Scribd
Upload
877 views63 pages

Ways of Expressing Concentration

This document discusses various methods of expressing the concentration of solutions, including molarity, molality, percent concentration, parts per million/billion, and normality. It provides definitions and examples of calculating concentrations using these different units. Key terms discussed include analytical molarity, equilibrium molarity, titer, and the relationships between normality, molarity, and titer.

Uploaded by

charminealcantara
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
877 views63 pages

Ways of Expressing Concentration

This document discusses various methods of expressing the concentration of solutions, including molarity, molality, percent concentration, parts per million/billion, and normality. It provides definitions and examples of calculating concentrations using these different units. Key terms discussed include analytical molarity, equilibrium molarity, titer, and the relationships between normality, molarity, and titer.

Uploaded by

charminealcantara
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 63

Ways of Expressing Concentration

Click to edit Master subtitle style

7/30/12

Outline
Molarity Analytical molarity (formality) Equilibrium molarity Molality Percent concentration % (w/w) % (v/v) % (w/v)
7/30/12

Molarity, M
mol solute mmol solute M= = L sol' n mL sol' n

7/30/12

Analytical molarity (formality), Cx


total mol solute Cx = L sol' n

7/30/12

Analytical molarity, Cx
= Formality, F

When solute dissociates or ionizes completely in H2O formality is preferred to molarity in expressing concentration. Cx describes the preparation of a solution of particular molarity.

7/30/12

Examples
1.

Describe the preparation of NaOH soln with analytical concentration equal to1.00 M.

7/30/12

Examples
Answer: Dissolve 1.00 mol NaOH (98.00 g NaOH) in H2O. Dilute to 1.00 L.

7/30/12

Examples
2. Calculate the molar concentration of ethanol in an aqueous solution that contains 2.30 g of C2H5OH (46.07 g/mol) in 3.50 L.

7/30/12

Examples
Answer: 0.0143 M

7/30/12

Examples
3. Calculate the analytical concentration of the solute species in aqueous solutions that contains 285 mg trichloroacetic acid, Cl3CCOOH (163.4 g/mol), in 10.0 mL.

7/30/12

Examples
Answer: 0.174 M

7/30/12

Equilibrium molarity, [X]


-

molarity of a given species in a solution at equilibrium

7/30/12

Example
Calculate the equilibrium molar concentration of the solute species in aqueous solutions that contains 285 mg trichloroacetic acid, Cl3CCOOH (163.4 g/mol), in 10.0 mL (the acid is 73% ionized).

7/30/12

Example
Answer: [Cl3CCOOH] = 0.047 M [Cl3CCOO-] = 0.127 M

7/30/12

Molality, m
mol solute m= kg solvent

7/30/12

Percent concentration
weight of solute %(w/w) = 100% weight of solution

7/30/12

Percent concentration
volume of solute %(v/v) = 100% volume of solution

7/30/12

Percent concentration
weight of solute, g %(w/v) = 100% volume of solution, mL

7/30/12

Examples
1. What is the molality of 87.0% (w/w) H3PO4 (98.00 g/mol) solution?

7/30/12

Examples
Answer: 68.3 m

7/30/12

Examples
2. What is the molarity of 37.7% (w/w) HCl (36.46 g/mol) solution? The density of the solution is 1.19 g/mL.

7/30/12

Examples
Answer: 12.3 M

7/30/12

Parts per thousand (ppt)

7/30/12

Parts per million (ppm)

1 ppm = 1 mg/L

7/30/12

Parts per billion (ppb)

1 ppb = 1 g/L

7/30/12

Examples
1. There is 0.050 mg of PCB in 2 700 kg of soil. What is the concentration in ppb of PCB in the sample?

7/30/12

Examples
Answer: 0.019 ppb

7/30/12

Examples
2. What is the molarity of K+ in aqueous solution that contains 63.3 ppm K3Fe(CN)6 (329.3 g/mol)?

7/30/12

Examples
Answer: 5.77 X 10-4 M

7/30/12

Solute-diluent volume ratios


solute: solvent Example: 1:4 HCl solution = 1 volume of conc. HCl + 4 volumes of H2O

7/30/12

p-function
pX = -log [X]

7/30/12

Example
The pAg of a solution is 9.00. Calculate the molar concentration of Ag+ in the solution.

