has built up a perception that it is hazardous and posing
danger to health and the environment. Thus, identifying other strategies for community
engagement to the WtE project is deemed necessary to ensure not only acceptance but
sustainability of the project.

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681. From the result of the study tour in South Korea as well data gathered from other
countries with existing WtE project, we have identified other stakeholders’ engagement
strategies that can be utilized for our WtE project.

1. In South Korea for example, the term incineration facilities were named “resource
recovery facilities because they were designed to recover thermal energy from the
mass burning of solid waste. This is also to dilute the negative impressions that the
residents have about incinerators by emphasizing that the facility could actually give
back energy.

2. In line with the media’s effort to deliver accurate information, the government can
sponsor field trips for residents to visit the incineration facilities.

3. Encourage public support for the joint use of resource recovery facilities through the
conduct of regular community meetings.

4. LGU to come up with a City Ordinance providing discounts on electricity bills, as a

means of compensating for the inconvenience and discomfort for households that
are residing within a certain distance from the plants.

5. The creation of a citizens’ council consisting of multi-sectoral representatives

recommended by residents. The council is entitled to appoint a research institute to
conduct environmental impact assessments on the resource recovery facility and
monitor whether the facility operates in an environmentally responsible manner. The
citizens’ council will represent the community’s interests by ensuring adequate
compensation for the inconvenience of having unwanted facilities.

6. The committees encouraged local residents to engage in the governance of the

facilities and helped the government devise compensation that will fit local residents’
demands.

7. Assessments of the resource recovery facility and monitor whether the facility
operates in an environmentally responsible manner.

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Section XII. Legal and Institutional Arrangement

682. The current statutory authorities allowing the establishment of WtE facilities consist
mainly of the Clean Air Act of 1991 (RA 8749) and the Ecological Solid Waste Management
Act of 2000 (RA 9003). With this legal regime in place, there are already at least 13 WtE
plants in the country generating a total of 9.6 MW of electricity (per the Consultants’ online
search). These plants use technology that includes gasification (i.e., tapping into methane
emission from landfills and controlled dump sites. A facility in Rodriguez, Rizal, for instance,
produces refuse-derived fuel for use by a nearby cement plant.

683. The total output of these WtE facilities accounts for only 0.7% of the country’s total
power output. Due to the limited power and energy output and relatively simple technologies
employed by these existing WtEs, the owners/proponents and operators are all private
entities. Furthermore, said power is consumed by specific clients, for example, a cement
plant within 2 km of a gasification plant11 or households near methane bottling plants12.

684. There are existing legislations that allow the use of all types of technologies to run
plants that turn solid waste into electricity. These laws permit non-combustion methods (i.e.,
gasification, pyrolysis, and bacterial gestation) and combustion types including oxygen-fed
incineration.

685. From 1991 until 2002, there was an assumption that the Clean Air Act13 absolutely
banned the use of incineration as a method of disposing of solid waste. This has remained
the main argument among critics against the use of incineration. This issue was resolved by
a decision of the Supreme Court, which clarified that incineration was not absolutely
prohibited – only those burning processes which would emit poisonous and toxic fumes
were banned.14 The Clean Air Act itself defines the term “toxic fumes.”15 These levels of air
pollution acceptable under the law are of exacting standards much higher than those
observed throughout the world.

686. Accordingly, since 2002, there have been attempts to build WtE plants that use
incineration as a technology capable of generating relatively large electrical output (i.e., 10
to 40 MW). Incineration is the preferred technology among proponents as it is the most
popular technology worldwide and has proven to be the most cost effective. Moreover, it
uses raw (i.e., after segregation) solid waste as feedstock. The main motivation is to offer a
means that would rid the urban areas of their solid waste production in the quickest and
most inexpensive way possible. The power generation component was deemed an” add-on”
benefit that would aid in the return-on-investments computations for the facility and at the
same time augment the national grid.

687. The Philippine government has supported and promoted the use the various
technologies of waste-to-energy generation by enacting statutes and regulations which

11
San Mateo, Rizal
12
Smokey Mountain, Tondo, Manila
13
Sec. 20, RA 8749
14
MMDA vs. JANCOM ENVIRONMENTAL CORP.; G.R. No 147485, April 10, 2002
15
Sec. 19, RA 8749
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provide the guidelines for their uses including initiatives for the proponents and operators.16

688. For LGUs nationwide, the source of this authority is the Local Government Code and
the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act (ESWMA). In this jurisdiction, the delivery of
the differentiated municipal waste to the locally sited WtE plant can be deemed part of the
collection of waste which is the mandate of the LGUs under the ESWMA. The processing of
the solid waste in the WtE is not deemed the “final disposition” of such waste as the process
would still produce the “ash” which will be disposed of – finally – in the landfill.

689. This mandate and power to set up a WtE is also applicable to the MMDA under its
Charter17. It must be mentioned, however, that while MMDA may own, set-up and operate a
WtE facility on its own, there is a serious legal impediment in its capability to bid out and
invite private contractors to undertake this work on its behalf under current procurement
laws18.

