⋆｡ °⋆★ 𝓻𝓮𝓶𝓮𝓶𝓫𝓮𝓻 𝔀𝓱𝔂 𝔂𝓸𝓾 𝓼𝓽𝓪𝓻𝓽𝓮𝓭

Note, Table, Flow-Chart Completion and Diagram Labelling

CAR THEFT

Car theft is a constant problem, but if you own a newer model of car, there is less likelihood of it being
stolen. Newer models incorporate security systems that help prevent theft. However, thieves often steal car
keys to access newer vehicles so it is a good policy to know where your keys are at all times. Never leave
them in your car, even if it is parked in your garage at home. You make life easy for the burglar if you
leave keys in a receptacle just inside the door or hanging from a hook. Think of a less obvious place,
hidden from view. Once a thief has access to your keys, everything you own is at risk, including your
personal safety.

While older cars are a potential target, there are some simple precautions you should take. Definitely, lock
your car before you leave it, even for the shortest time, even in the driveway of your house. Think of
installing an alarm or a steering lock or consider a mechanical immobilizer that fits across the steering
wheel. This is a relatively inexpensive item but it is a good deterrent for thieves. They generally go for the
easiest and fastest option.

Obviously, it is in your own interest to make your vehicle as difficult to steal as possible – not only to
avoid stress and inconvenience, but also because your insurance premiums will soar if you make a claim.
If you are unfortunate enough to have your vehicle stolen, phone the police immediately. You will need to
provide information relating to your vehicle including make, model, year, colour, registration number and
VIN (vehicle identification number). You need all of this when you file a stolen vehicle report. Police will
also log any personal items that were in the vehicle. If these items include identifying documents such as a
registration certificate, this will make the illegal resale of the vehicle simpler for the thieves, so keep these
documents in a separate place.

Next, contact your insurance company. If your wallet was in the car and it contained credit cards, you will
need to notify your bank. If your house keys were in the car, call a locksmith and have your locks
changed, and if you are still making payments on the car, you will need to inform the finance company.
Both your insurance company and the finance company will ask you for copies of the police report so it is
best to obtain one in the first instance.

Questions 1-6
Complete the notes below.
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the text for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 1–6 on your answer sheet.
Car theft
 Modern cars are more difficult to steal because of their 8 ………………….
 If they have your keys, burglars could steal your car or even threaten your 9 ………………….
 older models are easier to steal, so get an alarm or steering lock or use an immobilizer (cheap but
effective 10 ………………….)
 The loss of your car is stressful and also makes your 11 …………………. more expensive
 If your car is taken:
 Call the police
 ⋆｡ °⋆★ 𝓻𝓮𝓶𝓮𝓶𝓫𝓮𝓻 𝔀𝓱𝔂 𝔂𝓸𝓾 𝓼𝓽𝓪𝓻𝓽𝓮𝓭

 Supply all identifying information for vehicle – fill out a 12 ………………….

 NB: the 13 …………………. of the vehicle will be easier for the thieves if you leave official papers
inside
 Call the insurance company, bank (if necessary), and the 14 …………………. if you owe money on
the car.

EXTINCT BIRDS OF NEW ZEALAND

Many species of birds that once lived in this South Pacific country aren't found today.

Today, New Zealand is a typical, modern country with cities, towns and roads. But for many thousands of
years, and until relatively recently, the more than 3,000 islands that make up the country had no human
inhabitants at all. Instead, a vast number of birds lived in its forests, mountains and along the thousands of
kilometres of beaches. In fact, New Zealand probably had more species of birds than any other country in
the world. One reason for this was that the natural environment was a perfect source of food to support the
bird population, particularly from the enormous oceans that surround the country. With so much food
readily available, it's not surprising that the bird population grew. Another important factor was that the
birds had no predators on land because, with the exception of a single species of bat, there weren't any
mammals at all in the country that would otherwise have killed birds and kept their numbers down.
Because of this, over many, many years, New Zealand's birds developed characteristics not associated
with bird populations in other countries. For example, they didn't have to defend themselves from
predators, so many birds lived on the ground and didn't have wings because they didn't need to fly, such as
the iconic kiwi bird and also the much larger, ostrich-like bird called the moa. This characteristic allowed
the birds to save huge amounts of energy and provided them with numerous other advantages – so long as
they didn't need to defend themselves against attacks by predators! One final development was that many
of these birds now made their nests on the ground rather than in tress and the eggs that they laid became
much bigger over time. This was just one more factor that made these populations of birds very vulnerable
when humans eventually reached New Zealand.

