FCE Reading and Use of English (Multiple matching)

FCE Reading and Use of English (Gapped Text)

FCE Reading and Use of English (Multiple Matching)
 Extra practice for FCE Use of English
Task Type: Multiple-choice cloze.
Focus: Lexical/lexico-grammatical.
Format: A modified cloze test containing 8 gaps and followed by 8 four-option multiple-choice items.
Number of questions: 8.
How many marks are there: One mark for each correct answer.
What is testing:

 vocabulary
 phrasal verbs
 prepositions
 linking words
 collocations

General Advice:

 Read through the whole text as it may have an effect on the answer.
 Don't choose your answer before you have read all the options.
 Take a guess if necessary! You will not lose marks.
 Read through the text again.
 For questions 1- 8, read the text below and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each
gap.

The Story of Gold

The story of gold is an adventure involving kings, queens, pirates, explorers, conquerors, and the
native peoples they conquered. Throughout history, gold has woven a magic spell over those it
touched. Gold is beautiful and rare; a soft shiny metal that can be moulded into many (1) ... . It
has been used for money, jewellery, and to decorate special buildings such (2) ... palaces and
places of worship. (3) ... the precious metal was discovered, prospectors rushed to mine it, starting
new cities and countries as they went. Gold and the people who love it have helped shape the
world we live (4) ... today. Gold is one of many elements, or substances that cannot be changed
by normal chemical means, that are found in the Earth's crust. Gold has a warm, sunny colour
and (5) ... it does not react (6) ... air, water, and most chemicals, its shine never fades. In its natural
(7) ... , gold is soft and easily shaped. When heated to 1,062 Celsius it melts and can be poured
into moulds to form coins, gold bars, and other objects. Stories have been told, movies (8) ... and
legends born about the discovery of the world's great gold deposits. It is a saga of dreams, greed,
ambition and exploration.

1. A) formats B) outlines C) shapes D) lines

2. A) as B) like C) many D) to

3. A) Whoever B) However C) Forever D) Wherever

4. A) at B) in C) for D) on

5. A) yet B) despite C) because D) so

6. A) with B) in C) of D) at

7. A) estate B) stage C) state D) position

8. A) done B) made C) composed D) built

GAP 1 (SHAPES) ... metal that can be moulded into many shapes. It has been used for money, jewellery, and ... ↑_ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _↑
MOULD something into a SHAPE => COLLOCATION
SHAPE => (NOUN) the form of the outer edges or surfaces of something.
Other Fixed Phrases and Idioms:
OUT OF SHAPE => in a bad state of health or physical fitness.
IN SHAPE => in a good state of health or physical fitness.
TAKE SHAPE => to develop and become more complete or organized
GAP 2 (AS) ... jewellery, and to decorate special buildings such as palaces and places of worship... ↑_ _↑
SUCH AS => FIXED PHRASE
SUCH AS => FOR EXAMPLE, used when giving an example of something.
Common Errors:
She can play many musical instruments like as the guitar, the piano, and the violin. X
She can play many musical instruments such as the guitar, the piano, and the violin. V
GAP 3 (WHEREVER) ... places of worship. Wherever the precious metal was discovered, prospectors rushed to ... ↑_
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _↑
WHEREVER => CONJUNCTION
WHEREVER => in any place, no matter where.
WHEREVER + VERB
Common Errors:
Where ever she is, she will be thinking of you. X
Wherever she is, she will be thinking of you. V WHEREVER is written as one word!
GAP 4 (IN) ... helped shape the world we live in today. Gold is one of many elements, or substances that cannot ...
↑__↑
LIVE + IN => VERB + PREPOSITION
LIVE IN => if you live in a place, you have your home there.
Common Errors:
This is the world we live on. X
This is the world we live in. V
GAP 5 (BECAUSE) ... a warm, sunny colour and because it does not react with air, water, and most ... ↑_ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _↑
BECAUSE => CONJUNCTION
BECAUSE => (CONJUNCTION), used when you are giving the reason for something.
BECAUSE + SUBJECT + VERB
Common Errors:
She couldn't go because her illness. X
She couldn't go because she was ill.V
GAP 6 (WITH) ... sunny colour and because it does not react with air, water, and most chemicals, its shine never
fades ... ↑_ _ _↑
REACT + WITH => VERB + PREPOSITION
REACT WITH => If a chemical substance reacts, it changes when it is mixed with another chemical substance.
Common Errors:
Hydrogen reacts on oxygen to form water. X
Hydrogen reacts with oxygen to form water.V
GAP 7 (STATE) ... chemicals, its shine never fades. In its natural state , gold is soft and easily shaped. When heated ...
↑_ _ _↑
NATURAL + STATE => COLLOCATION
NATURAL STATE => a wild primitive state untouched by civilization.
Other Collocations:
NATURAL DEATH, NATURAL DISASTER, NATURAL RESOURCES.
NATURAL HABITAT, NATURAL COLOUR, THE NATURAL WORLD.
GAP 8 (MADE) ... other objects. Stories have been told, movies made and legends born about the ... ↑_ _ _↑
MAKE + MOVIE => COLLOCATION
MAKE A MOVIE => produce a film.
Common Errors:
They don't do movies like that any more. X
They don't make movies like that any more.V
For questions 1- 8, read the text below and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each
gap.

