Energy 247 (2022) 123560

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Energy
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/energy

Optimization and techno-economic analysis of a solar photo-voltaic/

biomass/diesel/battery hybrid off-grid power generation system for
rural remote electrification in eastern India
Pankaj Kumar a, Nitai Pal b, Himanshu Sharma a, *
a
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, SRM IST, Delhi-NCR, Uttar Pradesh, 201204, India
b
Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, Jharkhand, 826004, India

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: This work presents a case study for powering energy poor remote rural communities of Eastern India
Received 6 January 2021 with locally available solar, biomass, diesel energy resources using Hybrid Optimization Model for
Received in revised form Electric Renewables tool to identify the optimized system architecture. The selection of the energy re-
2 January 2022
sources has been based on the performance assessment of the resources. The software tool brings four
Accepted 21 February 2022
Available online 22 February 2022
different categorized optimized hybrid configurations using different architectures of resources
mentioned above with battery bank. The study exposed that cost of electricity, and net present cost of the
most suitable low cost optimized hybrid configuration (600 kW solar photo-voltaic/10 kW biomass
Keywords:
Performance analysis
generator/50 kW diesel generator/1000 kWh battery/200 kW bidirectional converter) is $0.222/kWh and
Solar photo-voltaic $0.922 M. The system benefits in terms of reduced emissions and improved system economics. The use of
Biomass solar energy resource in optimal system modelling provides 45.5% return of investment, 49.4% internal
Rural electrification rate of return, payback period of 2.04 years, and discounted payback of 2.25 years from the system
Off-grid without solar photo-voltaic component. Additionally, variation of cost of electricity is analyzed by
Techno-economic interpreting sensitivity variables affecting load, system economics, and power production of energy
sources using one-dimensional and distinguished multi-dimensional approaches. Eventually, the pro-
posed configuration suitability is justified by comparing with the esteemed works from existing
literature.
© 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction biomass integrated power generation system [5] has become a

sustainable and eco-friendly alternative for the remote locations
From the past few decades, India's remote locations have been due to local resource availability. The addition of diesel generator
facing the problem of energy crises due to rapid rise in electricity (DG) and the battery will significantly enhance the reliability of the
demands that compels to import of electricity from neighbouring power supply to such consumers. A compendium of the critical
countries like Bhutan. Currently, India is the world's third-largest survey of sizing, optimization and planning of standalone and grid-
consumer of electricity. It has 374.199 GW of grid-interactive connected renewable energized system has been given in the
installed capacity in which renewable energy (including large hy- article [6]. However, some inadequacy of existing literature has
dropower plants) contributes only 36.4% of the total energy mix [1]. been highlighted in the following survey, which primarily revolves
Therefore, the energy sector of India is highly dominated by con- around the studies of hybrid renewable energized power supply
ventional energy resources. India has planned to generate 175 GW systems for remote rural locations.
of renewable power by 2022 [2,3] and 500 GW by 2030, which will Many distinguished researchers have performed a variety of
connect the country's development with the sustainable develop- studies across Asia [5,7e23] and globally [24e26] for remote rural
ment goals of the United Nations [4]. Solar photo-voltaic (SPV) and electrification. Although India's rural villages have a huge potential
for biomass and solar energy for electricity generation, scholars
have poorly studied it in their research studies. However, remote
rural locations of Eastern India are yet to be addressed by the re-
* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: himanshu26sharma@gmail.com (H. Sharma).
searchers. Nevertheless, previous studies have been majorly

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2022.123560
0360-5442/© 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
 Journal of Energy Storage 41 (2021) 102965

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Journal of Energy Storage

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/est

Techno-economic analysis of solar photo-voltaic/diesel generator hybrid

system using different energy storage technologies for isolated islands
of India
Pankaj Kumar a, *, Nitai Pal a, Himanshu Sharma b
a
Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, Jharkhand 826004, India
b
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, SRM IST, Delhi-NCR, Uttar Pradesh 201204, India

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: This paper exclusively investigates techno-economic performance of solar photo-voltaic (SPV)/diesel generator
Techno-economic (DG) hybrid system using four different battery energy storage (BES) technologies namely lead acid battery,
Levelized cost of energy lithium ion battery, vanadium redox battery, and zinc bromine flow (ZBF) for the isolated Andaman & Nicobar
Net present cost
and Lakshadweep islands of India. The analysis has been performed using Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric
Hybrid energy
Battery technology
Renewables (HOMER) software at Baratang and Minicoy islands of Andaman & Nicobar and Lakshadweep,
respectively, in which SPV/DG/ZBF hybrid system (20 kW SPV, 7 kW DG, 100 kWh ZBF batteries and 20 kW
converter) found to be most techno-economic viable optimized solution for both locations. The net present cost,
levelized cost of energy, and operating cost of this configuration are found to be $23927.21, $0.167/kWh and
$338.20, respectively, for Baratang island; and $22366.64, $0.155/kWh and $217.49, respectively, for Minicoy
island. Using this system as baseline configuration, analysis was extended to different BES technologies to
evaluate the performance parameters like system cost, return of investment, simple payback period, energy
produced, pollutant emissions, renewable penetration etc. The effectiveness of the ZBF technology is justified
with the obtained results which show highest value of return of investment and renewable penetration with
lowest simple payback period and pollutant emission. Finally, sensitivity analysis of the system was performed
using a unique three-dimensional approach.

