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 Class 9 Science
Chapter 3: Atoms And Molecules
DPP
Topic: LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS

Subjective (Easy) trate solution. The nal mixture weighs 17 g. Ex-

1. (Law of Conservation of Mass) In a chemical reac- plain whether this conrms the law of conservation
tion, 10 g of calcium carbonate decomposes to give of mass.
calcium oxide and carbon dioxide. What will be the Subjective (Hard)
total mass of the products formed? 1. (Mass Conservation, Stoichiometry) A reaction be-
2. (Law of Conservation of Mass) If 12 g of magnesium tween lead nitrate P b(N O ) and sodium chloride
3 2

burns in oxygen to form 20 g of magnesium oxide, N aCl forms lead chloride P bCl and sodium nitrate
2

how much oxygen was consumed in the reaction? N aN O . If 6.62 g of P b(N O ) reacts completely
3 3 2

3. (Law of Conservation of Mass) When 5 g of hydro- with excess N aCl, calculate the total mass of prod-
gen reacts with 40 g of oxygen to form water, what ucts formed. Verify whether the law of conservation
is the total mass of water produced? of mass holds true.
2. (Mass Conservation, Real-World Application) In an
Subjective (Medium)
industrial process, 100 kg of methane CH burns 4

1. (Mass conservation in reactions) completely in oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and

In a lab experiment, 8 g of magnesium oxide is water. If 275 kg of oxygen is supplied, determine the
formed by burning 4.8 g of magnesium in oxygen. masses of all products and unused reactants, con-
Calculate the mass of oxygen consumed in this re- rming mass conservation.
action. 3. (Mass Conservation, Multi-Concept Challenge)
2. (Balanced reactions and mass conservation) When 10 g of calcium carbonate CaCO decom- 3

When calcium carbonate decomposes into calcium poses into calcium oxide CaO and carbon dioxide
oxide and carbon dioxide, 44 g of carbon dioxide is CO , the CO escapes. Explain how the law of
2 2

produced. If the total mass of calcium oxide formed conservation of mass is still applicable despite the
is 56 g, determine the initial mass of calcium car- apparent loss of mass.
bonate. 4. (Mass Conservation, Non-Straightforward Path) A
3. (Practical verication of mass conservation) student mixes 50 mL of 0.1 M silver nitrate AgN O 3

A student mixes 10 g of silver nitrate solution with with 30 mL of 0.15 M sodium chloride N aCl. Cal-
7 g of sodium chloride solution. A white precipi- culate the mass of precipitate formed and the re-
tate of silver chloride forms, along with sodium ni- maining ions in solution, ensuring mass balance.
 Topic: Laws of Chemical Combination

Subjective (Easy) oxide is formed, calculate the mass of carbon diox-

ide released and verify the law of conservation of
1. (Law of Conservation of Mass) In a chemical reac- mass.
tion, 10 g of calcium carbonate decomposes to form
calcium oxide and carbon dioxide. What is the total Subjective (Hard)
mass of the products formed? 1. (Law of Conservation of Mass, Reaction Stoichiom-
2. (Law of Denite Proportions) A sample of carbon etry) In an experiment, 4.8 g of magnesium was
dioxide (CO ) contains 12 g of carbon. Calculate burned in oxygen to form magnesium oxide. The
mass of the product was found to be 8.0 g. Show
2

the mass of oxygen present in the sample.

how this observation conrms the law of conserva-
3. (Law of Conservation of Mass) If 7 g of nitrogen tion of mass by calculating the mass of oxygen that
reacts completely with 1.5 g of hydrogen to form reacted.
ammonia (N H ), what will be the total mass of
3
2. (Law of Constant Proportions, Reaction Stoichiom-
ammonia produced? etry) A sample of carbon dioxide (CO ) contains 6
2

Subjective (Medium) g of carbon combined with 16 g of oxygen. Another

sample of CO contains 9 g of carbon. Calculate
1. (Law of Conservation of Mass) In a chemical reac-
2

the mass of oxygen in the second sample and verify

tion, 12 g of magnesium reacts with 8 g of oxygen the law of constant proportions.
to form magnesium oxide. Calculate the mass of
magnesium oxide formed and verify the law of con- 3. (Law of Conservation of Mass, Dalton's Atomic
servation of mass. Theory) Using Dalton's atomic theory, explain why
the total mass of reactants equals the total mass of
2. (Law of Constant Proportions) A sample of carbon products in a chemical reaction.
dioxide contains carbon and oxygen in the ratio of
3:8 by mass. If 11 g of carbon is present in the sam- 4. (Law of Denite Proportions, Compound Composi-
ple, calculate the total mass of the sample and the tion) A compound of nitrogen and oxygen contains
mass of oxygen in it. 7 g of nitrogen combined with 20 g of oxygen. An-
other compound of nitrogen and oxygen contains 14
3. (Law of Conservation of Mass) When 10 g of cal- g of nitrogen combined with 48 g of oxygen. Show
cium carbonate is heated, it decomposes into cal- whether these compounds conform to the law of def-
cium oxide and carbon dioxide. If 5.6 g of calcium inite proportions.
 Topic: LAW OF CONSTANT PROPORTIONS

Subjective (Easy) A sample of carbon dioxide is obtained from two

1. (Law of Constant Proportions) Nitrogen and hy- dierent sources: one from combustion and another
drogen combine in the ratio 14 : 3 by mass to form from combustion of limestone. Analysis shows that
ammonia. What mass of nitrogen gas would be re- both samples contain carbon and oxygen in a mass
quired to react completely with 9 g of hydrogen gas? ratio of 3 : 8. Using Dalton's atomic theory, explain
why this observation supports the Law of Constant
2. (Dalton's Atomic Theory) State any one postulate Proportions.
of Dalton's atomic theory that explains why atoms
cannot be created or destroyed in a chemical reac- 2. (Law of Constant Proportions, Mass Conservation)
tion. If 10 g of methane (CH ) is completely burned in
4

3. (Law of Denite Proportions) If 18 g of water is oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water, cal-
decomposed, what masses of hydrogen and oxygen culate the exact masses of CO and H O formed,
2 2

will be obtained? given that methane contains carbon and hydrogen

Subjective (Medium)
in the ratio 3 : 1 by mass. Show how the Law of
1. (Law of constant proportions) If 4.2 g of nitrogen Constant Proportions applies here.
reacts completely with hydrogen to form ammonia, 3. (Dalton's Atomic Theory, Compound Formation)
calculate the mass of hydrogen required according Two dierent oxides of nitrogen are analyzed: Oxide
to the law of constant proportions. A has nitrogen and oxygen in the mass ratio 7 : 16,
2. (Law of constant proportions) A sample of carbon while Oxide B has them in the ratio 14 : 48. Explain
dioxide is found to contain 2.4 g of carbon and 6.4 how these observations support Dalton's postulate
g of oxygen. Does this sample follow the law of that atoms combine in simple whole-number ratios.
constant proportions? Justify your answer.
3. (Law of constant proportions) If 5 g of magnesium 4. (Law of Constant Proportions, Experimental Veri-
oxide contains 3 g of magnesium, what mass of oxy- cation)
gen is present in it? Verify if this compound follows A student analyzes two samples of copper oxide:
the law of constant proportions given that the stan- - Sample 1 contains 6.35 g copper and 0.80 g oxy-
dard ratio of magnesium to oxygen in magnesium gen.
oxide is 3:2. - Sample 2 contains 3.18 g copper and 0.40 g oxy-
gen.
Subjective (Hard) Verify whether the results comply with the Law
1. (Law of Constant Proportions, Dalton's Atomic of Constant Proportions and justify your answer
Theory) mathematically.
 Topic: What is an Atom?

Subjective (Easy) Subjective (Hard)

1. (Basic Concept of Atoms) What is the building 1. (Relative Size, Atomic Radius) If the radius of a hy-
block of all matter? drogen atom is 10 m and a grain of sand has a
−10

2. (Size of Atoms) How big is a hydrogen atom in me- radius of 10 m, how many hydrogen atoms placed
−4

ters? side by side would span the diameter of the grain of

3. (Symbols of Elements) Who suggested using letters sand?
from element names as their symbols? 2. (Atomic Scale, Unit Conversion) A silicon atom has
Subjective (Medium) a radius of approximately 0.11 nm. Express this ra-
1. (Atomic Size Comparison) dius in meters and compare it to the radius of a
If the radius of a hydrogen atom is 10 m and
−10 water molecule (10 m).
−9

the radius of a grain of sand is 10 m, how many

−4
3. (Magnication, Visualization) If an apple has a ra-
hydrogen atoms would t along a straight line span- dius of 10 m and an ant has a radius of 10
−1 −3

ning the diameter of a single grain of sand? m, how many times larger is the apple compared to
2. (Symbols of Elements) the ant? If atoms are magnied to the size of an
Why did Berzilius propose using one or two letters apple, what would be the approximate size of the
from the name of an element as its symbol instead ant under the same magnication?
of the pictorial representations used by Dalton? Ex- 4. (Layered Structure, Atomic Dimensions) A stack of
plain with an example. 1 million hydrogen atoms (10 m radius each)
−10

3. (Unit Conversion) forms a layer as thick as a sheet of paper (approxi-

Convert 5 meters into nanometers using the relation mately 10 m). Verify this claim mathematically.
−4

1 m = 10 nm. If a silicon atom has a radius of ap-

9
If instead, you used silicon atoms (radius 1.1×10−10

proximately 0.1 nm, how many silicon atoms would m), how thick would the layer be for the same num-
t in a straight line over this 5-meter distance? ber of atoms?

Topic: WHAT ARE THE MODERN DAY SYMBOLS

OF ATOMS OF DIFFERENT ELEMENTS?
Subjective (Easy) the element chlorine from the following options: Cl,
CL, or Ch. Justify your answer.
1. (Symbol Formation Rule) What is the correct sym-
bol for the element Magnesium and why is it written Subjective (Hard)
as Mg? 1. (Symbol derivation, Historical context) The symbol
2. (Latin Name Origin) Why does the element Iron for gold is Au, derived from its Latin name. Sim-
have the symbol Fe instead of Ir? ilarly, derive the symbols for iron and potassium,
3. (First Letter Rule) Write the symbol for the element explaining the linguistic origin of each.
Carbon and explain how its symbol is formed. 2. (Symbol rules, Case sensitivity) Why is the symbol
for cobalt written as Co and not CO? Explain the
Subjective (Medium)
IUPAC guidelines that dictate this format.
1. (Chemical Symbol Rules) Explain why the symbol 3. (Multi-language origins, Symbol uniqueness) The
for cobalt is written as Co and not CO. What rule symbol for sodium is N a and not So. Justify this
does this follow in chemical nomenclature? choice by referencing the language origin and the
2. (Origin of Symbols) Why is the symbol for iron F e need for unique symbols in chemistry.
and not something derived from its English name? 4. (Symbol formation, Naming logic) Chlorine's sym-
Provide another example of an element whose sym- bol is Cl and zinc's is Zn. Analyze how these sym-
bol is derived from its non-English name. bols are formed from their English names and why
3. (Symbol Formation) Identify the correct symbol for they don't use the rst two letters exclusively.

Topic: ATOMIC MASS

Subjective (Easy) Subjective (Medium)

1. (Atomic Mass Unit Denition) What is an atomic 1. (Atomic Mass Unit) If 5 g of carbon combines with
mass unit (u )? How is it dened in terms of carbon- 6.67 g of oxygen to form carbon monoxide, calculate
12? the relative atomic mass of oxygen using carbon as
2. (Relative Atomic Mass) If oxygen has an atomic the reference (assume carbon's atomic mass = 12
mass of 16 u, what does this value represent in re- u).
lation to carbon-12? 2. (Relative Atomic Mass) A sample of magnesium ox-
3. (Dalton's Atomic Theory) According to Dalton's ide (MgO) contains 24 g of magnesium and 16 g of
atomic theory, what was the signicance of atomic oxygen. Calculate the relative atomic mass of mag-
mass in explaining the law of constant proportions? nesium if oxygen has an atomic mass of 16 u.
3. (Carbon-12 Standard) Explain why scientists chose culate its average atomic mass. If a compound con-
carbon-12 instead of oxygen-16 as the standard ref- tains 100 g of chlorine, how much of it is due to
erence for measuring atomic masses. Cl-37?
Subjective (Hard) 3. (Molecular mass, Empirical formula)
1. (Atomic mass unit, Carbon-12 standard) An oxide of sulfur contains 40% sulfur and 60% oxy-
A sample of carbon and oxygen forms two com- gen by mass. Given the atomic masses of sulfur (32
pounds: CO and CO . In CO, 3 g of carbon com-
2
u) and oxygen (16 u), determine its empirical for-
bines with 4 g of oxygen, while in CO , 6 g of carbon
2
mula. If its molecular mass is found to be twice
combines with 16 g of oxygen. Using these data, the empirical formula mass, what is its molecular
show that the atomic masses of carbon and oxy- formula?
gen follow the law of multiple proportions. Also, 4. (Relative atomic mass, Chemical combinations)
compute their atomic masses based on the unied In three dierent experiments, nitrogen forms ox-
atomic mass unit (u), considering carbon-12 as the ides with oxygen having mass ratios 14:8, 14:16, and
standard. 14:32. Prove that these ratios follow the law of mul-
2. (Average atomic mass, Isotopes) tiple proportions. If the atomic mass of nitrogen is
Naturally occurring chlorine consists of two iso- 14 u, derive the atomic mass of oxygen from these
topes: Cl-35 (75.77%) and Cl-37 (24.23%). Cal- observations.