Tourism
Tourism is one of the world's largest industries, and it is the fastest growing. It contributes over
£50 billion to the economy annually, over £12 billion of it from overseas visitors. About 25
million overseas visitors (1) ... Britain each year. Tourism is one of the biggest employment (2)
... in the UK, too – it employs over 1.7 million people, which is more than in the construction or
health service industries.

Around 20% of all new (3) ... are in this industry. These figures are very impressive, but how do
they translate (4) ... job possibilities for you? There is room in this industry for all sorts of people,
with different educational (5) ... , personal attributes, interests and career aims. A tourist is really
a traveller – someone who (6) ... a journey, usually for recreation, (7) ... a holiday or sightseeing.
(8) ... , tourism at its very simplest refers to the industry that provides travel and entertainment
facilities for people away from their own homes.

1. A) come from B) come to C) come away with D) come down to

2. A) zones B) sections C) districts D) sectors

3. A) works B) jobs C) employments D) vocations

4. A) into B) from C) for D) at

5. A) surroundings B) traditions C) backgrounds D) settings

6. A) makes B) does C) performs D) breaks

7. A) as B) such C) so D) like

8. A) Although B) Despite C) Therefore D) Because

GAP 1 (COME TO) ... About 25 million overseas visitors come to Britain each year. Tourism is one of the biggest
employment ... ↑_ _↑
COME + TO => PHRASAL VERB
COME TO to reach (a place) while traveling.
Common Errors:
They have just come at the meeting. X
They have just come to the meeting. V
GAP 2 (SECTORS) ... Tourism is one of the biggest employment sectors in the UK, too – it employs over 1.7 million ...
↑_ _ _ _ _ _ _↑
EMPLOYMENT + SECTORS => COLLOCATION
EMPLOYMENT SECTORS => the industries and services in a country that are responsible for employment.
Other Collocations:
EMPLOYMENT OFFICE, FULL-TIME EMPLOYMENT, REGULAR EMPLOYMENT.
GAP 3 (JOBS) ... service industries. Around 20% of all new jobs are in this industry. These figures are very ... ↑_ _ _
_↑
A JOB => A COUNTABLE NOUN
A JOB => The regular paid work that you do for an employer.
Common Errors:
IT firm is to create 65 new works in Dublin and Galway. X
IT firm is to create 65 new jobs in Dublin and Galway. V
GAP 4 (INTO) ... impressive, but how do they translate into job possibilities for you? There is room in this industry ...
↑_ _ _↑
TRANSLATE + INTO => VERB + PREPOSITION
TRANSLATE INTO => to change something, or to be changed, into a different form.
Common Errors:
The book has been translated to Dutch and German. X
The book has been translated into Dutch and German. V
GAP 5 (BACKGROUNDS) ... of people, with different educational backgrounds, personal attributes, interests and
career aims ... ↑_ _ _ _ _ _ _↑
EDUCATIONAL + BACKGROUNDS => COLLOCATION
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND => The details of a person's education, experience, etc.
Other Collocations:
EDUCATIONAL NEEDS, EDUCATIONAL TOYS, EDUCATIONAL LANDSCAPE.
GAP 6 (MAKES) ... really a traveller – someone who makes a journey, usually for recreation, usually for recreation, ...
↑_ _ _ _↑
MAKE + A JOURNEY => COLLOCATION
MAKE A JOURNEY => to travel from one place to another, especially over a long distance.
Common Errors:
Young explorers do a journey through the wild landscape. X
Young explorers make a journey through the wild landscape. V
GAP 7 (LIKE) ... a journey, usually for recreation, like a holiday or sightseeing. Therefore, tourism ... ↑_ _ _ _ _
LIKE + SERIES OF EXAMPLES
LIKE => SUCH AS, FOR EXAMPLE
Common Errors:
Outdoor sports as running and climbing are very popular in the US. X
Outdoor sports like running and climbing are very popular in the US. V
GAP 8 (THEREFORE) ... a holiday or sightseeing. Therefore, tourism at its very simplest refers to the industry that ...
↑_ _ _ _ _
THEREFORE => ADVERB (+ comma)
THEREFORE => (FORMAL) used to introduce the logical result of something that has just been mentioned.
Common Errors:
I loved her. Therefore I married her. X
I loved her. Therefore, I married her. V COMMA required after THEREFORE!
Exam Description
Task Type: Open cloze.
Focus: Grammatical/lexico-grammatical.
Format: A modified cloze test containing 8 gaps.
Number of questions: 8.
How many marks are there: One mark for each correct answer.
What is testing:

 modal verbs and auxiliary

 quantifiers/articles/determiners
 prepositions
 linking words and conjunctions
 relative pronouns

General Advice:

 Read through the whole text as it may have an effect on the answer.
 Make sure that any verb you write in a gap in agrees with its subject.
 Take a guess if necessary! You will not lose marks.
 Read through the text again.

