UNIT 1

BASICS OF WEB TECHNOLOGY

1.1 WEB

1.1.1. Introduction
 Web is the part of the Internet that supports multimedia and consists of a collection of linked
documents.
 Web, is a system of interlinked hypertext documents accessed via the Internet. Web commonly known
as “World Wide Web” abbreviated WWW.
 Web is an application that uses the Internet for communications, with TCP/IP as the underlying
transport mechanism. Many companies’ set-up internet websites. A website, like a brochure, is a
collection of web pages. These pages on a Website are stored digitally on the Web-server.
 Web is a huge collection of “pages” of information linked to each other around the globe. With a web
browser, one can view web pages. Web uses the HTTP protocol, one of the languages, spoken over the
Internet, to transmit data. Web services, which use HTTP to allow applications to communicate in order
to exchange business logic, use the web to share information.
 Web utilises browsers, such as Internet Explorer or Netscape, to access web pages. It is a text file coded
in HTML, which may also contain JavaScript code or other commands. Each page can be a
combination of text, pictures, audio clips, animations and other electronically presentable material. On
web each web page navigates using hyperlinks.
 Web pages are stored on web server and send them to a client computer as and when it requests for
them. Internally, a webpage is a computer file stored on the disk of the server. The file contains tags
written in a codified form. These tags decide how the file would look when displayed on a computer
screen. The Website address is called as Uniform Resource Locator (URL).
 World Wide Web is non-linear. There is no top, there is no bottom. Non-linear means user do not have
to follow a hierarchical path to information resources. Thus:
i). User can jump from one link (resource) to another
ii). User can go directly to a resource if you know the URL i.e. its address
iii).User can even jump to specific parts of a document.
 Since the Web is not hierarchical and can handle graphics, it offers a great deal of flexibility in
organising, presenting and describing the information resources.

1.1.2. Brief History of Web

1) 1945: Vannevar Bush wrote in “Atlantic Monthly” about a memory extension – Memex – which
was a photo-electrical-mechanical device that linked documents on microfiche. Microfiche is a small
piece of photographic film printed with miniscule data.

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 2) 1958: In response to the launch of Sputnik(first artificial Earth satellite), the U.S. Defense
Department established Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), which eventually would focus
on computer networking and communications technology.
3) 1962: Doug Engelbart prototypes an “oNline System (NLS)” – for browsing and editing
information. In the process, he invented the computer mouse.
4) 1965: Ted Nelson coined the name “hypertext” for a complex, changing, indeterminate file structure.
Donald Davies at the UK National Physical Laboratory coined the terms “packet” and “packet
switching”.
5) 1969: ARPA started what would become the Internet when it created ARPANET connecting the
University California, and then the University of California at Santa Barbara and the University of
Utah.
ARPANET used packed switching for network robustness and disaster survivability.
6) 1971: File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is established. Fifteen sites were connected to Advanced Research
Projects Agency Network (ARPANET).
7) 1974: TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)/IP (Internet Protocol) becomes the Internet Protocol
Suite.
The term “Internet” was coined to describe a single global TCP/IP network.
8) 1978: Amateur radio operators began experimenting with packet radio transmitting ASCII encoded
data over VHF (Very High Frequency) amateur radio frequencies using homebuilt equipment.
9) 1979: USENET established for global discussion groups. USENET is a worldwide distributed
Internet discussion system.
10) 1980: Tim Berners-Lee, at CERN in Switzerland, wrote a notebook program called ENQUIRE
(Enquire-Within-Upon-Everything) – which linked computer information points.
CERN is the European Organization for Nuclear Research founded in 1952. The name is an acronym
for the French “Conseil European pour la Recherche Nucleaire” or European Council for Nuclear
Research. Earlier forms of text messaging become electronic mail, commonly called email or e-mail.
11) 1983: The Domain Name System (DNS) is invented. Generic top-level domain categories
are .gov, .edu, .com, .mil, .org and .net.
12) 1985: The country code .us is established as a top-level domain for the United States.
13) 1989: British engineer Tim Berners-Lee at CERN wrote “Information Management: A Proposal” and
“HyperText and CERN”. He proposed what was to become the World Wide Web.
14) 1990: Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web, HTML, and a text browser. He used a NeXT
computer to write a global hypertext system and create a hypertext graphical user interface (GUI)
browser and “what you see is what you get” editor.
He made up the name World Wide Web. Other names considered were Information Mesh, Mine of
Information, and Information Mine
He established the first successful communication between a Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
client and server via Internet. First web page was
http://nxoc01.cern.ch/hypertext/WWW.TheProject.html.
15) 1993: Marc Andreessen, Eric Bina and others at National Center for Supercomputing Applications
(NCSA) displayed first graphical browser, Mosaic. Other browsers were Midas, Erwise, Viola and

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 one for Mac. CERN donated the WWW technology to the world. More than 200 Web servers were
online.
16) 1994: Two million computers connected to the Internet were used mostly by academics, scientists,
and corporate researchers. Some major proprietary electronic services opened online services to the
public.
Marc Andreessen and Jim Clark left NCSA to found Mosaic Communications then changed its
name to Netscape. World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) founded, More than 1,500 servers were
online.
David Filo and Jilo Clark created Yahoo. University of North Carolina college station WXYC
became the first radio station in the world to broadcast its signal over the internet.
17) 1996: Microsoft Internet Explorer (IE) appeared. Hotmail was the first Web e-mail site.
18) 2000: Seventy million computers were connected to the Internet. The dot-com marked peaked, and
then crashed spectacularly. Google answered 18 million search queries per day.
19) 2001: Wikipedia opened. Google answered more than 100 million searches per day. Apple released
the first iPod. The file-sharing service Kazaa founded.
20) 2002: AOL had 34 million members.
21) 2003: More than three billion Web pages. New browsers include Apple Computer’s Safari and others
including Amaya, Camino, Lynx, Opera and Phoenix. The virtual world second Life was born.
MySpace started. WordPress blog publishing and content management system opens. Skype voice
calling over the Internet begins. Apple introduces the on-line music service iTunes.
22) 2004: Tenth anniversary of the Web’s general availability to the public. Newest browser is Firefox by
Mozilla. It and Apple Computer’s iPod pocket-sized MP3 music player are all the rage. Facebook
started collecting friends. Podcasting commenced. Flickr image hosting website opens. Digg was
founded. Mass use of Voice over Internet Protocol – VoIP – begins.
23) 2005: More than eight billion Web pages. Online technology is in two-thirds of American homes.
Three-quarters of Americans go online spending and average 12.5 hours there per week. Television
viewing declines among Internet users. High-speed always-on broadband access to the Internet is
changing dramatically how we related to the Web – how often we go online, what we do online, how
long we stay online. YouTube began storing and retrieving videos. Google Earth is a virtual globe,
map and geographical Internet site.
24) 2006: Twitter began issuing tweets. Google has indexed more than 25 billion web pages, 400 million
queries per day, 1.3 billion images, and more than a billion Usenet messages.
25) 2007: Apple released the iPhone multimedia and Internet smartphone.
26) 2008: Google released the Chrome web browser.
27) 2009: It’s estimated that a quarter of Earth’s population uses the Internet. Google sees one trillion
unique URLs – after eliminating duplicate entries. The Internet has at least 27 billion web pages and
could have as many as 58 billion web pages. They change so many times a day it has become nearly
impossible to count.
28) 2010: Apple released the iPad tablet computer. It’s estimated the population of Internet users is 1.97
billion. The Internet has surpassed newspapers as a primary way for Americans to get news,
according to the Pew Internet and American Life Project. The Internet is the third most popular news
platform, with many users looking to social media and personalized feeds for news. National and