Topic: HOW DO ATOMS EXIST?

Subjective (Easy) 2. (Ions and Compounds) If a compound is formed

from magnesium and oxygen, predict the type of
1. (Atomic Mass Unit) Dene the atomic mass unit. ions present in it and explain how they combine to
2. (Visibility of Atoms) Why is it not possible to see form the compound.
an atom with naked eyes? 3. (Charged Species) Dierentiate between anions and
cations using appropriate examples and describe
3. (Formation of Matter) How do atoms form matter their roles in forming ionic compounds.
that we can see or touch?
Subjective (Hard)
Subjective (Medium)
1. (Atomic existence, molecules, ions) Explain how the
1. (Existence of Atoms) Explain why most atoms can- formation of N a and Cl ions from sodium and
+ −

not exist independently in nature and how they chlorine atoms leads to the creation of a stable com-
form matter that we can observe. pound, and why these individual ions cannot exist
 independently in nature. Ca2+ ions and 410 Cl ions. Determine whether
23 −

2. (Atomic mass unit, molecular aggregation) If an this combination forms a neutral compound, and if
element X with atomic mass 32u forms diatomic not, calculate the net charge on the system.
molecules (X ), calculate how many such molecules
2
4. (Molecular stability, independent existence) Com-
would be present in 320 grams of the substance and pare and contrast why helium atoms can exist in-
explain what form this matter would take at room dependently while oxygen atoms must combine to
temperature. form O molecules, relating your answer to their
2

3. (Ions, charge balance) A sample contains 210 23

respective electronic congurations.

Topic: What is a Molecule?

Subjective (Easy) 3. (Atomicity and Molecular Mass) Phosphorus exists

as a tetra-atomic molecule (P ). Given the atomic
1. (Molecules of Elements) What is the atomicity of a 4

mass of phosphorus (P = 31u), calculate the molec-

molecule of phosphorus? ular mass of one molecule of phosphorus.
2. (Molecules of Compounds) How many hydrogen Subjective (Hard)
atoms are present in one molecule of ammonia
(N H )? 1. (Molecules of compounds, Atomicity) A compound
3
is formed by the combination of carbon and oxygen
3. (Ions) What is the charge on a sodium ion (N a )+ in a ratio of 3:8 by mass. If the atomic masses of
in sodium chloride (N aCl)? carbon and oxygen are 12 u and 16 u respectively,
determine the molecular formula of the compound.
Subjective (Medium)
2. (Molecules of elements, Atomicity) An unknown di-
1. (Molecules of Elements and Compounds) If 5 atomic molecule has a total mass of 56 u. If one
molecules of oxygen (O ) and 3 molecules of ozone
2 atom of this element has an atomic mass of 28 u,
(O ) are mixed, calculate the total number of oxy-
3 identify the element and write its molecular for-
gen atoms present in the mixture. mula.
2. (Ratio by Number of Atoms in Compounds) The 3. (Molecules of compounds, Ratio by mass) Ammo-
ratio by mass of nitrogen to hydrogen in ammonia nia (N H ) is formed by nitrogen and hydrogen in a
3

(N H ) is 14:3. Using the atomic masses of nitrogen

3 ratio of 14:3 by mass. Calculate the ratio by num-
(N = 14u) and hydrogen (H = 1u), verify whether ber of atoms of nitrogen to hydrogen in ammonia.
the molecular formula N H satises the given ratio
3 The atomic masses of nitrogen and hydrogen are 14
by number of atoms. u and 1 u respectively.
4. (Atomicity, Molecules of elements) A polyatomic mine the number of sulfur atoms in the molecule if
molecule of sulfur has a total mass of 256 u. Deter- the atomic mass of sulfur is 32 u.

Topic: MOLECULES OF ELEMENTS

Subjective (Easy) Describe how their structural dierences inuence

1. (Atomicity of Elements) What is the atomicity of atomicity.
nitrogen and why? Subjective (Hard)

2. (Molecules of Elements) How many atoms are 1. (Atomicity, Molecules of Non-metals)

present in one molecule of ozone? A container has 3 moles of oxygen gas (O ) and 2
2

3. (Types of Molecules) Why is argon considered moles of ozone gas (O ). Calculate the total number
3

monoatomic? of oxygen atoms present in the mixture.

Subjective (Medium) 2. (Atomicity, Polyatomic Elements)
1. (Atomicity and Molecular Structure) Explain why If 5 grams of sulfur (S ) are completely vaporized,
8

oxygen exists as O in nature, whereas sulfur ex- how many molecules of sulfur are released? (Given:
Atomic mass of sulfur = 32 u)
2

ists as S . What does this dierence indicate about

8

their atomicity? 3. (Diatomic vs Monoatomic, Mass Calculation)

2. (Comparison of Monoatomic and Polyatomic Ele- A balloon contains 4 g of helium gas (He) and an-
ments) Compare the molecular structures of helium other balloon contains 4 g of hydrogen gas (H ).2

(He) and phosphorus (P ). How do their atomici-

4
Compare the number of atoms in both balloons.
ties dier, and what implications does this have on 4. (Atomicity, Real-world Application)
their physical properties? Phosphorus exists as P in its natural state. If 620
4

3. (Concept of Atomicity in Metals vs. Non-Metals) mg of phosphorus is taken, how many phosphorus
Why do metals like iron (F e) not form simple molecules are present? (Atomic mass of phosphorus
molecules like non-metals such as chlorine (Cl )?
2 = 31 u)

Topic: WHAT IS AN ION?

Subjective (Easy) present. Determine the number of each type of ion
1. (Basic Denition of Ion) What is an ion? Give one required to balance the charges.
example each of a cation and an anion. Subjective (Hard)
2. (Identication of Ions) Identify the type of ion
(cation/anion/polyatomic ion) for M g , OH ,
2+ − 1. (Valency, Ionic Compounds) Calcium oxide (CaO)
and N H .+ and magnesium sulphide (M gS) are two ionic com-
pounds. Calculate the ratio by number of atoms
4

3. (Charge on Ions) What is the charge on aluminium for each compound and explain why their valencies
ion and oxide ion? result in these specic ratios.
Subjective (Medium)

1. (Ions and Charges) A compound contains M g 2+ 2. (Polyatomic Ions, Chemical Formulae) A compound
and O ions. Identify the chemical formula of the
2− contains a polyatomic ion N H and sulphate ion
+
4

compound formed between these ions. Explain how SO . Determine its chemical formula and calcu-
2−
4

the charges balance each other. late the ratio by mass between ammonium and sul-
2. (Polyatomic Ions) What is the net charge of a phate ions.
molecule composed of one ammonium ion (N H ) +
4
3. (Types of Ions, Writing Chemical Formulae) Alu-
and one nitrate ion (N O )? Write the chemical
−
3
minum nitride is an ionic compound formed by alu-
formula of this molecule. minum and nitrogen. Predict the chemical formula
3. (Identication of Ions) In the compound calcium of this compound, identify the type of ions involved
carbonate (CaCO ), identify the cation and anion
3 (cation/anion), and justify using their valencies.

Topic: MOLECULES OF COMPOUNDS

Subjective (Easy) late the ratio by number of atoms for carbon diox-
1. (Ratio by number of atoms in molecules) Calculate ide (CO ) given its ratio by mass is 3:8 (Car-
2

the ratio by number of atoms for ammonia (N H ) bon:Oxygen). Use atomic masses: C = 12 u, O
= 16 u.
3

given its ratio by mass is 14:3 (Nitrogen:Hydrogen).

Use atomic masses: N = 14 u, H = 1 u. Subjective (Medium)

2. (Writing chemical formula) Write the chemical for- 1. (Ratio by Number of Atoms)
mula for calcium chloride, given the valencies of cal- A compound has a ratio by mass of Carbon to Oxy-
cium (Ca ) and chlorine (Cl ).
2+ −
gen as 3:8. Given the atomic masses of Carbon and
3. (Ratio by number of atoms in molecules) Calcu- Oxygen are 12 u and 16 u respectively, nd the ra-
 tio by the number of atoms in the molecule of this mine the simplest ratio by number of atoms in the
compound. compound. Also, write its chemical formula.
2. (Chemical Formula Writing) 2. (Chemical formula, Valency) Determine the chem-
Write the chemical formula for a compound formed ical formula for a compound formed between alu-
between Aluminium (Al ) and Sulphate (SO )
3+ 2−
4 minium (Al ) and sulphate (SO ) ions, ensuring
3+ 2−

ions, ensuring the charges are balanced.

4

that the net charge is zero.

3. (Mass Ratio Calculation) 3. (Atomic ratio, Mass calculation) In a sample of am-
In ammonia (N H ), the ratio by mass of Nitrogen
3 monia (N H ), the ratio by mass of nitrogen to hy-
to Hydrogen is 14:3. If you have 28 grams of Nitro-
3

drogen is 14:3. If the atomic mass of nitrogen is 14 u

gen, how much Hydrogen (in grams) will be required and hydrogen is 1 u, verify the number of hydrogen
to form ammonia without any leftover elements? atoms per nitrogen atom in the molecule.
Subjective (Hard)
4. (Multi-concept, Formula derivation) Derive the
1. (Ratio by mass, Chemical formula) A compound chemical formula for calcium hydroxide using the
of carbon and oxygen has a ratio by mass of Car- criss-cross method. Then, calculate the percentage
bon:Oxygen as 3:8. If the atomic masses of carbon composition of oxygen in the compound. (Given:
and oxygen are 12 u and 16 u respectively, deter- Atomic massesCa = 40 u, O = 16 u, H = 1 u)

Topic: Writing Chemical Formulae

Subjective (Easy) 2. (Binary Compounds) Determine the chemical for-

1. (Writing formula of binary compound) Write the mula for a binary compound formed between bar-
chemical formula for potassium chloride. ium and sulphur.
2. (Writing formula with polyatomic ion) What is the 3. (Polyatomic Ions) Write the chemical formula for a
chemical formula for calcium nitrate? compound formed between ammonium and carbon-
ate ions.
3. (Identifying elements from formula) Name the ele- Subjective (Hard)
ments present in lithium oxide (Li O).
2

Subjective (Medium)
1. (Valency balancing, Polyatomic ions) A compound
contains iron (F e ) and phosphate (P O ) ions.
3+ 3−
4

1. (Balancing Valencies) Write the chemical formula Derive its chemical formula using the criss-cross
for a compound formed between potassium and method and explain why brackets are necessary for
phosphate ions. the phosphate ion.
2. (Molecular mass, Polyatomic ions) Calculate charges, and explain why transition metals often
the formula unit mass of ammonium sulphate have variable valencies.
((N H ) SO ) given atomic masses: N = 14 u, H
4 2 4
4. (Real-world application, Polyatomic ions) A
= 1 u, S = 32 u, O = 16 u. Explain how the brack- chemist needs to prepare calcium phosphate for a
ets aect the calculation. fertilizer. Given calcium (Ca ) and phosphate
2+

3. (Criss-cross method, Transition metals) A com- (P O ), derive the formula and calculate the re-
3−
4

pound is formed between chromium (Cr ) and sul-

3+
quired mass ratio of calcium to phosphorus if the
phide (S ) ions. Derive its formula, balance the
2−
atomic masses are Ca = 40 u, P = 31 u, O = 16 u.

Topic: FORMULAE OF SIMPLE COMPOUNDS

Subjective (Easy) Subjective (Hard)

1. (Binary Compound Formula) Write the chemical 1. (Polyatomic ions, criss-cross method) Determine
formula for potassium chloride. the chemical formula for a compound formed be-
2. (Polyatomic Ion Formula) Write the chemical for- tween aluminum and phosphate ions. Explain why
mula for calcium carbonate. the formula cannot be simplied further like Ca O
2 2

to CaO.
3. (Balancing Charges) Write the chemical formula for
aluminium sulphate. 2. (Binary compounds, balancing charges) A student
writes the formula for iron(III) sulde as F e S .
3 2
Subjective (Medium) Identify the error and derive the correct formula
1. (Chemical Formula of Binary Compound) Write the using the criss-cross method.
chemical formula for the compound formed between 3. (Polyatomic ions, brackets) Why is the formula for
aluminum and sulfur. copper(II) nitrate written as Cu(N O ) instead of
3 2

2. (Balancing Charges in Compounds) Write the CuN O ? Explain with steps.

6

chemical formula for calcium phosphate. 4. (Multiple concepts: criss-cross, simplication) De-
3. (Simplication of Chemical Formula) Write the sim- rive the formula for ammonium carbonate and ex-
plied chemical formula for the compound formed plain why it is written as (N H ) CO rather than
4 2 3

between magnesium and oxygen. N H CO or N H CO .

