MATH OLYMPIAD

ARITHMETIC

1.​ Types of Numbers

2.​ GCD and LCM
3.​ Fraction Theory
4.​ Percentage Theory
5.​ Mean, Median, Mode
6.​ Ratio and Proportion
7.​ Indices and Exponents
8.​ Logarithm
9.​ Measurement Theory
10.​Time, Work and Speed Theorems

ALGEBRA

1.​ Algebraic Identities

2.​ Linear and Quadratic Equations
3.​ Polynomial Theory
4.​ GP and AP
5.​ Rational Expressions
6.​ Algebraic Fractions
7.​ Inequality Theory
8.​ AM-GM Inequality
9.​ Couchy-Schwarz Inequality
10.​Holder Inequality
11.​Muirhead Inequality
12.​Newton’s Sums
13.​Symmetric Polynomials
14.​Inequality Equations
15.​Exponential and Log Equations
16.​Functional Equations
17.​Functional Graph Theory
18.​Roots of Unity
19.​Complex Number Theory
20.​Group Theory
21.​Ring, Field and Module Theory
 NUMBER THEORY

1.​ Prime Number Theory

2.​ Divisibility Rules
3.​ Euclidean Algorithm
4.​ GCD and LCM Theory
5.​ Famous Theorems (Fermat, Euler, Wilson,...)
6.​ Chinese Remainder Theorem
7.​ Congruences Theory
8.​ Modular Arithmetic
9.​ Fermat's Little Theorem
10.​Euler's Totient Function
11.​Wilson's Theorem
12.​Diophantine Equations
13.​Pythagorean Triples
14.​Special Numbers Theory (Perfect, Amicable,...)
15.​Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic
16.​Pell's Equation
17.​Fermat's Last Theorem
18.​Iwasawa Theory
19.​Class Field Theory
20.​Gauss's Theorem
21.​Transcendental Numbers
22.​Density of Primes
23.​Legendre, Jacobi and Kronecker Symbols
24.​Quadratic Reciprocity
25.​L-functions and Zeta-functions

GEOMETRY

●​ EUCLIDEAN GEOMETRY
1.​ Euclid’s Postulates
2.​ Triangle Theory
3.​ Quadrilaterals and Polygons
4.​ Circle Theorems
5.​ Angles, Lines and Distances
6.​ Congruence and Similarity
7.​ Parallel Line Properties
8.​ Perpendiculars and Bisectors
9.​ Geometric Constructions
10.​Area Theory
11.​Perpendicularity and Midpoints
12.​Incircle and Circumcircle
13.​Triangle Centers

●​ COORDINATE GEOMETRY / ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

1.​ Point and Line Theory
2.​ Slope and Intercepts
3.​ Linear Equations
4.​ Distance and Midpoint Formula
5.​ Conic Sections (Circle, Parabola, Ellipse, Hyperbola)
6.​ Axes and Reflections
7.​ Angle Formulas
8.​ Intersection of Lines
9.​ Locus Theory
10.​Polar Coordinates
11.​3D Geometry

●​ ALGEBRAIC GEOMETRY
1.​ Varieties and Curves
2.​ Systems of Equations
3.​ Algebraic Multiplicity
4.​ Bezout’s Theorem
5.​ Projective Geometry Basics

●​ NON-EUCLIDEAN GEOMETRY
1.​ Hyperbolic Geometry
2.​ Elliptic Geometry
3.​ Spherical Geometry
4.​ Parallel Postulate Alternatives

●​ VECTOR GEOMETRY
1.​ Vector Addition and Multiplication
2.​ Dot Product and Cross Product
3.​ Vector Equation of Line and Plane
4.​ Vector Projections and Angles
5.​ Parallelogram Law

ANALYSIS

●​ CALCULUS
1.​ Limit Theory
2.​ Differentiation
3.​ Integration
4.​ Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
5.​ L’ Hopital's Rule
6.​ Continuity
7.​ Differential Equations
8.​ Partial Derivatives
9.​ Double and Triple Integrals
10.​Taylor and Maclaurin Series
11.​Indeterminate Forms
12.​Vector Calculus (Grad, Div, Curl,...)
13.​Stokes’, Gauss’ and Green's Theorem