1. Introduction capacity of RES [9] which is the fifth-largest producer for overall
installed RES capacity across the world. The RES shares 23.39% of the
The increasing population with rapid industrialization and urbani­ total installed power generation capacity of the country. Among all the
zation have made renewable energy sources (RES), an important factor available RES, solar photovoltaic (SPV) system attracts more generous
for the social-economic development of any country [1]. The developing attention to the stakeholders due to ubiquity, profusion, and viability of
countries like India are highly rely on conventional energy sources based solar radiant energy. Besides, SPV power tariff dropped by nearly 75%
on fossil fuels to meet the rapidly growing energy demand. It adversely using plug and play models [10]. Therefore, India has planned to
affects the environment with the emission of greenhouse gases like generate 175 GW of power through RES by 2022 to overcome the issue
carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) etc. [2]. of energy crises and harmful pollutant emissions in the environment. It
India contributes 7% of global emissions [3]. In this connection, poli­ will constitute of the SPV capacity of 100 GW [11,12]. With the inclu­
cymakers targeted on the non-conventional sources of energy. The RES sion of world’s first and third-largest installed SPV power plants of ca­
curtail the dependence on fossil fuels, reduces greenhouse gas emissions, pacities 2245 MW (Badla Solar Park, Rajasthan) and 2050 MW
and facilitate the remote rural communities [4–7] of the country to ac­ (Pavagada Solar Park, Karnataka), respectively, the current installed
cess the energy for use. The off-grid decentralized power generation will capacity of SPV is 35.30 GW which is 9.5% of the total installed capacity
also decrease the transmission losses related to the utility grid [8]. of the source [9,10]. Therefore, the reliance on the battery energy
The current energy status of India shows 89229.42 MW of installed storage (BES) technologies are expected to increase for the reliability of

* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: pankaj.16dr000159@ee.ism.ac.in (P. Kumar).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2021.102965
Received 19 November 2020; Received in revised form 15 July 2021; Accepted 21 July 2021
2352-152X/© 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
 Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments 42 (2020) 100889

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/seta

Original article

Performance analysis and evaluation of 10 kWp solar photovoltaic array for

remote islands of Andaman and Nicobar
Pankaj Kumar a, Nitai Pal a, *, Himanshu Sharma b
a
Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, Jharkhand 826004, India
b
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, SRM IST, Delhi-NCR, Uttar Pradesh 201204, India

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: The Andaman and Nicobar island, an union territory of India, is a group of islands located in the Indian Ocean
Performance indices where 93.63% of total power is generated by the diesel generators for which solar photovoltaic (PV) generation
Solar photovoltaic system is a viable alternative to meet the load demand of the islands. The proposed paper presents the solar PV
Performance ratio
resource assessment, performance analysis, and evaluation of normalized performance indices obtained from 10
Solar radiation
kWp solar PV array considered at the climatic conditions of five islands of Andaman and Nicobar, mainly Smith,
Temperature
Middle Andaman, Baratang, Car Nicobar and Katchal. The yearly mean normalized performance indices like
array yield (Yarr), reference yield (Yref), final yield (Yfin), performance ratio (PR), array capture loss (Lcap), system
loss (Lsys) and capacity factor (CF) have been evaluated. The variation of ambient temperature (Tamb) and cell
temperature (Tcell) have also been presented. The obtained results show yearly mean capacity factor and per­
formance ratio are in the range of (13.73–14.61)% and (64.70–64.93)%, respectively. The yearly mean array
yield, reference yield, final yield, array capture loss and system loss are (3.66–3.90) h/d, (5.08–5.43) h/d,
(3.30–3.51) h/d, (1.42–1.53) h/d and (0.37–0.39) h/d, respectively.

the remote areas.

Introduction The electricity generation in India is mainly dependent on conven­
tional sources, which is 88.24% of total electricity generation. The
The solar energy incident on earth is in tremendous amount, generation from renewable energy sources is contributed by 11.83% of
pollution-free, and practically endless. In recent years, solar energy has the total generation [11]. In this regard, the Indian government has
become a monarch in the renewable energy sector, opening a big door to planned an ambitious energy project of 100 GW power generation from
green power generation to minimize carbon footprint and greenhouse solar energy, which is a part of India’s total renewable energy targets of
gas emissions [1,2]. Among all the sustainable energy sources, the en­ 175 GW by 2022. It will comprise of ground-mounted and solar rooftop
ergy produced from the PV system can be considered as the most projects of 60 GW and 40 GW, respectively [12]. It will not only help to
important and prerequisite sustainable energy source because of the meet the load demand of the country but also replace the coal or diesel-
ubiquity, profusion, and viability of solar radiant energy [3]. However, based generation systems located at different parts of the nation. The
the main disadvantages of the PV power generation system are the Andaman and Nicobar is one of the isolated group of islands in which
intermittency and weather dependency [4]. It can be overcome by energy demand is mostly fulfilled by diesel generators [13].
integrating energy storage systems or deploying solar energy resources Therefore, in this paper, the performance of a 10 kWp solar PV array
through hybrid systems [5]. From the operational perspective, the solar has been analyzed in the climatic conditions of Andaman and Nicobar
PV power generation system is operated in grid-connected mode or in island. This study aims to obtain and evaluate the climatic and meteo­
islanded mode [6]. The islanded mode of operation is becoming popular rological data of a period of 22 years to get the solar PV array perfor­
for remote areas, having unavailability of grid electricity [7]. In this mance under real operating conditions. The performance indicators
connection, several investigations have been carried out by the re­ have been evaluated and compared with the existing literature, which
searchers across the globe for the remote rural electrification using solar shows the suitability of solar PV energy deployment at the considered
PV integrated systems [7–10]. Therefore, the standalone deployment of locations. Furthermore, economic analysis in terms of the levelised cost
solar PV integrated system is a viable option to meet the energy need of of energy (LCOE) of solar PV integrated systems and diesel generators

* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: nitai@iitism.ac.in (N. Pal).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2020.100889
Received 7 May 2020; Received in revised form 4 October 2020; Accepted 10 October 2020
Available online 24 October 2020
2213-1388/© 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
 Rev. Roum. Sci. Techn.– Électrotechn. et Énerg.
Vol. 66, 1, pp. 33–39, Bucarest, 2021