8 3 2 8 3

Topic: Molecular Mass

Subjective (Easy) 3. (Molecular Mass) If the molecular mass of glucose
1. (Molecular Mass) Calculate the molecular mass of (C H O ) is 180 u, verify this using the given
6 12 6

sulfur dioxide (SO ) given that the atomic masses atomic masses: C = 12 u, H = 1 u, O = 16 u.
2

of sulfur and oxygen are 32 u and 16 u respectively. Subjective (Hard)

2. (Formula Unit Mass) Calculate the formula unit 1. (Molecular Mass, Formula Unit Mass) A compound
mass of potassium chloride (KCl) given that the contains 40% carbon, 6.67% hydrogen, and 53.33%
atomic masses of potassium and chlorine are 39 u oxygen by mass. If its molecular mass is 180 u,
and 35.5 u respectively. determine its empirical and molecular formula.
3. (Molecular Mass) Calculate the molecular mass of 2. (Molecular Mass, Percentage Composition) A com-
glucose (C H O ) given that the atomic masses of pound has a molecular mass of 342 u and contains
42.11% carbon, 6.43% hydrogen, and 51.46% oxy-
6 12 6

carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen are 12 u, 1 u, and 16

u respectively. gen. Calculate its empirical and molecular formula.
Subjective (Medium)
3. (Formula Unit Mass, Stoichiometry) An ionic com-
pound is composed of calcium and bromine. If 5.00
1. (Molecular Mass) Calculate the molecular mass of g of this compound contains 1.00 g of calcium, what
sulfuric acid (H SO ) given the atomic masses: H
2 4 is the formula unit mass of the compound?
= 1 u, S = 32 u, O = 16 u. 4. (Molecular Mass, Combustion Analysis) Complete
2. (Formula Unit Mass) Determine the formula unit combustion of 0.90 g of an organic compound gives
mass of aluminum sulfate (Al (SO ) ), given the
2 4 3 1.32 g of CO and 0.72 g of H O. Determine the
2 2

atomic masses: Al = 27 u, S = 32 u, O = 16 u. molecular formula if its molecular mass is 180 u.

Topic: FORMULA UNIT MASS

Subjective (Easy) mass of Al O using the atomic masses of Al = 27

2 3

u and O = 16 u.
1. (Formula Unit Mass) Calculate the formula unit
mass of M gCl given that the atomic masses of Mg
3. (Formula Unit Mass) Compute the formula unit
2

= 24 u and Cl = 35.5 u.
mass of N a SO given the atomic masses of Na =
2 4

2. (Formula Unit Mass) Determine the formula unit 23 u, S = 32 u, and O = 16 u.

Subjective (Medium) formula unit mass for 5 units of M gO, 2 units of
Al (SO ) , and 3 units of N aN O .
1. (Formula Unit Mass Calculation) Calculate the for- 2 4 3 3

mula unit mass of Al (SO ) , given atomic masses

2 4 3 2. (Formula Unit Mass, Non-Stoichiometric Ratios)
of Al = 27 u, S = 32 u, and O = 16 u. Given the atomic masses: F e = 56 u, S = 32 u, O =
2. (Formula Unit Mass Calculation) Determine the 16 u. If a compound has the formula F e (SO )
x 4 y

formula unit mass of Mg(OH) , given atomic masses with a formula unit mass of 400 u and the ratio of
x to y is 1 : 2, nd the values of x and y .
2

of Mg = 24 u, O = 16 u, and H = 1 u.
3. (Formula Unit Mass Comparison) Why does K SO2 4 3. (Formula Unit Mass, Real-World Application) A
have a higher formula unit mass than NaCl? Given mineral sample contains CaCO and M gCO in a
3 3

atomic masses: K = 39 u, Na = 23 u, Cl = 35.5 u, 3:2 ratio by formula units. Given atomic masses:
S = 32 u, O = 16 u. Ca = 40 u, M g = 24 u, C = 12 u, O = 16 u. Calcu-

Subjective (Hard) late the average formula unit mass of the mixture.
1. (Formula Unit Mass, Multi-Compound Calcula- 4. (Formula Unit Mass, Complex Compound) A hy-
tion) A sample contains a mixture of M gO, drated salt has the formula CuSO · xH O. Given
4 2

Al (SO ) , and N aN O . Given the atomic masses:

2 4 3 3 atomic masses: Cu = 63.5 u, S = 32 u, O = 16 u,
M g = 24 u, Al = 27 u, S = 32 u, O = 16 u, H = 1 u. If the formula unit mass of the hydrated
N a = 23 u, and N = 14 u. Calculate the total salt is 249.5 u, nd the value of x.
 Class 9 Science
Chapter 3: Atoms And Molecules
DPP-SOLUTION

Topic: LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS

Subjective (Easy)

1. Answer:

Solution Description:

Calcium carbonate decomposes as:

calciumcarbonate → calciumoxide + carbondioxide
According to the law of conservation of mass, the total mass of reactants equals the total mass of products.
Here, the mass of calcium carbonate = 10 g.
Therefore, the sum of masses of calcium oxide and carbon dioxide must also be 10 g.
So, the total mass of the products is 10 g.

2. Answer:

Solution Description:

The reaction can be written as:

magnesium + oxygen → magnesiumoxide
Given:
Mass of magnesium = 12 g
Mass of magnesium oxide = 20 g
Let the mass of oxygen consumed be x g.
According to the law of conservation of mass:
12 g (magnesium) + x g (oxygen) = 20 g (magnesium oxide).
Solving for x:
x = 20 g - 12 g
x=8g
Hence, 8 g of oxygen was consumed.

3. Answer:

Solution Description:

The reaction is:

hydrogen + oxygen → water
Given:
Mass of hydrogen = 5 g
Mass of oxygen = 40 g
According to the law of conservation of mass, the total mass of reactants equals the total mass of products.
Therefore, the mass of water produced will be the sum of the masses of hydrogen and oxygen used.
 Total mass of reactants = 5 g + 40 g = 45 g.
Hence, the mass of water produced is 45 g.

Subjective (Medium)

1. Answer:

Solution Description:

According to the law of conservation of mass:

Mass of reactants = Mass of products.
Here, magnesium reacts with oxygen to form magnesium oxide.
Given: Mass of magnesium = 4.8 g, Mass of magnesium oxide = 8 g.
Let the mass of oxygen be x g.
So, 4.8 + x = 8.
Solving for x:
x = 8 − 4.8 = 3.2 g.
Therefore, the mass of oxygen consumed is **3.2 g**.

2. Answer:

Solution Description:

The decomposition reaction is:

CaCO3 → CaO + CO2 .
By the law of conservation of mass:
Mass of calcium carbonate = Mass of calcium oxide + Mass of carbon dioxide.
Given:
Mass of CO2 = 44 g,
Mass of CaO = 56 g.
Thus, initial mass of CaCO3 = 56 + 44 = 100 g.
The initial mass of calcium carbonate was **100 g**.

3. Answer:

Solution Description:

The reaction is:

AgNO3 + NaCl → AgCl + NaNO3 .
Total mass of reactants = 10 + 7 = 17 g.
Final mass of products = 17 g (given).
Since the masses before and after the reaction are equal, it conrms the law of conservation of mass. No mass
is lost or gained during the reaction.

Subjective (Hard)

1. Answer:

Solution Description:
 First, write the balanced chemical equation:
P b(N O3 )2 + 2N aCl → P bCl2 + 2N aN O3 .
Molar mass of P b(N O3 )2 = 331.2 g/mol.
6.62 g
Moles of P b(N O3 )2 used: = 0.02 mol.
331.2 g/mol
From stoichiometry, 1 mole of P b(N O3 )2 produces 1 mole of P bCl2 and 2 moles of N aN O3 .
Moles of P bCl2 formed: 0.02 mol, mass = 0.02 × 278.1 g/mol = 5.562 g.
Moles of N aN O3 formed: 0.04 mol, mass = 0.04 × 85 g/mol = 3.4 g.
Total product mass: 5.562 + 3.4 = 8.962 g.
Reactant mass = 6.62 g (only P b(N O3 )2 considered as N aCl is in excess). Here, initial condition involves
excess reactant, so direct mass comparison requires accounting for the actual reacted N aCl mass (not given).
However, theoretically, mass is conserved.

2. Answer:

Solution Description:

Balanced equation: CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2 O.

Molar mass of CH4 = 16 g/mol, O2 = 32 g/mol.
100 kg
Moles of CH4 : = 6.25 kmol.
16 kg/kmol
Required O2 : 6.25 × 2 = 12.5 kmol (mass = 12.5 × 32 = 400 kg).
Since only 275 kg O2 is supplied ( 275
32 = 8.59 kmol), CH4 is in excess.

Used CH4 : 8.59

2 = 4.295 kmol (mass = 4.295 × 16 = 68.72 kg).
Unused CH4 : 100 − 68.72 = 31.28 kg.
Products:
CO2 : 4.295 kmol × 44 kg/kmol = 188.98 kg.
H2 O: 8.59 kmol × 18 kg/kmol = 154.62 kg.
Total mass (products + unused reactants): 188.98 + 154.62 + 31.28 = 374.88 kg.
Initial mass: 100 + 275 = 375 kg (minor discrepancy due to rounding). Mass is conserved.

3. Answer:

Solution Description:

The reaction is CaCO3 → CaO + CO2 .

10 g
Moles of CaCO3 : = 0.1 mol.
100 g/mol
Mass of CaO formed: 0.1 mol × 56 g/mol = 5.6 g.
Mass of CO2 formed: 0.1 mol × 44 g/mol = 4.4 g.
The CO2 gas escapes, so only CaO remains (5.6 g), seemingly violating mass conservation. However, if the
system is closed, the total mass (solid + gas) remains 10 g. The law holds when all products are accounted for.

4. Answer:

Solution Description:

Reaction: AgN O3 + N aCl → AgCl ↓ +N aN O3 .

Moles of AgN O3 : 0.1 M × 0.05 L = 0.005 mol.
 Moles of N aCl: 0.15 M × 0.03 L = 0.0045 mol.
Limiting reactant is N aCl (less moles).
Precipitate AgCl formed: 0.0045 mol × 143.5 g/mol = 0.64575 g.
Remaining AgN O3 : 0.005 − 0.0045 = 0.0005 mol.
Remaining N a+ and N O3− ions: 0.0045 mol each (from N aN O3 ) plus 0.0005 mol N O3− from excess AgN O3 .
Total mass of reactants: (0.005 × 170) + (0.0045 × 58.5) = 1.16225 g.
Total mass of products:

0.64575 g(AgCl) + (0.0045 × 85) g(N aN O3 ) + (0.0005 × 170) g(unreacted

AgNO_3) = 1.16225 g. Mass is conserved.

Topic: Laws of Chemical Combination

Subjective (Easy)

1. Answer:

Solution Description:

According to the Law of Conservation of Mass, the total mass of reactants equals the total mass of products
in a chemical reaction. Here, calcium carbonate (CaCO3 ) decomposes into calcium oxide (CaO) and carbon
dioxide (CO2 ).
Given:
Mass of calcium carbonate = 10 g.
Therefore, the total mass of calcium oxide and carbon dioxide produced must also be 10 g since no mass is lost
or gained during the reaction.
So, the total mass of the products is 10 g .

2. Answer:

Solution Description:

According to the Law of Denite Proportions, the ratio of carbon to oxygen in carbon dioxide is always xed.
The atomic masses are:
Carbon (C ) = 12 u,
Oxygen (O) = 16 u.
For CO2 , the ratio of carbon to oxygen by mass is:
12 : (2 × 16) = 12 : 32 = 3 : 8
Given that the sample has 12 g of carbon, we can nd the mass of oxygen using the ratio:
3 12 g
8 = Mass of oxygen
 Mass of oxygen = 12 g×8
3 = 32 g
So, the mass of oxygen present is 32 g .

3. Answer:

Solution Description:

According to the Law of Conservation of Mass, the total mass of the reactants must equal the total mass of
the products.
Given:
Mass of nitrogen = 7 g,
Mass of hydrogen = 1.5 g.
Total mass of reactants = 7 g + 1.5 g = 8.5 g.
Therefore, the mass of ammonia (N H3 ) produced must also be equal to the total mass of the reactants, which
is 8.5 g .

Subjective (Medium)

1. Answer:

Solution Description:

According to the law of conservation of mass, the total mass of reactants equals the total mass of products in
a chemical reaction.
1. Total mass of reactants = mass of magnesium + mass of oxygen = 12 g + 8 g = 20 g.
2. Therefore, the mass of magnesium oxide formed must also be 20 g to satisfy the law of conservation of mass.
3. Hence, the mass of magnesium oxide formed is 20 g .

2. Answer:

Solution Description:

The law of constant proportions states that elements in a compound are always present in a xed ratio by
mass. Here, the ratio of carbon to oxygen is 3:8.
1. Given mass of carbon = 11 g. Let the mass of oxygen be x.
mass of carbon = 3 . So, 11 = 3 .
2. According to the ratio, mass of oxygen 8 x 8

3. Solving for x, we get x = 3 = 3 ≈ 29.33 g.

11×8 88

4. Total mass of the sample = mass of carbon + mass of oxygen = 11 g + 29.33 g ≈ 40.33 g.
5. Hence, the total mass of the sample is 40.33 g and the mass of oxygen is 29.33 g .

