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Republican and Imperial Rome

1) The Etruscans rose to power around 800 BCE and greatly influenced early Roman civilization. By 600 BCE, Rome came under Etruscan control. 2) In 509 BCE, the Roman kings were overthrown and the Roman Republic was established. Consuls replaced the kings as leaders and gained power through military conquest of neighboring regions. 3) After defeating Carthage in the Punic Wars, Rome established itself as the dominant power in the Mediterranean and began expanding its imperial control over Greece and other Hellenistic kingdoms throughout the 2nd century BCE. This period of conquest transformed Rome into a vast empire.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
98 views31 pages

Republican and Imperial Rome

1) The Etruscans rose to power around 800 BCE and greatly influenced early Roman civilization. By 600 BCE, Rome came under Etruscan control. 2) In 509 BCE, the Roman kings were overthrown and the Roman Republic was established. Consuls replaced the kings as leaders and gained power through military conquest of neighboring regions. 3) After defeating Carthage in the Punic Wars, Rome established itself as the dominant power in the Mediterranean and began expanding its imperial control over Greece and other Hellenistic kingdoms throughout the 2nd century BCE. This period of conquest transformed Rome into a vast empire.

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aprodrig24601
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Republican and Imperial Rome

The Etruscans
Rose around 800BCE and had a huge influence upon

Roman civilization
By 600 BCE, Rome in Latium came under Etruscan control

ROYAL ROME/Government
Roman kings had the power of imperium. or the right to

issue commands and enforce them by fines, arrest, punishment


Kingship was elective in early Rome, Roman senate

approved the candidate and people voted


Senators had great power, served for life once elected Curiate Assembly: made up of all citizens and divided into

30 groups

ROYAL ROME/Family
Center of Roman life was the family
Fathers could sell their children into slavery (but not his

wife)
Wife can only be divorced under serious offenses
Roman womens main responsibility was managing the

household

ROYAL ROME/Clientage
Was an institution where a person was in the fides or

trust of his patron


The patron provided the client physical and legal

protection and economic support


In return, the client would fight for his patron, work his

land, and support him politically

ROYAL ROME/Patricians and Plebeians


In the Royal period, society divided into 2 classes based on

birth
Patrician= upper class member; could conduct state

religious ceremonies, sit in Senate, hold office, did not marry outside group
Plebeians= lower class; small farmers, laborers, artisans

The Republic
In 509 BCE, royal families revolted and created the

Republic
CONSULS-Two patricians were elected to the office of

consul and endowed with imperium


Financial officers called quaestors assisted them Like the kings, consuls led armies, served as judges, had

religious duties

Senate and Assembly


Senate power increased with the end of the monarchy
Soon gained control of foreign policy and finances Early Republics centuriate assemble was the Roman

army acting as politicians

Struggle of the Orders


Patricians monopolized power, as a result, plebeians

launched the struggle of the orders, fighting for legal equality


Formed tribunes (plebeians), could veto any action of a

magistrate or any bill in Roman assembly


Finally in 367 BCE, one consul was allowed to be a

plebeian, plebeians now had power!! The nobiles (wealthy plebeians) now dominated the Senate

Conquest
Beginning of 4th century, Romans were the main power in

Italy
Romes neighbors, the Latin League, tried to stop Romes

growththey failed..Rome wins!


Policy of conquest= those who were conquered could gain

full citizenship

Rome Vs. Carthage


Carthage was in North Africa and Threatened Roman

power
Carthage were the big boys in the Mediterranean

War is inevitable

First Punic War (264-241 BCE)


Sicily was important to both Carthage and Rome, there is

where first battles began


Neither side made any progress until Rome built a vast

fleet to blockade the ports in Sicily


241 BCE, Carthage gives up and agrees to peace

Second Punic War (218-202BCE)


Hannibal took command of the Carthaginian forces in

Spain
Hannibal tried to gain influence of Roman tribes in Spain,

war begins
Hannibal invades Italy and actually defeats the Romans in

three battles
With the help of Philip V of Macedon, he had free reign in

Italy

2nd Punic War


Romans appointed Publius Cornelius Scipo to the

command in Spain
Hannibals supply line is cut off

In 204 BCE Scipio and Hannibal face off in Zama, northern

Africa
Scipio wins, peace terms agreed to, Rome reasserts its

power

New Imperial System


No more citizenship was granted to anyone beyond Italys

borders
Rome made Sicily, Sardinia, and Corsica provinces

New citizens had to pay tribute or a tax to Rome


Tax collectors became corrupt This new imperial system threatens the republic!

