SCIENCE DEMO CLASS PRESENTATION

SIR JOHN WILSON SCHOOL

 ELECTRICITY
• Electricity is a way of transferring electrical energy into
other forms of energy.
• Electric current is defined as the rate of flow of charges
in a metallic conductor.
• A conductor is a material (mainly metals) that allows
charge (usually electrons) to flow through it.
• Metallic conductors consists of positive metal ions in a
sea of delocalized electrons.
• Electricity passes through metallic conductors as a flow
of negatively charged electrons.
• The electrons are free to move throughout the structure
from one atom to another.
• Free moving electrons are called delocalized electrons.
 ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT
• An electrical circuit is a closed loop or path through which
electrons can flow.
• An electrical circuit is like a central heating system:
• The pump pushes the water around the system.
• The water everywhere starts to move at the same time.
• There are pipes that carry the water.
• Water flows inside the pipes.
BASIC COMPONENTS OF ELECTRICAL
CIRCUIT
A simple electrical circuit is composed of the following basic
parts:

• Cell /battery: It is the power source. It pushes electrons

around the circuit.
• A switch: A switch controls the flow of electrons.
• A light bulb: converts electrical energy into light energy.
• Wire: connects devices; allows flow of electric current.
Material used for wire commonly is copper. Aluminium
may also be used.
SYMBOLS USED IN ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS:
 FUNCTION OF COMPONENTS
• Cell - A source of electricity which pushes electrons round a circuit.
• Battery - Battery is a collection of one or more cells whose chemical reactions create a flow of
electrons in a circuit.

• Wire- Made of metal most commonly copper. Used to carry electric current around the circuit
and connect the devices.

• Lamp- Converts electrical energy to light energy.

FUNCTION OF COMPONENTS
• Ammeter- An ammeter is used to measure the current in a circuit.
Electric currents are measured in Amperes or Amps (A). The ammeter
is usually connected in series with the component in which the current
is to be measured.

• Voltmeter- A voltmeter is an instrument used for measuring electric

potential difference (voltage) between two points in an electric circuit.
It is connected in parallel to the component.
FUNCTION OF COMPONENTS
• Resistor- The resistor is the part of an electrical circuit that resists,
or limits, the power of an electrical current in a circuit. The resistor
also helps to reduce, or lessen, the amount of electricity moving
through the circuit. Resistors are important to circuits because they
ensure that the right amount of electricity is provided to a
component to work efficiently.

• Fuse: The fuse is a safety device used in an electrical circuit

to prevent a large amount of current flowing through a
circuit. It consist of a cylinder made of porcelain or glass with
a thin metal wire inside. It is used to protect much more
expensive electrical components from the damaging effects
of over current.
• If the current becomes too large :
Wire heats up and melt.
Causes the wire to break; breaking the circuit and stopping the
flow of current.
After correcting the fault, the broken fuse wire should be replaced
by a proper fuse wire.
SERIES CIRCUIT
• A series circuit consists of strings of two or more
components connected end to end.
• It is simple to build.
• More power devices can be added to have a higher
voltage.
• All the components in a series circuit carry the same
current.
• Voltage is shared among the components in a series
circuit. Sum of voltage across each component is the
same as total supply voltage.
• If one component such as Lamp A breaks down the others
( Lamp B and C ) will stop working too.
PARALLEL CIRCUIT
• A parallel circuit consists of two or more components
attached along separate branches of the circuit.

• The components can be individually controlled using

separate switches.
• If one component stops working the others will continue
to function.
• Voltage is same in each component.
• Amount of current flowing is shared among the
components; the amount of current from the source is
same as the amount current returning to it.
CURRENT IN PARALLEL CIRCUIT
• The current splits up at the first junction and then joins
together at the second junction.

• If the bulbs are identical then the current flowing will split
evenly.
COMPARISON BETWEEN SERIES AND
PARALLEL CIRCUIT
Series circuit Parallel Circuit
Components are arranged in line or series. Components are arranged in parallel to each
other.
Same amount of current flows through each Amount of current is shared among the
component`. components.
Voltage is shared among the components. Voltage is the same in each component.
If one component breaks the others will stop Each component is independent and their
working too. function does not depend on others.
Easy and simple to build Complex and needs a lot of wiring.
CURRENT
• Electric current is the rate of flow of electric charge.
• In a circuit current is measured by using an instrument
called the Ammeter.

• The unit of current is Amp.

• In a circuit, to measure the current of a component the
ammeter is always connected in series with the component.
VOLTAGE
• Voltage or Potential Difference is the energy supplied by cell which
causes electrical current to flow from one point of a circuit to another.
• Voltage generates the flow of electrons in a circuit.
• Measured by an instrument called Voltmeter.

• The unit of voltage is Volts.

• Voltmeter is always connected in parallel to a cell or component.
• Voltage in a circuit can be increased by:
Using more cells in series
Using cells with a higher voltage
RESISTANCE
• Resistance is defined as the opposition to the current.
• The higher the resistance, the lower the current.
• The resistance of circuit can be increased by adding more
resistors to it.
• Resistance is measured in Ohms (Ω).
• Resistors converts electrical energy to heat energy.
POWER AND ENERGY
• Power of an appliance is the energy transferred by
the appliance each second.
• Unit of power is Watt (W) or Joules/sec.
• Amount of energy used by an appliance depends on :
Current , Voltage and amount of time the device is
used for.
• The power of a device depends on voltage and
current of the device.
• Every electrical appliance has a power
rating which tells you how much electricity it needs
to work. This is usually given in watts (W) or kilowatts
(kW) (1000W = 1kW). Of course, the amount
of electricity it uses depends on how long it's on for,
and this is measured in kilowatt-hours (kWh).
• Energy transferred by different appliances can be
found out by their power rating. The higher the
power rating, the more energy the appliance transfers
each second.
THANK YOU