3. Answer:

Solution Description:

The decomposition reaction is:

CaCO3 → CaO + CO2
1. Mass of calcium carbonate (reactant) = 10 g.
2. Mass of calcium oxide (product) = 5.6 g.
3. According to the law of conservation of mass, mass of reactants = mass of products. Therefore, mass of
 CO2 released = mass of CaCO3 - mass of CaO = 10 g − 5.6 g = 4.4 g.
4. Hence, the mass of carbon dioxide released is 4.4 g , which veries the law as 10 g = 5.6 g + 4.4 g.

Subjective (Hard)

1. Answer:

Solution Description:

According to the law of conservation of mass, the total mass before and after the reaction must be equal.
Given:
- Mass of magnesium (Mg) = 4.8 g
- Mass of magnesium oxide (M gO) formed = 8.0 g
Let the mass of oxygen (O2 ) that reacted be x.
The reaction is:
2M g + O2 → 2M gO
From the law of conservation of mass:
Mass of Mg + Mass of O2 = Mass of M gO
4.8 g + x = 8.0 g
x = 8.0 g − 4.8 g
x = 3.2 g
Thus, 3.2 g of oxygen reacted, conrming the law of conservation of mass as the total mass remains unchanged
(4.8 g + 3.2 g = 8.0 g).

2. Answer:

Solution Description:

According to the law of constant proportions, elements in a compound always combine in the same ratio by
mass.
For the rst sample:
Mass ratio of C : O = 6 g : 16 g = 3 : 8
For the second sample, let the mass of oxygen be y .
Since the ratio must remain the same:
9g 3
y = 8
9 g×8
y= 3
y = 24 g
Thus, the second sample contains 24 g of oxygen, maintaining the ratio 3:8, which veries the law of constant
proportions.

3. Answer:

Solution Description:

Dalton's atomic theory states that atoms are indivisible and cannot be created or destroyed in a chemical
reaction.
During a chemical reaction:
 1. Atoms of reactants rearrange to form products.
2. No atoms are lost or gained; they only change their combination.
3. Since the number and type of atoms remain the same, their total mass also remains unchanged.
Therefore, the total mass of reactants equals the total mass of products, aligning with the law of conservation
of mass.

4. Answer:

Solution Description:

The law of denite proportions states that elements in a compound always combine in a xed ratio by mass.
For the rst compound:
Mass ratio of N : O = 7 g : 20 g = 7 : 20
For the second compound:
Mass ratio of N : O = 14 g : 48 g = 7 : 24
Comparing the two ratios:
- First compound: 7:20
- Second compound: 7:24
The ratios are dierent, indicating that these are two distinct compounds (e.g., N O2 and N2 O5 ). Each
compound follows its own xed ratio, thus conforming to the law of denite proportions individually but not
together as the same compound.

Topic: LAW OF CONSTANT PROPORTIONS

Subjective (Easy)

1. Answer:

Solution Description:

According to the law of constant proportions, nitrogen and hydrogen combine in the ratio 14 : 3 by mass.
Given mass of hydrogen = 9 g.
Let the required mass of nitrogen be x.
The ratio of nitrogen to hydrogen is 14 : 3, so we can write the proportion as:
x 14
9 = 3

Now, solve for x:

14
x=9× 3

x = 3 × 14
x = 42 g
Therefore, 42 g of nitrogen gas is required to react completely with 9 g of hydrogen gas.
2. Answer:

Solution Description:

The second postulate of Dalton's atomic theory states that "Atoms are indivisible particles, which cannot be
created or destroyed in a chemical reaction."
This means that during a chemical reaction, atoms simply rearrange themselves to form new substances, but
no new atoms are created, nor existing atoms are destroyed.
Hence, the total number of atoms remains the same before and after the reaction, explaining why mass is
conserved.

3. Answer:

Solution Description:

Water decomposes into hydrogen and oxygen in the xed mass ratio of 1 : 8 according to the law of denite
proportions.
Total mass of water given = 18 g.
The ratio of hydrogen to oxygen in water is 1 : 8.
Sum of the parts in the ratio = 1 + 8 = 9.
Mass of hydrogen = 1
9 × 18 g = 2 g.
Mass of oxygen = 8
9 × 18 g = 16 g.
Therefore, 2 g of hydrogen and 16 g of oxygen will be obtained when 18 g of water is decomposed.

Subjective (Medium)

1. Answer:

Solution Description:

According to the law of constant proportions, in ammonia (NH3 ), nitrogen and hydrogen are always present in
the ratio 14:3 by mass. Given that 4.2 g of nitrogen is used, we can nd the mass of hydrogen required using
the ratio.
The ratio of nitrogen to hydrogen is 14:3, which means for every 14 g of nitrogen, 3 g of hydrogen is needed.
So, for 4.2 g of nitrogen:
14
3= Mass of4.2hydrogen
Cross-multiplying:
14 × Mass of hydrogen = 3 × 4.2
Mass of hydrogen = 12.6
14 = 0.9 g
Therefore, 0.9 g of hydrogen is required to react completely with 4.2 g of nitrogen to form ammonia.

2. Answer:

Solution Description:

The law of constant proportions states that any sample of a chemical compound will always have its constituent
elements combined in xed proportions by mass. For carbon dioxide ((CO2 ), the ratio of carbon to oxygen by
mass should be constant.
Given mass of carbon = 2.4 g
 Given mass of oxygen = 6.4 g
The ratio of carbon to oxygen in the given sample is:
2.4 3
6.4 = 8

Simplifying the fraction:

3
8 = 0.375
The standard ratio of carbon to oxygen in CO2 is approximately 12:32, which simplies to 3:8 (since the atomic
mass of carbon is 12 and oxygen is 16, and there are 2 oxygen atoms).
Since the ratio in the given sample (3:8) matches the standard ratio, this sample follows the law of constant
proportions.

3. Answer:

Solution Description:

Given:
Mass of magnesium oxide = 5 g
Mass of magnesium = 3 g
To nd the mass of oxygen:

Mass of oxygen = Mass of magnesium oxide − Mass of magnesium

=5−3
=2g

Now, check the ratio of magnesium to oxygen in this sample:

3
2 = 1.5
The standard ratio of magnesium to oxygen in magnesium oxide is 3:2, which also equals 1.5. Since the ratio
in the given sample matches the standard ratio, this compound follows the law of constant proportions.

Subjective (Hard)

1. Answer:

Solution Description:

According to Dalton's atomic theory, compounds are formed by the combination of atoms in xed whole-number
ratios. Since carbon dioxide (CO2 ) has a xed composition, regardless of its source, the mass ratio of carbon
to oxygen remains constant at 3 : 8. This is because CO2 always contains 1 carbon atom and 2 oxygen atoms,
where the relative masses of carbon (12 g/mol) and oxygen (16 g/mol) combine as follows:
Mass of carbon = 12 g
Mass of oxygen = 2 × 16 = 32 g
Thus, the mass ratio is 12 : 32, which simplies to 3 : 8.
The Law of Constant Proportions states that a compound always has the same elements in xed mass ratios,
irrespective of its origin. Since both samples follow this ratio, it aligns with Dalton's postulate that atoms
combine in xed whole-number ratios to form compounds.
2. Answer:

Solution Description:

Given methane (CH4 ) has a carbon-to-hydrogen mass ratio of 3 : 1. For 10 g of methane:

Mass of carbon = 3
4 × 10 = 7.5 g
Mass of hydrogen = 1
4 × 10 = 2.5 g
When methane burns:
CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2 O
Carbon combines with oxygen to form CO2 in a xed ratio of 3 : 8 (from previous calculations). Thus:
Mass of CO2 = 7.5 g (C) + 20 g (O) = 27.5 g
Hydrogen combines with oxygen to form H2 O in a ratio of 1 : 8:
Mass of H2 O = 2.5 g (H) + 20 g (O) = 22.5 g
The total mass of reactants (10 g CH4 + 40 g O2 ) equals the total mass of products (27.5 g CO2 + 22.5 g
H2 O), obeying conservation of mass.
The xed mass ratios align with the Law of Constant Proportions.

3. Answer:

Solution Description:

First, simplify the mass ratios to their simplest forms:

Oxide A: 7 : 16 (NO2 )
Oxide B: 14 : 48 = 7 : 24 (N2 O5 )
Convert mass ratios to molar ratios using atomic masses (N = 14 g/mol, O = 16 g/mol):
- For Oxide A:
Moles of N = 7
14 = 0.5 mol
Moles of O = 16
16 = 1 mol
Simplies to 1 : 2  NO 2

- For Oxide B:
Moles of N = 14
14 = 1 mol
Moles of O = 48
16 = 3 mol
Simplies to 2 : 5 N O 2 5

These ratios conrm Dalton's postulate that atoms combine in simple whole numbers (e.g., 1 : 2, 2 : 5) to form
distinct compounds.

4. Answer:

Solution Description:

Calculate the mass ratio of copper to oxygen in both samples:

- Sample 1: 6.35
0.80 = 7.94
- Sample 2: 3.18
0.40 = 7.95
Both ratios approximate to 8 : 1 (Cu:O), conrming the Law of Constant Proportions. Minor experimental
errors may cause slight deviations, but the consistent ratio across samples proves the law holds true.
 The xed ratio arises because copper oxide (Cu2 O or CuO) has a denite composition, as per Dalton's atomic
theory.

Topic: What is an Atom?

Subjective (Easy)

1. Answer:

Solution Description:

The building block of all matter is an atom. Just like small grains of sand make up an ant-hill, atoms are the
smallest units that combine to form all substances around us.

2. Answer:

Solution Description:

A hydrogen atom has a radius of 10−10 meters. This measurement shows how extremely small atoms are
compared to everyday objects.

3. Answer:

Solution Description:

Berzilius suggested that the symbols of elements should be made from one or two letters of the name of the
element. For example, "H" for Hydrogen and "O" for Oxygen.

Subjective (Medium)

1. Answer:

Solution Description:

To nd the number of hydrogen atoms that t along the diameter of a grain of sand:
1. The diameter of a grain of sand = 2 × radius = 2 × 10−4 m = 2 × 10−4 m.
2. The diameter of one hydrogen atom = 2 × radius = 2 × 10−10 m = 2 × 10−10 m.
3. Number of hydrogen atoms = Diameter of grain of sand / Diameter of one hydrogen atom = (2 × 10−4 )/(2 ×
10−10 ) = 106 or 1 million atoms.

2. Answer:

Solution Description:

Berzilius's symbols were more ecient because:

1. Pictorial symbols (like Dalton's) were complex and hard to standardize for all elements.
2. Letters are simpler, universal, and easier to remember. For example, "H" for Hydrogen is derived from its
name, making it intuitive compared to a unique drawing.
3. Answer:

Solution Description:

Step 1: Convert 5 meters to nanometers:

5 m = 5 × 109 nm.
Step 2: Calculate the diameter of one silicon atom:
Diameter = 2 × radius = 2 × 0.1 nm = 0.2 nm.
Step 3: Number of silicon atoms in 5 meters:
5×109 nm
0.2 nm = 2.5 × 10
10
atoms.

Subjective (Hard)

1. Answer:

Solution Description:

The diameter of the grain of sand is 2 × 10−4 m.

The diameter of one hydrogen atom is 2 × 10−10 m.
To nd the number of hydrogen atoms that span the diameter of the grain of sand, divide the diameter of the
grain of sand by the diameter of one hydrogen atom:
2×10−4
2×10−10 = 106 .
So, 1 million hydrogen atoms placed side by side would span the diameter of the grain of sand.

2. Answer:

Solution Description:

1 nm = 10−9 m, so 0.11 nm = 0.11 × 10−9 m = 1.1 × 10−10 m.

The radius of a water molecule is 10−9 m, which is larger than the silicon atom's radius (1.1 × 10−10 m).
10−9
Specically, the water molecule's radius is 1.1×10−10 ≈ 9.09 times larger than the silicon atom's radius.

3. Answer:

Solution Description:

10−1
The apple is 10−3 = 102 = 100 times larger in radius than the ant.
If atoms are magnied to the size of an apple, the ant (which is 105 times larger than a hydrogen atom) would
be scaled proportionally.
However, since we are not given the exact scaling factor for atoms, we can infer that the ant's magnied size
would still maintain the same relative dierence, i.e., 100 times smaller than the apple's magnied size.
10−1
More precisely, if a hydrogen atom (10−10 m) is magnied to 10−1 m (apple size), the scaling factor is 10−10 =
109 .
Thus, the ant (10−3 m) would be magnied to 10−3 × 109 = 106 m, which is unrealistic. This highlights the
challenge of visualizing atomic scales.

4. Answer:

Solution Description:

For hydrogen atoms: Total thickness = Number of atoms × Diameter of one atom = 106 × (2 × 10−10 ) =
 2 × 10−4 m, which matches the thickness of a sheet of paper (10−4 m) within an order of magnitude.
For silicon atoms: Total thickness = 106 × (2 × 1.1 × 10−10 ) = 2.2 × 10−4 m.
The layer would be 1.1 times thicker with silicon atoms compared to hydrogen atoms.