690. As incentive to the LGUs hosting these WtEs and their operators, the Department of
Environment and Natural Resources also released its the guidelines for LGUs wishing to set
up a WtE plants in their territory. 19 This requirement under the DAO must be read together
with PD No. 1586 20 and the Local Government Code. The latter outlines the process which
enables the residents to be involved in the approval of construction of facilities in the
town/province that require the passage of enabling ordinances and issuance of special
permits for facilities with potential impact on the environment. Even more apropos, is the
Joint Administrative Order being crafted among the DENR, DOST and DOE on the
Guidelines Governing WtE Utilizing Combustion Technology for Municipal Solid Waste. The
highlight of this proposed JAO is the requirement that such facilities must reach a
combustion temperature of at least 850 degrees Celsius to prevent generation of dioxin and
furans.

691. There are three main circumstances which shall be the main basis and consideration
for the development of the legal framework for the establishment of the proposed waste-to-
energy facility.

A. WtE Technology Allowed by Law

692. As discussed above, there is a window of opportunity available which can be used as
basis for establishing a practical WtE facility for Metro Manila LGUs and even for the rest of
the country based on a cost-effective and available technologies including incineration.

B. Development of Institutional Arrangement and Setup both for Establishment of

16
RA 9136 EPIRA, RA 9367, Biofuels Act of 2006, RA 9513 Renewable Energy Act of 2008, DOE Circular 2022 -02-0002
Development of Biomass for WtE Facilities
17
RA 7924 of 1995
18
Greater Metro Manila Solid Waste Management Committee and MMDA vs. JANCOM, et. al.; G.R. No. 163663; June 30,
2006.
19
DAR 2019-21 dated Nov. 26, 2018: Waste to Energy System
20
Presidential Decree No. 1586 (1976) - Philippine Environmental Impact Statement System (PEISS) – this outlines the
process under the mandate of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources through its Environment Management
Bureau that involves predicting and evaluating the likely impacts of a project on the environment at its various stages of
planning and implementation. It also involves the development of appropriate preventive, mitigating and enhancement
measures that will protect the environment from the identified impacts.

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Facility and Managing the Operations of the Same

693. Based on the foregoing, the stakeholders and those pushing for the establishment of
WtE facilities comprise some or all of the following parties:

1. The host LGU which shall be the permitting authority if not the proponent and owner
of the WtE facility itself.
2. The residents of the host LGU who must be consulted before the leaders approve
the installation of the facility in the territory.
3. The DENR which shall issue the ECC for the facility.
4. The owner of the site picked for the WtE facility.
5. The operator of the existing sanitary landfill which shall be the final depository of the
product of the WtE;
6. The LGUs from which the appropriate feedstock shall be sought as the WtE facility
necessarily requires a specific quantity and quality/character of waste which might
require them to fully implement solid waste management rules on waste segregation
at source.
7. The MMDA which administers the SLF serving Metro Manila and the solid waste
management process in the metropolis.
8. The power utility purchaser of the resulting electricity generated by the WtE facility;
and
9. The proponent and operator of the WtE facility.

694. The roles, relationship to each other and benefits and motivations of these parties in
this setup may be summarized as follows:

Table XII-1. Institutional Arrangement and Setup

for the Establishment and Operation of a WtE Facility
Parties Roles Benefits
Project proponent Submits proposal for WtE facility Revenues:
 Tipping fee
 Sale of electricity to power utility
Landowner Provides site for WtE facility Land rental from WtE facility proponent /
operator
Host LGU  Receives and processes Sharing in the income of WtE
proposals; conducts public
hearings in appropriate
periods.
 Pays tipping fee to WtE
operator
WtE operator Performs duties as the operator Payment from WtE facility proponent
appointed by the proponent
Host community Participates in public hearings Getting subsidized power rates from WtE
plant (for those using 100 kwh or less)
Funder Funds the project Return-on-investment
Landfill operator Receives the ash from the WtE plant Tipping fee from WtE plant owner
Power generator Buys power generated by the WtE Getting more supply
plant
National agencies Assist LGU; assess proposals if they Ensuring national standards are met
 DENR meet national standards
 DOH
 PPP Center

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C. Setting Up a WtE Facility in the Host LGU

695. The establishment of a

WtE facility in the territory of a Figure XII-1. Overview of the Solicited PPP Track
host LGU unit (either a City, Under the Revised 2022 IRR
municipality or province) can be
done by a government entity or
the private corporation. In case
of the former, the public entity
must be imbued with corporate
powers to establish a business
operation that is in support of its
public service mandate. If a
private company, its qualification
to own or operate a WtE must be
based on its primary purposes.

696. For purposes of this

Project, the public sector entities
imbued with the power to
undertake the same are the Figure XII-2. Overview of the Unsolicited PPP Track
LGUs and the MMDA. It is Under the Revised 2022 IRR
axiomatic, however, that the
government entities are not
organized and their officials and
employees do not have the
expertise and capability to
operate a WtE facility.
Consequently, it is necessary
that these entities obtain the
services of contractors and
experts to furnish the equipment
and components of a WtE facility,
set them up and operate the
same on their own behalf or on
behalf of the government
agencies concerned). In this
case, the only option to acquire
the WtE facility would be by the
mode of Build-Operate-Transfer through the route of solicited proposal by public bidding or
through unsolicited proposal with Swiss Challenge.