AN EFFICIENT CONTROL APPROACH OF VOLTAGE AND

FREQUENCY REGULATION IN AN AUTONOMOUS MICROGRID
PANKAJ KUMAR1, MOHIT KUMAR2 , NITAI PAL1

Key words: Microgrid, Islanded operations, Distributed generation, Fuzzy logic and proportional-integral (PI) controller.
The sustainable development of a nation is highly dependent on remote area electrification, which consists of a majorly
decentralized type of loads. To fulfil such energy demands, the microgrid is the emerging alternative that utilizes distributed
energy sources. Microgrid performance parameters like voltage-frequency regulation, dynamic and steady-state response
become very important when it is operating in islanded mode or under the load change conditions. In this paper, an improved
efficient power control strategy, based on fuzzy gain scheduling of the conventional proportional-integral controller (FGSPI), is
proposed for voltage-frequency control in an inverter-based distributed generation unit. The simulation results of the proposed
control strategy are compared with the conventional PI controller under aforesaid conditions. The simulation responses show
the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy to restore the stability of the microgrid even in islanded condition. The
intelligent and smooth operation of the proposed controller shows better robust performance than the traditional controller in
MATLAB/Simulink environment.
control delay in the current control strategy, which results in
1. INTRODUCTION an enormous current swell employing high total harmonic
To accelerate global sustainable development, distributed distortion [9]. The linear current regulator, which is centered
generation (DG) is the significant alternative to meet the on space vector PWM (SVPWM) [13], is an acceptable
decentralized energy demands [1]. The DG technologies are controller which compensates the error of current either using
getting more focus due to the increasing environmental the proportional-integral (PI) [14] controller or else by the
concerns and depleting conventional sources. Due to the analytical control system. The compensation and PWM
developing perspective of distributed generation, a microgrid signal generation could be done independently. This type of
(MG) concept is becoming popular. A MG is a mixture of controller displays an efficient steady-state response with a
different DG sources having an interface with an electrical high-quality sinusoidal waveform and low current ripple.
distribution linkage [2]. MG is a better way to realize the
huge potential of DG, which uses various green energy
resources, small power generating units and associated loads.
The significant challenges of frequency and voltage control
during MGs operation in grid-connected and islanded mode
are serious concerns over its quality operation. Most DG
systems require power electronic converters for power
change and interconnection with a grid system. However,
power electronics interface units are also preferred to utilize
ideal control strategies. The pulse-width-modulated (PWM)
DG systems and voltage source inverters (VSI) [3] are
commonly used interface units in such scenarios. The
inverter units become very crucial in DG systems for ideal
control functions and reaching the desires power qualities
[4, 5]. Figure 1 shows a grid-connected MG system having
two micro-sources connected to a common bus. It demands a Fig. 1 – Layout of a grid-connected MG.
robust control methodology to achieve an improved
execution to satisfy the power value requirements in the The DG system may use either of the twofold power
systems. A current control technique of the PWM-VSI [6] control schemes: (a) active-reactive or (b) reactive-active
system is unique among the significant features of the recent power control scheme with grid-connected network mode
power electronic converters where DG units stay [15]. However, the frequency-voltage control scheme can
interconnected with the grid. Therefore, there are two key be used under the islanding mode of operation. During this
classes of present-day controllers: (i) nonlinear type, which is case, the DG system is projected to deliver extreme power
centered on closed-loop current type PWM; [7] and (ii) linear and uphold system constancy [16].
type, which is centered on open-loop voltage type PWM [8]. For better MG configuration [11, 12], scholars have examined
The MG frequency and voltage control can be accomplished power electronic controllers, which are based on an interior
with the droop control method [9–11]. This technique is current control loop scheme. In [17], a controller has been
implemented via the inner current response loop in the presented, which seeks to confirm the system's stability and
nonlinear regulator. Moreover, hysteresis current control deliver complete information required for study and design. In
(HCC) is used for a three-phase grid-interconnect VSI type [18], a novel distributed controller has been designed for
systems. The HCC [12] remunerates the current inaccuracy secondary voltage and frequency control of an autonomous MG.
as well as provides PWM signals using a suitable vibrant Fuzzy control is an important intelligent control technique
response. The current is organized individually along with a that is increasingly being used for control problems [19]. In

1
Department of Electrical Engineering, IIT (ISM), Dhanbad, India - 826004, pankaj.16dr000159@ee.ism.ac.in
2
Department of Electrical Engineering, BTKIT, Dwarahat, India - 263653
BULLETIN OF THE POLISH ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
TECHNICAL SCIENCES, Vol. 66, No. 5, 2018
DOI: 10.24425/124282

Biomass fuel cell based distributed generation system for Sagar Island

P. KUMAR, P.S. SIKDER*, and N. PAL

Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, Jharkhand – 826 004, India

Abstract. Sustainable development of an area is highly dependable on reliable electrical energy supply. Due to the depletion of fossil fuels, and
the contamination of the environment due to the generation of energy from primary energy sources, the energy sector is reforming and shifting
towards a new era where renewable energy sources will become the primary focus of attention. At present, energy researchers and government
organizations are interested in a distributed generation system using local renewable energy sources to electrify the rural areas situated far away
from our mainland. Here, a biomass-based power supply system is being analyzed and compared with other potential power supply systems for
Sagar Island. Sagar Island is the world’s largest river-based island situated in the Sundarban deltaic complex, where the potential of biomass
is huge due to the availability of natural forests, barren coastal areas full of weeds, agricultural by-products, cattle manure and waste materials
from other sources. Here, an attempt has been made to provide sustainable electrical energy to the rural areas of the isolated Sagar Island for
the sustainable development of the local people. This was done by means of using biomass and a fuel cell based electricity generation system.

Key words: biomass, fuel cell, distributed generation system, inverter, cost analysis.

