1.

1 History and Pre-History of the Web

Tim Berners-Lee
• In 1989, at CERN (the scientific research laboratory near Geneva, Switzerland), Tim Berners-
Lee presented a proposal for an information management system that would enable the
sharing of knowledge and resourcesover a computer network. We now know this system as
the worldwide web (theweb).
• Berners-Lee originally promoted the web as a virtuallibrary, a document control system for
sharing information resources among researchers.
• Together with Belgian systems engineer Robert Cailliau, this was formalized as a
management proposal in November 1990.
• This outlined the principal concepts and it defined important terms behind the Web. The
document described a "hypertext project" called "Worldwide Web" in which a "web" of
"hypertext documents" could be viewed by “browsers”.
• By the end of 1990, Tim Berners-Lee had the first Web server and browser up and running
at CERN, demonstrating his ideas.
• In 1991, Berners-Lee released his WWW software. It included the ‘line-mode’ browser, Web
server software and a library for developers.
• In March 1991, the software became available to colleagues using CERN computers.
• A few months later, in August 1991, he announced the WWW software on Internet
newsgroups and interest in the project spread around the world

History of Web
Date Event in the History of the Internet

1965 The first two computers are connected via packet switching at MIT

1969 ARPANET, the first widely used computer network, is launched

1971 Email, electronic messages sent between computers, is developed

Nodes in Norway and Great Britain are connected to ARPANET, making it a global
1973
network

1974 The first ISP, Internet Service Provider, is launched

1974 The initial design for TCP is published

The National Science Foundation establishes CSNET, a network for computer scientists
1981
at research universities

1982 ARPANET computers switch to the TCP/IP protocols

The Domain Name System (DNS) establishes the naming conventions for websites,
1983
such as .com, .org, .edu, and .gov
 IRC, Internet Relay Chat, was launched, a precursor of our current instant messaging
1988
apps

Tim Berners-Lee develops HTML, which has a huge impact on how people interact with
1990
the internet

1991 The World Wide Web is introduced to the public

1993 The first browser accessible for the general user, Mosaic, is launched

1993 The White House and the United Nations create web pages

1995 Commercial businesses begin operating on the internet, including eBay and Amazon

1996 Hotmail, the first web-based email service, is launched

1998 Google goes online, revolutionizing the way users locate resources on the internet

Web 2.0, which refers to websites that are user driven and interactive, becomes
2004
popular

2004 Facebook launches

2005 YouTube and Reddit launch

2010 The internet records 400 million active users for the first time

Web Pages to Web Sites

• Early web sites were just looselyconnected sets of pages, branching hierarchically from a
home page; now, a web site is much more than just a conglomeration of web pages
• A small amount of HTML knowledge (and the proper computing resources) got you
something that could be called a web site.
• The webpage is a single document on the web using a unique URL, while a website is a
collection of multiple webpages in which information on a related topic or another subject is
linked together under the same domain address.

Difference between Webpage and Websites

Webpage Websites
Webpage consists of content regarding a single Website constitutes content regarding several
entity type entities
A direct URL link or a website can be used to A domain address is used to access it
access it
A combination of webpages is created using Information is in HTML language
HTML and CSS
An individual hypertext document linked under a A collection of multiple pages hosted on the
website server
Stores the contents or resources that are to be Is a place used to display the content
displayed on a website
Comparatively, less complex More complex to develop
Less time to develop Takes more time to develop
The web page address of any specific website is Website address (domain) is independent of
directly dependent on the website address webpage address. If the webpage is deleted for
(domain). Webpage will not work if the domain is any reason, the website will still continue to
down work. All other linked webpages will also work as
usual
Examples: Contact page, Registration Page, Examples: Flipkart.com, Nykaa.com, Amazon.com
Service Page, About Us page and so on and more

Web Sites to Web Applications

• The advent of the dynamic web, which resulted from the proliferation of dynamic
information services, changed all that.
• The new services ranged from CGI scripts to search engines to packages that
connected web applications torelational databases.
• No longer was it sufficient to build a web site (as opposedto a motley collection of web
pages). It became necessary to design a web application.
• What is a “web application?” It is a client-server application that uses a web browser
as its client program. It delivers interactive services through web serversdistributed over
the Internet (or an intranet).
• A web site simply delivers contentfrom static files. A web application can present
dynamically tailored content based on request parameters, tracked user behaviors, and
security considerations.

Web Application Website

Web application is designed for interaction with end

users. Website basically contains static content.

The user of web application can read the content of The user of website only can read the
web application and also manipulate the data. content of website but not manipulate.

The web application site should be precompiled The website does not need to be
before deployment. precompiled.

The function of a web application is quite complex. The function of website is simple.
Web Application Website

Web application is interactive for users. Web site is not interactive for users.

The browser capabilities involved with a web The browser capabilities involved with
application is high. web site is high.