697. The route of solicited proposal is shown in Figure XII-1.

698. The LGU and/or MMDA invites or solicits the private sector to apply to fund, establish
and operate the WtE facility on a Build-Operate-Transfer basis with the applicants
participating in a bidding process; or

699. On the other hand, the mode of unsolicited proposal is shown in Figures XII-2 and

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Figure XII-3). The private sector submits its unsolicited proposal to the LGU or MMDA to set
up the WtE facility in a chosen host territory; if accepted, the proposal is subjected to the so-
called “Swiss Challenge.”

Figure XII-3. Implementing a WtE-A Typical Process Using the Swiss Challenge
Method (BOT Law)

Unsolicited
Bid bond Completed
proposal present
Proponent

submission proposal
to government
submission

Time

Preliminary In-depth analysis Preparation of bidding documents

assessment
Ministry/Agency

Declaration of “Public Proposal accepted or Call for

Interest”, additional rejected public
information or studies tender
requested.

Stage 1
Detailed Studies Completed

700. In the particular case of Metro Manila, there is another mode of establishing a WtE
facility – that is, this time to be performed by a private sector corporation. This is undertaken
not under a BOT protocol (i.e whereby, at the end of the day, the facility is transferred to the
government agency which awarded the contract to the private sector proponent) but as a
purely business operation. For this to be possible, two conditions must be met: First, the
corporation’s primary purposes must allow it to pursue this particular business; and second,
it must own or have control of the parcel of land which is projected to be site of the facility.
For this purpose, the ideal situation is for an existing SLF operator with ample land for
expansion in its landfill site to be the entity or part of the group to propose this Project.

701. In addition to the two circumstances shown above, the prospective site – being the
site of the SLF – would also be already zoned as an industrial area ready to receive a WtE
facility. Finally, having the facility part of the operation of the SLF would ensure that the
operator will not suffer from reduced revenues.

702. Under this mode, the SLF Operator deems the WtE facility as part of its operations. It
shall apply with the host LGU and the Province for a special permit or an enabling ordinance
and secure the Environmental Compliance Certificate from the DENR and other government
agencies as required by law. The possible institutional arrangement for this approach is
shown in Table XII-2.

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Table XII-2. Setting Up a WtE Facility in the Host LGU but in Private Property
Participants Role & Undertaking Policy Consideration
Landowner Provides the site for WtE Ideally, this should be the SLF Operator in
facility order to retain current rate of revenues from
tippling fee. It shall also be the conduit of
financing from MMDA for the WtE operator.
WtE Supplies and operates the Needs cooperation from landowner/SLF
Supplier/Operator WtE Facility Operator. Provides own financing to acquire
the CAPEX and OPEX funds.
LGU Municipality Issues special permit or Conducts public hearing to promote public
enabling ordinance to acceptance and support.
Proponent
LGU Province Reviews and approves Coordinate initiative with programs for the
Municipal special permit or province
enabling ordinance
Metro Manila LGUs Supplies feedstock to WtE Current activity under ESWM Law
Utility Purchases excess power
Host Community/Host Benefits from subsidized
LGU power rates
MMDA Continue role as supervisor Continue delivery of tipping fee to SLF/WtE
of SLF/and now the WtE

D. Basic Issues Encountered in Setting Up High-Capacity WtE Devices

703. Mentioned earlier is the fact that the approximately 13 units of WtEs now currently in
operation generate some 9.6 MW. These facilities, therefore, can be characterized as small-
scale facilities. Since 2000, there have been attempts to establish medium- to large-scale
WtE plants (i.e., those with 18-36 MW capacities). These attempts – numbering now to
about six at least – have all been failures or have encountered serious delays. These
attempts show the main issues that beset any party establishing a WtE facility in the territory
of an LGU to consist of the following:

Table XII-3. Major Problems and Concerns

Concerns Indications
Compliance with Laws and Toxic fumes standards are not met.
Policies:
Clean Air Act
BOT law and Procurement Law  Entering into a Joint Venture Agreement without public bidding
 Delayed study period in the case of the “Swiss Challenge”
 Allowing the proponent to secure the project site after entering into a
JVA
 LGU providing revenues / guarantees for proponents
Revenues and low return-on-  WtE may not qualify under the Renewable Energy Act as fuel used
investment is not “biomass.”
 Low level of tipping fees
Revenue stream of current landfill Lower income caused by a decrease in the volume of waste (from the
operators will be affected. WtE plant) may disrupt/affect the relationship with landfill operator

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E. Dominant Factors that Led to the Selection of Rodriguez, Rizal as the Site of the
WtE Facility

704. Three areas were considered as potential sites for the WtE facility. The municipality
of Rodriguez or Montalban was chosen based on the following:

1. The site is found outside Metro Manila. It is expected that a medium-scale WtE
facility (i.e., capable of generating 5-25 MW or consuming some 250-1,000 tons of
municipal waste per day) would require some 10-15 hectares. There is no such
area found in Metro Manila with that available hectarage zoned for industrial use.

The only possible locations that can accommodate a power plant would be the
areas where the existing sanitary landfills in Rizal Province (outside of Metro
Manila) are found. These are in the neighboring municipalities of San Mateo and
Rodriguez.

SMSLF in San Mateo, Rizal was deemed inferior to RPSLF in Rodriguez, Rizal,
as a site for WtE for the following reasons: a) far location from surface water;21 b)
further location from the Meralco electricity grid 22; c) has higher elevation and
steeper slope which will have impact on land development cost and fuel economy
of the trucks transporting wastes ; and d) the Rodriguez SLF already has a Power
Purchase Agreement with Meralco (i.e. for its existing methane powered plant).
The electricity to be produced by the proposed WtE would just be tacked on this
PPA. All these circumstances indicate that setting the facility in Rodriguez would
result in cheaper development costs and shorter commissioning period.

2. The Smokey Mountain site is within a residential zone. The only area within
Metro Manila that can be used for a medium- to large-scale WtE is the former
“Smokey Mountain” site in Tondo. Covering some 6 hectares, it is located near a
body of water. Unfortunately, it is found in an area that is zoned for a residential
community.

At the very least, installing a WtE facility would require re-zoning of the site from
“residential” to “industrial” – this would necessitate a public hearing and legislative
action. Convincing the community – and the city government – to allow the
construction of a WtE plant in the locality will definitely be a challenge. At the very
least, these efforts would translate to delays in the start of construction and
operation.

3. The chosen site is found in an existing and operating sanitary landfill.

Accordingly, it is already zoned as an industrial area for which winning public
support will be “less challenging.”

21
0.11 km compared to 3.20 km (for San Mateo)
22
1.58 km compared to 6.30 km (for San Mateo)
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F. Some Policy Considerations to Resolve Issues

705. Presented below is a summary of some policy considerations that would resolve
general and particular issues involving the setting up of a WtE plant in Rodriguez, Rizal that
would serve the needs of Metro Manila.

Table XII-4. Policy Considerations, Effects and Strategies

Policy Positive Effects Strategies

Strict compliance with air,  Allowing a mix of disposal Choosing appropriate pollution
water, land and noise technologies including incineration control technologies
pollution standards set by  Preventing protest actions among
concerned government critics and dissenters
agencies  Attracting investors

Encouraging and maximizing Popular support for the project will:  Effective IEC campaign
community involvement  Direct material benefits to
 insulate the project proponent residents must be shown to
from unfounded, biased criticisms. be concrete and certain.
 encourage public actors (including  Inclusion of the private
LGUs) to invest in a WtE facility sector in project monitoring
by: bodies that assist in the
 reducing capital expense of administration of the project.
private proponent
 improving ROI of proponent
 broadening public participation
Ownership by operator of  Quicker commissioning time as The landowner should be part of
project site the site is already developed. proponent group.
 This will reduce capital cost of the
project for the proponent,
lessening the required ROI and
making the project more financially
viable.

Ensuring investor receives Attracting prospective investors  Increase tipping fees.

acceptable return-on- including the supplier of the WtE  Obtain public counterpart
investment technology and the landfill operator. fund to finance the project

706. The difficulty level in establishing a WtE for Metro Manila using incineration
technology can be substantially reduced by adopting as the first phase of the Project a
scaled down version of the Project (i.e., 5.5 MW output). Accordingly, the first phase can be
a demonstration model. The second phase would then involve increasing the capacity of
the facility to a full scale, (i.e., capable of generating 11 MW).

707. A small-scale WtE plant would have the following advantages:

1. The facility would have easy access to funding and have a more feasible
return-on-investments. A smaller facility would require less funds. This would
encourage the host LGU, the NSAS, the MMDA or multilateral lending agencies to
contribute funds to the Project. Moreover, the cost of a smaller piece of land for
the proposed facility would be less and the commissioning period much shorter.
The result: the private sector participant would have a more feasible ROI.

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2. It can better serve the interests of the host community. A smaller facility can
offer the surrounding community these services: (a) production of plastic pellets
with which to create cement blocks (as is currently done in the Vitas, Manila facility
of MMDA); (b) more efficient composting to support urban agricultural ventures;
and (c) assistance in the collection of metal materials.

3. Less intensive effort is needed to positively influence public behavior and

opinion. Building a small-scale WtE plant would comparatively require less
intensive effort on the part of the proponent to “sell” the idea to the local
government, the host community, oppositionists, and cynics.

4. It is easier to connect to an electric grid. The lower power output of a small-

scale WtE facility will make interconnection with the power grid of the utility
company much easier and less costly. It is expected that the WtE plant operator
will advance the costs related to interconnection and integration.

G. Recommendation Regarding Institutional Arrangement

708. There is a legal and policy framework in place that enables the MMDA to properly
perform its role as promoter and supporter of the installation of a WtE facility in the
Municipality of Rodriguez/Montalban, Rizal. This initiative is to be spearheaded by the
MMDA together with the owner of the proposed project site and the municipal government of
Rogriguez. Under this arrangement, the parties involved are obliged to carefully study these
considerations and legal consequences as these apply to certain participants:

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Table XII-5. Main Participants to the WtE Project and their Respective Roles
Participants Issues/Concerns Possible Solutions

MMDA  The agency cannot assume the role of MMDA will declare that it will serve as a
Project proponent because of viable promoter of the Project and coordinating
legal challenges that JANCOM may agency for the contracting parties.
raise against it.
 The MMDA cannot be directly involved
in the operation of a WtE facility
because doing so would trigger a legal
challenge on the ground that operating
a WtE facility is not part of its mandate.

LGU Clients How to maintain a steady supply of The MMDA will make operational
acceptable feedstock to the WtE plant adjustments to ensure the availability of
volume and quality of feedstock needed to
sustain a viable WtE facility operation.

Host LGU  Issues regarding benefits to be derived  Subsidized cost for power utility
from operating a WtE plant. encourages the establishment of more
 Environmental pollution businesses which bring in government
revenues.
 Creation of employment opportunities
at the WtE plant
 Production of fertilizer from organic
waste

Host Community The Project may not garner popular  An intensive IEC campaign fostering
support. community awareness of the
economic and environmental benefits
that can be derived from the operation
of a WtE plant such as subsidized
costs for electricity for qualified
consumers

SLF Operator Revenue from tipping fee would be lower  The operator will share in the income
as volume of final waste disposed of into generated by the facility.
landfill would also be lower.  Tipping fee adjustments

WtE Operator The target return-on-investment may not  Long term contract with power utility
be achieved.  Higher tipping fee

709. The main policy consequences of MMDA’s executed contract with JANCOM include
the following:
a) The MMDA is prohibited from directly engaging another contractor for WtE
facility.
b) The involvement of MMDA in the venture shall be limited to its mandate under its
charter, i.e., to manage and administer the solid waste management program for
Metro Manila. This includes supervising, overseeing and regulating the
operations of the WtE facility. Ideally, the WtE operator and the SLF operator
should work as partners in a joint venture ensuring that they comply with the
regulations and business requirements of the LGU of Rodriguez, Rizal.

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710. From the foregoing, the recommended institutional arrangement is summarized as

follows:

Table XII-6. Proposed Institutional Arrangements

Participants Title/Role Responsibilities/Undertakings

MMDA Promoter • Bring the contracting parties (i.e., the SLF

operator and WtE plant supplier) together in a joint
venture to pursue the Project.
• Guarantee the supply of quality feedstock.
• Ensure payment of tipping fee to JV
• Look for other sources of funds, e.g., ODA.
• Promote the Project to LGUs involved and the
host community

SLF operator and WtE WtE plant owner and Apply for a special permit with the governments of
plant supplier/operator operator Rodriguez town and Rizal province to establish and
operate a WtE plant. Comply with documentary and
regulatory requirements of the DENR.

Municipal government of Host LGU • Enact an ordinance granting the WtE facility a
Rodriguez special permit, submitting the same to
Sangguniang Panlalawigan for confirmation.
• Conduct IEC campaigns among residents
• Hold public hearings, obtaining the public’s
informed consent regarding the project

Provincial government of Host province • Review the ordinance issued by the municipal
Rizal government of Rodriguez granting a special permit
to the WtE facility.

• Act on the application to establish and operate a

WtE facility in Rodriguez.

Residents and business Host community • The beneficiaries should trust that their elected
owners near the WtE plant officials have their best interest in mind when they
approve the establishment of a WtE facility in their
locality.

DENR Issue ECC • Ensure that the technology to be used by the WtE
operator meets the standards of the Clean Air Act

MERALCO Buyer of electricity • Enter into a long-term contract re: purchase of

generated by the WtE electricity
facility

711. Figure XII-4 shows the graphical presentation of the institutional arrangement
proposed above.

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Figure XII-4. Proposed Institutional Arrangement

MMDA SUPPORTS
 TIPPING FEE
 FEEDSTOCK

SLF WTE
Operator Operato
r
NGAs/ WTE FACILITY
JOINT Meralco
VENTURE

RODRIGUEZ/
RIZAL PROVINCE

712. In this arrangement, the MMDA continues to pay the SLF its tipping fee. It is
proposed that the rate of tipping fee would be substantially higher. The SLF operator would
then deliver part of this tipping fee to the WtE in a “pass-through” arrangement based on
their Joint Venture Agreement. The Project can also receive funding from the public sector
or from ODA sources through these avenues: a) The MMDA can further support the
enterprise indirectly via enhancement of certain aspects of the SWM process including at
the point of differentiation of the municipal wastes and implementation of downstream
components of the Project particularly those that benefit the host community; and b) the host
LGU can join the Joint Venture Agreement (as the third party). The participation of the host
can be rationalized as it expects that the WtE facility can generate economic benefits to the
locality. The LGU can then receive external funding and can participate in certain aspects of
the Project that have direct benefit to the host communities including horizontal development
(i.e., to generate local employment for the construction phase), retraining of trash collectors
and encouraging local businesses to take advantage of downstream industries generated by
the WtE facility.