Conquest of the Hellenistic World


The East: By mid-third Century BCE, Mediterranean

reached a balance of power


That balance was threatened by Philip V of Macedon and

Seleucid Antiochus
Romans ordered Philip not to attack any Greek cities, he

refused
In 197 BCE, with Greek support, Romans defeat Philip in

Thessaly

Conquest of the Hellenistic World (cont.)


Antiochus lands an army on the Greek mainland in

189BCE, he was crushed by the Romans in Magnesia


From this point, they view Greece as a protectorate,

they can intervene whenever they want


In 179 BCE, Perseus succeeds Philip V in Macedon, tries to

rally support for revolt, but was crushed by Roman forces in 168BCE.divides Macedon in 4 quadrants

The West
Some Romans refused to abandon their hatred for

Carthage
In 146 BCE, Scipio Aemilianus took the city and Rome

incorporated Carthage as a province in Africa

Greek Influence on Rome


Roman aristocrats began surrounding themselves with

Greek intellectuals
Religion: Began to incorporate Greek mythology into their

own
In 300 BCE, Romans even began to see influences from the

east such as worship of Great Mother Goddesses and interest in Babylonian Astrology

Education
Education was the responsibility of the Roman family
Boys education was aimed on making them moral, pious,

patriotic, law abiding, and respectful of tradition


Contact with Greeks meant the introduction of literature,

philosophy, and liberal education known as humanitas

Education (cont.)
Schools were established, many Romans expected to be

bilingual in Latin and Greek


Girls in the upper-class educated similarly to the boys,

some became writers and poets


Some even hired their own philosopher to teach in their

own home

Roman Imperialism (contd)


Roman conquest unplanned
Designed to provide security for Rome

Conquest brought Rome an empire


And with it power, wealth, responsibility

Transformation of Roman society


Rise of latifundia Split between rich and poor
Landed and landless

Tremendous strains on society

Gracchi
Expressed strains on society Tiberius Gracchus (168133 B.C.E.)
Elected tribune on program of land reform Tiberius and 300 followers killed Transformation of Roman politics
populares and equestrians

Gracchi (contd)
Gaius Gracchus (159121 B.C.E.)
New colonies for landless veterans Stabilizing price of grain Gaius and 3000 followers killed

Gracchi (contd)
Gaius Gracchus (159121 B.C.E.)
New colonies for landless veterans Stabilizing price of grain Gaius and 3000 followers killed

Marius and Sulla


Gaius Marius (15786 B.C.E.)
Novus homo Changes in army use of volunteers Semiprofessional clients of their general

Marius and Sulla (contd)


Lucius Cornelius Sulla (13878 B.C.E.)
Defeated Marius in civil war, appointed dictator, restored senate, retired 79 B.C.E. Dangerous precedent
General using loyalty of troops to take power and massacre opponents

Republic is collapsing under the strain

The Augustan Principate


Octavian as princeps or imperator Administration
Union of political and military power Reduced inefficiency and corruption Brought in promising young men Suppressed ambitious individuals

The Augustan Principate (contd)


Army and defense Religion and morality
Restoration of traditional values

Civilization of the Late Republic


Cicero (10643 B.C.E.)
Treatises on rhetoric, ethics, and politics World governed by divine and natural law that human reason could perceive

Law
Jus gentium law of peoples Jus naturale natural law Ciceros De Legibus

Age of Augustus
Golden Age
New spirit of the age Patronage of Augustus

Virgil Aeneid Horace Odes Ovid Ars Amatoria and Metamorphoses

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