●​ REAL ANALYSIS
1.​ Theory of Real Numbers
2.​ Continuous Functions
3.​ Convergence and Continuity
4.​ Series and Sequences
5.​ Compactness
6.​ Uniform Convergence
7.​ Pointwise vs Uniform Convergence
8.​ Limits Superior and Inferior

●​ COMPLEX ANALYSIS
1.​ Analytic Functions
2.​ Cauchy-Riemann Equations
3.​ Cauchy Integral Formula
4.​ Residue Theory
5.​ Laurent and Taylor Series
6.​ Poles and Singularities
7.​ Conformal Mapping
8.​ Contour Integration

●​ FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS
1.​ Normed Spaces
2.​ Banach Spaces
3.​ Hilbert Spaces
4.​ Operator Theory
5.​ Integrable Functions
6.​ Basis and Functionals
7.​ Sobolev Spaces

●​ MEASURE THEORY AND LEBESGUE INTEGRATION

1.​ Measurable Sets
2.​ Measure Function
3.​ Lebesgue Integration
4.​ Sigma-algebras
5.​ Dominated Convergence Theorem

●​ ASYMPTOTIC ANALYSIS

●​ FOURIER ANALYSIS

●​ HARMONIC ANALYSIS

●​ NON-STANDARD ANALYSIS

COMBINATORICS

●​ BASIC COUNTING
1.​ Multiplication Principle
2.​ Addition Principle
3.​ Inclusion-Exclusion Principle
4.​ Birthday Paradox

●​ PERMUTATIONS AND COMBINATIONS

1.​ Permutation
2.​ Combination
3.​ With/Without Repetition
4.​ Circular Permutation
5.​ Multisets
6.​ Binomial Theorem
7.​ Binomial Coefficients

●​ DISTRIBUTION AND PARTITION

1.​ Integer Partition
2.​ Stirling Numbers
3.​ Bell Numbers
4.​ Fibonacci and Lucas Numbers
5.​ Boolean Partition

●​ SEQUENCES AND RECURRENCE

1.​ Recurrence Relations
2.​ Homogeneous Recurrence
3.​ Generating Functions
4.​ Exponential Generating Function
5.​ Catalan Numbers
●​ ENUMERATIVE COMBINATORICS
1.​ Combinatorial Enumeration
2.​ Bijective Proofs
3.​ Linear Recurrence

●​ GRAPH THEORY
1.​ Definition of Graph
2.​ Types of Graphs (Simple, Directed, Weighted,...)
3.​ Connectivity
4.​ Trees and Forests
5.​ Graph Colouring
6.​ Graph Theorem (Euler's Theorem, Hamiltonian Cycle)
7.​ Paths and Cycles
8.​ Planar Graph
9.​ Graph Algorithm (Dijkstra, BFS, DFS, Kruskal, Prim)
10.​Matching Theory
11.​Topological Sorting
12.​Adjacency and Incidence Matrix

TOPOLOGY

●​ BASIC CONCEPTS
1.​ Open and Close Sets
2.​ Topological Spaces
3.​ Basis and Subbasis
4.​ Continuity in Topology
5.​ Connectedness
6.​ Compactness

●​ HOMEOMORPHISM
1.​ Homeomorphic Maps
2.​ Homeomorphic Spaces
3.​ Topological Invariants

●​ TOPOLOGICAL INVARIANTS
1.​ Euler Characteristic
2.​ Betti Numbers
3.​ Homotopy Groups

●​ SPECIAL TOPOLOGIES
1.​ Manifold Spaces
2.​ Simplicial Complexes
3.​ Leaf Spaces

●​ CONTINUUM THEORY
1.​ Connectedness and Dimension
2.​ Fractal Geometry

●​ ADVANCED TOPICS
1.​ Metric Spaces
2.​ Dynamics in Topology
3.​ Algebraic Topology

PROBABILITY THEORY

●​ FOUNDATIONS
1.​ Sample Spaces and Events
2.​ Classical Probability
3.​ Axiomatic Definition (Kolmogorov Axioms)
4.​ Frequentist Interpretation
5.​ Subjective and Bayesian Interpretation

