4th Int’l Conf.

on Recent Advances in Information Technology | RAIT-2018 |

Design and Implementation of Closed Loop

Controlled Boost Converter for Solar Power
Installation System using Fuzzy Logic Controller
Prakhar Sharma Pankaj Kumar Nitai Pal
Department of Electrical Department of Electrical Department of Electrical
Engineering Engineering Engineering
IIT (ISM) IIT (ISM) IIT (ISM)
Dhanbad, India Dhanbad, India Dhanbad, India
prakhar5star@gmail.com pankajkumar903106@gmail.com nitai_pal@rediffmail.com

Abstract—Green energy resources are an interesting, Based on the problem domain requirement, different fuzzy
readable solution to achieve global sustainability. This paper energy models have been implemented in literatures. Fuzzy
proposes a controlled approach to achieving a constant voltage delphi, fuzzy grey forecasting and fuzzy regression applicable
despite of change in load and supply voltage for a solar for the purpose of forecasting, whereas fuzzy ANP and AHP
photovoltaic system based application. Modeling of the system is are vitally realized for determination of the relative
very essential before installation of the system, which produces effectiveness of energy resources. For control applications of
an enhanced robust planning for the required load. It also helps renewable energy systems, ANFIS and model are extensively
to achieve the system reliability and robustness at the load used in smart grids and solar PV systems [3]. The performance
center. For the control of nonlinearity present in the designed
and operation of solar energy systems using fuzzy logic
system, fuzzy logic technique plays a key role to achieve a desired
controller (FLC) have broadly improved the energy
behavior of controlled output voltage. Hence, the fuzzy logic
control scheme has been implemented in the system with power
optimization, location selection and fluctuating speed and
electronics interfacing units to stabilize the output voltage at load temperature control [11].
side. For its effectiveness, result is examined and compared from The proposed paper is organized in four sections. Section I
open loop system. deals with the modeling of solar PV cell which will act as the
supply energy source for the system. Section II explains the
Keywords—solar energy; boost converter; fuzzy logic
modelling of power electronic interface unit. Section III
controller; MATLAB simulation
focuses on the design aspect of fuzzy logic control strategies.
At last in section IV, modelling of overall system and its result
I. INTRODUCTION has been discussed.
Energy is the key asset for the development of a nation.
Fossi fuel is the dominant sources of energy which are II. MODELING OF SYSTEM COMPONENTS
extensively utilized by the highly populated country like India
and China. Ecosystem gets badly affected due to emission of A. Modeling of PV Cell
various pollutants generated from consumption of fossi fuel. PV cell is originated from the fundamental physics of the
To overcome it, renewable energy is the best alternative to PN junction. The basic single diode equivalent circuit shown in
meet the global energy demand. Solar, wind, hydro, biomass Fig. 1 explains the current produced by the solar cell which
and tidal are the vital inexhaustible non-conventional sources depends on the solar irradiation [1],[5]. In practice, PV model
of energy [1],[8]. However, solar energy is the most abundant current generated by photons is replaced by a current source IL
resource and possess leading alternative among all available with a parallel connected to a diode having current ID and a
renewable energy sources. Major problem arises due to the high shunt resistance RSH with a series resistance RS through
variation in the solar irradiation and intensity, which further which output current I flows at load end [9]. To increase its
changes the output voltage of the solar panel [2],[10]. applicability, solar panel or module is made with the
Geographical position highly determines the amount of solar interconnection of a fix number of PV cell. To accomplish a
irradiation potential that can be received at that place. Asian desired voltage or current, panels are connected in series and
countries possess much higher potential in comparison to the parallel to form a required solar PV array.
temperate nations. To increase the reliability and efficiency of
solar energy system, applications of power electronics
converters with soft computing techniques become a better
approach to get a desired voltage response [4].