Topic: WHAT ARE THE MODERN DAY SYMBOLS

OF ATOMS OF DIFFERENT ELEMENTS?

Subjective (Easy)

1. Answer:

Solution Description:

The correct symbol for Magnesium is Mg. According to IUPAC rules, when a symbol consists of two letters,
the rst letter is always uppercase, and the second letter is lowercase. In this case, "M" is the rst letter and
"g" is the second letter of the name "Magnesium".

2. Answer:

Solution Description:

The symbol for Iron is Fe because it is derived from its Latin name "ferrum". Many elements have symbols
based on their Latin or other ancient language names rather than their English names. Thus, "Fe" comes from
"ferrum", not from the English word "Iron".

3. Answer:

Solution Description:

The symbol for Carbon is C. Since the name of the element starts with the letter "C", and no other element
has the same rst letter, only one uppercase letter is used as its symbol according to IUPAC guidelines.

Subjective (Medium)

1. Answer:

Solution Description:

The symbol for cobalt is written as Co because chemical symbols follow specic rules set by IUPAC. According
to these rules:
- The rst letter of the symbol must always be a capital letter (uppercase).
- If the symbol consists of two letters, the second letter must be a small letter (lowercase).
- The symbol is usually derived from the name of the element.
In this case, "cobalt" starts with 'C' and the next prominent letter is 'o', so the symbol becomes Co. Writing
it as CO would incorrectly represent carbon monoxide, which is a compound of carbon (C ) and oxygen (O),
not the element cobalt.
2. Answer:

Solution Description:

The symbol for iron is F e because it is derived from its Latin name "ferrum." Many elements have symbols
based on their Latin, Greek, or German names rather than their English names. This historical convention
helps maintain consistency across dierent languages.
Another example is sodium, whose symbol is N a, derived from its Latin name "natrium." Similarly, potassium's
symbol is K , from its Latin name "kalium."

3. Answer:

Solution Description:

The correct symbol for chlorine is Cl. This follows the IUPAC rules for chemical symbols:
- The rst letter must be uppercase (C ).
- The second letter (if present) must be lowercase (l).
- The symbol is derived from the rst letter and a subsequent letter in the element's name ("chlorine" → Cl).
CL is incorrect because the second letter is uppercase, and Ch is invalid because symbols are typically limited
to one or two letters, with no digraphs like "Ch."

Subjective (Hard)

1. Answer:

Solution Description:

The symbol for iron is F e, derived from its Latin name "ferrum." Potassium has the symbol K , originating
from its Latin name "kalium." These symbols follow the IUPAC convention of using letters from the element's
historical or Latin names.

2. Answer:

Solution Description:

According to IUPAC rules, the rst letter of a symbol must be uppercase, and any subsequent letters must be
lowercase. Writing cobalt as CO would imply a compound of carbon (C ) and oxygen (O), whereas Co correctly
represents the single element cobalt.

3. Answer:

Solution Description:

Sodium's symbol N a comes from its Latin name "natrium," ensuring uniqueness and avoiding confusion with
other elements like sulphur (S ). If it were So, it could conict with future element naming or existing notations.
Unique symbols prevent ambiguity in chemical formulas.

4. Answer:

Solution Description:

Chlorine's symbol Cl uses the rst letter and a later consonant ("l") to avoid duplication (e.g., carbon is C ).
Zinc's symbol Zn includes the rst letter and a distinctive later letter ("n") to ensure uniqueness. This method
balances brevity and clarity while adhering to IUPAC conventions.
 Topic: ATOMIC MASS

Subjective (Easy)

1. Answer:

Solution Description:

An atomic mass unit (u ) is a standard unit used to measure the mass of atoms and molecules. It is dened as
exactly 12 th
1
the mass of one atom of carbon-12. This means if the mass of a carbon-12 atom is taken as 12 u,
then 1 u is 12 th
1
of that mass.

2. Answer:

Solution Description:

The atomic mass of oxygen (16 u ) means that an oxygen atom is 16 times heavier than 12 th
1
the mass of a
carbon-12 atom. Since 1 u = 12 th
1
mass of carbon-12, 16 u indicates that an oxygen atom is 16 times this
standard unit.

3. Answer:

Solution Description:

Dalton proposed that each element has a characteristic atomic mass. This concept helped explain the law of
constant proportions because compounds always combine in xed mass ratios, which depend on the relative
atomic masses of their constituent elements. For example, in carbon monoxide (CO), carbon always combines
with oxygen in a xed ratio due to their specic atomic masses.

Subjective (Medium)

1. Answer:

Solution Description:

Given:
5 g of Carbon (C) combines with 6.67 g of Oxygen (O).
Atomic mass of Carbon (C) = 12 u.
Step 1: Find the ratio of masses combining with each other.
Ratio of C to O by mass = 5 g : 6.67 g.
Step 2: Simplify the ratio to nd how much Oxygen combines per gram of Carbon.
6.67 g
5 g = 1.334 g of O per 1 g of C.

Step 3: Using Carbon's atomic mass (12 u), calculate Oxygen's relative atomic mass.
Since 1 g of C 12 u, then for 1.334 g of O:
Relative atomic mass of O = 1.334 × 12 u ≈ 16 u.
Answer: The relative atomic mass of Oxygen is approximately 16 u.
2. Answer:

Solution Description:

Given:
24 g of Magnesium (Mg) combines with 16 g of Oxygen (O).
Atomic mass of Oxygen (O) = 16 u.
Step 1: Find the ratio of masses combining with each other.
Ratio of Mg to O by mass = 24 g : 16 g = 3 : 2.
Step 2: Simplify the ratio to nd how much Magnesium combines per unit mass of Oxygen.
24 g
16 g = 1.5 g of Mg per 1 g of O.

Step 3: Using Oxygen's atomic mass (16 u), calculate Magnesium's relative atomic mass.
Since 1 g of O 16 u, then for 1.5 g of Mg:
Relative atomic mass of Mg = 1.5 × 16 u = 24 u.
Answer: The relative atomic mass of Magnesium is 24 u.

3. Answer:

Solution Description:

Scientists initially used oxygen-16 (16 O) as a reference because it formed compounds with many elements and
gave whole-number atomic masses for most elements. However, they later switched to carbon-12 (12 C) for the
following reasons:
(1) Consistency in Isotopes: Oxygen has multiple isotopes (like 16
O, 17
O, 18
O), leading to inconsistencies in
measurements. Carbon-12 is a single isotope, providing uniformity.
(2) Precision in Measurements: Carbon-12's nucleus structure allows more accurate mass spectrometry results
compared to oxygen.
(3) Convenient Scale: Dening 1 atomic mass unit (u) as exactly 12 th
1
the mass of a carbon-12 atom simplied
calculations and standardized atomic masses universally.
Answer: Carbon-12 was chosen due to its single-isotope nature, precision in measurements, and convenience in
dening the atomic mass unit.

Subjective (Hard)

1. Answer:

Solution Description:

**Step 1:** Verify the law of multiple proportions for CO and CO2 .
For CO: Mass ratio of oxygen to carbon = 43 .
For CO2 : Mass ratio of oxygen to carbon = 16
6 = 83 .
8
The ratio of oxygen masses combining with xed carbon mass in CO2 and CO is 3
4 = 2 : 1, which is a simple
3

whole number ratio, conrming the law of multiple proportions.

**Step 2:** Assign atomic masses relative to carbon-12.
Let the atomic mass of carbon be 12 u.
From CO: 3 g C + 4 g O  CO.
 Thus, 12 g C combines with 4
3 × 12 = 16 g O.
Hence, the atomic mass of oxygen is 16 u.

2. Answer:

Solution Description:

**Step 1:** Compute the weighted average atomic mass.

Average atomic mass = (35 × 0.7577) + (37 × 0.2423).
Calculation:
35 × 0.7577 = 26.5195.
37 × 0.2423 = 8.9651.
Total = 26.5195 + 8.9651 = 35.4846 u 35.5 u.
**Step 2:** Find the mass contribution of Cl-37 in 100 g of chlorine.
Mass of Cl-37 = 0.2423 × 100 = 24.23 g.

3. Answer:

Solution Description:

**Step 1:** Determine the mole ratio of S and O.

Moles of S = 40
32 = 1.25.
Moles of O = 60
16 = 3.75.
Simplest ratio: 1.25
1.25 : 3.75
1.25 = 1 : 3.
Empirical formula = SO3 .
**Step 2:** Compute molecular formula.
Empirical formula mass = 32 + (3 × 16) = 80 u.
Molecular mass = 2 × 80 = 160 u.
Molecular formula = S2 O6 (since 160
80 = 2).

4. Answer:

Solution Description:

**Step 1:** Verify the law of multiple proportions.

Fixed mass of nitrogen = 14 g. Oxygen masses are 8 g, 16 g, and 32 g.
Ratios of oxygen masses per 14 g N:
1st experiment: 14 .
8

2nd experiment: 14 .
16

3rd experiment: 14 .
32

Simplifying pairwise:
16/14 32/14
8/14 = 2 : 1, 16/14 = 2 : 1.
Thus, simple whole number ratios conrm the law.
**Step 2:** Derive the atomic mass of oxygen.
From the rst experiment (NO): 14 g N + 8 g O.
Atomic mass of O = 8
14 × 14 = 8 u (but contradicts known 16 u).
 Correction: The simplest ratio suggests diatomic oxygen (O2 ).
Actual atomic mass of O = 16 u (consistent with 2:1 molar ratio in NO2 ).

Topic: HOW DO ATOMS EXIST?

Subjective (Easy)

1. Answer:

Solution Description:

The atomic mass unit (amu) is a standard unit of mass used to express the masses of atoms and molecules. It is
dened as one-twelfth ( 12
1
) of the mass of a carbon-12 atom. This value is approximately equal to 1.66 × 10−24
grams.

2. Answer:

Solution Description:

Atoms are extremely tiny, with sizes ranging around 0.1 to 0.5 nanometers (nm). The human eye cannot detect
objects smaller than the wavelength of visible light (about 400700 nm), making atoms invisible to the naked
eye. Special instruments like electron microscopes are needed to observe them.

3. Answer:

Solution Description:

Most atoms cannot exist independently. They combine to form molecules or ions, which further aggregate in
large numbers to create bulk matter. For example, oxygen atoms form O2 molecules, and sodium and chlorine
atoms combine to form NaCl (table salt). Such aggregates make matter visible and tangible.

Subjective (Medium)

1. Answer:

Solution Description:

Most atoms cannot exist independently because they are highly reactive. They tend to combine with other
atoms to achieve stability by forming molecules or ions. For example, oxygen atoms (O) combine to form
oxygen molecules (O2 ). Similarly, sodium (N a) and chlorine (Cl) react to form sodium chloride (N aCl), which
consists of N a+ and Cl− ions. These molecules or ions then aggregate in large numbers, resulting in the
formation of matter that is visible and tangible, such as solids, liquids, and gases.

2. Answer:

Solution Description:

Magnesium is a metal and tends to lose 2 electrons to achieve stability, forming a magnesium ion (M g 2+ ).
 Oxygen is a non-metal and gains 2 electrons to complete its octet, forming an oxide ion (O2− ). Since the
charges are equal and opposite, one M g 2+ ion combines with one O2− ion to form magnesium oxide (M gO).
The electrostatic attraction between the positive and negative ions holds the compound together.

3. Answer:

Solution Description:

Anions are negatively charged ions formed when atoms gain electrons, while cations are positively charged
ions formed when atoms lose electrons. For example, chlorine (Cl) gains one electron to become a chloride
anion (Cl− ), whereas sodium (N a) loses one electron to become a sodium cation (N a+ ). In ionic compounds
like sodium chloride (N aCl), anions and cations attract each other due to opposite charges, forming a stable
crystalline structure. This electrostatic force is called an ionic bond.

Subjective (Hard)

1. Answer:

Solution Description:

Sodium has 1 electron in its outermost shell which it donates to achieve stable electronic conguration, forming
N a+ . Chlorine gains this electron to complete its octet, forming Cl− . The strong electrostatic attraction
between opposite charges holds them together in NaCl crystal lattice. Individual ions can't exist stably because
they would have unbalanced charges that seek stabilization through bonding.

2. Answer:

Solution Description:

1 mole = 32g of X, so 320g = 10 moles. Since it's diatomic, 10 moles of X atoms make 5 moles of X2 molecules.
Number of molecules = 5 Ö 6.02210
23
= 3.0111024 molecules. At room temperature, most diatomic substances
(like O2 ) exist as gases.

3. Answer:

Solution Description:

Total positive charge = 21023 (+2) = +41023 units. Total negative charge = 41023 (−1) = −41023 units. Net
charge = (+41023 ) + (−41023 ) = 0. This forms neutral calcium chloride (CaCl2 ).

4. Answer:

Solution Description:

Helium (He) has complete duplet (2 electrons in K shell) making it inert and stable as single atoms. Oxygen
needs 2 more electrons for octet, so two O atoms share 2 electrons each, forming double bond in O2 molecule
to achieve stability. Single O atoms are reactive due to incomplete octet.

Topic: What is a Molecule?