1. Introduction Island) is constructed, ensuring lower environmental impact

during the generation of electricity.
At present, the sustainable development of a nation is based on The Sundarban region is the world’s largest delta, formed
the utilization of electrical energy. India is a developing country, by the Ganges (Hugli in this region), Brahmaputra and Meghna.
where per capita energy consumption is below the average en- Sagar Island is located in the Sundarban areas of West Bengal.
ergy consumption in other parts of the world and very much Like other parts of the Sundarban, it is characterized by man-
lower as compared to the world’s most developed countries grove swamps, waterways and small rivers, which are isolated
[1]. The per capita energy consumption only shows the overall from the mainland by the Indian Ocean and the Hugli River.
picture of the nation’s development but the actual picture of the Most of the Sundarban area is separated from the mainland by
development is different. The development index for rural areas rivers and creeks, which renders establishing a grid-connected
is distinctly lower than for urban areas. Meanwhile, remotely electricity supply system very difficult [3]. Due to insufficient
located rural areas are in the worst condition. Due to unreliable electrical energy, sustainable development of Sagar Island is
electricity supply, their sustainable development remains in the very poor and prospects for future development of that area
primitive age. At present, most of the electricity is generated also seem bleak.
using fossil fuels. As such resources are being depleted in na- So far studies have been conducted on solar energy or
ture, it is difficult to further increase the generation of electricity biomass gasification based electricity supply systems in the
to electrify the rural areas. Besides the problem related to the Sagar Island. The diesel generator acts as a standby unit to
depletion of fossil fuels, the issue of environmental protection is maintain reliability of the electricity [4]. Photovoltaic (PV)
also predominant. As fossil fuels contaminate our environment solutions with a grid-connected microgrid system are also
during the generation of electricity, further increase of gener- studied on this island [5]. However, availability of the grid is
ation of electricity destroys the environment’s ecological bal- concentrated in a little portion of the Sundarban area. So, the
ance . Under these circumstances, energy researchers pay most solar PV-based microgrid system is not feasible for the entire
attention to the renewable energy sources allowing to generate Sagar Island. Off-grid technology is much more effective in
electricity [2]. As grid connectivity in remote rural areas is not this situation. The PV diesel generator based hybrid system
cost-effective, off-grid distributed generation systems, powered is also used here to electrify Sagar Island [6]. Yet the diesel
by the renewable energy sources, are the key to the sustainable generator connected system normally creates air pollution and
development of such areas. In this present study, an off-grid is thus responsible for the changes in the island’s biodiversity.
distributed generation system for a remote rural area (Sagar On the other, due to seasonal variations, solar irradiance re-
duces drastically, which causes a decrease in electricity gener-
ation. To increase reliability of the electricity being generated,
a battery-connected standalone system is used. Reliability of
*e-mail: parthasarothi.sikder@gmail.com the power supply system is not up to the mark as the battery
Manuscript submitted 2017-09-20, revised 2018-02-06, initially accepted has its own limitations for storing the energy generated and
for publication 2018-03-01, published in October 2018. it supplies it only for a limited time period. Recent studies

Bull. Pol. Ac.: Tech. 66(5) 2018 665

 energies
Article
Economic Feasibility of a Renewable Integrated Hybrid Power
Generation System for a Rural Village of Ladakh
Shilpa Sambhi 1 , Himanshu Sharma 1, *, Vikas Bhadoria 2 , Pankaj Kumar 1 , Ravi Chaurasia 1 ,
Giraja Shankar Chaurasia 1 , Georgios Fotis 3 , Vasiliki Vita 3 , Lambros Ekonomou 3, * and Christos Pavlatos 4

1 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, SRM IST, Delhi NCR Campus,
Modinagar 201204, Uttar Pradesh, India
2 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, ABES Engineering College,
Ghaziabad 201009, Uttar Pradesh, India
3 Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Educators, School of Pedagogical and Technological
Education, 14121 Athens, Greece
4 Hellenic Air Force Academy, Dekelia Air Base, Acharnes, 13671 Athens, Greece
* Correspondence: himanshuresearch58@gmail.com (H.S.); leekonomou@aspete.gr (L.E.)

Abstract: This paper mainly dealt with the technical and economic feasibility of an off-grid hy-
brid power generation system for a remote rural Turtuk village of Ladakh, located in the north-
ern part of India. The study showed that the proposed configured renewable integrated hybrid
system, using Hybrid Optimization of Multiple Energy Resources (HOMER) software, efficiently
met the energy demand, exhibiting optimum performance with low investment. The proposed
PV(115 kW)/Wind(1 kW)/Battery(164 strings of 6 V each)/DG(50 kW) hybrid system was a highly
commendable, feasible solution preferred from a total of 133,156 available solutions resulting from
HOMER simulations. The net present cost and energy cost of the proposed configuration were
Citation: Sambhi, S.; Sharma, H.;
$278,176 and $0.29/kWh, respectively. The proposed hybrid configuration fulfilled local load, with
Bhadoria, V.; Kumar, P.; Chaurasia, R.;
Chaurasia, G.S.; Fotis, G.; Vita, V.; 95.97% reduced dominant harmful carbon dioxide emission, as compared to the sole us of a diesel
Ekonomou, L.; Pavlatos, C. Economic generator power supply system. The technical performance of the hybrid system was ensured, with
Feasibility of a Renewable Integrated advantages including the highest renewable penetration and least unmet load. Furthermore, the
Hybrid Power Generation System for analysis exclusively evaluated the impact of the system’s economic parameters (namely, its expected
a Rural Village of Ladakh. Energies inflation rate, nominal discount rate, and project lifetime) on the net present cost and cost of energy
2022, 15, 9126. https://doi.org/ of the system using a noble single fix duo vary approach.
10.3390/en15239126

Academic Editor: Ignacio Keywords: decentralized energy system; solar photovoltaic; net present cost; levelized cost of energy;
Hernando-Gil renewable penetration; sensitivity analysis

Received: 31 October 2022

Accepted: 29 November 2022
Published: 1 December 2022
1. Introduction
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral The traditional method of producing electricity uses a centralized power station
with regard to jurisdictional claims in
which generates electricity in very large quantities. This electricity is then transmitted and
published maps and institutional affil-
distributed to load centers. Remote locations that are at a distance from centralized power
iations.
stations are often deprived of electricity. Due to the various geographical challenges faced
by these remote areas, their electricity supply network is not connected to the national grid.
Such communities generate electrical energy using diesel generator-based power plants to
Copyright: © 2022 by the authors.
fulfill their energy needs [1]. The emergence of smart cities, intelligent transport, and smart
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
devices is a growing demand for electrical energy globally. This growing demand has
This article is an open access article created a challenge, namely to develop an economical and efficient system. In order to meet
distributed under the terms and supply and demand needs, a robust system is required to provide an uninterrupted power
conditions of the Creative Commons supply by optimally utilizing energy resources to generate electricity. Another important
Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// aspect of such a system is the ability to conduct thorough transmission planning from time
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ to time. This planning helps to identify the need for transmission line expansion to support
4.0/). increasing demand for electricity and improve system reliability [2,3].

Energies 2022, 15, 9126. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15239126 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/energies

Article

Techno-Economic Optimization of an Off-Grid Hybrid Power

Generation for SRM IST, Delhi-NCR Campus
Shilpa Sambhi 1, Himanshu Sharma 1,*, Pankaj Kumar 1, Georgios Fotis 2, Vasiliki Vita 2
and Lambros Ekonomou 2,*

1 Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, SRM IST, Delhi NCR Campus,
Ghaziabad 201204, India
2 Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Educators, School of Pedagogical and Technological

Education, 14121 Athens, Greece

* Correspondence: himanshuresearch58@gmail.com (H.S.); leekonomou@aspete.gr (L.E.)