978-1-5386-3039-6/18/$31.00©2018 IEEE
4th Int’l Conf. on Recent Advances in Information Technology | RAIT-2018 |

Impact of Different Inertia Weight Functions on

Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm to Resolve
Economic Load Dispatch Problems
Nimish Kumar, Nitai Pal, Pankaj Kumar and Aprajita Kumari
Department of Electrical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines)
Dhanbad, India
nimishkumar2k7@gmail.com, nitai_pal@rediffmail.com, pankajkumar903106@gmail.com and aprajita.iitdhn@gmail.com

Abstract— Dispatching generation units plays a valuable role extensive computational time. Genetic algorithm [4], chemical
in the economic operation of the plant. The Economic Load reaction optimization [5], biogeography based optimization [6]
Dispatch Problems (ELDPs) deal with such economic operation etc. are the examples of intelligent techniques. These
of the plant. The Particle swarm optimization (PSO) technique techniques have no any restraint on the nature of cost curve,
becomes much more popular than other to resolve ELDPs. To due to their capability to search the optimal result. The
control explosion phenomenon, Inertia Weight (IW) is used in the drawback of these techniques is that a large number of
PSO algorithm. The IW may be a positive constant or a time parameters are involved in the algorithm, and hence takes
varying function. In this article six different IW namely constant, enormous number of iterations to search the global optimum.
linearly decreasing, natural exponent strategy 1 and 2, random
and simulated annealing are used in PSO algorithm to resolve In 1995, a powerful optimization technique which is
ELDPs of IEEE 5, 14 and 30 bus systems. The best, worst, popularly known as PSO has been invented by J. Kennedy and
average and their standard deviation costs are calculated for 20 R. Eberhart. It is a population-based stochastic algorithm and
trial runs using MATLAB programming. The average numbers inspired by the social/collective behavior of nature such as fish
of iteration and average computational time have been also schooling, bird flocking etc. It has prominent advantages like
examined. The analysis of results shows that the use of simulated simple concept, easy implementation, control parameter
annealing IW for IEEE-5 bus system and the use of natural robustness etc. and hence becomes more popular than other
exponent IW strategy 2 for IEEE-14 bus system and IEEE-30 bus intelligent techniques to solve complex (both linear as well as
systems in PSO algorithm provide better result with less
nonlinear) problems like ELDPs. The ELDPs are frequently
computational time.
solved by PSO techniques with/without
Keywords— Economic Load Dispatch problems (ELDPs); modification/improvement in the PSO algorithm [7], [8].
Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO); Inertia Weight; Operational In this paper, six different inertia weight (IW) functions
cost namely constant IW, random IW, linearly decreasing IW,
natural exponent IW strategy 1&2 and simulated annealing IW
I. INTRODUCTION are implemented in PSO algorithm. These PSO algorithms are
The ELDPs find optimal combination of power dispatched used to resolve ELDPs of IEEE 5, 14 and 30 bus systems.
by generating units of the plant, so that the total Comparative analysis for each IW functions has been
operational/fuel/production cost should be minimum for the performed for 20 trial runs. The best, worst and average
load demand under given system/operational (equality and optimal solutions have been also shown for each IW functions.
inequality) constraints. It is the basic optimization problems of
the power industry. The convenient outlining of generating II. ELD PROBLEM FORMATION
unit outputs grant to the abundant saving in the production The generating unit’s operational costs are normally
cost. represented by the quadratic function of its output power and
A variety of techniques are used to resolve ELDPs during hence the total fuel/production cost of the plant is the
past years, in which some of them adopt conventional aggregate sum of individual generating units. Mathematically,
techniques, whereas others adopt intelligent techniques. Fast Fi(Pi) = aiPi2 + biPi + ci (1)
lambda method [1], gradient method [2], base point and
participation factors method [3], lambda iteration method etc. Where Fi(Pi) is the generating unit’s operational cost, Pi is
are the examples of conventional techniques. These techniques the generating unit’s output power and (ai,bi,ci) are the
suffer from the oscillatory problems due to existence/presence generating unit’s cost coefficient of ith unit of the plant.
of assorted local minimum and limitation/restraint on the Therefore total fuel/production cost (FT) of the plant
nature of cost curves in case of large generating units. In having n units will be,
addition, these techniques have complex algorithm and takes

978-1-5386-3039-6/18/$31.00©2018 IEEE
3rd Int'l Conf. on Recent Advances in Information Technology I RAIT-2016I

Fuzzy Gain Scheduled Intelligent Frequency

Control in an AC Microgrid
MohitKumar Ashiwani Yadav
Department of Electrical Engineering Department ofElectrical Engineering
Indian School ofMines Indian School of Mines
Dhanbad, India Dhanbad, India
Email: mohitjaiswallOl2@gmail.com Email: ashiwaniurgent@gmai1.com

Pankaj Kumar Nitai Pa!