Subjective (Easy)

1. Answer:

Solution Description:

Phosphorus is a non-metal and its atomicity is given as tetra-atomic in Table 3.3. This means a molecule of
phosphorus consists of four atoms of phosphorus (P4 ).

2. Answer:

Solution Description:

The chemical formula of ammonia is N H3 . The subscript '3' after hydrogen (H) indicates that there are three
hydrogen atoms in one molecule of ammonia.

3. Answer:

Solution Description:

In sodium chloride (N aCl), sodium loses one electron to form a positively charged ion called a cation. Therefore,
the charge on a sodium ion (N a+ ) is +1.

Subjective (Medium)

1. Answer:

Solution Description:

To nd the total number of oxygen atoms:

1. Each molecule of O2 contains 2 oxygen atoms. So, for 5 molecules:

5 × 2 = 10 oxygen atoms
2. Each molecule of O3 contains 3 oxygen atoms. So, for 3 molecules:
3 × 3 = 9 oxygen atoms
3. Total oxygen atoms = Oxygen atoms from O2 + Oxygen atoms from O3
10 + 9 = 19 oxygen atoms

2. Answer:

Solution Description:

To verify the ratio by number of atoms:

1. Given ratio by mass: Nitrogen ($)14 : Hydrogen ($)3

2. Calculate the simplest ratio by dividing the mass ratio by atomic mass:
Nitrogen = 14
14 =1
Hydrogen = 3
1 =3
3. Thus, the ratio by number of atoms is N : H = 1 : 3, which matches the molecular formula N H3 .
3. Answer:

Solution Description:

To calculate the molecular mass of P4 :

1. Atomic mass of phosphorus ($)P = 31 u

2. Since phosphorus is tetra-atomic, the molecular mass is:

4 × 31 = 124u

Subjective (Hard)

1. Answer:

Solution Description:

Given the ratio by mass of carbon to oxygen is 3:8. The atomic mass of carbon is 12 u and oxygen is 16 u.
To nd the simplest ratio of atoms, divide the given mass ratio by their respective atomic masses. For carbon:
3/12 = 0.25. For oxygen: 8/16 = 0.5. The simplest ratio is obtained by dividing both values by the smallest
value (0.25). Thus, for carbon: 0.25/0.25 = 1, and for oxygen: 0.5/0.25 = 2. The ratio by number of atoms is
C:O = 1:2. Therefore, the molecular formula of the compound is CO2 .

2. Answer:

Solution Description:

Since the molecule is diatomic, it consists of two atoms. The total mass of the molecule is 56 u, so the mass of
one atom is 56/2 = 28 u. Given that the atomic mass of one atom is 28 u, the element must be silicon (Si), but
silicon is not diatomic. Alternatively, the atomic mass of nitrogen is 14 u, but N2 would have a mass of 28 u,
which does not match. Iron (Fe) has an atomic mass close to 56 u, but iron is monoatomic. Re-evaluating, the
only common diatomic element with atomic mass near 28 u is nitrogen (N2 ), but it does not t here. However,
if we consider isotopes, silicon-28 is possible, but silicon is generally not diatomic. This suggests the question
may refer to a hypothetical scenario or another element. In standard conditions, the element could be incorrect,
but based on the given data, assuming silicon as monoatomic is inconsistent. Thus, the question might contain
an error or refer to non-standard conditions.

3. Answer:

Solution Description:

Given the ratio by mass of nitrogen to hydrogen is 14:3. The atomic mass of nitrogen is 14 u and hydrogen is
1 u. To nd the simplest ratio of atoms, divide the given mass ratio by their respective atomic masses. For
nitrogen: 14/14 = 1. For hydrogen: 3/1 = 3. The ratio by number of atoms is N:H = 1:3, which matches the
molecular formula of ammonia (N H3 ).

4. Answer:

Solution Description:

Given the total mass of the sulfur molecule is 256 u and the atomic mass of sulfur is 32 u. To nd the number
 of sulfur atoms, divide the total mass by the atomic mass of one sulfur atom: 256/32 = 8. Therefore, the
molecule contains 8 sulfur atoms, corresponding to the molecular formula S8 .

Topic: MOLECULES OF ELEMENTS

Subjective (Easy)

1. Answer:

Solution Description:

Nitrogen has diatomic atomicity, which means each molecule consists of 2 atoms. This is because nitrogen
exists as N2 molecules in nature where two nitrogen atoms are chemically bonded together.

2. Answer:

Solution Description:

One molecule of ozone (O3 ) contains 3 oxygen atoms. Ozone is a triatomic molecule formed by three oxygen
atoms bonding together.

3. Answer:

Solution Description:

Argon is considered monoatomic because it exists as single atoms (Ar) in nature. Unlike elements that form
molecules with multiple atoms, argon's stable electronic conguration allows it to exist as individual atoms
without forming bonds with other argon atoms.

Subjective (Medium)

1. Answer:

Solution Description:

Oxygen exists as a diatomic molecule (O2 ) because two oxygen atoms share electrons to form a stable double
bond, achieving a full outer electron shell. Sulfur, however, forms an octatomic ring structure (S8 ) due to
its larger atomic size and lower tendency to form multiple bonds. This dierence indicates that oxygen has
diatomic atomicity while sulfur has polyatomic atomicity.

2. Answer:

Solution Description:

Helium is a monoatomic element (He), meaning it exists as single atoms due to its stable noble gas conguration.
Phosphorus, however, forms tetra-atomic molecules (P4 ) with four phosphorus atoms arranged in a tetrahedral
structure. The dierence in atomicity aects their physical properties: helium is a lightweight gas at room
temperature, while phosphorus is a solid due to stronger intermolecular forces in P4 .
3. Answer:

Solution Description:

Metals like iron (F e) do not form simple molecules because they consist of a large, indenite number of atoms
bonded together in a metallic lattice. In contrast, non-metals like chlorine (Cl2 ) form diatomic molecules due
to covalent bonding between two atoms. The metallic structure results in no xed atomicity for metals, whereas
non-metals like chlorine exhibit dened atomicity (diatomic in this case).

Subjective (Hard)

1. Answer:

Solution Description:

To nd the total number of oxygen atoms:

1 mole of O2 contains 2 × NA atoms, where NA is Avogadro's number (6.022 × 1023 ).
For 3 moles of O2 , number of atoms = 3 × 2 × NA = 6NA .
1 mole of O3 contains 3 × NA atoms.
For 2 moles of O3 , number of atoms = 2 × 3 × NA = 6NA .
Total oxygen atoms = 6NA + 6NA = 12NA = 12 × 6.022 × 1023 = 7.2264 × 1024 .

2. Answer:

Solution Description:

To calculate the number of sulfur molecules:

Molar mass of S8 = 8 × 32 = 256 g/mol.
Number of moles in 5 g of S8 = 5
256 ≈ 0.01953 mol.
Number of molecules = 0.01953 × 6.022 × 1023 ≈ 1.176 × 1022 .

3. Answer:

Solution Description:

Helium is monoatomic (He), while hydrogen is diatomic (H2 ).

Moles of helium = 4
4 = 1 mol (Molar mass of He = 4 g/mol).
Atoms in helium = 1 × NA = 6.022 × 1023 .
Moles of hydrogen = 4
2 = 2 mol (Molar mass of H2 = 2 g/mol).
Molecules of hydrogen = 2 × NA = 12.044 × 1023 .
Since each H2 has 2 atoms, total hydrogen atoms = 2 × 12.044 × 1023 = 2.4088 × 1024 .
Hydrogen has more atoms than helium.

4. Answer:

Solution Description:

Molar mass of P4 = 4 × 31 = 124 g/mol.

620 mg = 0.62 g.
Moles of P4 = 0.62
124 = 0.005 mol.
Number of molecules = 0.005 × 6.022 × 1023 = 3.011 × 1021 .
 Topic: WHAT IS AN ION?

Subjective (Easy)

1. Answer:

Solution Description:

An ion is a charged species that can be either positively or negatively charged. A positively charged ion is
called a cation, and a negatively charged ion is called an anion. For example:
- Cation: N a+ (Sodium ion)
- Anion: Cl− (Chloride ion)

2. Answer:

Solution Description:

- M g 2+ is a cation because it has a positive charge.

- OH − is a polyatomic anion because it is a group of atoms with a negative charge.
- N H4+ is a polyatomic cation because it is a group of atoms with a positive charge.

3. Answer:

Solution Description:

- Aluminium ion (Al3+ ) has a +3 charge.

- Oxide ion (O2− ) has a -2 charge.

Subjective (Medium)

1. Answer:

Solution Description:

The magnesium ion M g 2+ has a charge of +2, and the oxide ion O2− has a charge of -2. Since their charges
are equal in magnitude but opposite in sign, they combine in a 1:1 ratio to form a neutral compound. The
chemical formula is M gO. Here's why:
Step 1: Magnesium ion contributes +2 charge.
Step 2: Oxide ion contributes -2 charge.
Step 3: Total charge = (+2) + (-2) = 0.
Thus, the charges balance each other, resulting in a neutral compound.

2. Answer:

Solution Description:

The ammonium ion (N H4+ ) has a +1 charge, and the nitrate ion (N O3− ) has a -1 charge. When combined:
Step 1: Ammonium ion charge = +1.
Step 2: Nitrate ion charge = -1.
 Step 3: Net charge = (+1) + (-1) = 0.
The chemical formula is N H4 N O3 . The charges cancel out, making the molecule neutral.

3. Answer:

Solution Description:

Calcium carbonate consists of calcium ions (Ca2+ ) and carbonate ions (CO32− ).
Step 1: Calcium ion has a charge of +2.
Step 2: Carbonate ion has a charge of -2.
Step 3: To balance the charges, one Ca2+ combines with one CO32− .
Step 4: The ratio is 1:1 because the charges are equal and opposite.
Thus, the compound CaCO3 contains one Ca2+ and one CO32− ion.

Subjective (Hard)

1. Answer:

Solution Description:

To nd the ratio by number of atoms:

For calcium oxide (CaO):
- Valency of calcium (Ca2+ ) is 2.
- Valency of oxygen (O2− ) is 2.
- They combine in a 1:1 ratio because their valencies balance each other.
- Thus, the ratio by number of atoms is 1 Ca : 1 O.
For magnesium sulphide (M gS ):
- Valency of magnesium (M g 2+ ) is 2.
- Valency of sulfur (S 2− ) is 2.
- They also combine in a 1:1 ratio since their valencies balance.
- Thus, the ratio by number of atoms is 1 Mg : 1 S.

2. Answer:

Solution Description:

To determine the chemical formula:

- Ammonium ion (N H4+ ) has a charge of +1.
- Sulphate ion (SO42− ) has a charge of -2.
- Two ammonium ions will balance one sulphate ion to form (N H4 )2 SO4 .
Ratio by mass:
- Molar mass of N H4 = 14 (N) + 4 × 1 (H) = 18 g/mol.
- Molar mass of SO4 = 32 (S) + 4 × 16 (O) = 96 g/mol.
- Total mass of (N H4 )2 = 2 × 18 = 36 g/mol.
- Ratio by mass = 36 g (N H4 )2 : 96 g SO4 = 3:8.

3. Answer:

Solution Description:
 To predict the formula:
- Aluminum (Al) forms a Al3+ cation (valency = 3).
- Nitrogen (N ) forms a N 3− anion (valency = 3).
- Since their valencies are equal, they combine in a 1:1 ratio.
- The chemical formula is AlN .
Types of ions:
- Cation: Al3+ (positively charged).
- Anion: N 3− (negatively charged).

Topic: MOLECULES OF COMPOUNDS

Subjective (Easy)

1. Answer:

Solution Description:

To nd the ratio by number of atoms in ammonia (N H3 ), we use the given ratio by mass and atomic masses:
1. For Nitrogen (N):
Ratio by mass = 14, Atomic mass = 14 u.
Simplest ratio/mass = 14/14 = 1.
2. For Hydrogen (H):
Ratio by mass = 3, Atomic mass = 1 u.
Simplest ratio/mass = 3/1 = 3.
3. The ratio by number of atoms is N : H = 1 : 3.

2. Answer:

Solution Description:

To write the chemical formula for calcium chloride:

1. Determine the symbols and valencies:
Calcium (Ca2+ ), Chlorine (Cl− ).
2. Criss-cross the valencies to balance charges:
The subscript for calcium becomes 1 (from chlorine's valency), and the subscript for chlorine becomes 2 (from
calcium's valency).
3. The formula is CaCl2 .

3. Answer:

Solution Description:

To nd the ratio by number of atoms in carbon dioxide (CO2 ), we use the given ratio by mass and atomic
 masses:
1. For Carbon (C):
Ratio by mass = 3, Atomic mass = 12 u.
Simplest ratio/mass = 3/12 = 1/4.
2. For Oxygen (O):
Ratio by mass = 8, Atomic mass = 16 u.
Simplest ratio/mass = 8/16 = 1/2.
3. To get whole numbers, multiply both ratios by 4:
Carbon = (1/4) × 4 = 1.
Oxygen = (1/2) × 4 = 2.
4. The ratio by number of atoms is C : O = 1 : 2.