For questions 1-8, read the text below and think of the word which fits each gap. Use only one
word in each gap.
 Gutenberg

Before Gutenberg (1394 – 1468), all books had to be copied by hand. The so-called ‘manuscripts’
of medieval times were laboriously hand-written, usually by monks (1) ... devoted years (2) ...
the work. Earlier attempts had been made to produce printing ‘blocks’. The designs on playing
cards (3) ... example were carved from wooden blocks which were inked and then printed onto
cards. There are even examples of whole pages in books being hand carved and printed.
Gutenberg however came up with the idea of printing using, not whole page blocks, but letter
blocks. (4) ... he was a goldsmith (5) ... trade, he knew how to mould metal into whatever shape
was needed. He made thousands of tiny blocks of ‘type’, (6) ... with a letter raised on it, which
could be lined up and clamped into position in a ‘forme’ (page block). The type could be linked,
paper laid on top, and the whole thing compressed by turning a handle. When released, the paper
had the page printed on it. Years of work went into this invention. Gutenberg (7) ... to make the
letters, develop an ink which would cling to metal (most didn’t), build the forme, and above (8)
... find the money to do all this while not working as a goldsmith.

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

GAP 1 (WHO/THAT) ... hand-written, usually by monks who/that devoted years to the work. Earlier attempts ... ↑_
_ _ _ _↑
WHO/THAT => RELATIVE PRONOUN
WHO/THAT => used to show which person or people you mean.
Common Errors:
His mother, that was tired out, gave him a snack. X in non-defining clauses THAT cannot replace WHO!
The man that telephoned was a friend of yours. V in defining relative clauses we can use WHO or THAT!
The man who telephoned was a friend of yours. V in defining relative clauses we can use WHO or THAT!
GAP 2 (TO) ... hand-written, usually by monks who devoted years to are now extinct, or no longer around ... ↑_ _ _
_ _ _↑
DEVOTE + TO => VERB + PREPOSITION
DEVOTE sth TO sth => to give up your time, money etc. to something.
Common Errors:
He devotes her life for music. X
He devotes her life to music. V
GAP 3 (FOR) ... The designs on playing cards for example were carved from wooden blocks which were ... ↑_ _ _↑
FOR + EXAMPLE => FIXED PHRASE
FOR EXAMPLE => used to give an example of what you are saying.
Other Fixed Phrases and Idioms:
MAKE AN EXAMPLE OF SOMEBODY => to punish somebody as a warning to others not to do the same thing.
SET AN EXAMPLE => to behave in a way that shows other people how to behave.
COLLOCATIONS => CLASSIC/TYPICAL/PRIME/GOOD EXAMPLE.
GAP 4 (BECAUSE) ... blocks, but letter blocks. Because he was a goldsmith by trade, he knew how ... ↑_ _ _ _ _↑
BECAUSE + SUBJECT + VERB
BECAUSE => (CONJUNCTION), used when you are giving the reason for something.
BECAUSE + SUBJECT + VERB
Common Errors:
She couldn't go because her illness. X
She couldn't go because she was ill. V
GAP 5 (BY) ... he was a goldsmith by trade, he knew how to mould metal into whatever shape was needed. ... ↑_
_↑
BY + TRADE => FIXED PHRASE
BY TRADE => by profession.
Common Errors:
He's an electrician on trade. X
He's an electrician by trade. V
GAP 6 (EACH) ... thousands of tiny blocks of 'type', each with a letter raised on it, which could be lined up
and ... ↑_ _ _ _
EACH => DETERMINER
EACH => every one of two or more things or people, considered separately.
Common Errors:
Each members of the club was given a medal. X
Each member of the club was given a medal. V EACH + SINGULAR NOUN!

GAP 7 (HAD) ... into this invention. Gutenberg had to make the letters, develop an ink which would cling
... ↑_ _↑
HAD + TO => MODAL VERB
HAD TO => the past participle of 'have to'. If you have to do something, you must do it because it is
necessary or because someone makes you do it.
Common Errors:
She has to get up at 6 o'clock tomorrow. Her train leaves at 7. X
She has to get up at 6 o'clock tomorrow. Her train leaves at 7. V You HAVE TO do sth because of a rule or the situation!

GAP 8 (ALL) ... build the forme, and above all find the money to do all this while not working ... ↑_ _ _↑
ABOVE + ALL => IDIOM
ABOVE ALL => most important of all; especially.
Other Fixed Phrases and Idioms:
AT ALL => in any way.
ALL OVER => over the whole of a person, thing; everywhere.
ALL IN ALL => when everything is considered.
For questions 1-8, read the text below and think of the word which fits each gap. Use only one
word in each gap.