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 local TV stations are strong, but the Internet is ahead of national and local newspapers. The majority
of news consumers use two to five websites per day for news. The proliferation of spyware, malware,
cyber-attacks and security leaks concerns Internet users. The Federal Communications Commission
establishes the first net neutrality rules.
29) 2011: The Internet can be accessed virtually anywhere allowing great flexibility in working hours and
location. Working collaboratively via the Internet and the sharing of ideas, knowledge and skills is
widespread. Educational materials from pre-school to post-doctoral are available on the Web. China,
India, Russia, Indonesia and Brazil represent about 45 percent of Earth’s population. However, their
600 million Internet users are only 30 percent of the two billion Internet users around the world. It’s
estimated their Internet users will double to 1.2 billion by 2015 while the global total increases to
some four billion users.
1.1.3. Features of WWW
Following are the important features of WWW:
1) Hyperlinked: A web page on the web may contain text (words) or graphic objects, which are linked
to other web page. Such type of links on a web page is called Hyperlink. A hyperlink may be either a
hypertext or hypermedia. A hypertext is a coloured and underlined text that one clicks to go to a file,
a location in a file, an HTML page on World Wide Web, or and HTML page on an Internet.
2) Graphical: Web is the interactive, graphic and multimedia part of internet. It is a collection of
databases, text, pictures, sounds, and digital movies.
3) Easier Navigation: Web browsers such as Internet Explorer and Netscape Navigator facilitate user to
navigate around web by providing Back, Forward, and History features. As web page on web
contains hypertext as well as hypermedia links, thus it becomes easy for the user to navigate around a
site.
4) Cross-Platform: Web is a part of Internet and internet employs open interconnection of computer
systems. An open interconnection is one that can be supported in a multi-vendor environment. So
WWW allows the system to be connected easily to devices and programs made by different
manufactures.
5) Distributed: Web is a collection of millions of websites on which information is distributed globally
on thousands of web servers.
6) Dynamic: Information on a required topic can be accessed dynamically on web just by clicking on
the relevant hyperlink. Information on a website is not arranged in linear fashion, i.e. page by page. A
website allows one access its any page randomly just by clicking on a link of the required page.
7) Interactive: Web pages on different websites contain interactive forms that users can fill and submit.
In this way users can communicate with the publisher of pages.
8) Supports All Protocols: Web uses HTTP (Hyper Text transfer Protocol) as its communication
protocol, i.e., for transfer of information; but it supports various protocols such as FTP, Telnet,
Gopher, etc., as it is a part of internet.

1.1.4. WWW Architecture

The basic web architecture is two-tiered and characterised by a web client that displays information content
and a web server that transfer information to the client. The web architecture forms the basis for various
applications that involve building software in which the functions are distributed among applications servers
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(where applications reside), data servers (where most of the data resides), and a group of client computers that
are usually networked PCs (where the information users work).

This architecture depends on four key

Databases
URL

TCP/IP CGI Content

Protocol

Web Client Software

Application
Figure 1.1: Components of Web

1) Hypertext Markup Language (HTML): Hyper Text Markup Language is the authoring language
used to create documents for World Wide Web.
2) Uniform Resource Locater (URL): An addressing protocol for objects in the WWW. These are two
types of URLs:
i). Universal Resource Names (URN): A URN is the name of a document (or other object) that
may be available form several at different URLs. When a Web user clicks on an anchor that
contains a URN, the browser must look up the URN to obtain a list of URLs that point to the
location(s) of the document. The browser then retrieves the document using one of the URLs.
ii). Universal Resource Locators (URL): A Universal Resource Locator is a unique address for
website or webpage. URL is entered in the address bar of a browser window.
3) Hypertext Transfer Language (HTTP): This protocol is used by the World Wide Web. HTTP
defines how messages are formatted and transmitted, and what actions Web servers and browsers
should take in response to various commands. HTTP is an application-level network protocol for the
WWW. In HTTP, commands (request methods) can be associated with particular types of network
objects (files, documents, network services). An HTTP transaction normally consist of the following
steps:
i). Establishing a TCP/IP connection to a WWW server,
ii). Sending a request to the server
iii).Returning a response from the server to the client
iv). Closing the connection.
4) CGI (Common Gateway Interface): The common gateway interface (CGI) is a standard way for a
Web server to pass a Web user’s request to an application program and to receive data back to forward
to the user. When the user requests a Web page, the server sends back the requested page. However,
when a user fills out a form on a Web page and sends it in, it usually needs to be processed by an
application program.

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 Web server typically passes the form information to a small application program that processes the
data and may send back a confirmation message. This method or convention for passing data back and
forth between the server and the application is called the common gateway interface (CGI). It is part of
the Web’s Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP).

1.1.5. Advantages of Web

1) Establish a Presence: Over seven Million people have access to the World Wide Web with more and
more added every day. Now businesses can’t afford to ignore this many potential customers. Become
an active member of this new growing cyber-culture by developing a web site. Modern companies can
easily and inexpensively expand with a new store that is open 24 hours a day in one of the fastest
growing cities in history.
2) Networking: Develop lines of communication that promote contact with potential clients and
organizations.
3) Provide Business Information: Like any printed form of advertising, the web site can post business
services, hours, location, phone and e-mail for the public to view, but unlike the traditional advertising
mediums, web site can have instant communication with information about your company that
changes regularly. A restaurant may allow customers to check on reservations for availability, search
the menu for vegetarian dishes, and see what the chef has posted as the special of the day to help them
quickly make an informed decision. Information on how and why people should use your company,
frequently asked questions and more can all be just a few mouse clicks away.
4) Service your Customers: customers can have access to business information and services that may
not be available any other way. Clients can be from anywhere in the world and shop in your store like
never before and from the comfort of their homes.
5) Conduct Business: A web site does not have to make money to be considered a successful endeavor,
but is does not hurt to generate some type of income. The web site can provide customers with the
tools needed to locate the exact product that they are looking for and the forms needed to purchase any
item or service online. This can occur automatically without draining human resources 24 hours a day.
6) Provide Files to Download: All pamphlets, brochures, advertisements, and even a demonstration
video of product or service can be down loaded from one’s web site. Anyone interested in company
will have access to files that can be designed to print beautiful informational brochures, complete with
pictures of one’s staff, or tables and graphs of information about one’s company. These same files can
have links to picture, sound and video files to enhance one’s ability to deliver and interactive and
effective introduction to one’s companies’ products and services.
7) Remote Employee/Office Access: Employees on the road or in satellite offices may need up-to-the-
minute information to properly accomplish their tasks. Sensitive information can be protected with a
password for employee access only. For the cost of a local phone call an employee can log into the
“office” from anywhere in the world at any time.
1.1.6. Disadvantages of Web
1) Time Consuming: It may separate and isolate people as the person may spend all their time on
Internet instead of interacting people face to face.
2) Unreliable: It may distribute unreliable and unchecked information.

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 3) Security Problem: It may threat national security. Most of the security problems encountered on the
web are due to human mistakes.
4) Fraud: It may enable frauds. Fraud over the web is popular because of its anonymity and ease of
promotion, and its lack of borders.