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Section XIII. Operational Plan

A. Operation Management Plan

A.1. Basic direction of the operation management plan

• Realization of optimal treatment facilities by introducing professional technology

and know-how that allow the adoption of best practices at acceptable costs.
• Formulation of a systematic maintenance plan to ensure stable facility operation.
• Establishment of an operation management system that puts emphasis on the
safety of personnel and the operator’s investments in terms of machineries and
equipment.
• Adoption of systems and procedures that achieve energy utilization efficiency.
• Formulation of guidelines for dealing with various types of emergencies and
crisis situations at the plant.
A.1.1. Ensuring the stability of facility operation

713. An efficient operation management system should be established to ensure the

stability and reliability of facility operation. This can be achieved through the following:
• Appropriate allocation of management personnel and organizational planning.
• Establishment of regular and emergency operation protocols
• Development of a rational maintenance plan
Figure XIII-1. Operation Management Basic Direction

A.1.2. Basic concept of facility operation

714. The basic concept of facility operation is to promote public interest by operating
economical and eco-friendly waste treatment facilities that use modern, sophisticated, viable
and internationally accepted technology.

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Figure XIII-222222222222. Basic Concept of Facility Operation

B. Operation & Maintenance (O&M) Cost

715. O&M cost consists of personnel expenses, material expenses, operating expenses,
maintenance expenses and insurance premiums.

Table XIII-1. Operation and Maintenance Cost

Item No. Description Total Amount (Php)
A. Operation & Maintenance
A.1 Personnel expenses 73,200,000.00
A.2 Material expenses 13,443,000.00
A.3 Operating expenses 109,670,559.30
A.4 Maintenance expenses
Equipment maintenance costs 20,081,488.85
Equipment replacement costs 45,000,000.00
A.5 Insurance premiums 10,000,000.00
Total Operation & Maintenance Cost 271,395,048.15

B.1. Personnel expenses

716. Personnel expenses include the total cost of staffing requirements for an incineration
facility. An Equipment Operations Team shall work in 4 shifts and 3 rotations. The facility
shall operate 16 hours per day; another team shall be assigned to 3 shifts and 2 rotations.
These standards have been developed based on the operational guidelines of a South
Korean WtE plant (Figure XIII-3).

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Figure XIII-3. Personnel Organizational Chart

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B.2. Operating expenses

717. Operating expenses are those related to chemical usage, waste disposal, fuel, water
and sewer, electrical equipment and supplies, and inspection.

B.3. Chemical Usage expenses

718. The Table XIII-2 below shows the calculated annual amount of chemical substances
to be used. The figures were arrived at based on the capacity of an incineration facility in
Korea, i.e., 250 tons/day. Chemical substance usage was calculated according to the
standards set by the South Korean government.

Table XIII-2. Chemical Usage

Operating annual usage
Category Usage Annual usage Remark
time days
Boiler treatment
Scale inhibitor 5.8 kg/day 24 hr/day 320 day/year 1,866 kg/year
chemicals
Boiler treatment
pH modifier 3.9 kg/day 24 hr/day 320 day/year 1,245 kg/year
chemicals
activated carbon 199.2 kg/day 24 hr/day 320 day/year 63,744 kg/year Exhaust Gas Treatment
sodium Exhaust Gas Treatment
283.2 kg/day 24 hr/day 320 day/year 90,624 kg/year
bicarbonate
1,514.9 Exhaust Gas Treatment
ammonia solution 24 hr/day 320 day/year 484,762 kg/year
kg/day
limestone 16,922.4kg/day 24 hr/day 320 day/year 5,415,168 kg/year Exhaust Gas Treatment
1,059.1 Exhaust Gas Treatment
AdBlue 24 hr/day 320 day/year 338,918 kg/year
kg/day
chelate 268.8 kg/day 24 hr/day 320 day/year 86,016 kg/year Waste incineration plant
20,257.3
Total 6,482,342 kg/year
kg/day

B.4. Waste Disposal expenses

719. The Table XIII-333333333333Table XIII-33333333333Table XIII-3333333333Table

XIII-333333333Table XIII-33333333Table XIII-3333333Table XIII-333333Table
XIII-33333Table XIII-3333Table XIII-333Table XIII-33Table XIII-3 shows the calculated
annual amount of incineration residue produced.

Table XIII-333333333333. Incineration Residue Disposal Amount

Category Disposal Operating time Annual disposal days Annual generation

Bottom ash 0.51 ton/hr 24 hr/day 320 day/year 3,917 ton/year

Incinerator grate ash 0.24 ton/hr 24 hr/day 320 day/year 1,843 ton/year

720. There is a total of 1,843 tons of incinerator grate ash and 3,917 tons of bottom ash
that will be generated in a year.

