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Gps Basics

GPS is a satellite-based navigation system consisting of 24 satellites orbiting Earth. It provides location and time information to GPS receivers anywhere in the world. The satellites continuously transmit radio signals that allow receivers to determine their precise location, speed and direction by calculating the time delay of signals received from multiple satellites. At least 4 satellite signals are needed to determine a 3D position. GPS is operated by the U.S. Department of Defense and is freely accessible to anyone with a GPS receiver.

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88 views35 pages

Gps Basics

GPS is a satellite-based navigation system consisting of 24 satellites orbiting Earth. It provides location and time information to GPS receivers anywhere in the world. The satellites continuously transmit radio signals that allow receivers to determine their precise location, speed and direction by calculating the time delay of signals received from multiple satellites. At least 4 satellite signals are needed to determine a 3D position. GPS is operated by the U.S. Department of Defense and is freely accessible to anyone with a GPS receiver.

Uploaded by

Zatin Gupta
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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GPS

Global Positioning System

GPS Basics
What is GPS? How does it work?

What is GPS?

NAVSTAR GPS (Navigation Satellite Timing and Ranging system) 24 Satellites orbiting the earth Positioning, navigation and timing Operates 24 hrs/day, in all weather Can be used for any application that requires location information

GSP Satellite Vehicles (SVs): Two generations: block I and block II

GPS block I

GPS block II weigh ~1900 lbs. built by Rockwell

GPS Segments

User

Control

Space Segment: GPS Satellites


Power Sun-seeking solar panels Nicad batteries Timing 4 atomic clocks

Satellite Orbits

24 satellites in 6 orbital planes Orbit the earth at approx. 20,200 km (11,000 nautical miles) Satellites complete an orbit in approximately 12 hours Satellites rise (and set) approximately 4 minutes earlier each day

Satellite Signals

GPS satellites broadcast messages via radio signals on 2 frequencies L1: 1575.42 Mhz (C/A and P/Y code) L2: 1227.60 Mhz (P/Y code) Two levels of service Standard Positioning Service (SPS) Precise Positioning Service (PPS)

Satellite Signals, cont.

Radio signals contain Unique pseudorandom code Clock behavior and clock corrections System time Status messages Almanac

Satellite Signals, cont.

Satellite signals require a direct line to GPS receivers Signals cannot penetrate water, soil, walls or other obstacles

Satellite Almanac
Sent along with position and timing messages Prediction of all satellite orbits Needed to run satellite availability software Valid for about 30 days

Control Segment: US DoD Monitoring

Colorado Springs Hawaii Ascension Diego Garcia Kwajalein

U.S. DoD Monitoring

Orbits are precisely measured Discrepancies between predicted orbits (almanac) and actual orbits are transmitted back to the satellites

User Segment

Basic Concept is that the GPS constellation replaces stars and gives us reference points for navigation

Examples of Some Applications (users): Navigation (important for ocean travel) Zero-Visibility landing for aircraft Collision Avoidance Surveying Satellite positioning and tracking. Military Electronic Maps Earth sciences (volcano monitoring)

Examples of Applications

Four Basic Functions of GPS Position and coordinates. The distance and direction between any two waypoints, or a position and a waypoint. Travel progress reports. Accurate time measurement.

How Does GPS Work? Calculating a Position

GPS receiver calculates its position by measuring the distance to satellites (satellite ranging)

Measuring Distance to Satellites


1. Measure time for signal to travel from satellite to receiver 2. Speed of light x travel time = distance Distance measurements to 4 satellites are required to compute a 3-D position (latitude, longitude and altitude)

Trilateration: 3 Distance Measurements

127 mi

80 mi

122 mi

Measuring Travel Time of Satellite Signals

How do we find the exact time the signal left the satellite? Synchronized codes

Time difference

One measurement narrows down our position to the surface of a sphere

A second measurement narrows down our position to the intersection of two spheres

A third measurement narrows down our position to just two points

Correcting for Timing Offset

The first three measurements narrow down our position A fourth measurement is needed to correct for timing offset (difference in synchronization between satellite and receiver clocks) Satellites use highly accurate atomic clocks Receivers use accurate quartz clocks

4 seconds 6 seconds

A
4 seconds 5 seconds (wrong time)

B
6 seconds 7 seconds (wrong time)

4 seconds 6 seconds

8 seconds
C

5 seconds (wrong time)

7 seconds (wrong time)

9 seconds (wrong time)

4 Measurements: 4 Variables
Latitude Longitude Altitude Time

Other Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS)


GLONASS Russia Galileo European Union

Whats wrong with this picture?

Whats wrong with this picture?


The GeoExplorer receiver should be held level so it can receive signals from all GPS satellites above The Omnistar receiver cannot receive differential corrections because is upside-down

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