1.1.7. Protocol Governing the Web

 A protocol is the interface required for communicating the different applications.
 A protocol is a set of rules that is used to communicate
applications to each other. Computers use protocols (pr- Client Server
tocol program) to format consistently their messages so Program Program
that other computers can understand them, acknowledge
the receipt of messages, indicate that they are finished Protocol Protocol
sending a message and so on. In the network when one Program Physical Program
computer requests for the service of another, it is called Connection
client. In order to establish the needed connectivity, both
the client machine and the server machine must have a Client Machine Server Machine
common protocol program as shown in figure 2. Figure 1.2: Client-Server
Communication
 The protocol determines the following:
i. The type of error checking to be used
ii. Data compression method, if any
iii. How the sending device will indicate that it has finished sending a message
iv. How the receiving device will indicate that is has received a message.
 The Defence Advance Research Projects Agency (DARPA) originally developed Transmission
Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) to interconnect various defence department computer
networks. The Internet, an international Wide Area Network, uses TCP/IP to connect government and
educational institutions across the world. TCP/IP is also in widespread use on commercial and private
networks. The TCP/IP suite includes the following protocols:
i). Data Link Layer
a) ARP/RARP: TCP/IP uses the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) and the Reverse Address
Resolution Protocol (RARP) to initialize the use of Internet addressing on an Ethernet or other
network that uses its own media access control (MAC). ARP allows a host to communicate
with other hosts when only the Internet address of its neighbors is known.
b) PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol): It is a form of serial line data encapsulation that is an
improvement over SLIP which provides serial bi-directional communication. It is much like
SLIP but can support AppleTalk, IPX, TCP/IP, and NetBEUI along with TCP/IP which is
supported by SLIP. It can negotiate connection parameters, such as speed along with the ability
to support PAP (Password Authentication Protocol) and CHAP (Challenge Handshake
Authentication Protocol) user authentication.
c) SLIP (Serial Line Internet Protocol): This protocol places data packets into data frames in
preparation for transport across network hardware media. This protocol is used for sending
data across serial lines. There is no error correction, addressing or packet identification. There

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 are no authentication or negotiation capabilities with SLIP. SLIP will only support transport of
IP packets.
d) CSLIP (Compressed SLIP): It is essentially data compression of the SLIP protocol. It uses
Van Jacobson compression to drastically reduce the overhead of packet overhead. This may
also be used with PPP and called CPPP.
ii). Network Layer
a) DHCP: Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) provides Internet hosts with
configuration parameters. DHCP is an extension of BOOTP. DHCP consists of two
components: a protocol for delivering host-specific configuration parameters from a DHCP
server to a host and a mechanism for allocation of network addresses to hosts.
b) ICMP/ICMPv6: The Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) was revised during the
definition of IPv6. In addition, the multicast control functions of the IPv4 Group Membership
Protocol (IGMP) are now incorporated with the ICMPv6.
c) IGMP: The Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) is used by IP hosts to report their
host group memberships to any immediately neighboring multicast routers.
d) IP: The Internet Protocol (IP) is the routing layer datagram service of the TCP/IP suite. All
other protocols within the TCP/IP suite, except ARP and RARP, use IP to route frames from
host to host.
iii). Transport Layer
a) TCP: IETF RFC793 defines the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). TCP provides a
reliable stream delivery and virtual connection service to applications through the use of
sequenced acknowledgment with retransmission of packets when necessary.
b) UDP: The User Datagram Protocol (UDP), defined by IETF RFC768, provides a simple, but
unreliable message service for transaction-oriented services. Each UDP header carries both a
source port identifier and destination port identifier, allowing high-level protocols to target
specific applications and services among hosts.
iv). Application Layer
a) FTP: The File Transfer Protocol (FTP) provides the basic elements of file sharing between
hosts. FTP uses TCP to create a virtual connection for control information and then creates a
separate TCP connection for data transfers. The control connection uses an image of the
TELNET protocol to exchange commands and messages between hosts.
b) SNMP: Simple Network Management Protocol is used to manage all types of network
elements based on various data sent and received.
c) SMTP: Simple Mail Transfer Protocol is used to transport mail. Simple Mail Transport
Protocol is used on the internet; it is not a transport layer protocol but is an application layer
protocol.
d) HTTP: Hypertext Transfer Protocol is used transport HTML pages from web servers to web
browsers. The protocol used to communicate between web servers and web browser software
clients.
e) BOOTP: Bootstrap protocol is used to assign an IP address to diskless computers and tell it
what server and file to load which will provide it with an operating system.

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 f) DHCP: Dynamic host configuration protocol is a method of assigning and controlling the IP
addresses of computers on a given network. It is a server-based service that automatically
assigns IP numbers when a computer boots. This way the IP address of a computer does not
need to be assigned manually. This makes changing networks easier to manage. DHCP can
perform all the functions of BOOTP.
g) BGP (Border Gateway Protocol): When two systems are using BGP, they establish a TCP
connection, and then send each other their BGP routing tables. BGP uses distance vectoring. It
detects failures by sending periodic keep alive messages to its neighbours every 30 seconds. It
exchanges information about reachable networks with other BGP systems including the full
path of systems that are between them. Described by RFC 1267, 1268, and 1497.
1.1.8. Website
 A website is a set of related web pages containing content such as text, images, video, audio, etc.
 A website is a collection of web pages, images, videos or other digital resources that are addressed
with a common domain name or IP address on an Internet Protocol network.
 A website is hosted on at least one web server, accessible via the internet or a private local area
network. A web page is a set of contents arranged on the web pages using Hypertext Markup
Languages like HTML, XHTML. All publicly accessible websites collectively constitute the World
Wide Web.
 The pages of a website can usually be accessed from a simple Uniform Resource Locator (URL). The
first page of the website is called home page, which is connected to all inner pages. Though most of
the websites are freely available but some websites require subscription to access. For example,
business sites, news sites, academic journal sites, gaming sites, message boards, web-based e-mail,
services, social networking websites, and real-time stock market site.
1.1.8.1. Features of Good Website
1) High Quality Content: Having the right information at the right place and right time.
2) Ease of Use: The structure of the side should not be overcomplicated or too big. You never get lost in
a good site, since it is always clearly signposted.
3) Quick to Download: Good sites also download quickly. Bad sites are cumbersome and slow. Visitors
would not wait.
4) Frequently Updated: Good sites put-up new information which is useful, relevant, and timely for
their audience, which takes money, time, and energy to maintain.
5) Easy to Navigate: A good website should be easy to navigate. From any page on the website the
visitor should always be able to return to the “Home” page. There should be no dead end pages, and
buttons should be visibly displayed at the top or site of the site.
6) Consistency: Whether you design your own site or have a professional design the site, your site
should be consistent. A template helps to create consistency. You can have a custom designed
template for your site.
1.1.8.2. Classification of Website
Website can be classified according to following categories:
1) On the Basis of Style
i). Static Website: The static website design is a simple website design which is a cost effective and
beneficial for the small enterprises or individuals to expand their business through web. Through

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 static website individual or small business houses can place simple information regarding their
company and products in simple manner and at low cost. This type of website is very useful for
expanding market of company with its information and appearance on internet.
ii). Dynamic Website: Dynamic pages are the pages that change dynamically. Dynamic pages can
change every time when they are loaded without making any changes. Dynamic web pages can
also change their content based on what user does, like clicking on some text or an image. If the
information stored in the database changes, the web page connected to the database change
accordingly and automatically without human intervention.
2) On the Basis of Function
i). Corporate Website: In this, there is certain no. of persons who develop website for a particular
organization. The corporate website are formed when group of people have common interest and
objective. The purpose of this website is to convey the information of organization to all over the
world.
ii). Individual Website: It is just like profile management system. In this type of website, an
individual wants to develop website for plan, career growth etc.
1.1.9. Web Browsers
 Browser, short for web browser, is a software application used to enable computers users to locate
and access web pages. Browsers translate the basic HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) code that
allows us to see images, text videos, and listen to audios on websites, along with hyperlinks that let us
travel to different web pages.
 The browser gets in contact with the web server and requests for information. The web server receives
the information and displays it on the computer.
 A web browser is the most important and popular application on the internet. A web browser is an
application (software) that runs at the user’s end. It requests, interacts and pulls data, documents and
files from the server.
 There are several types of browsers but the one thing they have in common is that they carry-out the
same function; they transfer hypertext.
Following are the most common web browsers:
1) Microsoft Internet Explorer: Microsoft Internet Explorer is a series of graphical web browsers
developed by Microsoft and included as part of the Microsoft Windows line of operating systems.
2) Mozilla Firefox: Mozilla Firefox is a free and open source web browser descended from the Mozilla
Application Suite and managed by Mozilla Corporation, Features include tabbed browsing, spell checking,
incremental find, live bookmarking, a download manager, private browsing, location-aware browsing
based exclusively on a Google service and an integrated search system that uses Google by default in most
localization.
3) Google Chrome: Google Chrome is a web browser developed by Google that uses the Web Kit layout
engine. Google Chrome aims to be secure, fast, simple and stable. There are extensive differences from its
peers in Chrome’s minimalistic user interface, which is atypical of modern web browsers.
4) Safari: Safari is a web browser developed by Apple Inc. and included with the Mac OS X and iOS
operating systems. Safari offers numerous features, including:
i) Ability to save webpage clips for viewing on the Apple dashboard (Mac OS X only);
ii) A resizable web-search box in the toolbar which allows choice among Google, Yahoo! or Bing only;