Holidays

Whatever you do in tourism, you are likely to have a (1) ... of contact (2) ... other people. This
can be both enjoyable (3) ... difficult. You will soon find (4) ... how often people behave unlike
their usual selves while on holiday, or trying to arrange a holiday. (5) ... they stay in their own
country or go abroad, they want to get away from it all, they (6) ... paying hard-earned money to
relax from work, and they want value (7) ... money.

They will also be in unfamiliar surroundings and unsure of themselves. When things go well their
happiness is infectious - it is very rewarding helping (8) ... and contributing to the enjoyment of
their holiday. When things go badly, clients blame the hotel staff or tour operator's representative,
even if it isn't their fault. You've just got to keep calm and keep smiling when people are shouting
at you.

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
GAP 1 (LOT) ... tourism, you are likely to have a lot of contact with other people. This can be ... ↑_ _ _↑
A LOT OF => DETERMINER
A LOT OF => a large number or amount of somebody/something.
Common Errors:
She's got many friends in the town. X MANY is used mainly in questions and negative sentences.
She's got a lot of friends in the town. V In statements A LOT OF (informal) is much more common.
GAP 2 (WITH) ... you are likely to have a lot of contact with other people. This can be both enjoyable ... ↑_ _ _↑
CONTACT + WITH => NOUN + PREPOSITION
CONTACT WITH sb => the act of communicating with somebody, especially regularly.
Common Errors:
He's lost contact to all his relatives. X
He's lost contact with all his relatives. V
GAP 3 (AND) ... This can be both enjoyable and difficult. You will soon find out how often people behave ... ↑_ _ _ _
_ _ _ _↑
BOTH ... AND ... => CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTION
BOTH ... AND ... => used before two words or phrases connected with and to stress that each is included.
Common Errors:
Both Carol and Marion is attending the course. X
Both Carol and Marion are attending the course. V PLURAL VERB FORM!
GAP 4 (OUT) ... difficult. You will soon find out how often people behave unlike their usual selves while ... ↑_ _↑
FIND + OUT => PHRASAL VERB
FIND OUT => to get some information about something/somebody by asking, reading, etc.
Other Fixed Phrases and Idioms:
FIND FAULT => to criticize someone or something.
FIND YOUR WAY => to reach a place by discovering the right way to get there.
FIND YOUR WAY (TO) => to discover the right route (to a place).
GAP 5 (WHETHER) ... holiday. Whether they stay in their own country or go abroad, they want to get away ... ↑_ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _↑
WHETHER ... OR ... => CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTION
WHETHER ... OR ... => used to express a doubt or choice between two possibilities.
Common Errors:
John was uncertain if to go or stay. V LESS FORMAL but also correct!
John was uncertain whether to go or stay. V MORE FORMAL
GAP 6 (ARE) ... want to get away from it all, they are paying hard-earned money to relax from work ... ↑_ _ _↑
AUXILIARY VERB + (VERB + ING) => PRESENT CONTINUOUS
ARE => used with a present participle to form progressive tenses.
Common Errors:
You are coming with us? X
Are you coming with us? V
GAP 7 (FOR) ... work, and they want value for money. They will also be in unfamiliar surroundings ... ↑_
_ _ _ _↑
VALUE + FOR + MONEY => IDIOM
VALUE FOR MONEY => (BRITISH ENGLISH) good value, or the quality of being good value.
Common Errors:
It cost only 5 €, a great value of money. X
It cost only 5 €, a great value for money. V

GAP 8 (OTHERS) ... it is very rewarding helping others and contributing to the enjoyment of their holiday ... ↑_ _ _ _
OTHERS => DETERMINER
OTHERS => WITHOUT NOUN (PLURAL UNSPECIFIC) refers to 'different or additional people or things'.
Common Errors:
I don't want those books. I want another. X
I don't want those books. I want others. V OTHERS without NOUN!
Exam Description
Task Type: Word Formation.
Focus: Lexical/lexico-grammatical.
Format: A text containing 8 gaps. Each gap corresponds to a word. The stems of the missing words are given beside the
text and must be changed to form the missing word.
Number of questions: 8.
How many marks are there: One mark for each correct answer.
What is testing:

 conversions from noun to adjective

 conversions from verb to noun
 conversions from adjective to adverb
 conversions from verb to adjective
 conversions from a positive to negative form

General Advice:

 Never leave the base word unchanged.

 Look at each sentence and decide what kind of word is required.
 Check the spelling carefully.
 The words you need might have to change into a negative or a plural.
For questions 1- 8, read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the
lines to form a word that fits in the gap in the same line.

Luxemburg
The Grand Duchy of Luxembourg is a constitutional monarchy headed by Grand Duke Henri of
the House of Nassau. Economically, the (1) ... of its banking and (2) ... institutions has attracted
more than 200 foreign banks, including the headquarters of the European Investment Bank. The
480,000 (3) ... have among the highest income levels per capita of any country in the world.
Agriculture is still (4) ... . Around half of the total land area is farmed, though less than 5% of
Luxembourgers now live and work on farms. Despite problems caused by overproduction of
European wines in general, the vineyards are still (5) ... . And the enchanting Luxembourg
countryside, (6) ... its northern reaches in the Ardennes, is a popular holiday destination for
Luxembourgers and (7) ... from neighbouring countries. Having played a key role in establishing
the institutions that evolved into the European Union, Luxembourg today hosts the secretariat of
the European Parliament. In such a small country, with bigger neighbours on its doorstep,
Luxembourgers have a distinctive individuality that even extends to the (8) ... language,
Letzebuergesch, which is vaguely related to both French and German, yet quite different from
both.