●​ COMBINATORICS-BASED PROBABILITY
1.​ Binomial Model
2.​ Permutation and Combination in Probability
3.​ Hypergeometric Distribution
4.​ Stars and Bars Technique

●​ CONDITIONAL PROBABILITY
1.​ Conditional Probability
2.​ Independence
3.​ Law of Total Probability
4.​ Bayes’ Theorem

●​ RANDOM VARIABLES
1.​ Discrete Random Variable
2.​ Continuous Random Variable
3.​ Probability Mass Function
4.​ Probability Density Function
5.​ Cumulative Distribution Function

●​ EXPECTATION AND VARIANCE

1.​ Expected Value
2.​ Variance
3.​ Standard Deviation
4.​ Linearity of Expectation
5.​ Covariance and Correlation

●​ FAMOUS DISTRIBUTIONS
1.​ Binomial Distribution
2.​ Poisson Distribution
3.​ Uniform Distribution
4.​ Gaussian (Normal) Distribution
5.​ Exponential Distribution
6.​ Geometric Distribution

●​ LIMIT THEOREMS
1.​ Law of Large Numbers
2.​ Central Limit Theorem (CLT)

STATISTICS

●​ DATA COLLECTION AND PRESENTATION

1.​ Frequency Table
2.​ Histogram, Pie Chart, Bar Chart
3.​ Stem and Leaf Plot
4.​ Scatter Plot

●​ CENTRAL TENDENCY
1.​ Mean
2.​ Median
3.​ Mode
4.​ Weighted Mean

●​ DISPERSION
1.​ Range
2.​ InterQuartile Range (IQR)
3.​ Variance
4.​ Standard Deviation
5.​ Box Plot

●​ RELATIONSHIP ANALYSIS
1.​ Correlation Coefficient
2.​ Regression Analysis
3.​ Scatter Diagram
●​ INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
1.​ Sample vs Population
2.​ Confidence Interval
3.​ Estimation Theory
4.​ Hypothesis Testing
5.​ Z-Test, T-Test and Chi-square Test

●​ TRIALS AND ERRORS

1.​ Type I and Type II Error
2.​ P-value
3.​ Observational vs Experimental Studies

SET THEORY

●​ BASIC CONCEPTZ
1.​ Set and Subset
2.​ Empty Set
3.​ Venn Diagram
4.​ Universal Set
5.​ Set Builder and Roster Form

●​ SET OPERATIONS
1.​ Union
2.​ Intersection
3.​ Difference
4.​ Complement
5.​ Cartesian Product

●​ SET IDENTITY AND EQUALITY

1.​ Equal Sets
2.​ Subset and Proper Subset
3.​ Power Set
4.​ Finite, Infinite, Countable, Uncountable

●​ LAWS OF SET THEORY

1.​ Associative, Commutative, Distributive
2.​ De Morgan's Laws
3.​ Idempotent, Involution Laws

●​ ADVANCED TOPICS
1.​ Cantor's Diagonal Argument
2.​ Ordinals and Cardinals
3.​ Zermelo-Fraenkel Axioms (ZF, ZFC)
4.​ Russell's Paradox
5.​ Axiom of Choice

MATHEMATICAL LOGIC

●​ PROPOSITIONAL LOGIC
1.​ Proposition
2.​ Truth Value
3.​ Logical Connectives
4.​ Truth Table
5.​ Implication, Biconditional
6.​ Negation
7.​ Tautology, Contradiction

●​ LOGICAL ARGUMENTS
1.​ Inference and Theorem
2.​ Modus Ponens
3.​ Modus Tollens
4.​ Direct Proof
5.​ Indirect Proof
6.​ Proof by Contradiction
7.​ Proof by Contrapositive

●​ PREDICATE LOGIC
1.​ Universal Quantifier
2.​ Existential Quantifier
3.​ Predicate and Function
4.​ Rules of Quantifier Manipulation

●​ EQUIVALENCE AND CONVERSION

1.​ Logical Equivalence
2.​ De Morgan's Theorems
3.​ CNF and DNF
4.​ Basis of Logic Circuits