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 iii) Automatic filling in of web forms;
iv) Bookmark integration with Address Book; and
v) Bookmark management.
1.1.10. Search Engine
 Search engine is an application available on the WWW that helps users’ locate the web sites containing
useful information and references to such information. For using a search engine, the user has to type the
description of the desired information using the user interface provided by the search engine. The search
engine in turn searches for the requested information and returns the results of this search to the user. The
returned results enable the user to quickly locate the requested information from the vast ocean of
information available on the Internet.
 The ways of search are as given herewith. There are the search sites. An Internet user uses a search site
from Internet Explorer or Netscape Navigator. Each search site has a Search Engine. It may also have a
Meta Search Engine. This is an interfacing application that employs the multiple search engines. Next the
default search engines are mostly used.
 Table below provides the popularly used Search Sites and Meta sites.

Site Important Advantages of Using the Site

http://www.google.com 3-D search

http://www.indiatimes.com 3-D search plus smart search by Autonomy (a software). Latter automates the
search contents and their distribution. Web directories that are India-specific
are also included.
http://www.yahoo.com Advanced Graphic search format, word or phrase search, search option for a
page, URL or title. It is a filtered search site. A search-agent, category-based
approach. Uses Inktomi Search Technology (Recently switched to 3-D search
Google technology.)
http://www.infoseek.com Allows two or more capitalized words within quotes in a proper name. Uses the
similar page links also for search. Search option for a page, URL, or a search
words that should appear within 100 words. A robot. Index based approach.
http://www.altavista.com Broad search unless appropriate logical operators defined. A search-agent index
based approach.
http://www.webcrawler.com Web only searches; index-based approach.

http://www.lycos.com Web only searches. Customized search that can substitute the operators. A
search-agent. Index-based approach
http://www.excite.com Allows two or more capitalized words within quotes in a proper name. A
search-agent. Category-based approach.
http://www.mckinley.com Review rates and site search for the rated sites only. Category-based approach.
from Megallan Offers filter option for green light sites and reviewed sites only. Green light
sites are sites suited for children and are free form obscene material.
http://www.hotbot.com Allows search for files by types, e.g., Java, doc, txt, etc. This permits specified
searches only. Based on Index-based approach
http://www.rediff.com Site offered are relevant according to its editorial team. Maintains a directory
categorically. Uses Inktomi search technology.
http://www.whowhere.com The e-mail, phone and address search only – Advance search options. Index-
based approach.

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 Spider or Bot or search-agent is a part of software of a Search Engine that creates database by probing
automatically. The AltaVista search engine creates databases using Spiders that probe deeper into each
page at each server of web and USENET. The spiders search the pages in the broad terms, and, moreover,
they probe the webpages only.
 Robot is that software part of a Search Engine that searches using the META tags. The latter invites the
Robots or search-engine to place that particular site, keywords, and descriptions in their search engine
databases.

1.1.10.1. Features of Search Engines

1) It maintains a huge database.
2) In the database, there are all the available words, titles, URLs, descriptions and comments, and a
corresponding index.
3) Each index specifies the URL, site source origin.
4) Each index also specifies a brief description.
5) The engine not only updates these indices regularly but also repeats the visit to previously visited URLs,
pages and sites. The updating by looking at new and also the deleted entries on the Internet. A repeat visit
is necessary. This is because there may be a change at these, either due to owner modifying the contents or
deregistering. The engine may be using the filter and agents.
6) It provides the user a specific way or a ‘Search Form’ to narrow, widen, or restrict the search to a desired
site.
1.1.10.2. Categories of Search Engines
1) Natural Languages Search Engines: These search engines allow the users to submit search phrases in
natural languages such as English, Hindi, Japanese, etc. instead of using Boolean operators to link
keywords.
2) Subject Directories Search Engines: These search engines present the results of searches in hierarchical
subject categories, instead of listing them in an order by how relevant the search engine thinks the site is
to the search.
3) Subject Guide Search Engines: These search engines contain links of many important resources on a
topic. They differ from subject directories search engines in the sense that their search requests interface
has forms that contain databases of sites on many subjects, organized into a subject classification schemes.
4) Meta Search Engines: These search engines do not create their own databases but make use of the
individual search engines at once and return the results compiled into a convenient format.
1.1.11. Cyber Laws
 Cyber law is a term that encapsulates the legal issues related to use of communicative, transactional, and
distributive aspects of networked information devices and technologies.
 Cyber law is a term used to describe the legal issues related to use of communication technology,
particularly “cyberspace” i.e. Internet. With the spontaneous and almost phenomenal growth of
cyberspace, new and ticklish issues relating to various legal aspects of cyberspace began cropping up. In
response to the absolutely complex and newly emerging legal issues related to cyberspace, Cyber law or
the law of Internet came into being. The growth of Cyberspace has resulted in the development of a new
and highly specialized branch of law called Cyberlaws – Laws of the Internet and the World Wide
Web.
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 Cyber law is a generic term which refers to all the legal and regulatory aspects of Internet and the World
Wide Web. Anything concerned with or related to or emanating from any legal aspects or issues
concerning any activity of netizens in and concerning Cyberspace comes within the domain of Cyber law.
 Cyber law is important because it touches almost all aspect of transactions and activities on and
concerning the Internet, Web and Cyberspace. Initially it may seem that Cyberlaws is a very technical
field and that it does not have any bearing to most activities in Cyberspace. But the actual truth is that
nothing could be further than the truth. Whether we realize it or not, every action and every reaction in
Cyberspace has some legal and Cyber legal perspectives.
1.1.11.1. Indian and International Cyber Law
Cyber Laws are formed by the government to prevent the internet crime. These crimes could be hacking,
threat on internet, denial of services etc. Cyberspace includes computer, computer networks, internet data,
software etc. Some laws are as below:
1) Data Protection and Privacy Law: This is due to the nature of the internet and amount of information
that may be accessed through it, such legislation is critical to protect the fundamental rights of privacy of
an individual.
2) Electronic and Digital Signature Law: This is required so that uniform and standard procedures are
established for authentication of electronics records, EDI, E-Mail.
3) Computer Crime Law: Due to victim of internet threats.
4) Telecommunication Law: approve and supervise the application of fees and rates charged for
telecommunication services in accordance with the provision of the applicable law.
5) Intellectual Property Law: This includes copyright law, trademark law, semiconductor law and patent
law in relation to computer hardware and software.
1.1.11.2. IT Act 2000
 In May 2000, both the houses of the Indian Parliament passed the Information Technology Bill. The Bill
received the assent of the President in August 2000 and came to be known as the Information Technology
Act, 2000. Cyber laws are contained in the IT Act, 2000.
 This Act aims to provide the legal infrastructure for e-commerce in India and the cyber laws have a major
impact for e-businesses and the new economy in India. So, it is important to understand what the various
perspectives of the IT Act 2000 are and what it offers.
 The Information Technology Act, 2000 also aims to provide for the legal framework so that legal sancity
is accorded to all electronic records and other activities carried out by electronic means. The Act states
that unless otherwise agree, an acceptance of contract may be expressed by electronic means of
communication and the same shall have legal validity and enforceability.
 Some highlights of the Act are listed below:
i) Chapter-II of the Act specifically stipulates that any subscriber may authenticate an electronic
record by affixing his digital signature. It further states that any person can verify an electronic
record by use of a public key of the subscriber.
ii) Chapter-III of the Act details about Electronic Governance and provides inter alia amongst others
that where any law provides that information or any other matter shall be in writing or in the
typewritten or printed form, then, notwithstanding anything contained in such law, such requirement
shall be deemed form; and accessible so as to be usable for a subsequent reference.

