Database Management

• Databases, Data, and Information

• The Hierarchy of Data and Maintaining Data
• File Processing Versus Databases
• Database Management Systems
• Relational, Object-Oriented, and Multidimensional Databases
• Web Databases
• Database Administration
• Discussion : Normalization - Ensuring Data Consistency

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 Databases, Data, and Information

Database Data Information

• Collection of • Collection of • Processed data

data organized unprocessed • Documents
in a manner items • Audio
that allows • Text • Images
access, • Numbers
retrieval, and • Video
• Images
use of that
data • Audio
• Video

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 DBMS
Database software, often called a database management system (DBMS),
allows users to:

Create a computerized Add, modify, and

database delete data

Create forms and

Sort and retrieve data
reports from the data

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 Quality of Data
• Data integrity identifies the quality of the data
• Garbage in, garbage out (GIGO) points out the accuracy of a computer’s
output depends on the accuracy of the input
• Valuable information should have the following characteristics:

Accurate Verifiable Timely Organized

Cost-
Accessible Useful
effective
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 The Hierarchy of Data
• A character is one byte
• Numbers, letters, space,
punctuation marks, or other
symbols
• A field is a combination of
one or more related
characters
• Field name
• Field size
• Data type

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 Types of Data
Common data types include:

Text Numeric AutoNumber Currency

Date Memo Yes/No Hyperlink

Object Attachment

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 The Hierarchy of Data
• A record is a group of related fields
• A primary key uniquely identifies each record
• A data file is a collection of related records

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 Maintaining Data
File maintenance refers to the procedures that keep data current

Adding Modifying
records records

Deleting
records
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 Maintaining Data
• Users add new records to a file when they
obtain new data
• Users modify a record to correct
inaccurate data or update old data
• When a record no longer is needed, a user
deletes it from a file

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 Maintaining Data
• Validation compares data with a set of rules or values to find out if the data is
correct

Alphabetic /
Range check Consistency check
Numeric check

Completeness check Check digit Other checks

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 File Processing Versus Databases

File processing system Database approach

• Each department has its • Programs and users share

own set of files data
• Used for many years • Reduce data redundancy
• Have data redundancy • Improve data integrity
• Isolate data • Share data
• Allows easier access
• Reduces development time
• Can be more vulnerable

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 Database Management Systems
A data dictionary contains
data about each file in the
database and each field in
those files

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 Database Management Systems
A DBMS provides several tools that allow users and programs to retrieve and
maintain data in the database

Query language

Query by example

Form

Report generator
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 Database Management Systems
• A query language consists of simple, English-like statements that allow users
to specify the data to display, print, or store
• Query by example (QBE) provides a GUI to assist users with retrieving data

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In Excel 16
 Database Management Systems
• A form is a window on the screen that provides areas for entering or
modifying data in a database

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 Database Management Systems
• A report generator allows users to design a report on the screen, retrieve data
into the report design, and then display or print the report

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 Database Management Systems

A DBMS provides means to

ensure that only authorized users
access data at permitted times
• Access privileges
• Principle of least privilege

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 Database Management Systems
• A DMBS provides a variety of techniques to restore the database to a usable
form in case it is damaged or destroyed

Backup Log

Recovery Continuous
utility backup

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 Relational, Object-Oriented, and
Multidimensional Databases
• A data model consists of rules and standards that define how the database
organizes data

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 Relational Databases
• A relational database
stores data in tables that
consist of rows and
columns
• Each row has a primary
key
• Each column has a unique
name
• A relationship is a link
within the data

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 Relational Databases
• Structured Query Language (SQL) is a query language that allows users to
manage, update, and retrieve data

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 Object-Oriented Databases
• An object-oriented database (OODB) stores data in objects
• Examples of applications appropriate for an object-oriented database include:

Multimedia Groupware
database database

Computer-
Hypertext
aided design
database
database
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Object-Oriented Databases

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 Multidimensional Databases
• A multidimensional database can store data in more than
two dimensions of data
• Sometimes known as a hypercube
• Can consolidate data much faster than a relational database
• A data warehouse is a huge database that stores and
manages the data required to analyze historical and
current transactions

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 Web Databases
• Databases on the Web allow you to:

Shop for
products or Buy or sell stocks Search for a job
services

Make airline Register for Check semester

reservations college classes grades

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 Web Databases

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Figure 10-23 Digital World Chapter 10
It is important to have a carefully designed database 29
 Database Administration

Database analysts and administrators are responsible

for managing and coordinating all database activities
Database Administrator (DBA)
Database Analyst (DA)
Creates and maintains the data
Decides on proper field
dictionary, manages security,
placement, defines data
monitors performance, and
relationship, and identifies users’
checks backup and recovery
access privileges
procedures

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 Database Administration
• Employees should learn
how to use the data in
the database effectively
• Interact with database
• Identify new data for the
database
• Maintain the database

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 Summary
• Database is a collection of data organized in a manner
that allows access, retrieval, and use of the data.
• Type of database
• Database Management Systems (DBMS)

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