Department of Electrical Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering
Indian School ofMines Indian School of Mines
Dhanbad, India Dhanbad, India
Email: pankajkumar903106@gmail.com Email: nita(J)al@rediffmail.com

Abstract-Problem of frequency regulation in an AC system Some of these issues with the RESs are; issue of keeping
is a major challenge in modern power system. Recently due to up and ensuring such RESs, participating in the framework
considerable growth of renewable energy sources and parameters variation under distinctive working conditions,
distributed generations, the concept of microgrid is gradually and appropriate control outlines in both joined and separated
more being used. But, renewable energy sources (RESs), modes. The wanted and proficient usage of these sources
forming a MG, are by nature having unpredictable variations
of their power output. The system disturbances occurs either obliges adherence to numerous benchmarks; henceforth,
from generation side or from load side causes uncertainties in Consortium for Electric Reliability Technology Solutions
power output which make it difficuIt for the conventional (CERTS) brought a advance and efficient concept of
controllers to provide good dynamic performance over an microgrid [1,2,3]. In this context, interest in incorporation of
extensive variety of working environment. This paper addresses distributed generation into distribution system has rapidly
the microgrid system with respect to load disturbances and enhanced [4]. According to CERTS, the MG is a total of
proposes a fuzzy gain schedule proportional-integral-derivative
(FGSPID) controller and for relative investigation, the connected loads and small scale sources working as a
traditional PID controller is additionally executed on the same solitary framework giving both power and required heat. The
microgrid framework. Simulation response validates that the power components of the MGs are generally small making
frequency response of the microgrid system has enhanced units having few Kilo-Watt (KW) rating acquainted elose
significantly with the application of FGSPID controller as with consumer site, and facilitated into electrical system as
compared to conventional controller. Distribution Generation (DG). Typical DGs is combination
of various kinds of available renewable energy sources such
as diesel engine generator (DEG) sets , photovoltaic (PV)
Keywords-Distribution generation; juzzy gain scheduled PID
array, micro turbines, wind turbines generator (WTG) units ,
controller; microgrid; renewable energy sources. fuel cell (FC) combinations along with available energy
storage units etc [5].
I. INTRODUCTION
Most of the aforesaid RESs use power electronic
based controls to give the adaptability as required to
The increasing needs of electric energy have put severe
interface distinctive sources and loads to guarantee operation
constraints on the limited conventional sources of energy like of the microgrid as a solitary totaled system [2]. Power
fossil fuels and therefore, have resulted in the fast growth of electronic inverters are equipped for changing energy from
renewable energy sources (RESs) as alternative sources of an assortment of sources, for example, variable frequency
electric energy. There has been considerable progress in units like wind and also several units like PV array and fuel
research and development of RESs and several new forms of cells which works as direct energy source. [6,7] etc. Inverter
renewable resources are developed in the whole world based conveyed RESs are by and large viewed as subsidized
keeping in view the global environmental concerns. But power through utility benchmarks starting from I KW to a
there are several issues involved in RESs, in their control and coupleMW.
integration with existing power system grid, etc. which are Microgrid is unavoidable in future because of its
being tended to by specialists across the globe. conspicuous benefits of lessened generation limit, expanded

978-1-4799-8579-1/16/$31.00 ©2016 IEEE

 Performance Analysis of Underground Mine
Ventilation System using MATLAB/Simulink
Pankaj Kumar, Prakhar Sharma and Nitai Pal*
Department of Electrical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines)
Dhanbad, Jharkhand
*
Email- nitai_pal@rediffmail.com