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B.5. Fuel expenses

721. The fuel consumption of the burner may vary depending on the operator. The fuel
consumption of building equipment includes both that of kitchen and heating/cooling
facilities. The total LNG usage is 89,558 N㎥/year and the total Diesel usage is 990L/year.

Table XIII-4. Fuel expenses

Operating annual usage
Category Usage Annual usage Remark
time days
Ignition burner 638.7 N㎥/hr 12 hr/day 2 day/year 15,329 N㎥/year LNG
Auxiliary burner 638.7 N㎥/hr 4 hr/day 2 day/year 5,110 N㎥/year LNG
Emergency generator 41.3 L/hr 2 hr/day 12 day/year 990 L/year Diesel
Building Fuel Usage 27.0 N㎥/hr 8 hr/day 320 day/year 69,120 N㎥/year LNG

B.6. Water Usage expenses

722. Based on the average volume of water consumed by the South Korean WtE plant
mentioned earlier, the amount of processed water used can vary depending on the amount
of chemical reagents used. The total water usage is 67,796 ㎥/year. Refer to Table XIII-5.

Table XIII-5. Water Usage expenses

Category Usage Operating time annual usage days Annual usage
Domestic water 5.0 ㎥/hr 8 hr/day 365 day/year 14,600 ㎥/year
Process water 166.2 ㎥/day 24 hr/day 320 day/year 53,196 ㎥/year

B.7. Power Usage

723. Power usage of the proposed WtE facility will be taken from the 5.5MW it is expected
to generate.

Table XIII-6. Power Usage Expenses

Operating time annual usage
Category Usage Annual usage
days
incineration facility 32,686.3 kWh/day 24 hr/day 320 day/year 10,459,613 kWh/year

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Section XIV. Implementation Plan

A. Project Approval Process

724. The MMDA, with the technical assistance of the Consultants (i.e., Kyong-Ho
Engineering and Architects Co., Ltd. and Engineering Development Corporation of the
Philippines [EDCOP]), prepared this Feasibility Study and the necessary documents for
submission to the Investment Coordinating Council (ICC) for review and approval. If
approved, the FS shall be submitted to the NEDA Board for approval.

B. Procurement Plan

B.1. Contractual Arrangement

725. The Feasibility Study to Determine the Appropriate Waste-to-Energy (WtE)

Technology in Metro Manila was commissioned by MMDA in adherence to the Metro
Manila Flood Management Project Component 2, whose objective is to minimize solid waste
in waterways. The project is funded by the World Bank (WB) and the Asian Infrastructure
Investment Bank (AIIB).

726. The bidding for the construction and operation of the facility will be conducted by the
PPP Center. The MMDA shall be the Promoter and Supporter of the installation of a WtE
facility in the Municipality of Rodriguez, Rizal.

B.2. Bidding Process

727. The Public Bidding Process shall be conducted and administered by the PPP Center
and MMDA under the relevant provisions of the revised RA 6957 and its IRR. RA 6957 is an
act authorizing the financing, construction, operation and maintenance of infrastructure
projects by the private sector and for other purposes as amended. The bidding process shall
be conducted following these steps:

• Market Sounding
• Publication of Invitation to Bid (3 Envelop System)
• Issuance of Request of Bid Documents
• Pre-Bid Conference
• Submission of Bid Proposals
• Bid Evaluation of Eligibility Documents
• Bid Evaluation of Technical Proposal
• Bid Evaluation of Financial Proposal
• Technical and Financial Negotiation
• Recommendation to Award the project.
• Notice of Award (NOA)
• Financial Close
• Notice to Proceed (NTP)

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C. Project Implementation

728. Tabe XIV-1 shows the Project Implementation Schedule and the Figure XIV-1 shows
Project Implementation Plan.

Table XIV-1. Project Implementation Schedule

No Activity Date
1.0 Preparation of Feasibility Study (FS) January -November 15, 2023
2.0 MMDA FS Approval December 2023
3.0 Submission to NEDA January 2024
4.0 NEDA Review January-March 2024
5.0 ICC Approval April 2024
6.0 NEDA Board Approval May 2024
7 PPP Center/Implementing Agency Bidding Process June-December 2024
7.1 Notice of Bidding and Issuance of Bid Documents June 2024
7.2 Submission of Bid December 1, 2024
7.3 Bid Evaluation December 1- 15, 2024
7.4 Notice of Award December 22,2024
7.5 Financial Close March 25, 2025
7.6 Notice to Proceed March 28, 2025
8.0 Procurement of Independent Consultant (IC) April -June, 2025
9.0 Implementation Phase April 2025- March 2029
9.1 Detailed Architectural and Engineering Design April 2025- December 2025
9.2 Permitting Requirements October 2025- December 2025
9.3 Start of Construction January 2026
9.4 Actual Construction January 2026-December 2029
9.5 Testing and Commissioning August- December 2029
10.0 Completion of Construction December 2029
11.0 Project Turnover December 2029
12.0 Start of Operation January 20230