Integration is complex for web application because

of its complex functionality. Integration is simpler for web site.

In web site authentication is not

Web application mostly requires authentication necessary.

EXAMPLE: - Breaking News, Aktu website,

EXAMPLE: - Amazon, Facebook, etc. etc.

History of Internet protocols ( TCP/IP)

• The roots of web technology can be found in the original Internet protocols (known
collectively as TCP/IP) developed in the 1980s. These protocols were anoutgrowth of work to
design a network called the ARPANET.
• The ARPANET was named for the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) of the US
Department of Defense (DoD).
• It came into being as a result of efforts in the 1970s to develop an open, common,
distributed, and decentralized computer networking architecture. The DoD’s goal was to
resolvenumerous problems with existing network architectures.
• First and foremost, among these problems was that the typical network topology was
centralized. A computer network had a single point of control directing communication
between all the systems belonging to that network.
• From a military perspective, such a topology had a critical flaw: destroy thatcentral point of
control and all possibility of communication was lost.
• Another issue was the proprietary nature of existing network architectures.
• Most of them were developed and controlled by private corporations, who had avested
interest both in pushing their own products and in keeping their technology to
themselves.
• DoD funded an endeavor to design the protocols for the next generation of computer
communications networking architectures.
• Establishing adecentralized, distributed network topology was foremost among the design
goals for the new networking architecture. Such a topology would allow communications
to continue without disruption, even if anyone system was damaged or destroyed.
• To facilitate this (and to accommodate another network reliability considerations), ARPANET
 employed a packet-switching technology, whereby anetwork “message” could be split up
into packets, each of which might take a different route over the network, arrive in
completely mixed-up order, and still be reassembled and understood by the intended
recipient
TCP/IP Architecture
• The original ARPANET was the first fruit borne of the DoD endeavor. The protocols behind
the ARPANET evolved over time into the TCP/IP Suite, a layered taxonomy of data
communications protocols.
• The name TCP/IP refers totwo of the most important protocols within the suite, Transmission
Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP), but the suite is comprised of many other
significant protocols and services.
Protocol layers
The protocol layers (above the “layer” of physical interconnection) associatedwith TCP/IP are:

• the Network Interface layer

• the Internet layers
• the Transport layers
• the Application layers.
This taxonomy contains layers, implementations of these protocols areoften known as a protocol
stack.
• The Network Interface layer is responsible for the lowest level of data transmission
within TCP/IP, facilitating communication with the underlyingphysical network.
• The Internet layer provides the mechanisms for intersystem communications,controlling
message routing, validity checking, and composition and decomposition of message
headers. The protocol known as IP (which stands, oddly enough, for Internet Protocol)
operates on this layer, as does the Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP), which
handles the transmission of control and error messages between systems. Ping is an
Internet service that operates through ICMP.
• The Transport layer provides message transport services between applicationsrunning on
remote systems. This is the layer in which the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
operates. TCP provides reliable, connection-oriented message transport. Most of the well-
known Internet services make use of TCP as their foundation

• The Application layer is the highest level within the TCP/IP protocol stack. Itis within this
layer that most of the services we associate with the Internet operate.
Comparison of TCP/IP with OSI model

OSI Model TCP/IP Model

It is developed by ISO (International Standard It is developed by ARPANET (Advanced Research

Organization) Project Agency Network).
OSI model provides a clear distinction between TCP/IP doesn’t have any clear distinguishing points
interfaces, services, and protocols. between services, interfaces, and protocols.
OSI refers to Open Systems Interconnection. TCP refers to Transmission Control Protocol.

OSI uses the network layer to define routing

TCP/IP uses only the Internet layer.
standards and protocols.

OSI follows a vertical approach. TCP/IP follows a horizontal approach.

OSI layers have seven layers. TCP/IP has four layers.

In the OSI model, the transport layer is only A layer of the TCP/IP model is both connection-
connection-oriented. oriented and connectionless.
In the OSI model, the data link layer and In TCP, physical and data link are both combined as a
physical are separate layers. single host-to-network layer.
Session and presentation layers are a part of There is no session and presentation layer in the TCP
the OSI model. model.

It is defined after the advent of the Internet. It is defined before the advent of the internet.

The minimum size of the OSI header is 5 bytes. The minimum header size is 20 bytes.

The Client Server Paradigm

• TCP/IP applications tend to operate according to the client-server paradigm.
• This simply means that, in these applications, servers (also called services and daemons,
depending on the lingo of the underlying operating system) execute bywaiting for requests
from client programs to arrive and processing those requests.
• Client programs can be applications used by human beings, or they could be servers that need
to make their own requests that can only be fulfilled by other servers. More often than not,
the client and the server run on separate machines,and communicate via a connection across
a network.
• The client/server paradigm divides into two categories, clients and servers. A client is software
that initiates a connection and sends requests, whereas a server is software that listens for
connections and processes requests.