Abstract—Stable and smooth operation of a ventilation system  Analysis of the project with operating cadre.
is a prime concern for all underground mining operations. The
proposed article focusses on the performance analysis of a For the stable operation of a system controller is essentially
ventilation system applicable for all underground mine, which
required, which clout the behavior of a system by varying the
utilizes electrical equivalent circuit of mine roadways for the
development of a simulated ventilation system. The performance inputs of the system according to the set rules of the model
of the system is analyzed using traditional controllers. The [6]. Classical and intelligent control are mainly two categories
presented article will help to get a robust, simplified system for applied for controlling a dynamic system. Mostly,
underground mining operations. conventional PID controllers find preeminent application in
process control and industrial systems. PI controller is most
Keywords—Mine ventilation; PID controller; commonly and practiced applied controller in industrial
MATLAB/Simulink, Step response. process control application because, it eliminates the steady
state error [13]. The performance index of this type controller
I. INTRODUCTION gets effected due to enormous noise. Due to their
Ventilation is an essential element of all underground mine uncomplicated linear configuration, it performs healthy only
applications. Ventilation is initiated for getting fresh and cool within the restricted region of the control [7],[12].
in the running mining place for workers and equipments.
Also, application of ventilation system removes stale and The proposed paper is dealing with the modelling and
unhealthy air from the working place and in the process, heat simulation of the underground ventilation system using
is removed from the places. For the survival of the human different conventional controllers. Section II proposes the
body, ventilation requirement of approximately 0.01 m3/s is design aspect of the ventilation system. Whereas, section III
needed [1]. Inadequate ventilation in the underground mine deals with the responses of the simulated system and its
needs an appropriate inlet path (airways and air courses). It discussion.
allows air to flow down the mine to the working site which is
II. SYSTEM MODELING
a controlled supply of healthy air. Air is forced to enter
through the airways by ventilating fans [5],[20]. Ventilation Airways connections in a mine ventilation system are
accounts for approximately more than one third of the total analogous to the electrical network connections like series and
cost of energy of the underground mine system [2]. For parallel. Series connection of airways is considered as the
minimizing ventilation volume in a mine, system parameters cascaded ventilation arrangement in which reuse of air is
need to be changed which dictate the quantity of air needed. performed in several work places [17],[18]. Hard rock mining
Moreover, another way to minimize it requires an efficient industries highly prefer series connected roadways. Moreover,
operation of system components [3],[19],[21]. parallel connected airways utilizes the inlet air only once and
return backs it out. It is also known as one pass or single
Design of mine ventilation requires following mentioned steps ventilation system [8].
to be done -
 Selection of primary inlets and outlets. A. Equivalent System Modeling
 Determination of airflow necessity. Fig 1. shows electrical equivalent diagram of a mine
 Location of fans need to be positioned. ventilation system considering series connection of airways.
 Determination of air flow resistance of each and
every branch of the system.
 Modeling and simulation of the system.
 Regulation of system designed parameters and
operating equipments characteristics till achievement Figure 1. Electrical equivalent model of a mine ventilation system
of the desired system results.

110
Solaris 2017 –India Renewable Energy Sources for Sustainable Climate
7-9 Feb 2017, Vanarasi, India

Ch. PV10

PV cell characteristic variations due to change in parameters

Himanshu Sharma1,*, Pankaj Kumar1, Yaduvir Singh1, Nitai Pal1

1
Department of Electrical Engineering, IIT(ISM), Dhanbad, Jharkhand, India

* Himanshu Sharma. Tel: +91 8130320486, E-mail: himanshu26sharma@ee.ism.ac.in

Abstract: This paper concentrates on MATLAB programming on the mathematical equations of a photovoltaic
cell. This MATLAB programming deals with the variation in the output characteristics of a Photovoltaic Cell
with the change in internal and external parameters such as solar radiation, cell temperature, shunt resistance,
series resistance and saturation current. It also states the use of MPPT. The programing on mathematical
equations of the PV cell model developed on MATLAB for characteristic variations and Maximum Power Point
Tracking.

Keywords: PV cell; Solar radiation; Series and Shunt resistance; Saturation current; Temperature; MPPT

1. INTRODUCTION
Photovoltaic modules connected in series and parallel to make a solar panel. Solar cells
connected with each other to create photovoltaic module. A big photovoltaic system is made
up of a components called solar panels to provide energy to industries and homes. So,
according to the requirement of the power generation the solar cells are connected in series
and parallel.
This paper is presenting the performance of the solar cell during the change in their
parameters like irradiation, series and parallel resistance, ambient temperature, diode current
etc. in the MATLAB programming solar cell equivalent circuit model. In the MATLAB
programming, many commands executed to change the particular parameter with respect to
the time to get the desire outputs. In the end, a unique MPPT algorithm is developed to get the
maximum output from the solar cells.