1) STRONG
2) FINANCE
3) RESIDE
4) IMPORT
5) COMPETE
6) PARTICULAR
7) VISIT
8) NATION
GAP 1 (STRENGTH) ... Economically, the strength of its banking and financial institutions has attracted more ... ↑_ _
__
STRONG => STRENGTH | ADJECTIVE => NOUN (INTERNAL CHANGE)
INTERNAL CHANGE (IN NOUNS) (WIDE => WIDTH | SEE => SIGHT | CHOOSE => CHOICE)
Examples:
1). He did exercises to strengthen his muscles. STRENGTH + EN => VERB
2). Her greatest strength is her sense of humour. STRONG => STRENGTH (INTERNAL CHANGE)
3). Jack was strongly opposed to the idea. STRONG + LY => ADVERB
GAP 2 (FINANCIAL) ... of its banking and financial institutions has attracted more than 200 foreign banks, including
... ↑_ _ _ _
FINANCE => FINANCIAL | NOUN => ADJECTIVE
IAL => SUFFIX (IN ADJECTIVES) typical of. (CELESTIAL/INITIAL/DICTATORIAL)
Examples:
1). She isn't financially dependent on her husband. FINANCIAL + LY => ADJECTIVE
2). Mark is an expert in finance. FINANCE => NOUN
3). It was a great album, but not exactly a financial success. FINANC + IAL => ADJECTIVE
GAP 3 (RESIDENTS) ... Bank. The 480,000 residents have among the highest income levels per capita of any country
in the world ... ↑_ _ _ _
RESIDE => RESIDENT(S) | VERB => NOUN
ENT => SUFFIX (IN NOUNS) the agent that performs an action. (OPPONENT/PRESIDENT/STUDENT)
Examples:
1). This district is mainly residential. RESIDENT + IAL => ADJECTIVE
2). He is now resident in Holland. RESID + ENT => NOUN
3). She spent two weeks at her winter residence. RESIDE + NCE => NOUN
GAP 4 (IMPORTANT) ... Agriculture is still important. Around half of the total land area is farmed, though less than ...
↑_ _ _ _
IMPORT => IMPORTANT | VERB => ADJECTIVE
ANT => SUFFIX (IN ADJECTIVES) that is or does something. (SIGNIFICANT/TOLERANT/IRRELEVANT)
Examples:
1). Catherine has an important job. IMPORT + ANT => ADJECTIVE
2). This is a matter of great importance. IMPORT + ANCE => NOUN
3). This company is the EU largest importer of agricultural produce. IMPORT + ER => NOUN
GAP 5 (COMPETITIVE) ... vineyards are still competitive And the enchanting Luxembourg countryside, ... ↑_ _ _ _
COMPETE => COMPETITIVE | VERB => ADJECTIVE
IVE => SUFFIX (IN ADJECTIVES) tending to; having the nature of. (EXPLOSIVE/ACTIVE/DESCRIPTIVE)
Examples:
1). Most children are competitive. COMPETIT + IVE => ADJECTIVE
2). All 300 competitors finished the race. COMPETIT + ORS => NOUN
3). Have you entered the painting competition. COMPETIT + ION => NOUN
GAP 6 (PARTICULARLY) ... countryside, particularly its northern reaches in the Ardennes, is a popular holiday ... ↑_
___
PARTICULAR => PARTICULARLY | ADJECTIVE => ADVERB
LY => SUFFIX (IN ADVERBS) in a specified manner. (VIRTUALLY/SADLY/SLOWLY)
Examples:
1). She was particularly pleased to see her mother. PARTICULAR + LY => ADVERB
2). Tim gave the police all particulars about the accident. PARTICULAR + S => NOUN
3). She should pay particular attention to pronunciation. PARICULAR => ADJECTIVE
GAP 7 (VISITORS) ... Luxembourgers and visitors from neighbouring countries. Having played a key role in ... ↑_ _ _
_
VISIT => VISITOR(S) | VERB => NOUN
OR => SUFFIX (IN NOUNS) a person or thing that. (CONDUCTOR/REDACTOR/ACTOR)
Examples:
1). We're expecting visitors next month. VISIT + OR => NOUN
2). She would like to visit London someday. VISIT => VERB
3). Our official visiting hours are 11:00 a.m. to 8:00 p.m. VISIT + ING => ADJECTIVE
GAP 8 (NATIONAL) ... extends to the national language, Letzebuergesch, which is vaguely related to both French ...
↑_ _ _ _
NATION => NATIONAL | NOUN => ADJECTIVE
AL => SUFFIX (IN ADJECTIVES) connected with. (MAGICAL//GEOGRAPHICAL/FICTIONAL).
Examples:
1). What nationality are you? I'm Russian. NATION + ALITY => NOUN
2). Many countries have national health service. NATION + AL => ADJECTIVE
3). The railways in Britain were nationalised in 1947. NATION + ALISE(D) => VERB
For questions 1- 8, read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the lines to form a
word that fits in the gap in the same line.