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 iii) Chapter-IV of the said Act gives a scheme for Regulation of Certifying Authorities. The Act
envisages a Controller of Certifying Authorities who shall perform the function of exercising
supervision over the activities of the Certifying Authorities as also laying down standards and
conditions governing the Certifying Authorities as also specifying the various forms and content of
Digital Signature Certificates. The Act recognizes the need for recognizing foreign Certifying
Authorities and it further details the various provisions for the issue of license to issue Digital
Signature Certificates.
iv) Chapter-VII of the Act details about the scheme of things relating to Digital Signature Certificates.
The duties of subscribers are also enshrined in the said Act.
v) Chapter-IX of the said Act talks about penalties and adjudication for various offences. The
penalties for damage to computer, computer system etc. has been fixed as damages by way of
compensation not exceeding Rs. 1,00,00,000 to affected persons.
vi) Chapter-X of the Act talks of the establishment of the Cyber Regulations Appellate Tribunal,
which shall be an appellate body where appeals against the orders passed by the Adjudication
Officers, shall be preferred.
vii) Chapter-XI of the Act talks about various offences and the said offences shall be investigated only by
a Police Officer not below the rank of the Deputy Superintendent of Police. These offences include
tampering with computer source documents, publishing of information, which is obscene in
electronic form, and hacking.

1.2 WEB DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES

1.2.1. Introduction
 Web development asks what you have offered to visitors so that they would visit your website again and
again. And help to bring your website at the first. Offer your visitors with the best content with best and
effective to the web development visitors as possible as.
 Search engines will also help to achieve the rank of website with lots of targeted traffic if web
development website has good fresh quality content.
 As we know that in the early stage of development in networks only homogenous systems were able to
communicate. But, as the technology has grown, new technology devices and software had emerged
which allow heterogeneous network to behave like a common group.
 Internet is collection of such heterogeneous/homogeneous networks. The technologies in Internet allow
one network to communicate with another transparently. These days internet is covering almost all aspects
of humans daily life and therefore well-defined strategies are required to develop as well as use this
emerging technology.
 Emerging of E-commerce and its vast use by banks and other corporate had let to think about these
development strategies a lot. These development and use is under a law commonly known as cyber law
and organizations/individuals are bound to follow these rules and regulations.
 If anyone has the time and writing skill about anything then, write the content. If he/she requires help, it’s
web development comparatively easy to find someone that’s willing to write for online. Hence there is a
need to develop web project.

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1.2.2. Web Development Processes and Elements
Successful web development requires knowledge and skills in many areas, and constant attention to six
processes and six elements as shown in figure 1.3 and 1.4:

Figure 1.3: Web Development Process

1) Six Processes: Developing information for the web requires a focus on meeting user needs. To
accomplish this methodology involves six continuously ongoing processes:
i) Planning: The process of choosing among competing opportunities for communication so that overall
goals for the web can be set. These goals include anticipating and deciding on targets for the audience,
purpose, and objectives for the information. Planning also is done for domain information through a
process of defining and specifying the supporting information that must be collected, how it will be
collected, and how the information will be updated.
A web planner anticipates the skills called for by the web specification as well as the skills needed for
constructing particular parts of a web. If a specification for a design calls for using a forms interface (a
feature supported by HTML), for example, the web planner must identify the need for web
implementers to have these skills. The web planner also anticipates other resources needed to support
the operation and development of the web. If user access statistics will be gathered, for example, the
plan for the web must account for the need to procure and install a web statistics program.

Figure 1.4 Web Development Elements

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 ii) Analysis: A process of gathering and comparing information about the web and its operation in order
to improve the web’s overall quality. An important operation is one in which a web analyst examines
information gathered about the audience for its relevance to some other elements or processes in web
development. Information about the audience’s level of technical interest can have a great deal of
impact on what information should be provided to a user about a particular product or topic, for
example.
Similarly, analyzing the web’s purpose in light of other new developments, such as the contents of a
competitor’s web, must be an ongoing process. An analyst weighs alternatives and gathers information
to help with a decision in the other processes of planning, design, implementation, or development.
iii) Design: The process by which a web designer, working within the web’s specification, makes
decisions about how a web’s actual components should be constructed. This process involves talking
into account the web’s purpose, audience, objective, and domain information.
A good designer knows how to achieve the effects called for by the specification in the most flexible,
efficient, and elegant way. Because it relies so heavily on the other processes and elements in web
development, however, the design process is not more important than any of the others, but it requires
a thorough grounding in implementation possibilities as well as knowledge about how particular web
structures affect an audience.
iv) Implementation: The process of actually building the web using Hypertext Markup Language
(HTML). The implementation process is perhaps most like software development because it involves
using a specific syntax for encoding web structures in a formal language in computer files. Although
automated tools are available to help with the construction of HTML documents, a through grounding
implementer’s expertise.
v) Promotion: The process of handling all the public-relations issues of a web. These include making the
existence of a web known to on-line communities through publicity, as well as forming business or
other information relationships with other webs. Promotion might involve using specific marketing
strategies or creating business models.
vi) Innovation: The process of making sure that the other development processes continue and improve.
This includes monitoring technologies for new innovations that might be appropriate for the web, as
well as finding creative or unique ways to improve the elements of the web or engage the web’s
quality of the web and exceed user expectations.
2) Six Elements: The elements of the web-development methodology follow:
i) Audience Information: Audience Information is a store of knowledge about the target audience for
the web as well as the actual audience who uses the information. A store of knowledge about the target
audience for the web as well as the actual audience who uses the information. This information include
the audience’s background, interests, proclivities, and all detail helpful to shaping the information to
suit the users’ needs. All this information might not be complete at any time during the web
development process; a store of information develops over time. The audience information might be
very useful and accurate at one time; it then might pass out of currency as different users start
accessing the web.
ii) Purpose Statement: The Purpose Statement is an articulation of the reason for and scope of the web’s
existence. One should have a written purpose statement available at all times during web development.
At first, this statement might be in general terms, such as “to create a presence for company in

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 cyberspace” or it may be very specific, such as “to provide information about our company’s new line
of modems”.
The purpose statement is dynamic – over time, an organization that started a web to “establish
presence in cyberspace” may want to make that web serve another, more specific, purpose.
iii) Objective Statement: Flows from the purpose statement and defines what specific goals the web
should accomplish. An objective statement based on the purpose used in the preceding paragraph, “To
provide information about our company’s new line of modems,” night include a statement of the
modems the company offers and the kind of information that should be given (pictures, prices,
schematics, and so on).
Like the audience information and purpose statements, the objective statement is dynamic, and it
might become necessary later in web development to define still other statements. Therefore, the
objective statement changes as the purpose of the web changes, but also as the information about the
audience changes. The audience looking at the modems suddenly might become very concerned about
display buttons on the devices themselves, for example. In that case, an objective might be created to
include pictures of modems on the web itself.0
iv) Domain Information: A collection of knowledge and information about the subject domain that the
web covers, both in terms of information provided to users of the web and information that the web
developers need. A web offering modems for sale also might necessarily draw on a variety of
information about use, mechanics, principles, and specifications for modems.
Although not all this information would necessarily be made available to the users of the web, this
domain knowledge might be essential for the web developers to have. Often, this domain knowledge
makes a good complement to the information the web already offers. A modem manufacturer with a
good collection of modem facts, for example, might find that interested buyers visit that web for
technical information about modems and, in the course of this visit, are informed of a company’s
products.
v) Web Specification: The Web Specification is a detailed description of the constraints and elements
that will go into the web. The specification statement lists what pieces of information will be presented
as well as any limitation’s on the presentation. One part of a specification might state that the picture
of the modem must be placed on the same hypertext page as a link to an order form, for example. The
specification, as with all the other elements of the web, might be in constant flux.
vi) Web Presentation: The Web Presentation is the mean by which the information is delivered to the
user. The presentation is the result of design and implementation processes that build on the web
specification. In these processes, creative choices are made among design and presentation techniques
to achieve the web specification; considerations for efficiency, aesthetics, and known web-usage
patterns also are made.
1.2.3. Difference between Web Development for Corporate and Individuals
Developing website for Corporate Developing Website for Individuals
Corporate websites welcomes customers with a small and There is no need of logo depends on the individual user for
attractive company logo. which site are developed.
Company offers basic information about his history, Individual do not have such types of large number of
Mission, Philosophy, Products, Services, Location, Size, information about it. He simply puts data about their
Growth potential events, Financial performance data and job working and mission to develop the site.
opportunities.
Needs a large number of days to developing website for Takes no large time and can be developed in few days