●​ ADVANCED
1.​ Godel’s Incompleteness
2.​ Turing Machines
3.​ Computable vs Non-Computable Sets
4.​ First Order Logic
 CRYPTOGRAPHY

●​ CLASSICAL CRYPTOGRAPHY
1.​ Caesar Cipher
2.​ Vigenere Cipher
3.​ Monoalphabetic and Polyalphabetic
4.​ Frequency Analysis
5.​ Substitution and Transposition Cipher

●​ MODULAR ARITHMETIC
1.​ Efficient Exponentiation
2.​ Fermat's Little Theorem
3.​ Euler's Theorem
4.​ Chinese Remainder Theorem
5.​ Modular Inverse
6.​ Extended Euclidean Algorithm

●​ PUBLIC-KEY CRYPTOGRAPHY
1.​ RSA Algorithm
2.​ RSA Key Generation (Two Large Primes)
3.​ Euler's Totient
4.​ Encryption
5.​ Decryption
6.​ Attacks on RSA (Smalle, Common Modulus, etc.)

●​ ELLIPTIC CURVE CRYPTOGRAPHY

1.​ Elliptic Curve Equation
2.​ Point Addition and Doubling
3.​ Scalar Multiplication
4.​ Elliptic Curve Discrete Logarithm Problem (ECDLP)
5.​ Applications: ECC-DH, ECC-DSA

●​ SYMMETRIC CRYPTOGRAPHY
1.​ Substitution-Permutation Networks (SPN)
2.​ Feistel Cipher
3.​ DES (Data Encryption Standard)
4.​ AES (Advanced Encryption Standard)
5.​ S-box, P-box
6.​ Key Schedule

●​ HASH FUNCTIONS AND MESSAGE INTEGRITY

1.​ Cryptography Hash (SHA-256, MD5)
2.​ Collision Resistance
3.​ Preimage Resistance
4.​ HMAC (Hash-based Message Authentication Code)
5.​ Merkle Tree

●​ DIGITAL SIGNATURES AND AUTHENTICATION

1.​ Digital Signature Algorithm (DSA, ECDSA)
2.​ Key Exchange Protocols: Diffie-Hellman
3.​ Zero-Knowledge Proofs
4.​ Authentication Protocols (Challenge-Response)

●​ ADVANCED TOPICS (HIGHER OLYMPIAD AND BEYOND)

1.​ Lattice-based Cryptography
2.​ Post-Quantum Cryptography
3.​ Homomorphic Encryption
4.​ Blind Signatures
5.​ Ring Signatures
6.​ Cryptanalysis Techniques
7.​ Information Theoretic Security (Shannon Entropy)

OTHERS IMPORTANT THINGS

1.​ TRIGONOMETRY
●​ Trigonometric Ratios
●​ Trigonometric Identities
●​ Inverse Trigonometric Functions
●​ Laws
●​ Trigonometric Equations
●​ Applications in Geometry
●​ Graphs of Trig Functions

2.​ MATHEMATICAL MODELLING

3.​ OPERATION RESEARCH (OR) / OPTIMIZATION

●​ Linear Programming (LPP)
●​ Transportation/Assignment Problems
●​ Simplex Method

4.​ GAME THEORY

●​ Nash Equilibrium
●​ Zero-sum Games
●​ Decision Strategies
5.​ DYNAMICAL SYSTEMS AND CHAOS THEORY
●​ Discrete Dynamical Systems
●​ Logistic Maps
●​ Sensitivity to Initial Conditions
●​ Strange Attractors

6.​ CATEGORY THEORY

●​ Objects and Morphisms
●​ Functions, Natural Transformations
●​ Limits, Colimits

7.​ TENSOR ALGEBRA AND DIFFERENTIAL GEOMETRY

●​ Tensor Notation, Applications in Physics
●​ Riemannian Geometry
●​ Curvature

8.​ APPLIED MATHEMATICS

●​ Fluid Mechanics
●​ Mathematical Biology
●​ Financial Mathematics
●​ Engineering Mathematics

9.​ DISCRETE MATHEMATICS

●​ Automata Theory
●​ Formal Languages

10.​ MATH HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF MATH

●​ Logic vs Intuition
●​ Constructivism and Formalism
●​ History of Major Theorems