Abstract: The limited availability of fossil fuels such as coal and increasing air pollution levels due
to the burning of coal have pushed the trend of generating electricity from fossil fuels to generating
it from locally available renewable resources. It is expected that the cost of electricity will decrease
when locally available renewable resources are used. In this paper, it was proposed to commission
a solar PV system in a part of an academic building of SRM IST University. The present study is an
effort in-line with many initiatives taken up by the Indian Government. The performance index of
solar PV system was analyzed. Supporting data were obtained from the NASA PDAV tool and then
techno-economical analysis was carried out on HOMER. The average performance ratio and capac-
ity factor of the solar PV system were obtained as 64.49% and 14.90%, respectively. For the optimal
configuration, the net present cost and the levelized cost of electricity are $639,981 and $0.34 per
kWh, respectively. As per the estimation, there will be no air pollution due to the proposed config-
uration, whereas if only a diesel generator is commissioned, then 200,417 kg of carbon dioxide will
be emitted annually.
Citation: Sambhi, S.; Sharma, H.;
Kumar, P.; Fotis, G.; Vita, V.; Keywords: performance index; solar PV system; off-grid hybrid power generation plant; net present
Ekonomou, L. Techno-Economic
cost; levelized cost of electricity; sensitivity analysis
Optimization of an Off-Grid Hybrid
Power Generator for SRM IST
University, Delhi-NCR Campus.
Energies 2022, 15, 7880.
https://doi.org/10.3390/en15217880
1. Introduction
There are several sectors contributing to the rising demand for electricity in India.
Academic Editor: Abu-Siada Ahmed
These sectors include those involved in the development of smart cities, IoT-enabled de-
Received: 2 October 2022 vices, smart agriculture, automation in manufacturing industries, the hospitality industry,
Accepted: 19 October 2022 automated life-saving equipment in hospitals, and many other sectors. This rise in elec-
Published: 24 October 2022 tricity demand has an impact on the Indian economy. In India, around 50.7% of electricity
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neu- is generated using fossil fuels and around 41.5% through non-fossil fuels [1]. Alternative
tral with regard to jurisdictional resources of energy, other than fossil fuels, and a reliable energy infrastructure, can lead
claims in published maps and institu- to the sustainable development of the economy [2]. The alternate energy source is green
tional affiliations. energy, which is generated through natural sources such as sunlight, wind, and water.
Green energy supports the achievement of energy security in a country [3]. It is imperative
to understand the downside of fossil fuels compared with renewable energy sources
Copyright: © 2022 by the authors. Li-
(RES)—(i) a decrease in reserves of fossil fuels and (ii) a rise in the level of greenhouse
censee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
gases in the atmosphere due to the burning of fossil fuels for generating electricity. RES,
This article is an open access article such as sunlight and wind, are unlimited, and cause no environmental pollution. These
distributed under the terms and con- reasons are promoting the use of RES to produce electricity [4]. As the RES-based power
ditions of the Creative Commons At- plant is situated close to the load center, the transmission and distribution losses are min-
tribution (CC BY) license (https://cre- imal [5]. It is imperative to create suitable policies to employ RES for electricity generation,
ativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). which will positively impact the Indian economy, and the dependency on fossil fuels will

Energies 2022, 15, 7880. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15217880 www.mdpi.com/journal/energies

 sustainability

Article
Technical and Economic Analysis of Solar PV/Diesel Generator
Smart Hybrid Power Plant Using Different Battery Storage
Technologies for SRM IST, Delhi-NCR Campus
Shilpa Sambhi 1 , Himanshu Sharma 1, *, Vikas Bhadoria 2 , Pankaj Kumar 1 , Ravi Chaurasia 1 ,
Georgios Fotis 3, * and Vasiliki Vita 3

1 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, SRM IST, Delhi-NCR Campus,

Ghaziabad 201204, India
2 Industry Integration Cell, Shri Vishwakarma Skill University, Palwal 121102, India
3 Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Educators, School of Pedagogical and
Technological Education, 14121 Athens, Greece
* Correspondence: himanshuresearch58@gmail.com (H.S.); gfotis@gmail.com (G.F.)

Abstract: This paper presents atechnical and economic analysis of the proposed solar PV/diesel
generator smart hybrid power plant for a part of SRM IST, Delhi-NCR campus. The analysis was
performed using five battery storage technologies: lead-acid, lithium-ion, vanadium flow, zinc
bromide and nickel-iron. The analysis also used the HOMER Pro software. The analysis was
conducted to assess performance parameters such as initial cost, simple payback period, return on
investment, energy produced, renewable penetration and emission of air pollutants. The optimal
solution was obtained as SPP(200 kW)/DG(82 kW)/ZB(2000 kWh), with cycle charging dispatch
strategy. The initial cost of this configuration is estimated to be USD163,445, and the operating cost
is USD534 per year. The net present cost is estimated to be USD170,348, and the estimated cost of
energy with this configuration has been obtained as USD0.090 per kWh. It is estimated that with this
optimal solution, the diesel generator may consume only 110 L/year of diesel, which is the minimum
of all configurations. Sensitivity analysis was performed between the size of the solar PV array and
the size of the battery, along with variations in the battery’s nominal capacity and renewable fraction.
Citation: Sambhi, S.; Sharma, H.;
Bhadoria, V.; Kumar, P.; Chaurasia, R.;
Fotis, G.; Vita, V. Technical and
Keywords: technical–economic analysis; levelized cost of energy; net present cost; hybrid power plant;
Economic Analysis of Solar PV/Diesel battery technology
Generator Smart Hybrid Power Plant
Using Different Battery Storage
Technologies for SRM IST, Delhi-NCR
Campus. Sustainability 2023, 15, 3666. 1. Introduction
https://doi.org/10.3390/su15043666 The increasing demand for electricity in developing countries such as India due to
Academic Editor: Lin Hu upcoming automation industries, smart cities and smart devices has motivated a shift in
electricity generation from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources (RES). Another reason
Received: 14 December 2022 to shift towards RES is the increasing emission of greenhouse gases (GHG) such as carbon
Revised: 2 February 2023
dioxide (CO2 ) in the environment. In 2022, global GHG emissions increased by 4.8% as
Accepted: 15 February 2023
the demand for electricity generation has increased. Hence, the demand for fossil fuels has
Published: 16 February 2023
also increased [1]. India accounts for 7.32% of global emissions [2]. India has committed to
reducing GHG emissions by 45% by 2030 and achieving around 50% electricity generation
from non-fossil fuel-based energy resources by 2030 [3]. The Kyoto protocol aims to
Copyright: © 2023 by the authors.
reduce the emission of GHG, which include CO2 , methane, nitrous oxide and fluorinated
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. gases [4]. Electricity generation using RES may help reduce fossil fuel dependency and
This article is an open access article GHG emissions. Rural areas may also benefit from generating electricity using locally
distributed under the terms and available renewable sources and nonconventional sources of energy [5]. Commissioning
conditions of the Creative Commons a decentralized stand-alone smart hybrid power plant (HPP) near the load center decreases
Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// the distribution and transmission losses related to the primary grid [6].
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ Currently, India has installed 163 GW of RES, which includes 41.2 GW of wind
4.0/). energy, 59.34 GW of solar energy and the remainder from waste-to-energy, biomass and

