CS232 - DIPLOMA IN

CYBERSECURITY

CSY4253 -INTRODUCTION TO
DATABASE

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 CS232
Lecture by: NORHASIAH
MOHD AKHIR

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
TO DATABASE
 CONTENT GUIDELINES
• The differences between data and information
• What a database is
• What the various types of databases are
• Why they are valuable assets for decision making
• The importance of database design
 Data vs. Information
• Data:
– Raw facts; building blocks of information
– Unprocessed information
• Information:
– Data that have been processed to reveal the meaning
 Data vs. Information (continued)
• Information produced by processing data
• Information used to reveal meaning in data
• Accurate, relevant, timely information is the key to good
Decision Making
• Good decision making is the key to organizational survival
 Data vs. Information (continued)
Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday

Milk, Bread Biscuit, Rice Milk, Coke Fruit, Coke Fish, Chicken
Bread, Rice
Rice
 Vs

Raw facts Data with context

No context Processed data
Just numbers and text Value-added to data
summarized, organized, analyzed
What is a Database?
• Database – shared, integrated computer
structure that stores:
– End user data (raw facts) and
– Metadata (data about data)
• Description of data characteristics and the set of
relationship that link the data.
What is a Database?

Tables define the structure of the data.

The data is stored in rows
Introducing the Database
and the DBMS
• Database management system (DBMS): collection of programs
– Manage structure and control access to data

Invoice (Staff)

All Metadata is stored in

Database
Product (Staff)
 Role and Advantages of the DBMS
• DBMS is the intermediary/segregate between the user and the
database
• Database structure stored as file collection
• Access database through the DBMS
• DBMS enables data to be shared
• DBMS integrates many users’ views of the data
Role and Advantages of the DBMS (continued)
• Advantages of a DBMS:
– Improved data sharing
– Improved data security
– Better data integration
– Minimized data inconsistency
– Improved data access
– Improved decision making
– Increased end-user productivity
 Types of Databases
• Databases can be classified according to:
– Number of users
– Database location(s)
– Extent of use / Level of use
• Single-user database supports only one user
at a time
– Desktop database – single-user, runs on PC
• Multiuser database supports multiple users
at the same time
– Workgroup database supports a small number
– Enterprise database supports a large number
 Types of Databases (continued)
• Centralized database: data located at a single site
• Distributed database: data distributed across several different
sites
• Operational database: supports a company’s day-to-day
operations
– Transactional or production database
• Data warehouse: stores data used for tactical or strategic
decisions
 Types of Data (continued)
• Unstructured data exist in their original state
• Structured data result from formatting (date, time)
– Structure applied based on type of processing to be performed
• Semistructured data have been processed to some extent
– Extensible Markup Language (XML) represents data elements in
textual format
XML Example
 Why Database Design is Important
• Database design focuses on design of database structure used
for end-user data
– Designer must identify database’s expected use
• Well-designed database:
– Facilitates data management
– Generates accurate and valuable information
• Poorly designed database:
– Causes difficult-to-trace errors
Poorly designed database
Historical Roots: Files and File Systems
• Reasons for studying file systems:
– Complexity of database design easier to understand
– Understanding file system problems helps to avoid problems
with DBMS systems
– Knowledge of file system useful for converting file system to
database system
• File systems typically composed of collection of file
folders, each tagged and kept in cabinet
– Organized by expected use
 Historical Roots: Files and File Systems
(continued)
• Contents of each file folder logically related
• Manual system served as a data repository for small data
collections
– Cumbersome for large collections
 Historical Roots: Files and File Systems
(continued)
• As number of files increased, file systems evolved
– Each file used its own application program to store, retrieve, modify
data
– Each file owned by individual or department that commissioned its
creation
• Data processing (DP) specialist converted computer file
structure from manual system
– Wrote software that managed the data
– Designed the application programs
 Problems with File System Data Management
• File system an improvement over manual system
– File systems used for more than two decades
• Even simple file system retrieval task required extensive
programming
– Ad hoc queries impossible
– Changing existing structure difficult
 Problems with File System Data Management
(continued)
• Security features difficult to program
– Often omitted in file system environments
• Summary of file system limitations:
– Requires extensive programming
– Can not perform ad hoc queries
– System administration complex and difficult
– Difficult to make changes to existing structures
– Security features likely to be inadequate
 Data Redundancy
• File system structure makes it difficult to combine data from
multiple sources
– Vulnerable to security breaches
• Organizational structure promotes storage of same data in
different locations
– Islands of information
• Data stored in different locations unlikely to be updated
consistently
• Data redundancy: same data stored unnecessarily in different
places
 Data Redundancy (continued)
• Data inconsistency: different and conflicting versions of same
data occur at different places
• Data anomalies: abnormalities when all changes in redundant
data not made correctly
– Update anomalies
– Insertion anomalies
– Deletion anomalies
 Database Systems
• Database system consists of logically related data stored in a
single logical data repository
– May be physically distributed among multiple storage facilities
• DBMS eliminates most of file system’s problems
• Current generation stores data structures, relationships
between structures, access paths
– Takes care of defining, storing, managing all access paths and
components
 END OF CHAPTER 1

THANK YOU

Intellectual Property Rights

Unless otherwise indicated, this Material is our propriety property and all source code, databases,
functionality, software , website designs, audio, video, text, photographs, and graphics on the Material
are owned or controlled by Kolej UNiKOP. And are protected by copyright and various other intellectual
property rights.