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 corporate world (6-12 months) approximately. depends on the content the individual wants.
Provides a large number of facilities to its users. User can Here is no facility while developing website for individual
see the website in their local language if facility is available because for adding such facility added more cost to
on the website that is normally added. For example, Japanese developing website.
website is developed in Japanese language and English
language also.
The costs of developing corporate website are higher. Can be developed in low cost, depends on the content
added to website.

1.3 WEB APPLICATIONS

 A Web-based application refers to any program that is accessed over a network connection using HTTP,
rather than existing within a device’s memory. Web-based applications often run inside a Web browser.
However, Web-based applications also may be client-based, where a small part of the program is
downloaded to a user’s desktop, but processing is done over the Internet on an external server.
 Individuals, companies and institutions use the Internet in many ways. Business uses the Internet to
provide access to complex database such as financial database. Companies can carry out commerce
online, including advertising, selling, buying and providing after sales services. Business and institutions
can use Internet for voice and video conferencing and other forms of communication that allow people to
telecommute, or work distance.0
 The important and popular services of web are shown in figure below:

Internet Services

Communication Information Web Services

Services Retrieval Services

E-Mail File Transfer Protocol E-Govt

Usenet Archie E-Commerce
E-Chatting Gopher E-News
Telnet Veronica E-Recruitment
Internet Telephony E-Education
Video Conferencing

1) Communication Services: Internet communication tools facilitate written communication. These

tools include:
i) E-Mail: E-mail, which refers to sending messages electronically, was one of the first Internet
tools. With the help of E-mail one can send and receive any information and message.
ii) Usenet: Usenet is a network that provides users with discussion groups. A user ports an article to
a chosen newsgroup on the Usenet, where each newsgroup is devoted to a particular topic such as
politics, environment, surfing and so on.
iii) E-Chatting: Chatting on the Internet has become a popular way for people to connect online in a
group to share similar interests. “Chatting” is like talking, except that one type words rather than

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 speak them. Typically, more than one “conversation” goes on simultaneously at a given time on
chat room.
iv) Telnet: Telnet is a command that connects the user to a remote machine which may be located
anywhere on the Internet and the user can then type and execute commands on the remote
machine. For example, to change directories in search of certain files, the services that telnet
provides depends on the services provided by the host machine, which may include much more
than simple file transfers.
v) Internet Telephony: Internet telephony is the use of the Internet rather than the traditional
telephone company infrastructure, to exchange spoken or other telephonic information. It consists
of hardware and software that enable people to use the Internet as a transmission medium for
telephone calls. There are many Internet telephony applications available.
vi) Video Conferencing: Video conferencing is an emerging service on the Internet that allows a
group of users located around the globe to talk and interact with each other as they were sitting
and discussing in a single room. The parties interacting can see each other talking on their
computer screens and can hear each other’s voice through a special audio-device fixed in their
computers.
2) Information Retrieval Services: This category of information retrieval tools include:
i) File Transfer Protocol (FTP): It is one of the first tools on the Internet which allows users to
move files, such as text, graphics, sound and so on, from one computer to another. It is a
command that activates a type of client-server relationship. Hence, anything that can be stored on
a computer can be moved with FTP service.
ii) Archie: Archie tool, one of the first information search tools developed on the Internet,
periodically searches anonymous FTP servers that participate in the Archie database and identifies
all files on these servers. It then creates a central database that users can access to locate
information. Users who have the Archie software, or who can use the Telnet command to connect
to an Archie server, can access this database.
iii) Gopher: The other type of information retrieval tool available on the Internet is Gopher, a menu
based interface that provides easy access to information residing on special servers, called Gopher
sites. Although Gopher performs primarily the same tasks as the FTP commands, its interface is
much more user friendly and it provides additional functions, such as links to other Internet
services. By selecting an item on the Gopher menu users can move, retrieve, or display files form
remote sites.
iv) Veronica: It is a tool for searching the items on gopher menus throughout the Internet. With the
help of Veronica, user can get necessary information very rapidly. Any user can easily access any
database with the help of Veronica server.
3) Web Services: The next step in software evolution will have software applications provided in the
form of services delivered over the internet. It is the ability to deliver applications to users at much
lower costs. Web services includes:
i) E-Govt: E-government (e-govt) describes the use of technologies to facilitate the operation of
government and the dispersement of government information and services. E-government deals
heavily with Internet and non-internet applications to aid in governments. E-government is digital
interactions between a government and citizens (G2C), government and business (G2B),
government and employees (G2E), and also between government and governments/agencies
(G2G).
ii) E-commerce: Internet has also facilitated the introduction of a new market concept that consists
of virtual shops. These shops remain open 24 hours all the year round and are accessible to
purchasers all around the world. E-commerce is the buying and selling of productor service over
electronic systems such as Internet and other computer networks.

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 iii) E-News: Internet now has literally thousands of electronic form of news that can be found both
for free and low cost.
iv) E-Recruitment: E-recruitment, also known as online recruitment, is the practice of using
technology and in particular Web-based resources for tasks involved with finding, attracting,
assessing, interviewing and hiring new personnel.
The purpose of e-recruitment is to make the processes involved more efficient and effective, as
well as less expensive. Online recruitment can reach a larger pool of potential employees and
facilitate the selection process.
4) E-Education: The term “e-education” refers to the application of Internet to the delivery of learning
experiences E-education takes place in formal electronic classrooms, on corporate intranets used for
just-in-time training, audio and video teleconferencing and in a variety of other technology mediated
learning spaces.

1.4 WEB PROJECT

1.4.1 Introduction
 Web projects hold all of the Web resources that are created and used when developing your Web
application. The first step to creating or importing a Web application is to create either a static or a
dynamic web project.
 Static Web projects are meant to contain only simple Web site resources, such as HTML files. Dynamic
Web projects are used to structure Web applications that will use more complicated, dynamic Web
technologies, such as Java Server Pages files, and possibly data access resources.
 The Project Explorer view is designed to show the most convenient display of project resources for use
while you are actually developing the Web application. When you are finished developing your Web
applications, you use the Web project to deploy the correct resources to the server.

1.4.2 Characteristics of a Web Project

1) The project managers are not always client managers.
2) Development schedules are dramatically short.
3) New, often Beta, technologies are used, without technical support.
4) Scope changes occur during the implementation phase.
5) A pricing model for web projects does not exist.
6) Standards for web production do not exist.
7) Team role are less specialized.
8) Clients are often unwilling to bear the cost of web development, especially during the planning phase.
9) The project manager’s responsibilities are very broad.

1.4.3 Technical Structure of the Web Project

 The web project is the over-arching term to cover all of the different services that we will be using on
the web to support Transition Network (the charity set-up to support the movement) and the Transition
Towns Movement (the body of people that make up the initiatives, events, projects, connections and
thinking).