Sustainability 2023, 15, 3666. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15043666 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability

Article
Technical and 2E Analysis of Hybrid Energy Generating System
with Hydrogen Production for SRM IST Delhi-NCR Campus
Shilpa Sambhi 1 , Himanshu Sharma 1, *, Vikas Bhadoria 2 , Pankaj Kumar 1 , Georgios Fotis 3
and Lambros Ekonomou 4, *

1 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, SRM IST, Delhi-NCR Campus,

Ghaziabad 201204, India; shilpasambhi@gmail.com (S.S.); pankajkumar903106@gmail.com (P.K.)
2 Industry Integration Cell, Shri Vishwakarma Skill University, Palwal 121102, Haryana, India;
vikasbhadoria@gmail.com
3 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Educators, ASPETE—School of Pedagogical and
Technological Education, 141 21 N. Heraklion, Greece; gfotis@gmail.com
4 UBITECH Energy Sprl, 367 Avenue Louise, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
* Correspondence: himanshuresearch58@gmail.com (H.S.); lekonomou@ubitech.eu (L.E.)

Abstract: This work intends to perform technical and 2E (economic & environmental) analysis for
the proposed hybrid energy generating system for a part load at SRM IST at the Delhi-NCR campus,
India. The investigation has been done for electricity generation and hydrogen production through
renewable energy sources, mainly solar energy. It is in line with the Indian Government’s initiatives.
The proposed hybrid system has to meet the electric load demand of 400 kWh/day with a peak load
of 74.27 kW and hydrogen load demand of 10 kg/day with a peak demand of 1.86 kg/h. The analysis
has been performed for both on-grid and off-grid conditions. As a result, optimum results have
been obtained off-grid condition, with $0.408 per kWh cost of energy, $16.6 per kg cost of hydrogen,
low O&M cost ($21,955 per year), a high renewable fraction (99.8%), and low greenhouse emissions
(247 kg/year). In addition, sensitivity analysis has been performed between—(1) the solar PV array
size & the number of battery strings, with NPC, renewable fraction & CO2 emissions as sensitivity
Citation: Sambhi, S.; Sharma, H.;
variables, and (2) reformer capacity & hydrogen tank capacity, with NPC as sensitivity variable.
Bhadoria, V.; Kumar, P.; Fotis, G.;
Ekonomou, L. Technical and 2E
Keywords: hybrid power plant; cost of energy; net present cost; green hydrogen; reformer; electrolyser
Analysis of Hybrid Energy
Generating System with Hydrogen
Production for SRM IST Delhi-NCR
Campus. Designs 2023, 7, 55.
https://doi.org/10.3390/
1. Introduction
designs7020055 Most economists and international organizations have realized the importance of
sustainable energy in people’s lives. It may ensure a better quality of life regarding health
Academic Editors: Surender Reddy
and economic independence in various countries. The world’s electricity consumption
Salkuti and Dibin Zhu
is estimated to grow by 2.3% per year from 2015 to 2040 [1]. Worldwide power plants
Received: 18 March 2023 still use fossil fuels to fulfil about 80% of the electricity demand, threatening the rising
Revised: 6 April 2023 levels of greenhouse gas, carbon dioxide (CO2 ), levels [2]. The rise in CO2 levels increases
Accepted: 7 April 2023 the average temperature globally, adversely affecting the global climate. In December
Published: 9 April 2023 2015, world leaders decided to put a limit on the increase in global level to 2 ◦ C at the
Conference of the Parties, in short, called COP21 [3]. The burning of fossil fuels not only
produces CO2 but also other harmful gases like sulphur dioxide (SO2 ), nitrogen oxides
(NOx), and particulate matter. To accelerate the shift towards renewable energy sources
Copyright: © 2023 by the authors.
(RES) for electricity generation, many countries like Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Italy, New
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
This article is an open access article
Zealand, Canada, and Great Britain have started imposing carbon tax [4]. Due to recent
distributed under the terms and
technological advancements and high availability, solar energy is the most promising means
conditions of the Creative Commons
to produce electricity [5]. The countries experiencing high wind speeds also use wind
Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// energy to produce electricity [6]. Another RES is hydro-kinetic energy, which uses speed of
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ naturally flowing in river streams or man-made waterways to produce electricity [7].
4.0/).

Designs 2023, 7, 55. https://doi.org/10.3390/designs7020055 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/designs

PROBLEMY EKOROZWOJU – PROBLEMS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
2019, vol. 14, no 2, 191-200

Comparative Assessment and Obstacles in the Advancement

of Renewable Energy in India and China

Ocena porównawcza rozwoju energii odnawialnej w Indiach

i Chinach

Pankaj Kumar, Himanshu Sharma, Nitai Pal*, Pradip Kumar Sadhu

Department of Electrical Engineering,

Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines),
Dhanbad, Jharkhand, India-826004,
*E-mail (corresponding author): nitai@iitism.ac.in

Abstract
This paper presents a comparative in-depth investigation of the energy standings, opportunities and the barriers
that occur in the expansion of renewable energy in the Asia’s two fastest growing economies, i.e. India and China.
These two countries contain almost 36% of the world’s population and constitute the fastest emerging hub for
trade and industries in the energy sector in which different types of energy resources are sought to meet the energy
demands. Non-conventional sources of energy are the inevitable alternative for the achievement of economic im-
provement, ecological balance, nature friendly environment and sustainable development. It is recommended to
eliminate the obstacles to achieving the estimated energy targets of the 13th financial year plan (FYP) of both
nations and stimulate the enhancement of the rate of green energy resources exploitation.