Subjective (Medium)

1. Answer:

Solution Description:

To nd the ratio by the number of atoms, we divide the given mass ratio by the respective atomic masses.
For Carbon:
Ratio by mass = 3, Atomic mass = 12 u
Simplest ratio = 3
12 = 1
4

For Oxygen:
Ratio by mass = 8, Atomic mass = 16 u
Simplest ratio = 8
16 = 1
2

Now, to convert these ratios into whole numbers, we multiply both by 4 (the least common multiple of denom-
inators 4 and 2):
Carbon : 1
4 ×4=1
Oxygen : 1
2 ×4=2
Thus, the ratio by the number of atoms is C : O = 1 : 2.

2. Answer:

Solution Description:

To write the chemical formula, we follow the criss-cross method to balance the charges.
Given:
Aluminium ion = Al3+ , Sulphate ion = SO42−
The valency of Aluminium is +3, and the valency of Sulphate is -2.
Criss-crossing the valencies:
Al3+ and SO42− =⇒ Al2 (SO4 )3
This ensures the total positive charge equals the total negative charge:
2 × (+3) + 3 × (−2) = 6 − 6 = 0
Therefore, the formula is Al2 (SO4 )3 .
3. Answer:

Solution Description:

We know the mass ratio of Nitrogen to Hydrogen in ammonia is 14:3.

Given:
Mass of Nitrogen = 28 g
Let the mass of Hydrogen required be x grams.
According to the ratio:
14 28
3 = x

Cross-multiplying:
14x = 3 × 28
14x = 84
x= 84
14 = 6g
Therefore, 6 grams of Hydrogen is needed.

Subjective (Hard)

1. Answer:

Solution Description:

To nd the simplest ratio by number of atoms:

1. Given ratio by mass is Carbon:Oxygen = 3:8.
2. Atomic mass of Carbon (C ) = 12 u.
3. Atomic mass of Oxygen (O) = 16 u.
4. Divide the mass ratio by their respective atomic masses to get the simplest ratio:
Carbon = 3
12 = 14 , Oxygen = 8
16 = 1
2

5. Multiply both values by 4 to remove fractions:

Carbon = 1, Oxygen = 2
6. The simplest ratio by number of atoms is C : O = 1 : 2.
7. Thus, the chemical formula is CO2 .

2. Answer:

Solution Description:

To derive the chemical formula:

1. Identify valencies: Aluminium ion (Al3+ ) has a charge of +3, sulphate ion (SO42− ) has a charge of -2.
2. Cross-multiply the charges to balance the total charge:
2 × (+3) + 3 × (−2) = 6 − 6 = 0
3. Therefore, two Al3+ ions combine with three SO42− ions.
4. The chemical formula is Al2 (SO4 )3 .

3. Answer:

Solution Description:

Verication process:
 1. Given ratio by mass is Nitrogen:Hydrogen = 14:3.
2. Atomic mass of Nitrogen (N ) = 14 u.
3. Atomic mass of Hydrogen (H ) = 1 u.
4. Find the simplest ratio by number of atoms:
Nitrogen = 14
14 = 1, Hydrogen = 3
1 =3
5. Simplest ratio is N : H = 1 : 3.
6. Thus, the formula N H3 conrms there are 3 hydrogen atoms per nitrogen atom.

4. Answer:

Solution Description:

Part 1: Formula derivation

1. Calcium ion (Ca2+ ) and hydroxide ion (OH − ).
2. Cross-multiply charges to balance: Ca(OH)2 .
Part 2: Percentage of oxygen
1. Molar mass of Ca(OH)2 :

Ca = 40 u, 2 × (O)
= 32 u, 2 × (H)
= 2 u.

2. Total molar mass = 40 + 32 + 2 = 74 u.

3. Mass contribution of Oxygen = 32 u.
4. Percentage of Oxygen:
32


74 × 100 = 43.24%.

Topic: Writing Chemical Formulae

Subjective (Easy)

1. Answer:

Solution Description:

Potassium has a symbol K and valency +1. Chlorine has a symbol Cl and valency -1. Since their valencies
are equal in magnitude, we simply combine one atom of each element. The formula is formed by writing metal
rst: KCl.

2. Answer:

Solution Description:
 Calcium (Ca) has valency +2. Nitrate (N O3 ) has valency -1. We criss-cross the valencies to balance the
charges, getting Ca(N O3 )2 . The bracket is used because there are two nitrate ions.

3. Answer:

Solution Description:

The formula Li2 O contains lithium (symbol Li) and oxygen (symbol O). Lithium is a metal written rst,
followed by the non-metal oxygen.

Subjective (Medium)

1. Answer:

Solution Description:

Potassium has a valency of 1 (K + ) and phosphate ion has a valency of 3 (P O43− ). To balance the charges, we
need three potassium ions for every one phosphate ion. Therefore, the chemical formula is K3 P O4 .

2. Answer:

Solution Description:

Barium has a valency of 2 (Ba2+ ) and sulphur has a valency of 2 (S 2− ). The charges are already balanced
since 2+ cancels out 2-. Thus, the chemical formula is BaS .

3. Answer:

Solution Description:

Ammonium ion has a valency of 1 (N H4+ ) and carbonate ion has a valency of 2 (CO32− ). To balance the charges,
two ammonium ions are needed for every one carbonate ion. Hence, the chemical formula is (N H4 )2 CO3 .

Subjective (Hard)

1. Answer:

Solution Description:

**Step 1:** Identify valencies of ions.

Iron ion: F e3+ (valency = 3), Phosphate ion: P O43− (valency = 3).
**Step 2:** Apply criss-cross method.
Swap valencies: F e3 (P O4 )3 .
**Step 3:** Simplify subscripts by dividing by common factor (3): F eP O4 .
**Step 4:** Brackets are used for P O4 because it is a polyatomic ion, and without brackets, the subscript
would incorrectly imply only oxygen has the subscript (e.g., F eP O4 vs. F eP3 O12 ).
Final formula: F eP O4 .

2. Answer:

Solution Description:

**Step 1:** Break down the formula:

2 ammonium ions (2 × N H4+ ) and 1 sulphate ion (SO42− ).
**Step 2:** Calculate mass of (N H4 )2 :
 2 × (14 + 4 × 1) = 2 × 18 = 36 u.
**Step 3:** Calculate mass of SO4 :
32 + 4 × 16 = 32 + 64 = 96 u.
**Step 4:** Total mass = 36 + 96 = 132 u.
**Note:** Brackets indicate 2 ammonium groups; without them, the calculation would miss the multiplier (e.g.,
N H4 SO4 would be incorrect).

3. Answer:

Solution Description:

**Step 1:** Identify valencies:

Chromium ion: Cr3+ (valency = 3), Sulphide ion: S 2− (valency = 2).
**Step 2:** Find LCM of valencies (6) to balance charges:
Cr2 S3 (total charge: 2 × 3 + 3 × (−2) = 0).
**Step 3:** Transition metals have incomplete d-subshells, allowing multiple oxidation states (e.g., Cr2+ , Cr3+ )
due to varying electron loss.

4. Answer:

Solution Description:

**Step 1:** Balance charges via criss-cross:

Ca3 (P O4 )2 (total charge: 3 × 2 + 2 × (−3) = 0).
**Step 2:** Calculate molar masses:
Calcium: 3 × 40 = 120 u, Phosphorus: 2 × 31 = 62 u.
**Step 3:** Mass ratio = 120
62 ≈ 1.94 : 1 (Ca:P).
**Note:** The bracket ensures correct stoichiometry for P O4 groups.

Topic: FORMULAE OF SIMPLE COMPOUNDS

Subjective (Easy)

1. Answer:

Solution Description:

To write the chemical formula for potassium chloride, we need to know the valencies of potassium and chlorine:
1. Potassium (K ) has a valency of +1.
2. Chlorine (Cl) has a valency of -1.
To balance the charges, we criss-cross the valencies:
The formula is obtained as KCl since the valencies are equal and opposite.
2. Answer:

Solution Description:

To write the chemical formula for calcium carbonate:

1. Calcium (Ca) has a valency of +2.
2. Carbonate (CO3 ) has a valency of -2.
Criss-crossing the valencies gives:
The formula is CaCO3 . No brackets are needed because there is only one carbonate ion.

3. Answer:

Solution Description:

To write the chemical formula for aluminium sulphate:

1. Aluminium (Al) has a valency of +3.
2. Sulphate (SO4 ) has a valency of -2.
To balance the charges, nd the least common multiple (LCM) of 3 and 2, which is 6. Therefore:
- We need 2 aluminium ions (2 × +3 = +6).
- We need 3 sulphate ions (3 × −2 = −6).
The formula is written as Al2 (SO4 )3 with brackets around the polyatomic ion.

Subjective (Medium)

1. Answer:

Solution Description:

To write the chemical formula for the compound formed between aluminum (Al) and sulfur (S ), follow these
steps:
1. Identify the valencies: Aluminum has a valency of 3+ (Al3+ ), and sulfur has a valency of 2− (S 2− ).
2. Criss-cross the valencies to balance the charges: The 3 from aluminum goes to sulfur, and the 2 from sulfur
goes to aluminum.
3. Write the formula using the criss-crossed numbers as subscripts: Al2 S3 .
4. Check if the charges balance:
- Total positive charge = 2 × 3+ = 6+ .
- Total negative charge = 3 × 2− = 6− .
Since the charges balance, the formula is correct.
Final Answer: The chemical formula is Al2 S3 .

2. Answer:

Solution Description:

To write the chemical formula for calcium phosphate, follow these steps:
1. Identify the ions and their valencies: Calcium ion is Ca2+ , and phosphate ion is P O43− .
2. Criss-cross the valencies to balance the charges: The 2 from calcium goes to phosphate, and the 3 from
phosphate goes to calcium.
3. Write the formula using the criss-crossed numbers as subscripts: Ca3 (P O4 )2 . Note that the phosphate ion
 is enclosed in brackets because there are two of them.
4. Check if the charges balance:
- Total positive charge = 3 × 2+ = 6+ .
- Total negative charge = 2 × 3− = 6− .
Since the charges balance, the formula is correct.
Final Answer: The chemical formula is Ca3 (P O4 )2 .

3. Answer:

Solution Description:

To write the simplied chemical formula for the compound formed between magnesium (M g ) and oxygen (O),
follow these steps:
1. Identify the valencies: Magnesium has a valency of 2+ (M g 2+ ), and oxygen has a valency of 2− (O2− ).
2. Criss-cross the valencies to get the initial formula: The 2 from magnesium goes to oxygen, and the 2 from
oxygen goes to magnesium, giving M g2 O2 .
3. Simplify the formula by dividing the subscripts by their greatest common divisor (GCD), which is 2: M gO.
4. Check if the charges balance:
- Total positive charge = 1 × 2+ = 2+ .
- Total negative charge = 1 × 2− = 2− .
Since the charges balance, the simplied formula is correct.
Final Answer: The simplied chemical formula is M gO.

Subjective (Hard)

1. Answer:

Solution Description:

First, identify the valencies of aluminum and phosphate. Aluminum has a valency of 3+ (Al3+ ), and phosphate
has a valency of 3− (P O43− ). Using the criss-cross method, swap their valencies to get the formula AlP O4 .
Unlike Ca2 O2 which simplies to CaO because both have the same valency (2), AlP O4 cannot be simplied
further because the valencies are already balanced (3+ and 3-).

2. Answer:

Solution Description:

Iron(III) means iron has a valency of 3+ (F e3+ ), and sulfur has a valency of 2− (S 2− ). The student's mistake
is not balancing the total charge. Using the criss-cross method, we swap the valencies: F e3+ and S 2− become
F e2 S3 . This balances the total charge: (2 × 3+) + (3 × 2−) = 6 + −6− = 0.

3. Answer:

Solution Description:

Copper(II) has a valency of 2+ (Cu2+ ), and nitrate is a polyatomic ion with a valency of 1− (N O3− ). When
writing the formula, the subscript applies only to the entire polyatomic ion (not individual atoms), so we enclose
N O3 in brackets and write the subscript 2 outside: Cu(N O3 )2 . Writing CuN O6 would incorrectly imply one
nitrogen and six oxygen atoms, which violates the polyatomic ion's structure.
4. Answer:

Solution Description:

Ammonium (N H4+ ) has a valency of 1+, and carbonate (CO32− ) has a valency of 2−. Criss-crossing gives
(N H4 )2 CO3 . The brackets preserve the polyatomic ions' integrity. Writing N H8 CO3 or N2 H8 CO3 would
break the ammonium and carbonate units, leading to incorrect molecular representation.