The Best of Edinburgh and Glasgow

Given the contrasting (1) ... of Edinburgh and Glasgow, any travellers who haven't examined a
map of Scotland might be forgiven for thinking that they are separated by hundreds of miles. In
fact, Scotland's two (2) ... cities are only about 72 km (45 miles) apart, but almost everyone who
visits them will be struck by their (3) ... . And although there is a good deal of (4) ... (and some
envy, too) between the two cities--like the Beatles' Lennon and McCartney--they are strongest as
a pair, each bringing value to the (5) ... .

Both cities contribute mightily and equally to the (6) ... vibrancy of the nation. With this in mind,
the country is planning to improve the public transport links between the two cities, expanding
the (7) ... of trains in the evening and contemplating running them past midnight. To the east,
Edinburgh offers a (8) ... and almost fairy-tale setting, with an imposing castle high on one of
many hills.

1) REPUTE
2) PRIME
3) DIFFER
4) COMPETE
5) PARTNER
6) CULTURE
7) FREQUENT
8) FAME
GAP 1 (REPUTATIONS) ... the contrasting reputations of Edinburgh and Glasgow, any travellers who haven't
examined ... ↑_ _ _ _
REPUTE => REPUTATION(S) | NOUN => NOUN
ATION => SUFFIX (IN NOUNS) the action or process of doing something.
(FASCINATION/PROVOCATION/DECORATION)
Root Words
1). That company has a bad reputation. REPUT + ATION => NOUN
2). I had heard of her disreputable business activities. DIS + REPUT + ABLE => ADJECTIVE
3). He is a reputable writer. REPUT + ABLE => ADJECTIVE
GAP 2 (PRIMARY) ... Scotland's two primary cities are only about 72 km (45 miles) apart, but almost everyone ... ↑_
___
PRIME => PRIMARY | NOUN => ADJECTIVE
ARY => SUFFIX (IN ADJECTIVES) connected with. (PLANETARY/LEGENDARY/SECONDARY)
Root Words
1). Her primary concern was for her children's safety. PRIM + ARY => ADJECTIVE
2). The person primarily responsible is the executive director. PRIM + ARILY => ADVERB
3). The shop is expensive because it's in a prime location. PRIME => ADJECTIVE
GAP 3 (DIFFERENCES) ... struck by their differences And although there is a good deal of competition (and some ...
↑_ _ _ _
DIFFER => DIFFERENCE(S) | VERB => NOUN
ENCE => SUFFIX (IN NOUNS) the action or state of. (CONFIDENCE/DEPENDENCE/REFERENCE)
Root Words
1). We had a difference of opinion. DIFFER + ENCE => NOUN
2). Dogs and cats may behave differently. DIFFERENT + LY => ADVERB
3). John is indifferent to other people's suffering. IN + DIFFERENT => ADJECTIVE
GAP 4 (COMPETITION) ... a good deal of competition (and some envy, too) between the two cities--like the Beatles'
Lennon ... ↑_ _ _ _
COMPETE => COMPETITION | VERB => NOUN
ITION => SUFFIX (IN NOUNS) the action or state of. (DEFINITION/PROHIBITION/PROPOSITION)
Root Words
1). Most children are competitive. COMPETIT + IVE => ADJECTIVE
2). All 300 competitors finished the race. COMPETIT + ORS => NOUN
3). Have you entered the painting competition. COMPETIT + ION => NOUN
GAP 5 (PARTNERSHIP) ... bringing value to the partnership Both cities contribute mightily and equally to the ... ↑_ _
__
PARTNER => PARTNERSHIP | VERB => NOUN
SHIP => SUFFIX (IN NOUNS) the group of. (MEMBERSHIP/OWNERSHIP/CITIZENSHIP)
Root Words
1). They decided to go into partnership together. PARTNER + SHIP => NOUN
2). He was made a partner in the film. PARTNER => NOUN
3). He partnered his wife in the last dance. PARTNER + ED => VERB
GAP 6 (CULTURAL) ... equally to the cultural vibrancy of the nation. With this in mind, the country is planning... ↑_ _
__
CULTURE => CULTURAL | NOUN => ADJECTIVE
AL => SUFFIX (IN ADJECTIVES) connected with. (MAGICAL/HISTORICAL/VERBAL)
Root Words
1). The opera is very important for the cultural life of the city. CULTUR + AL => ADJECTIVE
2). David is a person of culture. CULTURE => NOUN
3). Culturally, the country has a lot to offer. CULTURAL + LY => ADVERB
GAP 7 (FREQUENCY) ... expanding the frequency of trains in the evening and contemplating running them past ...
↑_ _ _ _
FREQUENT => FREQUENCY | ADJECTIVE => NOUN
ENCY => SUFFIX (IN NOUNS) the state or quality of. (EFFICIENCY/DEPENDENCY/EXPECTANCY)
Root Words
1). She frequently arrived late. FREQUENT + LY => ADVERB
2). The teacher was surprised at the frequency of this mistake in the pupil's work. FREQU + ENCY => NOUN
3). Her visits the shopping centre became more infrequent. IN + FREQUENT => ADJECIVE
GAP 8 (FAMOUS) ... Edinburgh offers a famous and almost fairy-tale setting, with an imposing castle high on one ...
↑_ _ _ _
FAME => FAMOUS | NOUN => ADJECTIVE
OUS => SUFFIX (IN ADJECTIVES) having the quality of. (GLORIOUS/POISONOUS/GLAMOROUS)
Root Words
1). His music brought him fame. FAME => NOUN
2). The newspaper editorial defamed the actor. DE + FAME => VERB
3). The restaurant is famous for its luxury. FAM + OUS => ADJECTIVE
Exam Description
Task Type: Key Word Transformations.
Focus: Lexical and grammatical.
Format: Six separate items, each with a lead-in sentence and a gapped second sentence to be completed in two to five
words, one of which is a given 'keyword'.
Number of questions: 6.
How many marks are there: Up to two marks for each correct answer.
What is testing:

 modal verbs and semi-modal verbs

 phrasal verbs
 verb patterns
 direct speech to reported speech
 active voice to passive voice
 linking words/do and make/idioms/conditionals/unreal past

General Advice:

 Write between two and five words as your answer.

 Contractions like can't or mustn't are counted as two words.
 Take a guess if necessary! You will not lose marks.
 Remember that you cannot change the keyword.
For questions 1-6, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first
sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between two
and five words, including the word given.

1) It wasn't Mark that you met in the shop.

HAVE

For questions 1-6, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first
sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between two
and five words, including the word given.

1) Was it necessary for her to spend so much money on it?

HAVE
Did spend so much money on it?
2) She's driving too fast for me to keep up with her.
ENOUGH
She for me to keep up with her.
3) Susan and Frank don't like each other.
WELL
Susan and Frank don't with each other.
4) It's possible that he hasn't been informed about his uncle's death.
MIGHT
He informed about his uncle's death.
5) Mark is very patient, he'll never give up.
TOO
Mark give up.
6) I'm sorry I didn't go to college.
REGRET
I to college.
ANSWERS 1: SHE HAVE TO
STRONG OBLIGATION
HAVE TO is used for facts, not for personal feelings.
Similar Conversions
It's forbidden to park in here. => You mustn't park in here. MUSTN'T + BARE INFINITIVE
Is it necessary for you to write the report for tomorrow? => Do you have to write the report for tomorrow? HAVE + TO +
INFINITIVE
There's no need to go there. => You don't need to go there. NEED + TO + INFINITIVE
ANSWERS 2: IS NOT DRIVING SLOWLY ENOUGH | ISN'T DRIVING SLOWLY ENOUGH
COMPARISON (DEGREE)
TOO | ENOUGH are used with adjectives and adverbs. Too means more than necessary, and it precedes the adjective.
Similar Conversions
She is too young to drink alcohol. => She isn't old enough to drink alcohol. TOO + ADJECTIVE => NOT + ADJECTIVE + ENOUGH
Tom is more handsome than Mark. => Mark isn't as handsome as Tom. MORE + ADJECTIVE + THAN => NOT AS + ADJECIVE + AS
I've never seen such a bad film before. => It's the worst film I've ever seen. IT'S + SUPERLATIVE ... EVER ...
ANSWERS 3: GET ON WELL
PHRASAL VERB
GET ON WELL WITH sb => if people get on, they like each other and have a friendly relationship with each other.
Similar Conversions
She stopped smoking when her baby was born. => She gave up smoking when her baby was born. STOP => GIVE UP
I can't bear that noise any longer. => I can't put up with that noise any longer. BEAR => PUT UP WITH
I know that she's lying but I will learn the truth. => I know that she's lying but I will find out the truth. LEARN => FIND OUT
ANSWERS 4: MIGHT NOT HAVE BEEN
POSSIBILITY (PAST)
MIGHT + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE
Similar Conversions
Perhaps he will work a lot. => He may work a lot. PRESENT INFINITIVE
Perhaps she will be watching TV. => She might be watching TV. PRESENT CONTINUOUS INFINITIVE
Perhaps Alan was ill yesterday. => Alan may have been ill yesterday. PERFECT INFINITIVE
ANSWERS 5: TOO PATIENT TO | TOO PATIENT TO EVER
COMPARISON (DEGREE)
TOO + ADJECTIVE + TO + VERB
Similar Conversions
She is too young to drink alcohol. => She isn't old enough to drink alcohol. TOO + ADJECTIVE => NOT + ADJECTIVE + ENOUGH
Tom is more handsome than Mark. => Mark isn't as handsome as Tom. MORE + ADJECTIVE + THAN => NOT AS + ADJECIVE + AS
I've never seen such a bad film before. => It's the worst film I've ever seen. IT'S + SUPERLATIVE ... EVER ...
ANSWERS 6: REGRET NOT GOING | REGRET NOT HAVING GONE
VERB PATTERN
REGRET + GERUND
Similar Conversions
Would you like to go to the cinema with me? => Do you fancy going to the cinema with me? WOULD LIKE TO + INFINITIVE =>
FANCY + GERUND
Could you help me with that suitcase? => Would you mind helping with that suitcase? COULD + INFINITIVE => WOULD ... MIND +
GERUND
She prefers reading books to watching films. => She prefers to read books rather than watch films. PREFER + GERUND + TO +
GERUND
For questions 1-6, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first
sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between two
and five words, including the word given.