7/30/12

Example
Answer: 1.000 X 10-9 M

7/30/12

Normality, N
equivalent solute N= L sol' n g solute equivalent solute = EW solute MW EW = n
7/30/12

Determining n

n depends on the type of reaction: Acid-base reaction Oxidation-reduction reaction Precipitate formation and complex formation

1. 2. 3.

7/30/12

Acid-base reaction
Acid: n = number of H+ a mole of the acid supplies Base: n = number of H+ a mole of the base reacts with
7/30/12

Examples
1. H3PO4 + NaOH NaH2PO4 + H2O H3PO4: n = 1 NaOH: n = 1

7/30/12

Examples
2. H3PO4 + 2NaOH Na2HPO4 + 2H2O H3PO4: n = 2 NaOH: n = 1

7/30/12

Oxidation-reduction reaction
Species: n = number of moles of electrons a mole of the species gains or loses

Half-reaction or net reaction can be used in determining n.

7/30/12

Examples
1. MnO4- + C2O42- Mn2+ + CO2 KMnO4: n = 5 Na2C2O4: n = 2

7/30/12

Examples
2. I2 + S2O32- I- + S4O62I2: n = 1 S2O32-: n = 1

7/30/12

Precipitate and complex formation


cation: n = charge of cation anion: n = charge of cation x coefficient of cation coefficient of anion

7/30/12

Examples
1. Ag+ + ClAgNO3: n = 1 KCl: n = 1 AgCl(s)

7/30/12

Examples
2. Ba2+ + SO42Ba(NO3)2: n = 2 Na2SO4: n = 2 BaSO4(s)

7/30/12

Examples
3. Ag+ + 2CNAgNO3: n = 1 KCN: n = 1/2 Ag(CN)2-

7/30/12

Examples
4. 3Cu(NO3)2 + 2Na3PO4 + 6NaNO3 Cu(NO3)2: n = 2 Na3PO4: n = 3 Cu3(PO4)2(s)

7/30/12

Relation between N and M


N = nM

7/30/12

Significance of normality
Consider titration of analyte A with titrant B aA + bB cC + dD. At the endpoint, eq A = eq B. Hence, NAVA=NBVB. 7/30/12

Examples
1. Calculate g of Na2CO3 needed to prepare 5.000 L of 0.100 N Na2CO3 (105.99 g/mol) from the primary standard solid, assuming the reaction is to be used for titrations in which the reaction is CO32- + 2H+ H2O + CO2

7/30/12

Examples
Answer: 26.50 Na2CO3

7/30/12

Examples
2. A 0.2121-g sample of pure Na2C2O4 (134.00 g/mol) was titrated with 43.31 mL KMnO4. What is the normality of KMnO4 solution. The reaction is 2MnO4- + 5C2O42- + 16H+ 2Mn2+ + 10CO2 8H2O

7/30/12

Examples
Answer: 0.07309 N

7/30/12

Titer
- weight of pure substance (other than the solute) corresponding to 1 mL of solution Corresponding means:

will react exactly with is chemically equivalent to is contained in may be obtained from may be substituted for

7/30/12

Titer
unit: mg/mL

7/30/12

Relation between titer and N


Titer = Nsoln x EWpure substance

7/30/12

Examples
1. 1.00 mL HCl neutralizes 4.00 mg NaOH. HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O What is the NaOH titer of the HCl solution?

7/30/12

Examples
Answer: Titer = 4.00 mg/mL

7/30/12

Examples
2. What is the NH3(17.00 g/mol) titer of a 0.120 N solution of HCl?

7/30/12

Examples
Answer: Titer = 2.04 mg/mL

7/30/12

Examples
3. Calculate the normality of an HCl solution having a Na2CO3(105.99 g/mol) titer of 5.00 mg/mL.

7/30/12

Examples
Answer: Titer = 0.0943 N

7/30/12

Density
mass density = volume

7/30/12

Specific gravity
- ratio of the mass of a substance to the mass of an equal volume of H2O at 4C

7/30/12

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy