Introduction to C Programming Language C ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﺔ ﺑﻠﻐﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺘﺴﻠﺴﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻮﺻﻒ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻨﻔﯿﺬ‬

1 ++ -- ~ ! unary (prefix) Right-to-left

2 */ % multiplicative Left-to-right

3 + - additive Left-to-right

4 << >> shift Left-to-right

5 < <= > >= relational Left-to-right

6 != == equality Left-to-right

7 & bitwise AND Left-to-right

8 ^ bitwise XOR Left-to-right

9 | bitwise OR Left-to-right

10 && logical AND Left-to-right

11 || logical OR Left-to-right

= *= /= %= += -= >>= <<= &= ^=

13 assignment Right-to-left
|=

14 , comma Left-to-right

(Skeletal of Programs in C) C ‫ اﻟﮭﯿﻜﻠﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﺮاﻣﺞ ﻓﻲ‬:‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬

.C ‫ ﯾﺠﺐ اﻟﻨﻈﺮ اﻟﻰ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ اﻟﺒﺴﯿﻄﺔ واﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺒﯿﻦ اﻟﮭﯿﻜﻞ اﻟﻌﺎم ﻻي ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ‬، C ‫ﻟﻐﺮض اﻟﺘﻌﺮف ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻐﺔ‬

Program 1 ‫اﻟﺘﻨﻔﯿﺬ‬
/* my first program in C */ C is Good Language
#include <stdio.h>
main ( )
{
printf ( "C is Good Language" ) ;
}

Program 2 ‫اﻟﺘﻨﻔﯿﺬ‬
#include <stdio.h> 5–2=3
main ( )
{
int a, b ;
float result ;
a=5;
b=2;
result = a – b ;
printf ( "%d - %d = %f" ,a ,b ,result) ;
}

10 ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬ University of Baghdad-College of Science- Department of Mathematics Email : m.albahadeli@yahoo.com

‫‪Introduction to C Programming Language‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﺔ ﺑﻠﻐﺔ ‪C‬‬

‫ﺑﻌﺪ اﻻﻃﻼع ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﯿﻦ اﻋﻼه‪،‬ﯾﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ اﻻن ﺷﺮح ھﯿﻜﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺑﻠﻐﺔ ‪، C‬ﺣﯿﺚ أن ھﺬه اﻟﮭﯿﻜﻠﯿﺔ ﺗﺘﺄﻟﻒ ﻣﻦ ‪:‬‬

‫)‪ (2.1‬اﻟﺘﻌﻠﯿﻘﺎت )‪(Comments‬‬

‫وھﻲ ﺟﻤﻞ اﯾﻀﺎﺣﯿﺔ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻟﺘﺴﮭﯿﻞ ﺗﻮﺛﯿﻖ واﻋﺎدة ﻗﺮاءة اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ أو ﺗﻌﺪﯾﻠ ﮫ ﻣ ﻦ ﻃ ﺮف اﻟﻤﺒ ﺮﻣﺞ أو اﻻﺧ ﺮﯾﻦ ‪.‬وھ ﺬه اﻟﺘﻌﻠﯿﻘ ﺎت‬
‫ﯾﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﻜﺘﺐ ﻓﻲ أي ﻣﻜﺎن ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ‪ ،‬وﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻻ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﻮﺟﻮدة ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﺒﺮﻧ ﺎﻣﺞ‪،‬وﻻ ﯾﻜ ﻮن ﻟﮭ ﺎ أي ﺗ ﺎﺛﯿﺮ ﻋﻠ ﻰ اﻟﺒﺮﻧ ﺎﻣﺞ‪ ،‬ﻻن ﻣﺘ ﺮﺟﻢ اﻟﻠﻐ ﺔ‬
‫ﯾﺘﺠﺎھﻠُﮭﺎ اﺛﻨﺎء اﻟﺘﻨﻔﯿﺬ ‪.‬‬

‫‪/* Comment Statement */‬‬ ‫اﻟﺼﯿﻐﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﯿﻖ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻋﻨﺪ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ھﺬه اﻟﺼﯿﻐﺔ ﯾﺠﺐ اﻻﻧﺘﺒﺎه اﻟﻰ ﻣ ﺎﯾﻠﻲ‪ :‬اذا ﻛ ﺎن ﻟ ﺪﯾﻨﺎ أﻛﺜ ﺮ ﻣ ﻦ ﺳ ﻄﺮ ﻟﺠﻤﻠ ﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﯿ ﻖ ﻓﯿﺠ ﺐ وﺿ ﻊ اﻟﺮﻣ ﺰ) *‪ ( /‬ﻓ ﻲ ﺑﺪاﯾ ﺔ اﻟﺴ ﻄﺮ‬
‫اﻻول ﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﯿﻖ ووﺿﻊ اﻟﺮﻣﺰ) ‪ ( */‬ﻓﻲ ﻧﮭﺎﯾﺔ اﻟﺴﻄﺮ اﻻﺧﯿﺮ ﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﯿﻖ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل )‪-: (2.1.1‬‬

‫‪1. /* first program in C Language */‬‬

‫‪2. /* This Program calculate the Average‬‬

‫‪of n numbers using C Language */‬‬

‫)‪ (2.2‬اﻟﺘﻮﺟﯿﮭﺎت )‪(Directives‬‬

‫اﻟﺘﻮﺟﯿﮫ ھﻮ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ ادراج ﻣﻠﻒ ﻋﻨﻮان رأﺳﻲ)‪ (Header File‬ﺿﻤﻦ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ‪ ،‬ﺣﯿﺚ أن ھﺬا اﻟﻤﻠﻒ ﻣﻮﺟﻮد ﺿﻤﻦ ﻣﻠﻔﺎت اﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻐ ﺔ ‪C‬‬
‫واﻟﺬي ﯾﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻻﯾﻌﺎزات اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﺿﻤﻦ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ واﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮب اﻟﺘﻌﺮف ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ وﺗﻨﻔﯿﺬھﺎ ﻣ ﻦ ﻗﺒ ﻞ ﻣﺘ ﺮﺟﻢ اﻟﻠﻐ ﺔ‪.‬ﻣ ﻦ ھ ﺬه اﻟﻤﻠﻔ ﺎت )‪(stdio‬‬
‫واﻟ ﺬي ﯾﺤﺘ ﻮي ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﻋﺒ ﺎرات اﻻﺧ ﺎل واﻻﺧ ﺮاج واﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿ ﺎت اﻟﺤﺴ ﺎﺑﯿﺔ‪ ،‬وھ ﺬه اﻟﻤﻠ ﻒ ﯾﺠ ﺐ ادراﺟ ﮫ ﺿ ﻤﻦ ﺟﻤﯿ ﻊ ﺑ ﺮاﻣﺞ اﻟﻠﻐ ﺔ ‪ ،C‬اﻟﻤﻠ ﻒ اﻻﺧ ﺮ ھ ﻮ‬
‫)‪ (math‬واﻟﺬي ﯾﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺪوال اﻟﺮﯾﺎﺿﯿﺔ) اﻟﺪوال اﻟﻤﺜﻠﺜﯿﺔ‪ ،‬اﻟ ﺪوال اﻟﻠﻮﻏﺎرﺗﯿﻤﯿ ﺔ‪ ،‬اﻟ ﺪوال اﻻﺳ ﯿﺔ‪ .(.....،‬وﻛ ﺬﻟﻚ ﯾﻮﺟ ﺪ اﻟﻌﺪﯾ ﺪ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﻤﻠﻔ ﺎت واﻟﺘ ﻲ‬
‫ﺳﻮف ﻧﺘﻄﺮق ﻟﮭﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ اﻟﻼﺣﻘﮫ‪.‬‬
‫> ‪#include< File_Name.h‬‬ ‫اﻣﺎ اﻟﺼﯿﻐﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻮﺟﯿﮫ ھﻲ ‪-:‬‬
‫ﺣﯿﺚ‬
‫‪ : File_Name‬ﯾﻤﺜﻞ اﺳﻢ اﻟﻤﻠﻒ‪.‬‬
‫> ‪Example: - (1) #include< stdio.h‬‬
‫> ‪(2) #include< math.h‬‬

‫)‪ (2.3‬اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ اﻟﺮﺋﯿﺴﯿﺔ ) (‪(Main Function) main‬‬

‫وھﻲ اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﺒﺪأ ﺑﮭﺎ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ‪،‬وﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﻮﺟﻮدة ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﯿﻊ اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ ﺑﻠﻐﺔ ‪، C‬‬

‫اﻟﺼﯿﻐﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬

‫) (‪main‬‬
‫{‬
‫; ‪Program Body‬‬
‫}‬

‫ﺣﯿﺚ ‪ Program body‬ﯾﻤﺜﻞ ﺟﻤﻠﺔ أو ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﻤﻞ اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮب ﺗﻨﻔﯿﺬھﺎ‪.‬‬

‫)‪ (2.4‬إدﺧﺎل وإﺧﺮاج اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت )‪(Input/Output Data‬‬

‫)‪ (1‬اﻻدﺧﺎل‪ ) -:‬راﺟﻊ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع اﻟﻤﺘﻐﯿﺮات( ﻧﻼﺣﻆ أﻧﮫ ﺗﻢ أﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﺆﺛﺮ اﻟﺘﺨﺼﯿﺺ )=( ﻟﺘﺨﺼﯿﺺ ﻗﯿﻢ ﻟﻤﺘﻐﯿﺮات‪ ،‬وھﺬا ﻻ ﯾﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺘﻐﯿﺮ ﺗﻠﻚ‬
‫اﻟﻘﯿﻢ اﻻ ﺑﺘﻐﯿﺮ ﺟﻤﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﺨﺼﯿﺺ ﺣﯿﺚ ﺗﻜﻮن ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ اﺛﻨﺎء ﺗﻨﻔﯿﺬ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﯾُﻔﻀﻞ ﻓ ﻲ ﻣﻌﻈ ﻢ اﻟﺒ ﺮاﻣﺞ اﺳ ﺘﺨﺪام داﻟ ﺔ اﻻدﺧ ﺎل ) (‪ scanf‬واﻟﻤﻮﺟ ﻮدة‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ‪11‬‬ ‫‪University of Baghdad-College of Science- Department of Mathematics‬‬ ‫‪Email : m.albahadeli@yahoo.com‬‬

‫‪Introduction to C Programming Language‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﺔ ﺑﻠﻐﺔ ‪C‬‬

‫ﺿﻤﻦ ﻣﻠﻒ اﻟﻌﻨﻮان ‪ ،stdio.h‬وھﺬه اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ ﺗﺄﺧﺬ اﻟﻤﻌﻄﯿﺎت ﻣﻦ ﻟﻮﺣﺔ اﻟﻤﻔﺎﺗﯿﺢ وﺗﺨﺼﺼﮭﺎ ﻻﺳﻤﺎء ﻣﺘﻐﯿﺮات‪ ،‬ﺣﯿﺚ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﺮﻧ ﺎﻣﺞ ﻓﯿﻤ ﺎ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪ ‪.‬‬

‫; ) ‪scanf ( "Format" , &Variable_Name‬‬ ‫اﻟﺼﯿﻐﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﺪاﻟﺔ اﻻدﺧﺎل ھﻲ‪:‬‬

‫ﺣﯿﺚ ‪ : Format‬ﺗﻌﻨﻲ اﻟﺘﻮﺻﯿﻔﺎت اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺘﻮﯾﺔ داﻟﺔ اﻻدﺧﺎل ‪.‬اﻟﺠﺪول اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﯾﻮﺿﺢ اﻟﺘﻮﺻﯿﻔﺎت اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺄدﺧﺎل اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮ‬

‫ﯾﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻟﻠﻌﺪد اﻟﺼﺤﯿﺢ‬ ‫‪%d‬‬

‫ﯾﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻟﻠﻌﺪد اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﻲ‬ ‫‪%f‬‬

‫ﯾﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻟﻠﺤﺮف‬ ‫‪%c‬‬

‫ﯾﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻟﻠﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ‬ ‫‪%s‬‬

‫ﯾﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻟﻠﻌﺪد اﻟﺼﺤﯿﺢ ﺑﺪون اﺷﺎرة‬ ‫‪%u‬‬

‫ﯾﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻟﻠﻌﺪد اﻟﺼﺤﯿﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﺜﻤﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫‪%o‬‬

‫ﯾﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻟﻠﻌﺪد اﻟﺼﺤﯿﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﺴﺎدس ﻋﺸﺮ‬ ‫‪%x‬‬

‫ﯾﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻟﻠﻌﺪد اﻟﺼﺤﯿﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﻮرة اﻻﺳﯿﺔ‬ ‫‪%e‬‬

‫; )‪scanf("%f" , &x‬‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎل)‪ -: (2.4.1‬ﻻﺣﻆ اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ اﻻﺗﯿﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﯾﺼﻞ اﻟﺘﻨﻔﯿﺬ اﻟﻰ ھﺬه اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ‪،‬ﯾﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﺮاً أدﺧﺎل ﻋﺪد ﺣﻘﯿﻘ ﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﻐﯿ ﺮ ‪ x‬ﻋ ﻦ ﻃﺮﯾ ﻖ وﺳ ﯿﻠﺔ اﻻدﺧ ﺎل ﻟﻮﺣ ﺔ اﻟﻤﻔ ﺎﺗﯿﺢ‪،‬ﺛ ﻢ ﺗﺨ ﺰن ﺗﻠ ﻚ‬
‫اﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻨﻮان اﻟﻤﺘﻐﯿﺮ ‪ x‬اﻟﻤﺨﺼﺺ ﻟﮫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺬاﻛﺮة ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ)‪ -:(2.4.2‬اذا ﻛﺎن ﻟﺪﯾﻨﺎ اﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺘﻐﯿﺮ‪ ،‬ﻓﺄﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻻﻣﻜﺎن اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ ) ( ‪ scanf‬ﻻدﺧﺎل اﻟﻘﯿﻢ ﻟﮭﺬه اﻟﻤﺘﻐﯿﺮات‪.‬وﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ‬
‫;) ‪scanf ( "Format" , &Variable_1,&Variable_2,&Variable_3, … ,& Variable_n‬‬
‫; )‪scanf("%d%f%f%c" , &a,&b,&c,&op‬‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎل)‪ -: (2.4.3‬ﻻﺣﻆ اﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ اﻻﺗﯿﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫)‪ (2‬اﻻﺧﺮاج‪ -:‬ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ ) (‪ printf‬ﻻﺧﺮاج اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ وﺣﺪة اﻻﺧﺮاج اﻟﻘﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ)اﻟﺸﺎﺷﺔ( ‪ ،‬وھﺬه اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ ﻣﻮﺟ ﻮدة ﺿ ﻤﻦ ﻣﻠ ﻒ اﻟﻌﻨ ﻮان‬
‫‪. stdio.h‬‬

‫اﻟﺼﯿﻐﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﮭﺬة اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ ھﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫) ‪printf( " Format ",arg_1,arg_2,..., arg_n‬‬ ‫;‬
‫ﺣﯿﺚ‬
‫‪ : Format‬ﺗﻌﻨ ﻲ اﻟﺘﻮﺻ ﯿﻒ اﻻزم ﻟﻠﻄﺒﺎﻋ ﺔ‪،‬واﻟﺘ ﻲ ﺗﺘﻀ ﻤﻦ ﻋﺒ ﺎرات اﻻﺧ ﺮاج اﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳ ﺒﺔ واﻟﻤﻨﺴ ﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﯿﺎﻧ ﺎت‪،‬وﻛ ﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﺘﻀ ﻤﻦ اﻟﺘﻮﺻ ﯿﻔﺎت‬
‫اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ واﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة ﺿﻤﻦ اﻟﺠﺪول اﻟﺨﺎص ﺑﺘﻮﺻﯿﻔﺎت داﻟﺔ اﻻدﺧﺎل ) (‪. scanf‬‬

‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ)‪ -:(2.4.3‬اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﻟﺠﯿﺪ ھﻮ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﻟﺬي ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﺨﺮﺟﺎﺗﮫ ﻣﻨﺴﻘﺔ وذات ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻒ ﺟﯿﺪ ﻟﻠﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت‪.‬‬
‫أﻣﺎ ‪ : arg_1, arg_2, arg_3, ….. ,arg_n‬ﻓﮭﻲ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت ‪ ،‬وھ ﻲ اﺧﺘﺼ ﺎر ﻟﻜﻠﻤ ﺔ اﻻدﻟ ﺔ)‪ (Arguments‬وﯾﻤﻜ ﻦ أن ﺗﻜ ﻮن‬
‫ھﺬه اﻻدﻟﺔ ﺛﻮاﺑﺖ ﻋﺪدﯾﺔ أو ﻣﺘﻐﯿﺮات ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻮع )اﻟﺼﺤﯿﺢ – اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﻲ –اﻟﺤﺮﻓﻲ( اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮب ﻃﺒﺎﻋﺘﮭﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺸﺎﺷﺔ‪ ،‬وﻋﻠ ﻰ أن ﺗﻔﺼ ﻞ اﻻدﻟ ﺔ ﻋ ﻦ‬
‫ﺑﻌﻀﮭﺎ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ ﻓﻮاﺻﻞ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ‪12‬‬ ‫‪University of Baghdad-College of Science- Department of Mathematics‬‬ ‫‪Email : m.albahadeli@yahoo.com‬‬

‫‪Introduction to C Programming Language‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﺔ ﺑﻠﻐﺔ ‪C‬‬

‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ)‪ -:(2.4.4‬ھﻨﺎك ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺮﻣﻮز اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ‪ ،‬ﯾﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ أﺣﯿﺎﻧﺎً )رﻣﻮز اﻟﮭﺮوب(‪ ،‬و اﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﮭﺎ ﻣﻊ داﻟﺔ اﻻﺧﺮاج ) (‪ printf‬ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻜﻢ‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺨﺮﺟﺎت أو اﻟﻄﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺸﺎﺷﺔ‪ ،‬وھﺬه اﻟﺮﻣﻮز ﯾﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﻮﺿﻊ ﺿﻤﻦ اﻟﺘﻮﺻﯿﻔﺎت)‪ (Format‬أو ﺑﺼﻮرة ﻣﻨﻔﺮدة وﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺘﮭﺎ ﺑﺼ ﻮرة‬
‫ﻣﻨﻔﺮدة ﻓﯿﺠﺐ وﺿﻌﮭﺎ داﺧﻞ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ اﻟﺘﻨﺼﯿﺺ اﻟﻤﺰدوﺟﺔ)" "( وھﻲ ﻛﺎﻻﺗﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫اﻟﺮﻣﺰ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻨﺎه‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻣﺰ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻨﺎه‬

‫‪\n‬‬ ‫اﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎل اﻟﻰ ﺳﻄﺮ ﺟﺪﯾﺪ‬ ‫‪\f‬‬ ‫اﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎل اﻟﻰ ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ﺟﺪﯾﺪة‬

‫‪\r‬‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺪء ﻣﻦ أول اﻟﺴﻄﺮ‬ ‫‪\a‬‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺠﺮس‬

‫‪\b‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮاﺟﻊ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻰ اﻟﺨﻠﻒ‬ ‫\\‬ ‫ﻟﻄﺒﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﺤﺮف‬

‫اﻟﺘﻘﺪم ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﻟﻄﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ اﻟﺘﻨﺼﯿﺺ‬

‫‪\t‬‬ ‫'\‬
‫اﻟﻄﺒﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻔﺮدة‬

‫ﻟﻄﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ اﻟﺘﻨﺼﯿﺺ‬

‫"\‬
‫اﻟﻤﺰدوﺟﺔ‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل)‪-: (2.4.5‬‬
‫‪Program‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻨﻔﯿﺬ‬
‫>‪#include <stdio.h‬‬ ‫‪Hello World! I'm a C program‬‬
‫) ( ‪main‬‬
‫{‬
‫;)" !‪printf ("Hello World‬‬
‫; )"‪printf ("I'm a C program‬‬
‫}‬
‫ﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ھﺬا اﻟﻤﺜﺎل أن اﻟﺘﻔﯿﺬ ﻗﺪ أﻇﮭﺮ اﻟﻄﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺒﺎرﺗﯿﻦ ﺑﺴﻄﺮ واﺣﺪ ‪،‬وھﺬا ﺗﻨﺴﯿﻖ ﻏﯿﺮ ﺟﯿ ﺪ ﻟﻠﻄﺒﺎﻋ ﺔ اذ اﻧﻨ ﺎ ﻧﺮﯾ ﺪ ﻃﺒﺎﻋ ﺔ ﻛ ﻞ ﻋﺒ ﺎرة ﺑﺴ ﻄﺮ‬
‫واﺣﺪ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺴﻄﺮ اﻻﺧﺮ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺳﻮف ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﺮﻣﻮز ‪ \n‬ﻟﮭﺬا اﻟﻐﺮض ‪.‬‬

‫‪Program‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻨﻔﯿﺬ‬
‫>‪#include <stdio.h‬‬ ‫!‪Hello World‬‬
‫) ( ‪main‬‬ ‫‪I'm a C program‬‬
‫{‬
‫;)" ‪printf ("Hello World!\n‬‬
‫; )"‪printf ("I'm a C program‬‬
‫}‬

‫ﻣﺜﺎل)‪ -:(2.4.6‬أﻛﺘﺐ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺠﺎً ﻟﺤﺴﺎب وﻃﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ وﻣﺤﯿﻂ داﺋﺮة ﻧﺼﻒ ﻗﻄﺮھﺎ ‪. r =5.2‬‬

‫‪Program‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻨﻔﯿﺬ‬
‫‪/* calculate area and circumference */‬‬ ‫‪The Area of circle =84.948663‬‬
‫>‪#include <stdio.h‬‬ ‫‪The Circumference of circle =32.672563‬‬
‫)( ‪main‬‬
‫{‬
‫; ‪const double PI=3.1415926‬‬
‫;‪float r=5.2‬‬
‫; ‪double area ,circumference‬‬
‫; ‪area = PI * r * r‬‬
‫; ‪circumference = 2 * PI * r‬‬
‫; ) ‪printf("The Area of circle =%f" ,area‬‬
‫; )‪printf("\n The Circumference of circle =%f",circumference‬‬
‫}‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ‪13‬‬ ‫‪University of Baghdad-College of Science- Department of Mathematics‬‬ ‫‪Email : m.albahadeli@yahoo.com‬‬

Introduction to C Programming Language C ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﺔ ﺑﻠﻐﺔ‬

. ‫ﺛﻢ ﺣﺴﺎب وﻃﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﻣﺤﯿﻂ وﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ھﺬا اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻄﯿﻞ‬، ‫ اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮب ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻻدﺧﺎل اﻟﻄﻮل واﻟﻌﺮض ﻟﻤﺴﺘﻄﯿﻞ ﻣﺎ‬-:(2.4.7)‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬

Program ‫اﻟﺘﻨﻔﯿﺬ‬
#include <stdio.h> Length= 20
main() Width= 15
{ Perimeter is 70
int length, width ; Area is 300
int perimeter, area ;
printf("Length =") ;
scanf("%d",&length) ;
printf("\n Width =") ;
scanf("%d",&width) ;
perimeter = 2*(length+width) ;
area = length*width ;
printf("Perimeter is %d " ,perimeter) ;
printf("\n Area is %d", area) ;
}

. ‫ وﺣﺴﺎب وﻃﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﻣﻌﺪل اﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ‬،( 77 82 69 95 ) ‫ أﻛﺘﺐ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺠﺎً ﻟﻘﺮاءة درﺟﺎت ﻃﺎﻟﺐ ﻓﻲ أرﺑﻌﺔ ﻣﻮاد‬-:(2.4.8)‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬

Program ‫اﻟﺘﻨﻔﯿﺬ‬
#include <stdio.h> Enter Four Degrees : 77 82 69 95
main() The Average of Student is 80.75
{
int d1, d2, d3, d4, sum = 0 ;
float average ;
printf("Enter Four Degree : ") ;
scanf("%d%d%d%d",&d1,&d2,&d3,&d4) ;
sum =(d1+d2+d3+d4) ;
average = sum/4 ;
printf("\n") ;
printf("The Average of Student is %f ", average ) ;
}

: ‫ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ أﻋﺎدة اﻟﻤﺜﺎل اﻋﻼه ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﻻﺗﻲ‬، ‫ داﺋﻤﺎ ﯾﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺠﺔ ﺑﺄﻗﻞ اﻟﺨﻄﻮات‬،‫ اﻟﻤﺒﺮﻣﺞ اﻟﺠﯿﺪ‬-:(2.4.9)‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ‬

Program ‫اﻟﺘﻨﻔﯿﺬ‬
#include <stdio.h> Enter Four Degrees : 77 82 69 95
main() The Average of Student is 80.75
{
int d1, d2, d3, d4 ;
cout << "Enter Four Degree : " ;
scanf("%d%d%d%d",&d1,&d2,&d3,&d4) ;
printf("\n The Average of Student is %f " << (d1+d2+d3+d4)/4 ;
}

14 ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ‬ University of Baghdad-College of Science- Department of Mathematics Email : m.albahadeli@yahoo.com

‫‪Introduction to C Programming Language‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﺔ ﺑﻠﻐﺔ ‪C‬‬

‫ﺗﻤﺎرﯾﻦ ) اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ (‬

‫ﺗﻤﺮﯾﻦ ‪ -: 1‬أﻃﺒﻊ أﺳﻤﻚ ﻛﺎﻣﻼً ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻄﺮ اﻻول ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﮭﺔ اﻟﯿﺴﺮى‪،‬وأﻃﺒﻊ ﻋﻨﻮاﻧﻚ ﻓﻲ وﺳﻂ اﻟﺴﻄﺮ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‪،‬ﺛﻢ أﻃﺒﻊ اﻟﺠﻨﺴﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻄﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﮭﺔ اﻟﯿﻤﻨﻰ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺸﺎﺷﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻤﺮﯾﻦ ‪ -: 2‬أﻛﺘﺐ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺠﺎً ﯾﻘﺮأ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﺑﺎﻟﺪرﺟﺔ اﻟﻔﮭﺮﻧﮭﺎﯾﺘﯿﺔ‪ ،‬ﺛﻢ ﯾﻄﺒﻌﮭﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺪرﺟﺔ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﯾﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺎً اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ )‪C = ( F – 32‬‬

‫ﺗﻤﺮﯾﻦ ‪ -: 3‬أﻛﺘﺐ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺠﺎً ﻻدﺧﺎل ﻗﯿﻢ ﺣﻘﯿﻘﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﻐﯿﺮات ‪ ، x , y , z , w‬وﺣﺴﺎب وﻃﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻤﺎ ﯾﺎﺗﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫=‪A‬‬ ‫= ‪2) B‬‬

‫ﺗﻤ ﺮﯾﻦ ‪ -: 4‬أﻛﺘ ﺐ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺠ ﺎً ﻟﻘ ﺮاءة اﻟﻌﺠﻠ ﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘ ﺔ ‪ A‬واﻟ ﺰﻣﻦ ‪ ، T‬ﺛ ﻢ أﺣﺴ ﺐ وأﻃﺒ ﻊ اﻟﻤﺴ ﺎﻓﺔ ‪ D‬واﻟﺴ ﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﯿ ﺔ ‪ ، V‬اذا ﻋﻠﻤ ﺖ أن‬
‫‪ D=0.5A‬وأن اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﻨﮭﺎﺋﯿﺔ ھﻲ ‪. V=AT‬‬

‫ﺗﻤﺮﯾﻦ ‪ -: 5‬ﺗﺘﺒﻊ واﺳﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﺨﺮﺟﺎت اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪Program‬‬
‫>‪#include <stdio.h‬‬
‫) ( ‪main‬‬
‫{‬
‫; ‪short a,b,c‬‬
‫; ‪short d,e‬‬
‫; ‪d=e=30‬‬
‫; ‪a=4‬‬
‫; ‪b=--a+1‬‬
‫; ‪c=++a + b++‬‬
‫;) ‪printf( "A=%d \t B=%d \t C=%d\n",a,b,c‬‬
‫; ‪c+=--a + --b‬‬
‫; )‪a=b=c-(a*b‬‬
‫; ‪d/=a+b‬‬
‫; ‪e=e/a +b‬‬
‫; )‪printf( "\n D=%d \t E=%f" ,d,e‬‬
‫}‬

‫ﺗﻤﺮﯾﻦ ‪ -: 6‬أﻛﺘﺐ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺠﺎً ﻻدﺧﺎل اﻟﺠﻨﺲ)‪ (Sex‬وﻓﺼﯿﻠﺔ اﻟﺪم ﻟﺰوﺟﯿﻦ‪ ،‬وأﻇﮭﺎر اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻛﺎﻻﺗﻲ‬
‫‪SEX‬‬ ‫‪BLOOD SPECIES‬‬
‫‪M‬‬ ‫‪A+‬‬

‫‪F‬‬ ‫‪O+‬‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ‪15‬‬ ‫‪University of Baghdad-College of Science- Department of Mathematics‬‬ ‫‪Email : m.albahadeli@yahoo.com‬‬