1) Somebody is coming to repair the computer the day after tomorrow.

REPAIRED
I the day after tomorrow.
2) Mary studied a lot. She wanted to pass the exam.
VIEW
Mary studied a lot with the exam.
3) That's the most stupid excuse I've ever heard.
SUCH
I've never excuse.
4) Please don't go to that conference next week.
RATHER
I'd to that conference next week.
5) Even though he tried hard, he couldn't do anything about it.
MATTER
Начало формы
No tried, he couldn't do anything about it.
6) 'What's the depth of the lake?' Martha asked her mother.
HOW
Martha asked her mother was.
ANSWERS 1: AM HAVING THE COMPUTER REPAIRED | 'M HAVING THE COMPUTER REPAIRED
AM GETTING THE COMPUTER REPAIRED | 'M GETTING THE COMPUTER REPAIRED
CAUSATIVE => HAVE + OBJECT + PAST PARTICIPLE
Similar Conversions
She paid the mechanic to repair the car. => She had the car repaired. PAST SIMPLE
I am going to ask them to send me the documents. => I am going to have the documents sent. GOING TO
A repairman has fixed our TV. => We have had our TV fixed. PRESENT PERFECT
ANSWERS 2: A VIEW TO PASSING
PURPOSE
WITH A VIEW TO + GERUND => with the intention or hope of doing something.
Similar Conversions
She went into town with a view to visiting her aunt. => She went into town with the intention of visiting her aunt.
WITH THE INTENTION OF
She got up early to be ready to leave by 10. => She got up early so that she could leave by 10. SO THAT + MODAL VERB + VERB
They spoke quietly so as not to wake the baby. => They spoke quietly in order not to wake the baby. SO AS NOT TO => IN
ORDER NOT TO
ANSWERS 3: HEARD SUCH A STUPID
COMPARISON
NEVER ... SUCH A + ADJECTIVE + NOUN
Similar Conversions
I've never seen such a bad film before. => It's the worst film I've ever seen. IT'S + SUPERLATIVE ... EVER ...
This car is too expensive for me to buy. => This car isn't cheap enough for me to buy. TOO + ADJECTIVE => NOT + ADJECTIVE +
ENOUGH
Tom is more handsome than Mark. => Mark isn't as handsome as Tom. MORE + ADJECTIVE + THAN => NOT AS + ADJECIVE + AS
ANSWERS 4: RATHER YOU DIDN'T GO | RATHER YOU DID NOT GO
UNREAL PAST
WOULD RATHER + PAST SIMPLE (PRESENT)
Similar Conversions
I'm sorry I don't have a car. => I wish I had a car. WISH + PAST SIMPLE (PRESENT)
You really ought to have your car serviced. => It is high time you had your car serviced. IT'S (HIGH, ABOUT) TIME + PAST SIMPLE
(PRESENT)
Perhaps, they are good friends. => They behave as if they were good friends. AS IF + PAST SIMPLE (UNTRUE SITUATION - PRESENT)
ANSWERS 5: MATTER HOW HARD HE
CONCESSION
NO MATTER HOW => used to say that something is true or that something happens whatever the situation is.
Similar Conversions
Jim isn't very tall, but he can run very fast. => Although Jim isn't very tall, he can run very fast. BUT => ALTHOUGH
Although he tried hard, he couldn't save her. => No matter how hard he tried, he couldn't save her. ALTHOUGH => NO
MATTER HOW
In spite of all her money, she still feels very poor. => For all her money, she still feels very poor. IN SPITE OF => FOR ALL
ANSWERS 6: HOW DEEP THE LAKE
WH-QUESTION
WHAT IS THE + NOUN => HOW + ADJECTIVE + IS
Similar Conversions
What is the length of this river? => How long is this river? WHAT IS THE + NOUN => HOW + ADJECTIVE + IS
Who owns that car? => Who does that car belong to? WHO + VERB => WHO + AUXILIARY VERB + VERB
For what other purpose can this be used? => What else can this be used for? FOR WHAT => WHAT ... FOR