Unit II

CONTROL STATEMENTS:

Control Flow Statements

The flow control statements are divided into three categories

1. Conditional statements
2. Iterative statements.
3. Transfer statements

Python control flow statements

Conditional statements

In Python, condition statements act depending on whether a given condition is true or

false. You can execute different blocks of codes depending on the outcome of a
condition. Condition statements always evaluate to either True or False

1. if statement
2. if-else
3. if-elif-else
4. nested if-else
If statement in Python
In control statements, The if statement is the simplest form. It takes a condition and
evaluates to either True or False.

If the condition is True, then the True block of code will be executed, and if the condition
is False, then the block of code is skipped, and The controller moves to the next line

Syntax of the if statement

if condition:
statement 1
statement 2
statement n

Let’s see the example of the if statement. In this example, we will calculate the square of
a number if it greater than 5

Example

number = 6
if number > 5:
# Calculate square
print(number * number)

Output
36
If – else statement
The if-else statement checks the condition and executes the if block of code when the
condition is True, and if the condition is False, it will execute the else block of code.

Syntax of the if-else statement

if condition:
statement 1
else:
statement 2

If the condition is True, then statement 1 will be executed If the condition is False, statement 2
will be executed. See the following flowchart for more detail.

Example

password = input('Enter password ')

if password == "PYnative@#29":
print("Correct password")
else:
print("Incorrect Password")

Output 1:

Enter password PYnative@#29

Correct password

Output 2:

Enter password PYnative

Incorrect Password
Chain multiple if statement in Python

In Python, the if-elif-else condition statement has an elif blocks to chain multiple conditions
one after another. This is useful when you need to check multiple conditions.

With the help of if-elif-else we can make a tricky decision. The elif statement checks
multiple conditions one by one and if the condition fulfills, then executes that code.

Syntax of the if-elif-else statement:

if condition-1:
statement 1
elif condition-2:
stetement 2
elif condition-3:
stetement 3
...
else:
statement

Example

def user_check(choice):
if choice == 1:
print("Admin")
elif choice == 2:
print("Editor")
elif choice == 3:
print("Guest")
else:
print("Wrong entry")

user_check(1)
user_check(2)
user_check(3)
user_check(4)

Output:

Admin

Editor

Guest

Wrong entry
Nested if-else statement

In Python, the nested if-else statement is an if statement inside another if-

else statement. It is allowed in Python to put any number of if statements in
another if statement.

Indentation is the only way to differentiate the level of nesting. The nested if-else is
useful when we want to make a series of decisions

Syntax of the nested-if-else:

if conditon_outer:
if condition_inner:
statement of inner if
else:
statement of inner else:
statement of outer if
else:
Outer else
statement outside if block

Example: Find a greater number between two numbers

num1 = int(input('Enter first number '))

num2 = int(input('Enter second number '))

if num1 >= num2:

if num1 == num2:
print(num1, 'and', num2, 'are equal')
else:
print(num1, 'is greater than', num2)
else:
print(num1, 'is smaller than', num2

Output 1:

Enter first number 56

Enter second number 15
56 is greater than 15

Output 2:

Enter first number 29

Enter second number 78
29 is smaller than 78
Single statement suites

Whenever we write a block of code with multiple if statements, indentation plays an

important role. But sometimes, there is a situation where the block contains only a
single line statement.

Instead of writing a block after the colon, we can write a statement immediately after
the colon.

Example

number = 56
if number > 0: print("positive")
else: print("negative")

Iterative statements

In Python, iterative statements allow us to execute a block of code repeatedly as long as

the condition is True. We also call it a loop statements.

Python provides us the following two loop statement to perform some actions
repeatedly

1. for loop
2. while loop

Let’s learn each one of them with the examples

Using for loop, we can iterate any sequence or iterable variable. The sequence can be
string, list, dictionary, set, or tuple.
Syntax of for loop:

for element in sequence:

body of for loop

Example to display first ten numbers using for loop

for i in range(1, 11):

print(i)

Output

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

While loop in Python

In Python, The while loop statement repeatedly executes a code block while a particular
condition is true.

In a while-loop, every time the condition is checked at the beginning of the loop, and if
it is true, then the loop’s body gets executed. When the condition became False, the
controller comes out of the block.
Syntax of while-loop

while condition :
body of while loop

Example to calculate the sum of first ten numbers

num = 10
sum = 0
i = 1
while i <= num:
sum = sum + i
i = i + 1
print("Sum of first 10 number is:", sum)

Run

Output

Sum of first 10 number is: 55

Transfer statements

In Python, transfer statements are used to alter the program’s way of execution in a
certain manner. For this purpose, we use three types of transfer statements.

1. break statement
2. continue statement
3. pass statements
Break Statement in Python
The break statement is used inside the loop to exit out of the loop. It is useful when we want to
terminate the loop as soon as the condition is fulfilled instead of doing the remaining iterations.
It reduces execution time. Whenever the controller encountered a break statement, it comes out
of that loop immediately

Let’s see how to break a for a loop when we found a number greater than 5.

Example of using a break statement

for num in range(10):

if num > 5:
print("stop processing.")
break
print(num)

Output

stop processing.

Continue statement in python

The continue statement is used to skip the current iteration and continue with the next
iteration.

Let’s see how to skip a for a loop iteration if the number is 5 and continue executing the
body of the loop for other numbers.
Example of a continue statement

for num in range(3, 8):

if num == 5:
continue
else:
print(num)

Run

Output

Pass statement in Python

The pass is the keyword In Python, which won’t do anything. Sometimes there is a
situation in programming where we need to define a syntactically empty block. We can
define that block with the pass keyword.

A pass statement is a Python null statement. When the interpreter finds a pass
statement in the program, it returns no operation. Nothing happens when
the pass statement is executed.

It is useful in a situation where we are implementing new methods or also in exception

handling. It plays a role like a placeholder.

Example

months = ['January', 'June', 'March', 'April']

for mon in months:
pass
print(months)

Output

['January', 'June', 'March', 'April']

Python Indentation
Indentation refers to the spaces at the beginning of a code line.

Where in other programming languages the indentation in code is for readability only, the
indentation in Python is very important.

Python uses indentation to indicate a block of code.

Example
if 5 > 2:
print("Five is greater than two!")

Python will give you an error if you skip the indentation:

Example
Syntax Error:

if 5 > 2:
print("Five is greater than two!")

The number of spaces is up to you as a programmer, but it has to be at least one.

Example
if 5 > 2:
print("Five is greater than two!")
if 5 > 2:
print("Five is greater than two!")

You have to use the same number of spaces in the same block of code, otherwise Python
will give you an error:

Example
Syntax Error:

if 5 > 2:
print("Five is greater than two!")
print("Five is greater than two!")