The first human migrants to New Zealand were the Maori people, who arrived approximately 800 years
ago. The Maori sailed from their original homes in the tropical Pacific to New Zealand in canoes, bringing
food supplies and many of the things they needed to set up new homes. Unfortunately, however, they
unintentionally brought Pacific rats with them as well, a species previously unknown in New Zealand, and
these killed many birds that were unable to fly away. The Maori themselves also hunted birds for food,
and their loud calls in the forest at night time made them particularly easy to find. Birds were useful in
other ways, too. Fish hooks were frequently manufactured from bones, while feathers were highly prized
as decorations to be worn in the hair or clothing. The results of this, in terms of bird populations, has been
calculated by the scientist Paul Martin. His research since the 1960s has assessed the impact on flora and
fauna of human arrival in various parts of the world, and he has concluded that New Zealand is a unique
example because bird species were wiped out so fast, relative to other countries.

European migrants started arriving in significant numbers in the early 1800s and brought with them a
whole lot of new problems. The journals of the earliest European explorers in the country are full of
references to how they relied on their hunting dogs to catch birds in order to supply the expedition with
food, and these animals have been a constant threat to bird life ever since. Many of the European settlers
came to New Zealand to set up farms, but before this was possible it was necessary to clear the land of
trees, and this process of deforestation had serious consequences for many birds, as their habitats were
destroyed. As the country's population has grown and the need for more land for housing, industry and
farming has increased with it, many more bird species have faced extinction. However, in recent decades
attempts have been made to save some of these endangered species by creating sanctuaries where they can
live and breed. The location for nearly all of these sanctuaries has been small islands scattered around the
coastline, which can be kept free of predators and pests. In some cases, this includes human beings,
 ⋆｡ °⋆★ 𝓻𝓮𝓶𝓮𝓶𝓫𝓮𝓻 𝔀𝓱𝔂 𝔂𝓸𝓾 𝓼𝓽𝓪𝓻𝓽𝓮𝓭

allowing the environment to return to its original condition.

Questions 5–10
Complete the table below.
Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer
HUMAN MIGRATION TO NEW ZEALAND

Reasons Birds Died Results

Maori - 5 ....................... were accidentally introduced to New according to Paul Martin, the
migration Zealand extinction of some species
- birds' loud calls made them easy to find was unusually 7 ....................
- birds' feathers were used for decoration and bones for
6 .........................

European - explorers used 8 ......................... to kill birds for food attempts to save endangered
migration - creating farms caused 9 ........................ and loss of species on 10 ........................
habitat around the country

THE STORY OF COFFEE

A.
Coffee was first discovered in Eastern Africa in an area we know today as Ethiopia. A popular legend
refers to a goat herder by the name of Kaldi, who observed his goats acting unusually friskily after eating
berries from a bush. Curious about this phenomenon, Kaldi tried eating the berries himself. He found that
these berries gave him renewed energy.

B.
The news of this energy laden fruit quickly moved throughout the region. Coffee berries were transported
from Ethiopia to the Arabian Peninsula, and were first cultivated in what today is the country of Yemen.
Coffee remained a secret in Arabia before spreading to Turkey and then to the European continent by
means of Venetian trade merchants.

C.
Coffee was first eaten as a food though later people in Arabia would make a drink out of boiling the beans
for its narcotic effects and medicinal value. Coffee for a time was known as Arabian wine to Muslims who
were banned from alcohol by Islam. It was not until after coffee had been eaten as a food product, a wine
and a medicine that it was discovered, probably by complete accident in Turkey, that by roasting the beans
a delicious drink could be made. The roasted beans were first crushed and then boiled in water, creating a
crude version of the beverage we enjoy today. The first coffee houses were opened in Europe in the 17th
Century and in 1675, the Viennese established the habit of refining the brew by filtering out the grounds,
sweetening it, and adding a dash of milk.
Best restaurants near me

D.
If you were to explore the planet for coffee, you would find about 60 species of coffee plants growing wild
in Africa, Malaysia, and other regions. But only about ten of them are actually cultivated. Of these ten,
two species are responsible for almost all the coffee produced in the world: Coffea Arabica and Coffea
Canephora (usually known as Robusta). Because of ecological differences existing among the various
 ⋆｡ °⋆★ 𝓻𝓮𝓶𝓮𝓶𝓫𝓮𝓻 𝔀𝓱𝔂 𝔂𝓸𝓾 𝓼𝓽𝓪𝓻𝓽𝓮𝓭

coffee producing countries, both types have undergone many mutations and now exist in many sub-
species.

E.
Although wild plants can reach 10 - 12 metres in height, the plantation one reaches a height of around four
metres. This makes the harvest and flowering easier, and cultivation more economical. The flowers are
white and sweet-scented like the Spanish jasmine. Flowers give way to a red, darkish berry. At first sight,
the fruit is like a big cherry both in size and in colour. The berry is coated with a thin, red film (epicarp)
containing a white, sugary mucilaginous flesh (mesocarp). Inside the pulp there are the seeds in the form
of two beans coupled at their flat surface. Beans are in turn coated with a kind of resistant, golden yellow
parchment, (called endocarp). When peeled, the real bean appears with another very thin silvery film. The
bean is bluish green verging on bronze, and is at the most 11 millimetres long and 8 millimetres wide.