Key words: biomass energy, hydro power, ocean energy, solar energy, wind energy

Streszczenie
Niniejszy artykuł przedstawia porównawcze dogłębne badanie możliwości i barier, które występują w ekspansji
energii odnawialnej w dwóch najszybciej rozwijających się gospodarkach Azji, tj. w Indiach i Chinach. Te dwa
kraje to prawie 36% ludności świata, stanowią one najszybciej rozwijające się centrum handlu i przemysłu w
sektorze energetycznym, w którym różne rodzaje zasobów energetycznych są brane pod uwagę w kontekście za-
spokojenia zapotrzebowania na energię. Niekonwencjonalne źródła energii są nieuniknioną alternatywą dla osią-
gnięcia postępu ekonomicznego, równowagi ekologicznej, środowiska przyjaznego naturze i zrównoważonego
rozwoju. Zaleca się wyeliminowanie przeszkód w osiąganiu celów energetycznych w ramach trzynastego planu
roku budżetowego (FYP) obu narodów i stymulowanie wzrostu wykorzystania zielonych zasobów energii.

Słowa kluczowe: energia biomasy, energia wodna, energia oceanów, energia słoneczna, energia wiatru

1. Introduction (Joshi et al., 2010). Non-conventional energy is very

essential for strengthening the security of the future
Renewable energy is the energy produced from the energy supply. Taking the environmental aspect into
sources that can be naturally replenished, such as so- consideration, conversion of one form of energy into
lar, wind, rivers, biogas, ocean (Sharma et al., 2017). another form for electricity generation utilizing fos-
Sustainable energy system serves the energy demand sil fuels, directly relates pollution in terms of green-
of the contemporary without compromising the ca- house gas emission. Major ingredients of it also
pability of future power generation to meet their en- cause global warming to the environment. Subse-
ergy requirements. The principle of sustainable de- quently, it leads to the melting of polar ice caps with
velopment includes three correlated aspects of devel- the overall rise in global temperature. Therefore, re-
opment, i.e. environment, economy and society newable energy is the novel alternative for the pro-
PROBLEMY EKOROZWOJU – PROBLEMS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
2018, vol. 13, no 1, 41-48

Problems in the Accomplishment of

Solar and Wind Energy in India

Problemy z pozyskiwaniem energii

słonecznej i wiatrowej w Indiach

Himanshu Sharma, Pankaj Kumar, Nitai Pal*, Pradip Kumar Sadhu

Department of Electrical Engineering,

Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines),
Dhanbad, Jharkhand, India-826004,
*Corresponding author E-mail: pal.n.ee@ismdhanbad.ac.in

Abstract
This article focuses on the current energy status and the obstacles related to the development of solar and wind
capacity in India. The fast growing demand of electricity exerts huge pressure on the conventional energy sources.
Due to the intermittent nature of irradiation and wind velocity, hybrid grid structure is more preferable in the
present scenario. The use of alternative energy sources like solar and wind is the measure, which helps to attain
eco-friendly, green environment. It decreases the dependency on fossil fuel energy for the highly populated country
like India. Elimination of the hurdles discussed in the article works serves as a catalyst for the sustainable devel-
opment of the country. The proposed paper deals with the problems which need to be solved in order to accomplish
the solar wind energy project planned by the government of India.

Key words: solar energy, wind energy, barriers, renewable energy

Streszczenie
Artykuł przedstawia obecną sytuację i problemy odnoszące się do rozwoju energetyki słonecznej i wiatrowej w
Indiach. Rosnące zapotrzebowanie na energię elektryczną oznacza wzrost wykorzystywania konwencjonalnych
źródeł energii. Z uwagi na nieregularny poziom nasłonecznienia i zmienną siłę wiatru preferowana jest obecnie
hybrydowa struktura sieci energetycznej. Wykorzystywanie odnawialnych źródeł energii prowadzi w kierunku
powstania proekologicznego zielonego środowiska. Zmniejszeniu ulega poziom uzależnienia od paliw kopalnych,
co jest istotne w krajach o wysokim poziomie zaludnienia, takich jak Indie. Eliminacja nadal występujących prze-
szkód to znaczący krok w kierunku rozwoju zrównoważonego tego kraju. Artykuł omawia problemy, które stoją
na drodze do planowanego przez rząd Indii zwiększenia wykorzystywania odnawialnych źródeł energii.

Słowa kluczowe: energia słoneczna, energia wiatrowa, bariery, odnawialne źródła energii

1. Introduction 2000). Wind is the form of the solar energy. Power

generators are used to convert the kinetic energy of
Solar energy is the energy which comes directly the air passing through wind turbine into electric en-
from the sun in the form of light and heat that is con- ergy (Sumathi et al., 2015). However, 95% of the
verted in the useful form with the help of variety of world energy production still comes from non-re-
technologies, such as solar heating, photovoltaic, newable energy or nuclear power, which plays an es-
molten salt power plants, solar thermal energy, etc. sential role in fulfilling the energy requirement of the
(Tiwari et al., 2016). The radiation of the sun world (Owen, 2006).
amounts to3.9×1026 W and the average power at the The fundamental device used for this application is
highest point of the Earth’s atmosphere is 1353 called solar cells. Semiconductors in the form of P-
Wm-2, coming at perpendicular angle (Sorensen, N junction are used as the fundamental materials for
ARCHIVES OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING VOL. 66(2), pp. 241-251 (2017)

DOI 10.1515/aee-2017-0018

A control strategy of hybrid solar-wind energy

generation system
HIMANSHU SHARMA, NITAI PAL, PANKAJ KUMAR, ASHIWANI YADAV

Department of Electrical Engineering, IIT (ISM)

Dhanbad, Jharkhand, India, 826004
e-mail:himanshu26sharma@gmail.com
(Received: 17.04.2016, revised: 11.10.2016)

