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Data Movement Instructions: Topics To Discuss

This document discusses different addressing modes in computer programming including: 1) Base + Offset mode which uses a base register and signed offset to generate a memory address. 2) Indirect mode which reads an address from memory and then loads/stores to that address location. 3) Immediate mode using the LEA instruction which computes an address but stores it in a register rather than loading memory contents. Examples of instructions in each mode are provided.

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84 views14 pages

Data Movement Instructions: Topics To Discuss

This document discusses different addressing modes in computer programming including: 1) Base + Offset mode which uses a base register and signed offset to generate a memory address. 2) Indirect mode which reads an address from memory and then loads/stores to that address location. 3) Immediate mode using the LEA instruction which computes an address but stores it in a register rather than loading memory contents. Examples of instructions in each mode are provided.

Uploaded by

vipulugale
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT or read online on Scribd
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Computer Programming TA C162

Topics to discuss…

Data Movement Instructions


• PC Relative Mode
 LD, ST (Done)
• Base + Offset Mode
 LDR, STR
• Indirect mode
 LDI, STI
• Immediate Mode
 LEA

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Computer Programming TA C162

Base + Offset Addressing Mode


With PC-relative mode, can only address data within 256
words of the instruction.
• What about the rest of memory?
Solution #1
• Use a register to generate a full 16-bit address.

4 bits for opcode, 3 for src/dest register, 3 bits for base register
Remaining 6 bits are used as a signed offset.

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Computer Programming TA C162

LDR (Base+Offset)

3
Computer Programming TA C162

What does the following instruction do ?

15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1
Opcode Destination Base Signed Offset (6 bits)
LDR R6
Register Register R5 x2F

Let say R5 contains x6AC9.


Signed extended offset becomes xFFEF
Operand address will be x6AC9 + xFFEF
Content of memory location (x6AC9 + xFFEF) will be loaded in R6

4
Computer Programming TA C162

STR (Base+Offset)

5
Computer Programming TA C162

What does the following instruction do ?

15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1
Opcode Source Base Signed Offset (6 bits)
STR R6 Register R5 x2F
Register

Let say R5 contains x6AC9.


Signed extended offset becomes xFFEF
Operand address will be x6AC9 + xFFEF
Contents of R6 will be store in memory location (x6AC9 + xFFEF)

6
Computer Programming TA C162

Indirect Addressing Mode


With PC-relative mode, can only address data within 256
words of the instruction.
• What about the rest of memory?

Solution #2
• Read address from memory location, then load/store to
that address.

First address is generated from PC and IR (just like PC-


relative addressing), then content of that address is used as
target for load/store.

7
Computer Programming TA C162

LDI (Indirect)

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Computer Programming TA C162

What does the following instruction do ?

15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1
Destination
Opcode LDI R6 PC Offset (9 bits) x1AF
Register

Assume this LDI instruction is in the location x2345.  While this instruction
is in execution, PC will have x2346.
Sign Extended offset is xFFAF
The address of operand’s address is  xFFAF + x 2346
Assume the contents of the memory location (xFFAF + x 2346) xABC6
So the address of the operand becomes xABC6
So finally contents of memory location xABC6 will be loaded in R6

9
Computer Programming TA C162

STI (Indirect)

10
Computer Programming TA C162

What does the following instruction do ?

15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1
Destination
Opcode STI R6 PC Offset (9 bits) x1AF
Register

Assume this STI instruction is in the location x2345.  While this instruction
is in execution, PC will have x2346.
Sign Extended offset is xFFAF
The address of operand’s address is  xFFAF + x 2346
Assume the contents of the memory location (xFFAF + x 2346) xABC6
So the address of the operand becomes xABC6
So finally contents of R6 will be STORED in memory location xABC6

11
Computer Programming TA C162

Load Effective Address (Immediate)


Computes address like PC-relative -> PC + signed offset and
stores the result into a register

The address is stored in the register, not the contents of the


memory location.

Why Immediate?
No memory access required for operand loading.

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Computer Programming TA C162

LEA

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Computer Programming TA C162

Excercise
Address Instruction Comments
LEA
x30F6 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 R1 ← PC – 3 = x30F4
ADD
x30F7 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 R2 ← R1 + 14 = x3102
ST M[PC - 5] ← R2
x30F8 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 M[x30F4] ← x3102
AND
x30F9 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 R2 ← 0
ADD
x30FA 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 R2 ← R2 + 5 = 5
STR
M[R1+14] ← R2
x30FB 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 M[x3102] ← 5

LDI R3 ← M[M[x30F4]]
x30FC 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 R3 ← M[x3102]
R3 ← 5

opcode
14

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