Topic: Molecular Mass

Subjective (Easy)

1. Answer:

Solution Description:

The molecular mass of sulfur dioxide (SO2 ) is calculated by adding the atomic masses of all atoms in the
molecule.
Atomic mass of sulfur (S) = 32 u
Atomic mass of oxygen (O) = 16 u
Since there is 1 sulfur atom and 2 oxygen atoms in SO2 , the molecular mass is:
1 × 32 + 2 × 16 = 32 + 32 = 64 u

2. Answer:

Solution Description:

The formula unit mass of potassium chloride (KCl) is calculated by adding the atomic masses of all ions in
the compound.
Atomic mass of potassium (K) = 39 u
Atomic mass of chlorine (Cl) = 35.5 u
Since there is 1 potassium ion and 1 chlorine ion in KCl, the formula unit mass is:
1 × 39 + 1 × 35.5 = 39 + 35.5 = 74.5 u

3. Answer:

Solution Description:

The molecular mass of glucose (C6 H12 O6 ) is calculated by adding the atomic masses of all atoms in the
molecule.
Atomic mass of carbon (C) = 12 u
Atomic mass of hydrogen (H) = 1 u
Atomic mass of oxygen (O) = 16 u
Since there are 6 carbon atoms, 12 hydrogen atoms, and 6 oxygen atoms in C6 H12 O6 , the molecular mass is:
6 × 12 + 12 × 1 + 6 × 16 = 72 + 12 + 96 = 180 u
Subjective (Medium)

1. Answer:

Solution Description:

The molecular mass of H2 SO4 is calculated by adding the atomic masses of all its constituent atoms.
Step 1: Identify the number of each type of atom in the molecule. There are 2 hydrogen (H) atoms, 1 sulfur
(S) atom, and 4 oxygen (O) atoms.
Step 2: Multiply the number of each atom by its respective atomic mass.
For hydrogen (H): 2 × 1 = 2 u.
For sulfur (S): 1 × 32 = 32 u.
For oxygen (O): 4 × 16 = 64 u.
Step 3: Add these values together to get the total molecular mass.
2 + 32 + 64 = 98 u.
Therefore, the molecular mass of H2 SO4 is 98 u.

2. Answer:

Solution Description:

To nd the formula unit mass of Al2 (SO4 )3 , we need to consider all the atoms in the formula unit.
Step 1: Break down the formula into individual components. Al2 (SO4 )3 contains 2 aluminum (Al) atoms, 3
sulfur (S) atoms, and 12 oxygen (O) atoms (since (SO4 )3 means there are 3 sulfate groups, each with 4 oxygen
atoms).
Step 2: Multiply the number of each atom by its respective atomic mass.
For aluminum (Al): 2 × 27 = 54 u.
For sulfur (S): 3 × 32 = 96 u.
For oxygen (O): 12 × 16 = 192 u.
Step 3: Add these values together.
54 + 96 + 192 = 342 u.
So, the formula unit mass of Al2 (SO4 )3 is 342 u.

3. Answer:

Solution Description:

To verify the molecular mass of glucose (C6 H12 O6 ), we calculate it step by step using the given atomic masses.
Step 1: Count the number of each type of atom in the molecule. Glucose has 6 carbon (C) atoms, 12 hydrogen
(H) atoms, and 6 oxygen (O) atoms.
Step 2: Multiply each count by the corresponding atomic mass.
For carbon (C): 6 × 12 = 72 u.
For hydrogen (H): 12 × 1 = 12 u.
For oxygen (O): 6 × 16 = 96 u.
Step 3: Add all these contributions.
72 + 12 + 96 = 180 u.
 This conrms that the molecular mass of glucose is indeed 180 u, as given.

Subjective (Hard)

1. Answer:

Solution Description:

First, assume 100 g of the compound. Therefore:

Carbon = 40 g (since 40% of 100 g)
Hydrogen = 6.67 g
Oxygen = 53.33 g
Convert mass to moles using atomic masses (C = 12 u, H = 1 u, O = 16 u):
Moles of C = 40
12 ≈ 3.33
Moles of H = 6.67
1 = 6.67
Moles of O = 53.33
16 ≈ 3.33
Find the simplest whole-number ratio by dividing each by the smallest number of moles (3.33):
C: 3.33
3.33 =1
H: 6.67
3.33 ≈2
O: 3.33
3.33 =1
Empirical formula is CH2 O.
Empirical formula mass = 12 + 2(1) + 16 = 30 u.
Given molecular mass = 180 u, n (multiplier) = 180
30 = 6.
Molecular formula = (CH2 O)6 = C6 H12 O6 .

2. Answer:

Solution Description:

Assume 100 g of the compound:

Carbon = 42.11 g
Hydrogen = 6.43 g
Oxygen = 51.46 g
Moles of C = 42.11
12 ≈ 3.51
Moles of H = 6.43
1 = 6.43
Moles of O = 51.46
16 ≈ 3.22
Divide by the smallest number of moles (3.22):
C: 3.51
3.22 ≈ 1.09
H: 6.43
3.22 ≈2
O: 3.22
3.22 =1
Multiply by 9 to get whole numbers:
C: 9.81 10
H: 18
O: 9
 Empirical formula is C10 H18 O9 .
Empirical formula mass = 10(12) + 18(1) + 9(16) = 120 + 18 + 144 = 282 u.
Given molecular mass = 342 u, n = 342
282 ≈ 1.21.
Since n must be an integer, recalculate with adjusted empirical formula to match exact molecular mass.

3. Answer:

Solution Description:

Mass of bromine = Total mass - Mass of calcium = 5.00 g - 1.00 g = 4.00 g.

Moles of Ca = 1.00
40 = 0.025 mol (atomic mass of Ca = 40 u).
Moles of Br = 4.00
80 = 0.05 mol (atomic mass of Br = 80 u).
Ratio of Ca to Br = 0.025
0.025 : 0.05
0.025 = 1 : 2.
Empirical formula is CaBr2 .
Formula unit mass = 40 + 2(80) = 200 u.

4. Answer:

Solution Description:

Moles of CO2 = 1.32

44 = 0.03 mol (molar mass of CO2 = 44 g/mol). This means 0.03 mol of C in the compound.
Moles of H2 O = 0.72
18 = 0.04 mol (molar mass of H2 O = 18 g/mol). This means 0.08 mol of H in the compound
(since each H2 O has 2 H atoms).
Mass of C = 0.03 × 12 = 0.36 g.
Mass of H = 0.08 × 1 = 0.08 g.
Total accounted mass = 0.36 + 0.08 = 0.44 g.
Remaining mass = 0.90 − 0.44 = 0.46 g (assumed to be oxygen).
Moles of O = 0.46
16 ≈ 0.0288 mol.
Mole ratios (divide by smallest mole count, 0.0288):
C: 0.03
0.0288 ≈ 1.04 ≈ 1
H: 0.08
0.0288 ≈ 2.78 ≈ 3
O: 0.0288
0.0288 =1
Empirical formula is CH3 O (mass = 12 + 3(1) + 16 = 31 u).
n= 180
31 ≈ 5.806 6.
Molecular formula = (CH3 O)6 = C6 H18 O6 .

Topic: FORMULA UNIT MASS

Subjective (Easy)
1. Answer:

Solution Description:

Formula unit mass is calculated by adding the atomic masses of all atoms in the formula unit. For M gCl2 ,
there is 1 atom of Mg and 2 atoms of Cl. Thus, the formula unit mass can be calculated as follows:
Step 1: Multiply the atomic mass of Mg by the number of Mg atoms.
1 × 24 = 24 u
Step 2: Multiply the atomic mass of Cl by the number of Cl atoms.
2 × 35.5 = 71 u
Step 3: Add the results from Step 1 and Step 2 to get the formula unit mass.
24 + 71 = 95 u
The formula unit mass of M gCl2 is 95 u.

2. Answer:

Solution Description:

For Al2 O3 , there are 2 atoms of Al and 3 atoms of O. The formula unit mass is calculated as:
Step 1: Multiply the atomic mass of Al by the number of Al atoms.
2 × 27 = 54 u
Step 2: Multiply the atomic mass of O by the number of O atoms.
3 × 16 = 48 u
Step 3: Add the results from Step 1 and Step 2 to nd the formula unit mass.
54 + 48 = 102 u
The formula unit mass of Al2 O3 is 102 u.

3. Answer:

Solution Description:

In N a2 SO4 , there are 2 atoms of Na, 1 atom of S, and 4 atoms of O. The formula unit mass is calculated as
follows:
Step 1: Multiply the atomic mass of Na by the number of Na atoms.
2 × 23 = 46 u
Step 2: Multiply the atomic mass of S by the number of S atoms.
1 × 32 = 32 u
Step 3: Multiply the atomic mass of O by the number of O atoms.
4 × 16 = 64 u
Step 4: Add the results from Step 1, Step 2, and Step 3 to obtain the formula unit mass.
46 + 32 + 64 = 142 u
The formula unit mass of N a2 SO4 is 142 u.

Subjective (Medium)

1. Answer:

Solution Description:
 To calculate the formula unit mass of Al2 (SO4 )3 , we add the atomic masses of all atoms in the formula unit.
Step 1: Break down the compound into its constituent elements and their quantities:
- 2 atoms of Aluminium (Al)
- 3 units of Sulfate (SO4 ), where each unit contains:
- 1 atom of Sulfur (S)
- 4 atoms of Oxygen (O)
Step 2: Calculate individual contributions:
- Contribution from Al = 2 × 27 = 54 u
- Contribution from S in one sulfate unit = 1 × 32 = 32 u
- Contribution from O in one sulfate unit = 4 × 16 = 64 u
- Total contribution per sulfate unit = 32 + 64 = 96 u
- Since there are 3 sulfate units, total contribution = 3 × 96 = 288 u
Step 3: Add all contributions to get formula unit mass:
54 + 288 = 342 u
The formula unit mass of Al2 (SO4 )3 is 342 u.

2. Answer:

Solution Description:

To nd the formula unit mass of Mg(OH)2 , sum the atomic masses of all atoms in the formula unit.
Step 1: Identify the number of each type of atom in the formula unit:
- 1 atom of Magnesium (Mg)
- 2 hydroxide (OH) groups, each containing:
- 1 atom of Oxygen (O)
- 1 atom of Hydrogen (H)
Step 2: Calculate contributions:
- Contribution from Mg = 1 × 24 = 24 u
- Contribution per OH group = 1 × 16 + 1 × 1 = 17 u
- Total contribution from 2 OH groups = 2 × 17 = 34 u
Step 3: Add contributions to get formula unit mass:
24 + 34 = 58 u
The formula unit mass of Mg(OH)2 is 58 u.

3. Answer:

Solution Description:

To compare the formula unit masses, rst calculate them individually.

Step 1: Formula unit mass of K2 SO4 :
- 2 atoms of K = 2 × 39 = 78 u
- 1 atom of S = 1 × 32 = 32 u
- 4 atoms of O = 4 × 16 = 64 u
 - Total = 78 + 32 + 64 = 174 u
Step 2: Formula unit mass of NaCl:
- 1 atom of Na = 1 × 23 = 23 u
- 1 atom of Cl = 1 × 35.5 = 35.5 u
- Total = 23 + 35.5 = 58.5 u
Step 3: Compare results:
174 u (K2 SO4 ) is greater than 58.5 u (NaCl) because K2 SO4 has more atoms with higher atomic masses (e.g.,
two potassium atoms instead of one sodium atom, plus additional sulfur and oxygen atoms).

Subjective (Hard)

1. Answer:

Solution Description:

To nd the total formula unit mass:

Step 1: Calculate the formula unit mass of M gO:
1 × 24 + 1 × 16 = 40 u
For 5 units: 5 × 40 = 200 u.
Step 2: Calculate the formula unit mass of Al2 (SO4 )3 :
2 × 27 + 3 × 32 + 12 × 16 = 54 + 96 + 192 = 342 u
For 2 units: 2 × 342 = 684 u.
Step 3: Calculate the formula unit mass of N aN O3 :
1 × 23 + 1 × 14 + 3 × 16 = 23 + 14 + 48 = 85 u
For 3 units: 3 × 85 = 255 u.
Total formula unit mass: 200 + 684 + 255 = 1139 u.

2. Answer:

Solution Description:

Given the ratio x : y = 1 : 2, let x = k and y = 2k .

The formula unit mass of F ex (SO4 )y is:
x × 56 + y × (32 + 4 × 16) = 400 u
Substitute x = k , y = 2k :
k × 56 + 2k × 96 = 400
Simplify:
56k + 192k = 248k = 400
Solve for k :
400
k= 248 ≈ 1.61
Since k must be an integer (formula units are whole numbers), round k to the nearest whole number (k = 2).
Thus, x = 2 and y = 4.

3. Answer:

Solution Description:
 Let the number of formula units be 3n for CaCO3 and 2n for M gCO3 .
Step 1: Formula unit mass of CaCO3 :
40 + 12 + 3 × 16 = 100 u
Step 2: Formula unit mass of M gCO3 :
24 + 12 + 3 × 16 = 84 u
Total mass for 3n units of CaCO3 : 3n × 100 = 300n u.
Total mass for 2n units of M gCO3 : 2n × 84 = 168n u.
Combined mass: 300n + 168n = 468n u.
Total formula units: 3n + 2n = 5n.
Average formula unit mass:
468n
5n = 93.6 u

4. Answer:

Solution Description:

The formula unit mass of CuSO4 · xH2 O is:

63.5 + 32 + 4 × 16 + x × (2 × 1 + 16) = 249.5
Simplify:
63.5 + 32 + 64 + 18x = 159.5 + 18x = 249.5
Solve for x:
18x = 249.5 − 159.5 = 90
90
x= 18 =5