F.
Coffee plants need special conditions to give a satisfactory crop. The climate needs to be hot-wet or hot
temperate, between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn, with frequent rains and
temperatures varying from 15 to 25 Degrees C. The soil should be deep, hard, permeable, well irrigated,
with well-drained subsoil. The best lands are the hilly ones or from just-tilled woods. The perfect altitude
is between 600 and 1200 metres, though some varieties thrive at 2000-2200 metres. Cultivation aimed at
protecting the plants at every stage of growth is needed. Sowing should be in sheltered nurseries from
which, after about six months, the seedlings should be moved to plantations in the rainy season where they
are usually alternated with other plants to shield them from wind and excessive sunlight. Only when the
plant is five years old can it be counted upon to give a regular yield. This is between 400 grams and two
kilos of arabica beans for each plant, and 600 grams and two kilos for robusta beans.

G.
Harvesting time depends on the geographic situation and it can vary greatly therefore according to the
various producing countries. First, the ripe beans are picked from the branches. Pickers can selectively
pick approximately 250 to 300 pounds of coffee cherry a day. At the end of the day, the pickers bring their
heavy burlap bags to pulping mills where the cherry coffee can be pulped (or wet milled). The pulped
beans then rest, covered in pure rainwater to ferment overnight. The next day the wet beans are hand-
distributed upon the drying floor to be sun dried. This drying process takes from one to two weeks
depending on the amount of sunny days available. To make sure they dry evenly, the beans need to be
raked many times during this drying time. Two weeks later the sun dried beans, now called parchment, are
scooped up, bagged and taken to be milled. Huge milling machines then remove the parchment and silver
skin, which renders a green bean suitable for roasting. The green beans are roasted according to the
customers’ specifications and, after cooling, the beans are then packaged and mailed to customers.

Question 15-18
Using the information in the passage, complete the flowchart below.
Write your answers in boxes 15-18 on your answer sheet.
Use NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.
COFFEE PRODUCTION PROCESS

The coffee (eg) _________ is picked by hand and delivered to mills.  cherry

The coffee cherry is pulped or 15____________

 ⋆｡ °⋆★ 𝓻𝓮𝓶𝓮𝓶𝓫𝓮𝓻 𝔀𝓱𝔂 𝔂𝓸𝓾 𝓼𝓽𝓪𝓻𝓽𝓮𝓭

BRAIN ANATOMY AND HOW THE BRAIN WORKS

The brain is a fascinating yet complex organ that controls thoughts, emotions, memories, touch, motor
skills, vision, hunger, temperature, breathing and every process that regulates our body. Together with
spinal cord that extends from it, they make up the central nervous system, or CNS.

The brain weighs about 3 pounds in the average adult, and is made of about 60% fat. The other 40% is a
combination of water, protein, carbohydrates and salts. The brain itself is not a muscle. It contains blood
vessels and nerves, including neurons and glial cells.

The brain is made up of several parts called lobes. The cerebellum is the size of a fist and it is located at
the back of the head, between the temporal and occipital lobes. The outer portion contains neurons, and
the inner area communicates with the cerebral cortex. The cerebellum is in charge of coordinating
voluntary muscle movements and maintaining posture, balance and equilibrium.

The largest lobe of the brain is the frontal lobe. As its name suggests, it is located in the front of the head,
and it is involved in personality characteristics, decision-making and movement. Some parts of the frontal
lobe are also involved in smell recognition. The frontal lobe contains Broca's area, which is associated
with speech ability.

The parietal lobe helps a person identify objects and understand spatial relationships, in terms of
comprehending where a person is in relation to the objects surrounding them. Interpretation of pain and
the sense of touch are also associated with the parietal lobe. It is located in the middle of the brain, and
inside the parietal lobe is Wernicke's area, which helps the brain understand spoken language.

The occipital lobe is the back part of the brain that is involved with vision. The sides of the brain, temporal
lobes are involved in short-term memory, speech, musical rhythm and some degree of smell recognition.
 ⋆｡ °⋆★ 𝓻𝓮𝓶𝓮𝓶𝓫𝓮𝓻 𝔀𝓱𝔂 𝔂𝓸𝓾 𝓼𝓽𝓪𝓻𝓽𝓮𝓭

Which statement best describe how you feel about Note, table, flow-chart completion and diagram
labelling tasks?

□ I feel confident about doing these tasks.

□ I did OK, but I still need to do more work on these tasks.
□ I need more practice with these tasks. I need to focus more on....