EXP.

NO:
DATE:
SYMMETRICAL AND UNSYMMETRICAL FAULT ANALYSIS

SYMMETRICAL FAULT ANALYSIS (3 PHASE FAULT)

AIM:
To determine the bus voltage and line current during symmetrical fault.
SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT:
MATLAB – software R2017
THEORY:
Symmetrical Fault
In Symmetrical faults, all phases are shorted to each other or to earth. In this type of fault,
fault currents in all phases are symmetrical. The magnitude of the load current is same in all
three phases with 120degree phase displacement with each other. Waveforms of the
symmetrical fault current is symmetrical.
There are two types of Symmetrical fault, Line-Line-Line fault (L-L-L) and Line-Line-Line-
Ground fault (L-L-L-G).
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FORMATION OF Z -BUS MATRIX (BUS IMPEDANCE MATRIX)
It is a step by step programmable technique which proceeds branch by branch. It has
the advantage that any modification of the network does not require complete rebuilding of
ZBUS.
Consider that ZBUS has been formulated upto a certain stage and another branch is now
added. Then,
ZBUS(old) → Zb=branch impedance →ZBUS (new)
Upon adding a new branch, one of the following situations is presented.
1. Zb is added from a new bus to the reference bus (i.e., a new branch is added and the
dimension of ZBUS goes by one).This is type 1 modification.
2. Zb is added from a new bus to an old bus (i.e., a new branch is added and the dimension
of ZBUS goes up by one). This is type 2 modification.
3. Zb connects an old bus reference bus (i.e., a new loop is formed but the dimension of
ZBUS does not change). This is type 3 modification.
4. Zb connects two old buses (i.e., a new loop is formed but the dimension ZBUS does not
change). This is type 4 modification.
5. Zb connected two new buses (ZBUS remains unaffected in this case ).This situation can
be avoided by suitable numbering of buses and from now onwards will be ignored.
Notation: i,j-old buses; r-reference bus; k-new bus.
 TYPE 1 MODIFICATION:

Zb is added to the new bus k and the reference bus r.

0
𝐙BUS(old) ∶
ZBUS(new) =[ ]
0
0……0 𝑍𝑏
TYPE 2 MODIFICATION:
Zb is added from new bus k to the old bus j.

Z1j
Z2j
𝐙BUS(old) ∶
ZBUS(new) = Znj

Zj1 Zj2 … . Zjn Zjj + Zb

[ ]
TYPE 3 MODIFICATION:
Zb connected to an old bus j to the reference bus r.
Z1 j
1
ZBUS(new) = ZBUS(old ) - 𝐙jj+𝐙b [ : ] [Zj1 … . Zjn]
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Znj
TYPE 4 MODIFICATION:
Zb connected to two old bus.
Z1j − Z1j
1
ZBUS(new) = ZBUS(old ) - [ : ] [(Zi1 − Zj1). . . (Zin − Zjn)]
𝐙b+𝐙ii+𝐙jj−𝟐𝐙𝐢𝐣
Zni − Znj

With the use of four relationships bus impedance matrix can be built by a step-by-step
procedure.
When the network undergoes changes, the modification procedure can be employed to
revise the bus impedance matrix of the network. The opening of a line (Zij) is equivalent to
adding a branch in parallel to it with impedance -Zij.
 SYMMETRICAL THREE PHASE FAULT

The synchronous machine generates balanced three – phase integral voltage and is represented
as positive sequence set of phasors
65 1
Eabc= [𝑎 2 ] Ea
𝑎
The machine is supplying a three phase balanced load. Applying kirchoff’s voltage law to each
phase we obtain
Va=Ea-ZsIa-ZnIn
Vb=Eb-ZsIb- ZnIn
Vc=Ec-ZsIc- ZnIn
substituting for In=Ia+Ib+Ic , and writing in matrix form ,we get

𝑉𝑎 𝐸𝑎 𝑍𝑠 + 𝑍𝑛 𝑍𝑛 𝑍𝑛 𝐼𝑎
[𝑉𝑏 ] =[𝐸𝑏 ] -[ 𝑍𝑛 𝑍𝑠 + 𝑍𝑛 𝑍𝑛 ] [𝐼𝑏 ]
𝑉𝑐 𝐸𝑐 𝑍𝑛 𝑍𝑛 𝑍𝑠 + 𝑍𝑛 𝐼𝑐
or in compact form , we have
Vabc = Eabc - ZabcIabc
Where Vabc is the phase terminal voltage vector and Iabc is the phase current vector .
transforming the terminal voltage and current phasors into their symmetrical components
results in
A𝑉𝑎012 =A𝐸𝑎012 -𝑍 𝑎𝑏𝑐 A𝐼𝑎012
Multiplying by A-1 , we get
 𝑉𝑎012 = 𝐸𝑎012 -A-1𝑍 𝑎𝑏𝑐 A𝐼𝑎012
=𝐸𝑎012 − 𝑍 012 𝐼𝑎012
Where
1 1 1 𝑍𝑆 + 𝑍𝑛 𝑍𝑛 𝑍𝑛 1 1 1
012 1
𝑍 = [1
3
𝑎 𝑎2 ] [ 𝑍𝑛 𝑍𝑆 + 𝑍𝑛 𝑍𝑛 ] [1 𝑎 𝑎2 ]
1 𝑎2 𝑎 𝑍𝑛 𝑍𝑛 𝑍𝑆 + 𝑍𝑛 1 𝑎2 𝑎
Performing the above multiplication , we get
𝑍𝑠 + 3𝑍𝑛 0 0 𝑍0 0 0
012 0 𝑍𝑠 0 ] =[ 0
𝑍 =[ 𝑍1 0]
0 0 𝑍𝑠 0 0 𝑍2
Since the generated emf is balanced , there is only positive – sequence voltage ,i.e.,
0
𝐸𝑎012 = [𝐸𝑎 ]
0
Substituting for 𝐸𝑎012 and 𝑍 012 in , we get
𝑉𝑎0 0 𝑍0 0 0 𝐼𝑎0
1 [𝐼𝑎1 ]
[𝑉𝑎 ]=[𝐸𝑎 ] -[ 0 𝑍1 0]
𝑉𝑎2 0 0 0 𝑍2 𝐼𝑎2

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Since the above equation is very important , we write it in component form ,and we get
𝑉𝑎0 =0-𝑍 0 𝐼𝑎0
𝑉𝑎1 =𝐸𝑎 − 𝑍1 𝐼𝑎1
𝑉𝑎2 =0-𝑍 2 𝐼𝑎2

Using the sequence components of the fault current given by the formulas in the symmetrical
components of the ith bus voltage during fault are obtained.
Vi0(F) = 0 – Zik0Ik0
Vi1(F) = Vk(0)1 – Zik1Ik1
Vi2(F) = 0 – Zik2Ik2
For balanced fault we have only the positive sequence components of voltage.
Vi1(F) = Vi(0)1 – Zik1Ik1
where, i is the number of buses, k is the fault bus
Line current during fault
Ifll = Vk(0) / Zkk + Zf
69

RESULT:
Thus the modelling and analysis of power system under the faulted condition was made
familiar and the post fault voltage and current for the given fault were calculated