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Figure XIV-1. Project Implementation Plan

2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 30

Activity Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan

1. Preparatiion of Feasibility Study

2. MMDA FS Approval
3. Submission to NEDA
4. NEDA Review
5. ICC Approval
6. NEDA Board Approval
7. PPP Center/ Implenting Agency Bidding
Process
7.1 Notice of Bidding and Issuance of
Bid Documents
7.2 Submission of Bid
7.3 Bid Evaluation
7.4 Notice of Award
7.5 Financial Close
7.6. Notice to Proceed (NTP)
8. Procurement of Independent
Consultant (IC)
9. Implementation Phase
9.1 Detailed Architecutal and
Engineering Design
9.2 Permitting Requirements
9.3 Start of Construction
9.4 Actual Construction
9.5 Testing and Commisioning
10. Completion of Construction
11. Project Turnover
12. Start of Operation

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Section XV. Conclusion and Recommendation

729. Rapid urbanization and population growth in the Asia-Pacific region have led to an
exponential increase in waste generation. As of 2022, Metro Manila has disposed of an
average of 35,000m3 of waste per day at the 3 designated sanitary landfills (Navotas
Sanitary Landfill, New San Mateo Sanitary Landfill, and Rizal Sanitary Landfill). With the
growing waste volume and the SLFs approaching their capacity limit, the building of a WtE
facility in Metro Manila is worth exploring.

730. The Consultants have evaluated different technologies according to the World
Bank’s WtE decision matrix. The result showed that stoker-type incineration is the most
suitable technology for this Project. The incineration facility is expected to process 250 tons
of waste/day with a potential for expansion for another 250 tons per day.

731. In selecting the potential site for WtE, a Multi-Criteria Analysis (MCA) was
conducted. The Rizal Provincial Sanitary Landfill (RPSLF) garnered a score of 77.0%,
followed by Smokey Mountain (72.12%) and the SMSLF (59.27%). Based on the results of
the MCA, MMDA selected the site at the RPSLF as the most suitable site for a WtE facility.
The potential site was evaluated further by using Engineering Geological and Geohazard
Assessment (EGGAR) which shows that the proposed project site is immune to most
hazards except for its susceptibility to ground motion during earthquake.

732. The Project, being highly capital-intensive, is not financially viable with an FIRR of
-3%. Should the Government decide to let the private sector participate in the construction
and operation of the facility, the Government should be ready to provide subsidies to the
private sector. Engaging the private sector for the operation of the facility only will enable the
government to share in the revenues derived from the project.

733. Based on the economic evaluation, the Project can bring economic benefits
considering non-incremental benefits (health expenditures, generated power, tipping fees)
and incremental benefits (reduction in land required for disposal, extension of lifespan of
landfills, sales from by-products of processed waste, employment multiplier effect). The
project yields a net present value (NPV) of Php 1.366 billion, an EIRR above hurdle rate
(10%) at 13.57% and a benefit cost ratio of 1.28. The Sensitivity Analysis shows that the
Project will still be viable under the first scenario with a 10% increase in capital and O&M
Cost (NPV = Php 874M, EIRR= 12.15%) Under the second and third scenarios, the Project
will still have a positive net present value and an EIRR that is more than the 10% hurdle
rate. However, the benefit-cost ratio is lower than 1, meaning the costs exceed the benefits.
However, it is possible that if the environmental benefits discussed above are quantified, the
economic viability of Scenarios 2 and 3 will improve.

734. The recommended institutional arrangement for this Project will be: 1) MMDA will
serve as the promoter; (2) SLF Operator and WtE supplier/operator will enter into a joint
venture to establish a WtE plant in SLF site in Rodriguez; (3) Rodriguez Municipality will be
the host LGU; (4) Province of Rizal will be the host province; (5) Municipal Government of
Rodriguez as the host community; (6) DENR will issue the ECC ; and (7) power utility
distribution company will be the buyer of electricity produced by the WtE. The bidding
process will be conducted by the PPP Center and the implementing agency will be MMDA.

Conclusion and Recommendation

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735. In view of the above facts, findings and observations, the results of this study highly
recommend the implementation of the Waste to Energy Facility in Metro Manila on account
of its economic benefits (health expenditures, generated power, revenue from tipping fees,
reduction in land required for disposal, extension of lifespan of landfills, sales from waste
processing, and employment multiplier effect) and support to MMDA’s metro-wide services
on health and sanitation, urban protection and pollution control which include the
formulation and implementation of policies, rules and regulations, standards, programs and
projects for the promotion and safeguarding of the health and sanitation of the region and for
the enhancement of ecological balance and the prevention, control and abatement of
environmental pollution.

Conclusion and Recommendation

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REFERENCES

Abushammala, M. F., Qazi, W. A., Fragg, S., Alazaiza, M. Y., & Younes, M. K. (2022). Site
selection of municipal solid waste incineration. Journal of the Air & Waste
Management Association.
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Feasibility Study (F/S) to Determine the Appropriate Waste-to-Energy (WtE)
Technology in Metro Manila

November 2023-Final Report

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