2. PV CELL MODEL
PV cell, the basic unit of solar energy generator; works on the principle of conversion of solar
energy of photons (light) into electrical energy. Photons strikes the junction diode to liberate
electrons and produce ions, thus generating charge and hence electricity. Shown below is the
basic PV cell Model, Which shows that the complete overview of the cell voltage generation
after charge generation. Validity of equation is clear from the fig. 1.

Fig. 1. Equivalent Model of PV cell.

I = Iph - Id - Ish (1)

134
A MODELING AND SIMULATION OF PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER GENERATION
SYSTEM FOR SURFACE MINE

Nitai Pala, Himanshu Sharma b, Shivam Yadavc and Pankaj Kumard

a
Associate Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad – 826004
Email: nitai_pal@rediffmail.com
b
Junior Research Fellow, Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad
Email: himanshu26sharma@gmail.com
c
Postgraduate Student, Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian School of Mines , Dhanbad – 826004,
Email: shivammyadavv@gmail.com
d
Postgraduate Student, Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian School of Mines , Dhanbad – 826004,
Email: pankajkumar903106@gmail.com

Abstract — In power distribution, off-grid is an integral part help get stable and reliable power from PV system for both
uses renewable energy in power generation connected to grid. loads and utility grid. The battery can be integrated into PV
Multi-energy power generation has renewable energy, generation system which can be more stable and reliable
photovoltaic, wind turbine energy storage, local loads. For stable because of its low cost and high efficiency.
operation during fault and various network disturbance in grid
and islanding connecting mode the technique of test bed of an off This paper explains the off-grid tested using renewable
grid system is used. In this paper off grid using renewable energy energy based power generation system shown in Figure. 1
has 3KW photovoltaic cell with 30 pieces of 12V, DC/DC which is composition of PV array, power electronics convertor,
converter, charge controller for battery, single phase DC/AC filter, controllers, resistive load and utility grid. The detailed
inverter, various loads is developed. The simulation of grid modelling of grid connected PV/Battery generation system is
voltage level of 240V AC buses with isolation transformer is done discussed in this paper.
by Matlab/Simulink software. The proposed systems can be
utilized in lighting of surface mines. For the optimization of PV output, PV array is connected
to the utility grid by a boost convertor. The DC/AC inverter is
Keywords— Boost, Inverter, Off-grid, Photovoltaic, used to convert the DC output voltage of solar into AC system.
Matlab/Simulink To support a stable voltage from PV, battery is connected to
common DC bus via charge controller. MatlabSimulink
software techniques is used to simulate the proposed model of
I. INTRODUCTION entire component and control system. In all simulation result
validity of the models and effectiveness of control method
Considering growing rapid demand of power by have been verified.
consumers and contrast its environmental issues produced
during its generation motivated us towards eco-friendly
generations of renewable energy sources. Micro-grids
distributed power generations are the places to apply these
thoughts. Applications of power electronics devices in this
field has enhanced the expansion of small scale distributed
renewable generators. Off-grid development of such power
system plays a very important role when there is a blackout in
the main grid. An off-grid system refer to as low voltage
distribution system having solar panels, charge controllers,
battery banks, wind generators etc. Off-grid system can also
be seen as a good approach towards the availability of
electricity in that areas with little access of electricity due to
Figure-1. Configuration of the off-grid using PV based power
scattered or distant population. generation.
The designing of photovoltaic generators help us to
generate maximum power to the grid. Large developments of II. OFF-GRID PHOTOVOLTAIC AND BOOST
grid connected PV system involve large fluctuation of the CONVERTER MODEL
frequency, power and voltage in the grid only because of In this paper, the PV system is modeling based on the
stochastic nature of PV power output. The disadvantage is that equivalent circuit model which has already state in theory
PV generation is intermittent, depends upon weather condition. section. The photocurrent generated when the sunlight hits the
Thus, MPPT used, improving both steady and dynamic solar cell can be represented with a current source and the P-N
behavior of the whole generation system by providing the transition area of the solar cell can be represented with a diode.
maximum power and energy storage element is necessary to