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 Support Network Organisation
And Working Websites
Groups
Core Data, Logic
and
Information Systems
News
Events
Projects
Initiatives
Users

Initiatives’ Web
Presences

Transition Web Project

Web Project Areas
edmitchell@transitionnetwork.org
Figure 1.5
 The services the project is supporting can roughly be described like this:
i) Transition Network Website: The organizational ‘presence’; who we are and what we do, contact
newsletter subscription, etc.
ii) Community Services: ‘Groupware’ for initiatives, projects and networks for wider discussions.
iii) Directories: Initiatives, projects, events, users, news (underpinning 1 and 2).
iv) Heavy Tech Stuff: Domain name management – URLs, DNS look-up tables, sub-domains
relationships between groupware and drupe comfits, etc.
v) Sharing Engine: Aggregating all the news form the movement, indexing it, making it searchable and
re-syndicating it out to the movement again.
(The Transition Towns community stuff is very important indeed, and a bit of 2, 3, 4, 5).
1.4.4 Defining Project
Step 1) Write Project Mission Statement: It describes the solution to the problem that project manager’s
website project is going to be solved. It answered 3 questions:
i) What are we going to do?
ii) For whom are we doing it?
iii) How do we go about it?

The project missing statements help him focus on the three tasks:
i) Identifying the projects objectives.
ii) Identifying his users.
iii) Determining the scope of project.
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Step 2) Project Objective: The objectives are defined as specific and attainable. According to James Lonis
the objectives must be SMART i.e.
S Specific
M Measurable
A Attainable
R Realistic
T Time Limited

Two questions help in monitoring the progress of objective

i) What is the design outcome?
ii) How will he achieve?

Who sets the Objectives: The person who fund the project are the people could stake holder who
directly or indirectly sets the objective of the project. The objective need to be written down.

Website Objective: As the web evolves from a communication tool to an implicated business system.
The objectives for having a website continue to evolve

Step 3) Identify the Target User: The Kind of contents that will be created for website will be determined by
the user who wants to visit the website. The targeted user can be reached by following techniques:
i) Market Research: Market Research is important if project manager is going to website that sends
product, services and ideas. If he are building a website for a company build a market research in to
budget, if a company does not name a marketing department. If it does have a marketing department,
then make sure the personnel understand how his audience interacts with the web.
ii) Focus Groups: Focus group is a group of people who represent project manager’s target user and
audience. These are used to get feedback on proposed idea for the website or to understand how the
target audience thinks.
iii) Intranet Audience: The object strategy for understanding his intranet audience is to take time to meet
each group or representative of the each group. After the entire introduction project manager can see
the connection among the groups and the kind of content that will reach the widest audience.

Step 4) Scope of the Project: It can change quickly and before project manager know it the project is over
budget and late. The scope is directly related to time and cost. The biggest mistake a Web project
manager or producer can make is not nailing down the scope of the project in the beginning, with the
proper supporting documentation and client approval. In order to nail down the scope, he must first
understand the project completely. The next two sections will help he understand the process of
understanding scope.

1.4.5 Budget of the Project

 Creating a perfect budget is the web project manager lifetime project. By knowing when to adjust the
budget appropriating and identify the hidden cost and that are often overlooked, project manager will
be able to use his budget to help him effectively manage his team and the client’s money.

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  Assumptions about the budget should be written up either as part of the scope document or in an
appendix to the budget.
i) All the content provided by the client should be delivered in MS-Word.
ii) The client have 48 hours to design.
iii) The Web team will present two design concepts.
iv) Media buying is not the part of the strategy plan.

 Some of the most widely forgotten cost is the following:

i) Meeting with the full team
ii) Project manager calls
iii) Photo or art research
iv) WBS and Scope documents
v) Setting of the review site
vi) E-Mail and administration
vii) Setting of a Development set

 The project manager user usually used 2 hours per week/ team member for administration and othis
calls such as meetings or project manager calls.

1.4.6 Difference between Traditional Project and Web-based Project

Basis Traditional Project Web-Based Projects

Primary Objective Build quality software products at Bring quality products to market as quickly as
minimum cost. possible.
Typical Project Size Medium to large (hundreds of team Small (3-5 team members)
members)
Typical Timeline 10-18 months 3-6 months.
Development Classical, requirements-based, Rapid application development, gluing
Approach phased and /or incremental delivery, building blocks together, prototyping, Rational
Employed use cases, documentation-driven. Unified Process.
Primary Object oriented methods, generators, Component-based methods, fourth and fifth-
Engineering modern programming languages (C+ generation languages (HTML, Java and so
technologies used +), CASE tools forth), visualization (motion, animation),
among others.
Price Model It does exist for traditional projects. Pricing model for web projects does not exist.
Responsibility Not true for these projects. Project manager’s responsibilities are very
broad.

1.5 WEB PROJECT

 Web team is the group of experts responsible for carrying out the various tasks needed to create
websites. Web teams are built in many ways. One may only need to select a project manager who will,
in turn, build the rest other team.

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  The members of a web team are:
i) Program Manager,
ii) Account Manager,
iii) Technical Leader,
iv) Programmer,
v) Network Engineer,
vi) Security Experts,
vii) Web Production specialist,
viii) Creative Leader,
ix) Designer,
x) Copy Writer,
xi) Quality Assurance Leader, and
xii) Strategic Planner.

 This team is responsible for making any new web-based project:

 Process of forming a web team:

i) Set-up and maintenance of servers,
ii) Support and training of publishers/end users,
iii) Website and application design, and
iv) Ownership of intranet home page and site hierarchy.

 Challenges associated with making a website:

i) Upfront challenges,
ii) Finding internal efforts,
iii) Corporate policies,
iv) Site branding,
v) Quality issues,
vi) Searching the site, and
vii) Production management

 Technological advancement and the impact on web team:

i) The web as interactive television,
ii) The web as information store,
iii) Web and e-commerce, and
iv) Portable web-convenience and access tools.

 All the members are important for making a good quality of web project. Web-team members all have
their personal pursuits.
1.5.1 Types of Web Team
1) Service Side: Web teams are the teams which are hired by a company to develop a website.
2) Client Side: Client site are part of the company, i.e., putting together the website.

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 3) Supporting Specialists: Supporting specialists are those who make sure that the other two sub-teams
can do their jobs.
1.5.2 Roles and Responsibilities in a Web Team
The team composition varies depending on the scope, audience and level of complexity of web project. There
are some core members who are responsible for producing the website. Extended team members are people
whose skills might not always be necessary or who have cross functional role.
Special team members are brought in to do work that is not part of his core or the extended team. They are
known as executive members:
Web Team

Core Extended Special

So we categorize each type of team members as follows:

1) Core Team Member
i) Project Manager/Producer (C): It is responsible for scoping the work, developing the project plant,
scheduling, allocating resources, budgeting and managing the team. He also deals with all the political
and business issues.
Skills of a Project Manager
The list of skills that are required by project manager are:
a) Software or fill project management experience.
b) Rigorous understanding of scheduling and resource allocation.
c) Superior written and verbal communication skill.
d) Ability to lead effective meeting.
e) Detail oriented.
f) Ability to stay calm during disaster.
g) Development or production experience in web, multimedia, software or film.
h) Good sense of humor.
ii) Technical Lead (C): He accessed the project manager in ensuring that technical strategy sound,
manage the programmers and chooses specialized team members. He also prepares technical team
members and communicates with project manager, technical team and members of the client technical
team.
iii) Web Production Specialist (C): He is the person who integrates the site using HTML or Java
Script.. He is also known as HTML Guru, HTML Coder or Integrator. This person is responsible for
getting the project leading for delivery to the client.
iv) Creative Lead (C): He determines creative concept for the site and is responsible for site design.
Creative head may not design the site himself but acts as art director for the site.
v) Designers (C): He creates the look and full of the site. The main tool used for this is Adobe
Photoshop. Web designers should have a good understanding of design principles.
vi) Production Artist (C): He transforms the artwork designer creates into Web-ready artwork.

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 vii) Quality Assurance Head (C): This person makes sure that the product he deliver meets the criteria
specified in the scope document and functional specification.
2) Extended Team Members
i) Account Manager (E): He is generally present in agency or company to fellow the agency model. He
is responsible for selling in different project and project and provides the project with necessary
customer insights information.
ii) Programmer (E): He develops application for the web project. These applications could be server
sites script or database application or java and applet.
iii) N/W Engineer (E): His is responsible for setting up and configuring a web server. He is also
database administrator or security expert.
iv) Information Architect (E): He understands how to display information visually so user understands
how to interact with the site and find the information they need. Responsible for site architect,
navigation, search a data, retrieval and interaction design.
v) Copywriter (E): He does the copy-writing of the data of the client.
vi) Tester (E): He tests the web project based on the test plan, that the quality assurance leads writer.
3) Special Team Members
i) Security Experts (S): He is some project manager who provides security strategy for website. This
person knows and has implemented site using various type of encryption and can discuss the pros and
cons of each with team and client.
ii) Audio Engineer (S): He designs sound for web sites. This could range from music to sounds that
happen when user does something.
iii) Video Engineer (S): He creates video images and delivers in the digital format to the creative head.
iv) 3-D Modeler (S): He is creates the artwork in 3-D and usually work with the creative head.
v) Web Cast Specialist (S): H is usually a third party member who is specialized in web cast.
vi) Media Buyer (S): He will advise the producer about the specification on the media buy according to
which web team would create advertisement.
vii) Strategic Planner (S): He is the person who delivers the consumer insight to the team. These persons
conduct market research on the client audiences and deliver a brief to help the creative team to
understand the mind of the target audience.

1.5.3 Common Team Composition

Although there are all kinds of web projects, it is possible to acknowledge certain types of teams and
determine who is likely to be a part of the team based or the type of project.
1) Interactive or Marketing Website: Account manager, project manager, creative lead, designer,
copywriter, lingo programmer, web production specialist, production artist, quality assurance leads.
2) E-Commerce Website: Project manager, technical lead, information architect, creative lead/ designer,
database programmer, security expert, network engineer, quality assurance lead and third party vendor
for customer service and shipping.
3) Advertising Compaign: Account manager, project manager, strategic planner, designer, production
artist, web production specialist, media buyer.

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1.5.4 Right Team
The right team is the team that will fulfill the website objective most successfully.
Identifying Necessary Skills
There are some core skills that the team mush have in order to plan and design and make a website. The
measure skills are:
i) Project Management Skill: The ability to see and communicate the big picture to the team and client and
make sure the site gets built account to specification, on the and on budget.
ii) Information Design or Architecture Skills: The ability to design a useful and usable user interface that
includes how the user will interact with the interface and navigate the site.
iii) Graphic Design Skill: The ability to transform the information design into a visual design.
iv) Graphic Production Skill: The ability to create Web Graphic that are fast loading and that look great on
all browsers.
v) Content Development Skill: The ability to develop both hidden and interactive contents for website. This
includes copy, video, audio and anything that is not part of user interface.
vi) Programming Skill: The ability to create web pages using HTML, Java Script, or any client server
scripting languages.
vii) Technical and Infrastructure Skill: The ability to understand requirement for serving a website on the
internet and to recommend the best strategy according to clients need.

Accessing Skill
It is a big risk when same project manager is hired specially for a web project and it turns out he/she does not
know Photoshop as a resume said. The best way to find out if some project manager is qualifying for a job is
to watch him/his do the job. Sometimes if he need some project manager hire quickly then check the reference
and see samples of work and go through the rigorous interviewing process.

1.5.5 Building a Web Team

For making the right team it’s important to think about the following things:
1) Is this the critical dead line for the task?
If so, choose the person with better track record for meeting deadlines.
2) What is risk in putting this person on this task?
If he knows that project manager person is more project manager to mistake then he can assign him the
task with lower risk.
3) How does this person interact with the rest of the team?
If it is the person has a history of not getting along with project manager of the team member then he can
decide who this to take the risk of having the interpersonal problems as well as project oriented issues.

1.5.6 Managing the Web Team

Project manager of the unique aspects of project management for Web teams is that development times ten to
be very aggressive.

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Web production teams are very different from print production teams. There are many, many more risks
because there are more unknown factors and development times can be longer and more costly. If you
remember this early on, you will have success in managing you web team.

Web teams can be managed by:

1) Multiple Projects: Project manager of the more challenging aspects of Web project management is
managing human resource from different departments or different teams on project manager project or
over several projects.
2) Leverage the Central Web Team’s Skills: You can structure the teams and projects in such a way that
you extend you core team’s expertise across the multiple projects. Being able to leverage your core team,
the people who can manage different aspects of the Web effort, such as design, content development and
coding will simplify the effort needed to manage multiple projects.
3) Develop a Fast Production Method: It is important to develop processes that each team member follows.
When you have a method of doing things, people get more and more efficient and save time. It is a “mass
production” mentality; but, as we know, that is where you make money and ensure consistency. Once you
get past design and into production, it is essential that your team be able to work efficiently.

1.5.7 Team Dynamics

The unique issues of team dynamics are:
1) Virtual Management: If the web teams are in different location there are some reminders to help he to
manage and support the team.
i) Set Clear Guidelines: when the members of the team are scattered in various location, nothing
becomes more important than a clear understanding of every project manager roles are, including who
does what, when and how?
ii) Set up a Review Site: This is a website that lists everything about the project from contact names and
address to the scope documents and schedule and schematics of a site, it has a link at staging site,
which is where his team will work collaboratively on the site.

Working with the Client Resources: The most important thing for a project manager to do is to open to
use these resources. Never refuse to use them. Doing so would only cost he in a negative light to his
client. The right thing to do is to find a job for them.

If he are working with the marketing staff then he will be responsible making sure their vision and
insights into their customer is reflected clearly in the concept and design that his design team creates.
2) Outsourcing or Working with Vendors: Every now and then he will need to work with an outside
resource on a project. Either he will need to hire higher specific resource either coder and designer or he
might need to form a partnership to vendor to provide services to his client. If you are looking for
contractor to do design for production, these are several resources on the web digitaltalent.com.
3) Understanding the Team Members: All the members of the team do not work the same way. The
project manager is responsible to develop environment and communication system that help the team to
do the best job possible. To do this project manager should understand the working of the different
members of the team.

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 i) How the programmers work? Programmers are solitary beings. They do not respond well to having
to write documentation but they know they have to. Some programmer will not speak up and will
differ to the loudest voice. Listen carefully to the programmers’ concern.
ii) How designer work? Some designers are quite solitary, some are gregarious but they are responsible
for now the site looks. Wanting to be perfect can cause his project to go over time and over budget so
it is important to develop method to making sure his design team can do the best effort to the shortest
amount of time.
iii) How writers work? Writers need to know about the audience is and what the project objective is.
Writers are also solitary beings; some are need to work at home to be flexible.
iv) How project manager work? It is his job to motivate support and drive the team to the ultimate goal:
to give a project on time and on budget. He must know himself and his shortcoming. These are some
of the questions he should ask himself:
a) Are he impatient?
b) Do he tend to compare members of his team to himself?
c) Are he too Lenient?
d) Take a good look on himself, accept himself and keep the project good in front of the mind?
e) Gives perk (tips) to his team when they need them and take a few for himself?

1.6 EXERCISE

1) What is World Wide Web?

2) What are the features of good Website?
3) What are the features of search engine?
4) What do you mean by web project?
5) Write the features of WWW.
6) Write a short note on:
i) Web browser
ii) Search engine
iii) Cyber law
iv) Web team
7) Differentiate traditional and web-based project.
8) How to manage a web team?
9) Define the architecture of WWW. Also define the advantages and disadvantages of WWW.
10) What is protocol? Which protocols are used in Web?
11) Define the Web Development Process.
12) Differentiate the web development for corporate and individuals.
13) List and explain the various services of Web.
14) What are the responsibilities of a web team?

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