Abstract: Synchronization in the energy generated by renewable energy sources is one

of the significant issue associated with the converter used in the system module. The
presented paper concentrates on the design aspect of a PV and wind power input to
a DC-DC converter which can be practically useful in hybrid renewable energy power
systems. In this regard, the proposed converter can be utilized to obtain a smooth
regulated output voltage from the given input renewable energy power sources. The
proposed converter can be efficiently work under critical conditions having very few
ripple in current waveform of input or output. A major advantage with this type of
converter is the simple circuit with respect to the conventional converters in some critical
situations. At the end, the result based on the simulation exercise and various
experiments, performance of the converter in different situations is presented so that the
efficiency of the designed converter arrangement is accepted.
Key words: distributed PV/wind power system, double-input DC-DC converter, multi-
variable controller, voltage regulation

1. Introduction

A hybrid system can be defined as an electrical system having one or more energy sources
along with at least one source as renewable energy source. Wind energy as well as solar
energy using a photovoltaic array are two major environmentally friendly sources of energy
[1]. There are mainly two types of hybrid systems, one is grid connected and the other one is
in standalone mode [2, 3]. The hybrid photovoltaic (PV) and wind turbine system (WT) can be
mainly applied in the systems like water pumping, domestic as well as street lighting, surface
mine lighting, various vehicle applications etc.
The projected hybrid structure comprises of one wind blade, one fluctuating speed wind
alternator, an AC/DC converter attached to the wind side, a PV module, a DC/DC chopper,
a DC/DC converter to get the controlled DC output with a desired voltage level and a DC/AC
converter is used to get the controlled output AC voltage as required by the load as shown in
Fig. 1 [4, 5].

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International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development, Volume 1(4), ISSN: 2456-6470 www.ijtsrd.com

Effects of Parameter Variations of PV Module based on

MATLAB - Simulink Modeling

Himanshu Sharma
Senior Research Fellow, Department of Electrical Engineering,
Indian School of Mines (under MHRD, Govt. of India), Dhanbad, Jharkhand, India

Pankaj Kumar
Junior Research Scholar, Department of Electrical Engineering,
Indian School of Mines (under MHRD, Govt. of India), Dhanbad, Jharkhand, India

Jagannath Patra
Junior Research Scholar, Department of Electrical Engineering,
Indian School of Mines (under MHRD, Govt. of India), Dhanbad, Jharkhand, India

Nitai Pal
Associate Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering,
Indian School of Mines (under MHRD, Govt. of India), Dhanbad, Jharkhand, India

ABSTRACT
electrons starts flowing from negative to positive
Recent applications in remote areas need low-cost terminal. The opposite direction of flow of electrons
source of power. Standalone PV system could assure shows the flow of current from positive terminal to
this power. This paper includes the effect of variation negative terminal in the electric circuit.
of parameters of PV panel model in
MATLAB/Simulink. This build model is based on The "photovoltaic effect" is the fundamental physical
mathematical equations of the equivalent circuits and chemical process by which, voltage or electric
which consists of a current source, series resistance, current is obtained in a solar cell when it is exposed
and parallel resistance along with a diode. The model on sun light [2]. As shown in the figure 1, it is a
is built for the predetermination of nature of the Solar- phenomenon through which a collection of light-
PV module for different radiation, temperature and generated carriers causes flow of electrons and holes
other physical parameters. Moreover, PV-array towards N-type and P-type of the junction
system has been studied in the given research work. respectively.
For the validation of Simulink results, a real time set
also has been studied.
Keyword: MATLAB /simulink, solar radiation; series
and shunt resistance; saturation current; panel
temperature; maximum power point
I. INTRODUCTION
Photovoltaic cell has been widely used because of
ability to convert solar energy coming from sunlight
into electrical energy [1]. In the constructional theory
of photovoltaic cell, it consists of semiconductor
materials of p and n type, connected with each other.
The basic principle of PV cell is shown in figure 1. It
shows, when photons of sunlight strikes on cells,
electrons free from the outer layer of the atom. Then Fig.1. Photocurrent generation principle.
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International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development, Volume 1(4), ISSN: 2456-6470 www.ijtsrd.com

Performance Analysis of Different PV Topologies with MPPT

Himanshu Sharma
Senior Research Fellow, Department of Electrical Engineering,
Indian School of Mines (under MHRD, Govt. of India), Dhanbad, Jharkhand, India

Pankaj Kumar
Junior Research Scholar, Department of Electrical Engineering,
Indian School of Mines (under MHRD, Govt. of India), Dhanbad, Jharkhand, India

Jagannath Patra
Junior Research Scholar, Department of Electrical Engineering,
Indian School of Mines (under MHRD, Govt. of India), Dhanbad, Jharkhand, India

Nitai Pal
Associate Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering,
Indian School of Mines (under MHRD, Govt. of India), Dhanbad, Jharkhand, India

ABSTRACT
I. INTRODUCTION
Photovoltaic solar systems with Panel Integrated
Over the last few decades, there has been a
Converters (PICs) that are connected in series and
continuously increasing global demand for the
parallel are getting more attention for the ability to generation of green energy. Based on Renewable
produce high output voltage while performing Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century 2014
Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) function for report, renewable contributed 19 % to our energy
every single solar panels. Conventionally, MPPT consumption and 22 % to our electricity generation in
controller and Boost Converter is utilized for each 2012 and 2013, respectively. In 2013 solar generated
solar panel or channel in this in series and parallel
less than 1% of the world’s total grid electricity. Solar
connection architecture, which results in cost increase.
energy production in 2013 has increased by more than
This paper presents a single MPPT controller for two
36.8% compared to the solar energy production in
solar panels in any series or parallel connection
2012. [2]. In order to obtain high output voltage,
architecture. It is suited when the load is fix voltage or
several PV panels [1] or channels are connected in
is resistive. The proposed controller is investigated
series and parallel as illustrated in Fig. 1(a) to Fig
based on boost type PICs. Experimental results under
1(b). A centralized power converter with maximum
transient and steady state conditions and are presented
power point tracking control is utilized in this
to verify the performance of the proposed work. architecture. [23] The output voltage (VPV) and
Keyword: Photovoltaic, MPPT, Boost Converter, current (IPV) from PV panels in series are used as
Panel Integrated Converters, Series-output- MPP tracking variables.
connection, Parallel-output-connection

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